ABS Fiber Re-Enforced Piping

8/11/2019 ABS Fiber Re-Enforced Piping

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GUIDE FOR CERTIFICATION OF

FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPINGSYSTEMS

MAY 2005

American Bureau of Shipping

Incorporated by Act of Legislature of

the State of New York 1862

Copyright 2005

American Bureau of Shipping

ABS Plaza

16855 Northchase Drive

Houston, TX 77060 USA


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This Page Intentionally Left Blank


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ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005 iii

Foreword

This Guide specifies the ABS requirements for the certification of offshore pipes and piping

components that are made of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). Included are the requirements for design,manufacturing, construction, testing and survey during and after construction for the FRP pipes and

piping components used in offshore topside modules. The requirements for piping components made

of thermoplastic materials, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), commonly designed for minor

applications, such as drainage, are intentionally excluded due to its limited usage. The significant

enhancements in this Guide are made to the design considerations and the survey requirements for

FRP pipes and piping components. More specific testing requirements are also provided for

clarification purposes.

The requirements presented in this Guide are based on existing methodologies and common practices

that are deemed to provide an adequate level of safety. Other technological approaches that can be

proven to produce an equivalent level of safety will also be considered as an alternative to those given

herein.

This Guide is applicable to the certification of topside FRP pipes and piping components for which

applications or contracts for certification are received on or after 1 May 2005. This Guide supersedes

the requirements on FRP piping installations specified in Appendix 1, Plastic Pipe Installations, of

the ABS Guide for Building and Classing Facilities on Offshore Installations(ABSFacilities Guide)

and is to be used in conjunction with other parts of the ABS Facilities Guide.


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ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005 v

GUIDE FOR CERTIFCATION OF

FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPINGSYSTEMS

CONTENTS

SECTION 1 Scope and Conditions of Certification................................. 1

1 Applicability ............................................................................11.1 Process.................................................... ......................... 1

1.3 Certificates and Reports.................................................. ..2

1.5 Representations as to Certification ................................... 2

1.7 Scope of Certification....................................................... .2

3 Documents to be Submitted ..................................................2

3.1 General ...................................................... ....................... 2

3.3 System Plans ..................................................... ............... 3

3.5 Contents of System Plans........ ......................................... 3

3.7 Booklet of Standard Details.................................... ........... 4

3.9 Material Specifications ..................................................... .43.11 Design Data and Calculations........................................... 4

3.13 Test Reports ...................................................... ............... 4

3.15 Installation Manual ........................................................... .4

3.17 Operations Manual.................... ........................................ 4

3.19 Maintenance Manual.............. ........................................... 5

3.21 Additional Documentation ................................................. 5

5 Survey, Inspection and Testing .............................................5

5.1 General ...................................................... ....................... 5

5.3 Inspection and Testing in Manufacturing Phase................6

5.5 Inspection and Testing during Installation ......................... 7

5.7 Conditions for Surveys after Construction......................... 8

SECTION 2 Design .....................................................................................9

1 Internal Pressure....................................................................9

1.1 Using Testing Methods ................................................... 10

1.3 Using Design Strain Method ........................................... 11

3 External Pressure ................................................................11

5 Axial Strength.......................................................................12

7 Bending Strength.................................................................13

9 Axial Compressive Strength (Buckling) ...............................1411 Biaxial Stress Ratio of Pipes, Fittings and Joints ................14


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vi ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005

13 Temperature ........................................................................15

15 Material Compatibility...........................................................15

17 Environmental Conditions....................................................16

19 Impact Resistance ...............................................................16

21 Hydraulic Design..................................................................16

23 Ship Motions ........................................................................16

25 Stress Analysis ....................................................................16

25.1 Design Conditions .......................................................... .17

25.3 Material Properties ..................................................... .....18

25.5 SIFs and Flexibility Factors .............................................19

25.7 Allowable Stresses and Deflections ................................19

25.9 Stress Analysis Calculations ...........................................19

27 Fire Endurance ....................................................................22

27.1 Level 1............. ........................................................... .....22

27.3 Level 2............. ........................................................... .....22

27.5 Level 3............. ........................................................... .....23

27.7 Level 3 Modified Test ......................................................23

27.9 Fire Endurance Coating...................................................23

29 Flame Spread ......................................................................23

31 Electrical Conductivity..........................................................24

31.1 Rating..............................................................................24

31.3 Non-homogeneous Conductivity .....................................24

31.5 Design Requirements..................... .................................24

33 Marking ................................................................................25

TABLE 1 Biaxial Stress Ratios ..................................................15

TABLE 2 Electrical Conductivity Risk AssessmentGuidelines ..................................................................25

TABLE 3 Fire Endurance Requirements Matrix ........................26

FIGURE 1 Flowchart of FRP Pipe Mechanical Design .................9

FIGURE 2 Stress Analysis Flowchart..........................................17

SECTION 3 Installation............................................................................ 29

1 Supports...............................................................................29

1.1 Spacing ........................................................... ................29

1.3 Bearing............................................................................30

1.5 Heavy Components...................... ...................................30

1.7 Working of the Hull on a Floating Installation ..................30

1.9 Thermal Expansion .................................................... .....30

3 External Loads.....................................................................30

5 Pipe Connections.................................................................30

5.1 General Requirements ....................................................30

5.3 Procedure and Personnel Qualifications .........................31


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ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005 vii

7 Electrical Conductivity..........................................................31

7.1 Resistance Measurement ............................................... 31

7.3 Grounding (Earthing) Wire .............................................. 31

9 Shell Connections on Floating Installations.........................31

11 Bulkhead and Deck Penetrations ........................................32

13 Application of Fire Protection Coatings................................32

TABLE 1 Typical Support Spacing Values (fluid SG = 1.0) ......29

SECTION 4 Manufacturing ...................................................................... 33

SECTION 5 Pipe Bonding Procedure Qualification ..............................35

1 Procedure Qualification Requirements................................35

1.1 Joint Bonding Parameters............................ ................... 351.3 Re-qualification ...................................................... ......... 35

3 Procedure Qualification Testing...........................................35

3.1 Test Assembly................................................................. 35

3.3 Pipe Size..................................................... .................... 35

3.5 Bonding Operator Qualification ....................................... 36

SECTION 6 Tests by Manufacturer Fire Endurance Testing ofFRP Piping in Dry Condition (For Level 1 and Level 2) ....37

1 Test Method.........................................................................37

1.1 Furnace Test Temperature ............................................. 371.3 Furnace Temperature Control ......................................... 37

1.5 Furnace Temperature Measurement............................... 37

3 Test Specimen.....................................................................38

3.1 Pipe Joints and Fittings ................................................... 38

3.3 Number of Specimens..................................................... 38

3.5 End Closure ........................................................... ......... 38

3.7 Orientation ................................................... ................... 38

3.9 Insulation.................................. ....................................... 38

3.11 Moisture Condition of Insulation...................................... 38

5 Test Condition......................................................................38

7 Acceptance Criteria..............................................................39

7.1 During the Test................................................................ 39

7.3 After the Test................................................................... 39

7.5 Alternative Tests .................................................... ......... 39

SECTION 7 Tests by Manufacturer Fire Endurance Testing ofWater-filled FRP Piping (For Level 3) .................................41

1 Test Method.........................................................................41

1.1 Burner .................................................... ......................... 41

1.3 Pipe up to 152 mm (6 in.) OD ......................................... 411.5 Pipes more than 152 mm (6 in.) OD................................ 41


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viii ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005

1.7 Burner Type and Arrangement........................................41

1.9 Burner Position..... ........................................................... 41

3 Test Specimen.....................................................................42

3.1 Pipe Length ..................................................... ................42

3.3 Pipe Joints and Fittings ...................................................42

3.5 Number of Specimens............. ........................................42

3.7 End Closure................................................................ .....42

3.9 Moisture of Insulation ......................................................42

3.11 Orientation.......................................................................43

3.13 Relief Valve ...................................................... ...............43

5 Test Conditions....................................................................43

5.1 Sheltered Test Site..................................................... .....43

5.3 Water-filled ....................................................... ...............43

5.5 Water Temperature .................................................... .....43

7 Acceptance Criteria..............................................................437.1 During the Test......... .......................................................43

7.3 After the Test............. ...................................................... 43

TABLE 1 Qualification of Piping installations of DifferentSizes ..........................................................................42

FIGURE 1 Fire Endurance Test Burner Assembly......................44

FIGURE 2 Fire Endurance Test Stand with Mounted Sample ....44

SECTION 8 Tests by Manufacturer Wet/Dry Fire EnduranceTesting of FRP Piping Used in Deluge System(For Level 3 Modified Test Level 3 WD)(Adopted from USCG PFM 1-98)......................................... 45

SECTION 9 Tests by Manufacturer Flame Spread............................. 47

SECTION 10 Testing Onboard .................................................................. 49

1 Documentation and Receiving Inspection ...........................49

3 Handling and Storage..........................................................49

5 Visual Inspection..................................................................49

7 Resin/Adhesive Degree of Cure ..........................................52

9 Documentation of Site Bonding ...........................................52

11 Repair Methods....................................................................52

13 System Hydrostatic Test......................................................52

15 Maintenance ........................................................................53

15.1 Impact Damage.......................................................... .....53

15.3 Erosion .................................................. ..........................53

15.5 Earthing Cables............................................................... 53

15.7 Chalking/"Fiber Bloom"....................................................53


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ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005 ix

15.9 Scale Deposits ....................................................... ......... 53

15.11 System Failures ............................................................. . 53

15.13 Flange Damage/Cracks .................................................. 54

TABLE 1 Defects Acceptance Criteria and CorrectiveAction .........................................................................50

APPENDIX 1 References............................................................................55


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ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005 1

S E C T I O N 1 Scope and Conditions of

Certification

1 Applicability

This Guide specifies the technical documentation and provides guidelines for design, manufacturing,

installation and maintenance of offshore fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) piping installations used in

offshore topside modules. The principal objectives are to specify the minimum requirements forcertification and continuance of certification by the Bureau. Pipes and piping components made of

fiber reinforced plastics (FRP), which are thermosetting plastic materials with reinforcement, may be

used in piping installations referred to in Section 2, Table 3, subject to compliance with the

requirements specified in this Guide.

In this document, the term certification indicates that an FRP piping installation has been designed,

manufactured, installed and surveyed in compliance with the existing Rules, Guides or other

acceptable standards.

The continuance of certification is dependent on the fulfillment of requirements for surveys after

construction.

This Guide supersedes the requirements for FRP piping installation specified in Appendix 1, Plastic

Pipe Installations, of the ABS Guide for Building and Classing Facilities on Offshore Installations

(ABSFacilities Guide), and is to be used in conjunction with other parts of the ABS Facilities Guide.

1.1 Process

The Certification process consists of:

a) The development of Rules, Guides, standards and other criteria for the design and

construction of pipes and piping components

b) The review of design and survey during and after construction to verify compliance with such

Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria

c) The issuance of certificates when such compliance has been verified.The Rules, Guides and standards are developed by Bureau staff and passed upon by committees made

up of manufacturers, naval architects, marine engineers, builders, engine builders, steel makers and by

other technical, operating and scientific personnel associated with the worldwide maritime and

offshore industry. Theoretical research and development, established engineering disciplines, as well

as satisfactory service experience are utilized in their development and promulgation. The Bureau and

its committees can act only upon such theoretical and practical considerations in developing Rules,

Guides and standards.


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Section 1 Scope and Conditions of Certification

2 ABSGUIDE FOR CERTIFICATOIN OF FRP HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PIPING SYSTEMS .2005

1.3 Certificates and Reports

Plan review and surveys during and after construction are conducted by the Bureau to verify to itself

and its committees that the pipe and piping components are in compliance with the Rules, Guides,

standards or other criteria of the Bureau and to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. All reportsand certificates are issued solely for the use of the Bureau, its committees, its clients and other

authorized entities.

1.5 Representations as to Certification

Certification is a representation by the Bureau as to the fitness of the pipe or piping component for a

particular use or service in accordance with its Rules, Guides and standards. The Rules, Guides and

standards of the American Bureau of Shipping are not meant as a substitute for the independent

judgment of professional designers, naval architects, marine engineers, owners, operators, masters and

crews, nor as a substitute for the quality control procedures of builders, steel makers, suppliers,

manufacturers and sellers of marine materials, machinery or equipment.

The Bureau represents solely to the Manufacturer, Operator or other client of the Bureau that whencertifying it will use due diligence in the development of Rules, Guides and standards and in using

normally applied testing standards, procedures and techniques as called for by the Rules, Guides,

standards or other criteria of the Bureau for the purpose of issuing and maintaining certification. The

Bureau further represents to the Manufacturer, Operator or other client of the Bureau that its

certificates and reports evidence compliance only with one or more of the Rules, Guides, standards or

other criteria of the Bureau in accordance with the terms of such certificate or report. Under no

circumstances whatsoever are these representations to be deemed to relate to any third party.

1.7 Scope of Certification

Nothing contained in any certificate or report is to be deemed to relieve any designer, builder,

Operator, Manufacturer, seller, supplier, repairer, other entity or person of any warranty express orimplied. Any certificate or report evidences compliance only with one or more of the Rules, Guides,

standards, or other criteria of the American Bureau of Shipping and is issued solely for the use of the

Bureau, its committees, its clients, or other authorized entities. Nothing contained in any certificate,

report, plan or document review or approval is to be deemed in any way a representation or statement

beyond those contained in 1/1.5. The validity, applicability and interpretation of any certificate,

report, plan or document review are governed by the Rules, Guides, and standards of the American

Bureau of Shipping who shall remain the sole judge thereof. The Bureau is not responsible for the

consequences arising from the use by other parties of the Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria of

the American Bureau of Shipping, without review, plan approval and survey by the Bureau.

3 Documents to be Submitted

3.1 General

For certifying FRP piping installations according to this Guide, the documentation submitted to the

Bureau is to include plans, reports, calculations, drawings and other documentation necessary to

demonstrate the adequacy of the design of the FRP piping installations. Specifically, required

documentation is to include the items listed in this Section.

The documentation is generally to be submitted in triplicate: one copy to be returned to those making

the submission, one copy for use by the Surveyor where the facilities are being constructed or

modified and one copy to be retained in the Technical office for record. Manufacturers

documentation is to be submitted in quadruplicate if construction is to be carried out at a plant other

than where the facilities are being constructed or modified. Additional copies may be required whenthe mandatory attendance of the Surveyor is anticipated at more than one location.


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All plan submissions originating from manufacturers are understood to be made with the cognizance

of the main contracting party. A fee may be charged for the review of plans that are not covered by

the contract of certification.

3.3 System PlansThe following plans, whenever applicable to FRP piping installations, are to be submitted for review:

Propulsion machinery space arrangement, including locations of fuel oil tanks

Booklet of standard details

Ballast system

Bilge and drainage systems

Boiler feed water and condensate systems

Compressed air system

Cooling water systems

Exhaust piping (for boilers, incinerators and engines)

Fixed oxygen-acetylene system

Fuel oil systems, including storage tanks, drip trays and drains

Helicopter refueling system, fuel storage tank and its securing and bonding arrangements

Hydraulic and pneumatic systems

Lubricating oil systems

Sanitary system

Sea water systems

Vent, overflow and sounding arrangements

Steam systems

Steam piping analyses

Tank venting and overflow systems

All FRP piping installations not covered above

3.5 Contents of System Plans

FRP piping installation plans are to be diagrammatic and are to include the following information:

Types, sizes, materials, construction standards and pressure and temperature ratings of pipingcomponents other than pipes

Materials, outside diameter or nominal pipe size and wall thickness or schedule of pipes

Design pressure and design temperature, test pressure

Maximum pump pressures and/or relief valve settings

Flash point of flammable liquids

Instrumentation and control

Legend for symbols used


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3.7 Booklet of Standard Details

The booklet of standard details, as indicated in 1/3.3, is to contain standard practices to be used in the

construction of the offshore installation, typical details of such items as bulkhead, deck and shell

penetrations, welding details, pipe joint details, etc. This information may be included in the system

plans, if desired.

3.9 Material Specifications

Documentation for all materials of the major components of FRP piping installations is to indicate

that the materials satisfy the requirements of the pertinent specifications and standards. Material tests,

if required, are to be performed to the satisfaction of the Bureau.

3.11 Design Data and Calculations

Information is to be submitted for the FRP piping installations that describes the material data, models

and variability, long-term degradation data and models, methods of material system selection, analysis

and design that were employed in establishing the design. The estimated design life of the FRP piping

installations is to be stated. Where model testing is used as the basis for a design, the applicability of

the test results are to depend on the demonstration of the adequacy of the methods employed,

including enumeration of possible sources of error, limits of applicability and methods of

extrapolation to full-scale data. It is preferable that the procedures be reviewed and agreed upon

before material and component model testing is performed.

Calculations are to be submitted to demonstrate the adequacy of the proposed design and are to be

presented in a logical and well-referenced fashion, employing a consistent system of units.

3.13 Test Reports

Test reports including procedures for and records of the testing as required in this Guide for the FRP

piping installation are to be submitted. The test records are, as a minimum, to include an accuratedescription of the scope of tests, the subjects being tested, the setup of testing facilities, the methods

and procedures of tests, the test results and the reasons for and disposition of any failures during a

test. Records of tests are also to contain the names of the Owner and the test contractor, the date, time

and test duration.

3.15 Installation Manual

A manual is to be submitted describing procedures to be employed during the installation of FRP

piping installations. It is also to demonstrate that the methods and equipment used to meet the

specified requirements. The qualification of the installation manual is to include procedures related to:

Quality assurance plan and procedures

Procedures and methods to evaluate impact and installation damage tolerance

Nondestructive testing procedures

Repair procedures to be followed should any damage occurred during installation

System pressure test procedures and acceptance criteria

Electric conductivity test procedures and acceptance criteria (as applicable)

3.17 Operations Manual

An operations manual is to be prepared to provide a detailed description of the operating procedures

to be followed for expected conditions. The operations manual is to include procedures to be followed

during start-up, operations, shutdown conditions and anticipated emergency conditions. This manual

is to be submitted to the Bureau for record and file.


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3.19 Maintenance Manual

A maintenance manual providing detailed procedures for how to ensure the continued operating

suitability of the FRP piping installation is to be submitted to the Bureau for approval. Complete

records of inspections, maintenance and repairs of FRP piping installations are to be provided for the

Bureau.

3.21 Additional Documentation

When certification under the other regulation described in Chapter 1, Section 6 of the ABSFacilities

Guideis requested, submission of additional documentation may be required.

5 Survey, Inspection and Testing

5.1 General

5.1.1 ScopeThis Subsection pertains to inspection and survey of FRP piping installations at different

phases, including:

Manufacturing

Installation

Testing after installation

The phases of manufacturing covered by this Subsection include fabrication of FRP pipes and

bonds, pressure test, fire endurance test, flame spread test, exterior corrosion barrier test and

electrical conductivity test, as applicable. The phases of installation include preparation,

transportation, installation, system pressure test, electric conductivity test, as applicable, andsurvey of the as-built installation. The post-installation phase includes survey for continuance

of certification, accounting for damage, failure and repair.

5.1.2 Quality Control and Assurance Program

A quality control and assurance program compatible with the type, size and intended

functions of the FRP piping installation is to be developed and submitted to the Bureau for

review. The quality control and assurance program, as appropriate, is to consist of methods

and procedures for evaluating FRP piping installation performance, including static internal

pressure, elevated temperature, erosion resistance, electric conductivity and fire performance

properties, as well as optional vessel motion, water, impact and low temperature. The Bureau

will review, approve and, as necessary, request modification of this program. The Operator

and Manufacturer are to work with the Bureau to establish the required hold points on thequality control program to form the basis for all future inspections at the fabrication yard and

surveys of the FRP piping installations. If required, Surveyors may be assigned to monitor the

manufacturing of FRP piping installations and assure that competent personnel are carrying

out all tests and inspections specified in the quality control program. It is to be noted that the

monitoring provided by the Bureau is a supplement to and not a replacement for inspections

to be carried out by the Operator or Manufacturer.

5.1.3 Access and Notification

During manufacturing and installation, the Bureau representatives are to have access to FRP

piping installations at all reasonable times. The Bureau is to be notified as to when and where

the FRP piping installation may be examined. If the Bureau finds occasion to recommend

repairs or further inspection, notice will be given to the Operator or Manufacturer or their

representatives.


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5.1.4 Identification of Materials

The Manufacturer is to maintain a data system of material for FRP piping installations. Data

concerning place of origin and results of relevant material tests are to be retained and made

readily available during all stages of manufacturing, installation and after-installation testing.

5.3 Inspection and Testing in Manufacturing Phase

5.3.1 Material Quality

The physical properties of FRP and its raw materials are to be consistent with the specific

application and operational requirements of FRP piping installations. Suitable allowances are

to be added for possible degradation of the physical properties in the subsequent installation

and operation activities. Verification of the material quality is to be done by the Surveyor at

the manufacturing plant, in accordance with the requirements of this Guide. Alternatively,

materials manufactured to recognized standards or proprietary specifications may be accepted

by the Bureau, provided such standards give acceptable equivalence with the requirements of

this Guide.

5.3.2 Manufacturing Procedure Specification and Qualification

A manufacturing specification and qualification procedure is to be submitted for acceptance

before production start. The manufacturing procedure specification is to state the type and

extent of testing, the applicable acceptance criteria for verifying the properties of the materials

and the extent and type of documentation, record and certificate. All main manufacturing

steps from control of received raw material to shipment of finished FRP piping, including all

examination and checkpoints, are to be described. The Bureau will survey formed FRP piping

installations for their compliance with the dimensional tolerances, chemical composition and

mechanical properties required by the design.

5.3.3 Nondestructive TestingA system of nondestructive testing is to be included in the manufacturing specification of

FRP piping installations. The minimum extent of nondestructive testing is to be in accordance

with a recognized design code. All nondestructive testing records are to be reviewed and

approved by the Bureau. Additional nondestructive testing may be requested if the quality of

manufacturing is not in accordance with industry standards.

7.3.4 Manufacturing Records

A data book of the record of manufacturing activities is to be developed and maintained so as

to compile as complete a record as is practicable. The pertinent records are to be adequately

prepared and indexed in order to assure their usefulness, and they are to be stored in a manner

that is easily recoverable.

The manufacturing record is to include, as applicable, the following:

Manufacturing specification and qualification procedures records

Material trace records

Training and certification of workforce personnel

Fabrication specifications

Structural dimension check records

Records of completion of items identified in the quality control program

Assembly records Pressure testing records


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Fire endurance testing records

Flame spread testing records

Electrical conductivity testing records

Coating material and external corrosion testing records

Nondestructive testing records

Marking, packing, handling and transportation records

After manufacturing, these records are to be retained by the Operator or Manufacturer for

future reference. The minimum time for record retention is not to be less than the greatest of

the following:

Warranty period

Time specified in manufacturing agreements

Time required by statute or governmental regulations

5.5 Inspection and Testing during Installation

5.5.1 Specifications and Drawings for Installation

The specifications and drawings for installation are to be detailed and prepared giving the

descriptions of and requirements for the installation procedures to be employed. The

requirements are to cover the final design, verification and acceptance criteria for installation,

as well as system pressure test, integrity of FRP piping installations, fire protection coatings

and electric conductivity test. The drawings are to be detailed enough to demonstrate the

installation procedures step-by-step. The final installation results are to be included in the

drawings.

5.5.2 Installation Manual

Qualification of installation manual is specified in 1/3.15 of this Guide.

5.5.3 Testing After Installation

System pressure test after installation, as well as fire protection coating and electric

conductivity test, as applicable, are to be conducted to verify that requirements specified in

this Guide are satisfied.

5.5.4 Final Inspection

A final inspection of the installed FRP piping installation is to be completed to verify that it

satisfies the approved specifications used in its manufacturing and the requirements of thisGuide.

5.5.5 Inspection for Special Cases

Portions of the FRP piping installation may require inspection after the occurrence of any

conditions that might adversely affect the stability, structural integrity or safety of the FRP

piping installation. Damage that affects or may affect the integrity of the FRP piping

installation is to be reported at the first opportunity by the Operator for examination by the

Bureau. All repairs deemed necessary by the Bureau are to be carried out to their satisfaction.


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5.5.6 Notification

The Operator is to notify the Bureau on all occasions when parts of FRP piping installations

not ordinarily accessible are to be examined. If at any visit a Surveyor should find occasion to

recommend repairs or further examination, this is to be made known to the Operator

immediately in order that appropriate action may be taken.

5.7 Conditions for Surveys after Construction

5.7.1 Damage, Failure and Repair

5.7.1(a) Examination and Repair. Damage, failure, deterioration or repair of the installation

or its elements, which affects certification, is to be submitted by the Owners or their

representatives for examination by the Surveyor at the first opportunity. All repairs found

necessary by the Surveyor are to be carried out to his satisfaction.

5.7.1(b) Repairs. Where repairs to FRP piping installations or elements connected thereto,

which may affect certification, are planned in advance to be carried out, a complete repair

procedure, including the extent of the proposed repair and the need for Surveyors attendance,is to be submitted to and agreed upon by the Surveyor reasonably in advance. Failure to notify

the Bureau in advance of the repairs may result in suspension of certification until such time

as the repair is redone or evidence is submitted to satisfy the Surveyor that the repair was

properly carried out.

The above is not intended to include maintenance and overhaul in accordance with

recommended manufacturers procedures and established practice and which does not require

Bureau approval. However, any repair as a result of such maintenance and overhauls which

affect or may affect certification is to be noted in the units log and submitted to the

Surveyors, as required by 1/5.7.1(a).

5.7.1(c) Representation. Nothing contained in this Section or in a rule or regulation of any

government or other administration, or the issuance of any report or certificate pursuant tothis Section or such a rule or regulation is to be deemed to enlarge upon the representations

expressed in 1/1.1 through 1/1.7 hereof, and the issuance and use of any such reports or

certificates are to be governed in all respects by 1/1.1 through 1/1.7 hereof.

5.7.2 Notification and Availability for Survey

The Surveyors are to have access to certified FRP piping installations at all reasonable times.

For the purpose of Surveyor monitoring, monitoring Surveyors are to also have access to

certified units at all reasonable times. Such access may include attendance at the same time as

the assigned Surveyor or during a subsequent visit without the assigned Surveyor. The

Owners or their representatives are to notify the Surveyors for inspection on all occasions

when parts of FRP piping installations not ordinarily accessible are to be examined.

The Surveyors are to undertake all surveys on certified systems upon request, with adequate

notification, of the Owners or their representatives and are to report thereon to the Committee.

Should the Surveyors find occasion during any survey to recommend repairs or further

examination, notification is to be given immediately to the Owners or their representatives in

order that appropriate action may be taken. The Surveyors are to avail themselves of every

convenient opportunity for carrying out periodical surveys in conjunction with surveys of

damages and repairs in order to avoid duplication of work.


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S E C T I O N 2 Design

1 Internal Pressure

A pipe is to be designed for an internal pressure not less than the design pressure of the system in

which it will be used. The maximum sustained internal pressure, Pint, for a pipe is to be verified by

testing methods or be determined by a combination of testing and calculations methods, which are to

be submitted to ABS for approval. The design flowchart in Section 2, Figure 1 may be used in the

mechanical design of FRP pipes.

FIGURE 1Flowchart of FRP Pipe Mechanical Design

Select maximum

design strain

Design Strain

Method

(2/1)

Use testing

method

Perform required

testing

Collect required

test data

Perform

calculations

Validate OK

with ASTM

D1599

Calculate failure

stresses

De-rate for

temperature,

corrosion and

fatigue

Construct failure and

design envelope(2/1, 2/5, 2/7)

Flexibility analysis

(2/25)

Define SIFs and

flexibility factors

Collect design

conditions

Define mechanical

properties

Calculate stresses,

forces and deflections

Yes No

No

Yes


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Section 2 Design


1.1 Using Testing Methods

A recognized standard, such as ASTM D2992 Procedure B, is to be used as the testing method in

order to determine the maximum sustained long-term hydrostatic pressure of FRP pipes. Testing

temperature is to be 65C or higher. The maximum sustained internal pressure is to be obtained by thefollowing equation:

Pint= 0.667f3Pq

Pint= 0.667f3f1PLTHP

where

Pint = maximum sustained internal pressure, MPa

Pq = qualified pressure, MPa

= f1PLTHP, as specified in ASTM D2992

PLTHP = long-term hydrostatic pressure, MPa

f1 = factor to represent the 97.5% Lower Confidence Limit (LCL) ofPLTHPbased on a

design life of 20 years.

f3 = de-rating factor to account for non-isotropic properties of FRP, always less than

or equal to 1.0; default value of 0.7 for 55-degree filament wound pipes and 1.0

for isotropic materials. See also 2/25.3 for further information.

Alternatively, short term burst testing per ASTM D1599 is another acceptable testing method. A

minimum of two samples is to be burst tested and the lower value is to be defined as the burst

pressure,Pburst. The maximum sustained internal pressure,Pint, can be defined as:

Pint= 0.25Pburst

where


Pburst = burst pressure, MPa

From the burst testing data, the short-term hoop stress can be determined by:

sh=r

burst

t

DP

2

where

sh = short-term hoop stress due to internal pressure, MPa

Pburst = burst pressure, MPa

D = mean structural diameter, mm

= Di+ 2t tr

Di = inside diameter, mm

t = total wall thickness, mm

tr = average reinforced thickness of the wall (i.e., excluding the thickness of linear

and added thickness for fire protection), mm


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Section 2 Design


1.3 Using Design Strain Method

The following design strain based method is to be used to calculate Pint:

h=

hfE

Pint=D

tf hr32

where

h = allowable hoop stress due to internal pressure, MPa

f = long-term failure strain, default value of 0.00375

= safety factor, default value of 1.5, as specified in 2/25.7

Eh = hoop tensile modulus, as specified in 2/25.3, MPa


f3 = de-rating factor, as specified in 2/1.1

Dand trare specified in 2/1.1.

3 External Pressure

External pressure is to be considered for any installation that may be subject to vacuum conditions

inside the pipe or a head of liquid on the outside of the pipe, such as green water effects. A pipe is to

be designed for an external pressure not less than the sum of the pressure imposed by the maximum

potential head of liquid outside the pipe plus full vacuum, 1 bar (1 kgf/cm2, 14.5 psi), inside the pipe.

The maximum external pressure for a pipe is to be determined by dividing the collapse test pressure

by a safety factor of 3.

The collapse test pressure is to be verified by testing methods or be determined by a combination of

testing and calculation methods, which are to be submitted to ABS for approval. A recognized

standard, such as ASTM D2925, is to be used as the testing method and the following equation is to

be used to calculate the allowable external pressure:

Pc=

32

D

tE rfh

where

Pc = allowable external pressure, MPa

Efh = hoop flexural modulus, as specified in 2/25.3, MPa

= safety factor, default value of 3.0


This equation assumes the pipe is adequately supported, but it does not take into account any

additional stiffness from stiffener rings which can be employed. If stiffener rings are employed to

increase the allowable external pressure, an alternate equation acceptable to ABS may be used.


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Section 2 Design


5 Axial Strength

The sum of the axial stresses due to pressure, weight, expansion and other dynamic and sustained

loads is not to exceed the allowable stress in the axial direction. The allowable axial strength is to be

determined by a combination of testing and calculation methods, which are to be submitted to ABSfor approval.

Since many FRP components are non-isotropic materials, the allowable axial stress may differ from

the allowable hoop stress. For 55-degree filament wound pipe, the allowable axial stress will actually

vary depending upon the magnitude of the hoop stress. Therefore, it is normally necessary to perform

two tests to accurately determine the allowable axial stresses of FRP components:

i) ASTM D2105 test for a pure short-term axial stress (hoop-to-axial stress ratio is 0 to 1)

ii) ASTM D1599 or ASTM D2992 pressure testing for the case when hoop-to-axial stress ratio

(short term and long term, respectively) is 2 to 1.

Strain estimates are also a valid tool for determining the pure axial strength, where hoop-to-axial

stress ratio is 0 to 1, of a non-isotropic FRP component. The following design strain calculations areto be used to determine the short-term axial strength:

sa=Kaf-sEt

where

sa = design strain based axial strength (short term), MPa

Ka = factor to account for degree of anisotropy, typically 0.5 for 55degree filament

wound laminates and 1.0 for isotropic laminates (Eh=Et) as specified in 2/25.3

f-s = short-term failure strain, default value of 0.012

Eh = hoop tensile modulus, as specified in 2/25.3, MPa

Et = axial tensile modulus, as specified in 2/25.3, MPa

From these tests and calculations, the allowable axial stresses can be determined from the following

equations.

For the allowable pure axial stress where hoop-to-axial stress ratio is 0 to 1:

a=sh

qssa

=

qsr5.0

where

a = allowable axial stress when hoop-to-axial stress ratio is 0 to 1, MPa

sa = ASTM D2105 axial strength or design strain based axial strength (short-term) as

obtained above for pure axial strength, MPa

sh = short-term hoop strength due to internal pressure obtained from ASTM 1559

burst test, as specified in Subsection 2/1, MPa

= safety factor, default value of 1.5 as specified in 2/25.7

r = 2sa/sh, bi-axial stress ratio (see also Subsection 2/11)


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Section 2 Design


qs =r

q

t

DP

2, MPa

Pq = qualified pressure, MPa

= f1PLTHP, as specified in ASTM D2992

PLTHP,f1,Dand trare specified in 2/1.1.

For the allowable axial stress where hoop-to-axial stress ratio is 2 to 1:

a1h2= qs for r1.0

a1h2= 0.5rqs for r> 1.0

where

a1h2 = allowable axial stress when hoop-to-axial stress ratio is 2 to 1, MPa

qsand rare as defined above.

7 Bending Strength

The sum of the bending (also called axial flexural) stresses due to pressure, weight, expansion andother dynamic and sustained loads is not to exceed the allowable bending stress. The allowablebending strength is to be determined by a combination of testing and calculation methods, which areto be submitted to ABS for approval.

Bending strength is a more complicated mechanical property since extensive long-term testing data islimited. A recognized standard, such as ASTM D2925 or ASTM D790 modified for pipes, is to beused as the testing method.

Design strain based method is also a valid tool for determining the short-term bending strength of anon-isotropic FRP component, which can be obtained by:

sb= f-sEb

where

sb = design strain based axial strength (short-term), MPa

f-s = short-term failure strain, default value of 0.012

Eb = bending (axial flexural) modulus, as specified in 2/25.3), MPa

From these tests and calculations, the allowable bending stress can be determined by:

b=sh

qssb

=

qsbr5.0

where

b = allowable bending stress, MPa

sb = ASTM D2925 or D790 bending strength or design strain based bending strength

(short-term) as obtained above, MPa


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Section 2 Design


sh = short-term hoop strength due to internal pressure, as specified in Subsection 2/1,

MPa

rb = 2sb/sh

= safety factor, default value of 1.5 as specified in 2/25.7

qsis as defined in Subsection 2/7.

9 Axial Compressive Strength (Buckling)

Axial compressive strength is to be considered in systems where these types of stresses can begenerated. Examples include axially-restrained straight runs of pipe with thermal expansion andvertical runs of pipe supported from underneath.

The allowable axial compressive stress is to be determined by the following method:

ac= 2

22

8 LEDk a

where

ac = allowable axial compressive stress, MPa

k = 10-6

D = mean structural diameter, as specified in 2/1.1, mm

Ea = axial tensile modulus, as specified in 2/25.3, MPa

L = unsupported length of pipe (center to center distance between supports), m

= safety factor, default value of 3.0; combined loading conditions may require ahigher safety factor

In the above equation, the moment of inertia is estimated as D3tr/8 and the reinforced area asDtr,

whereDand trare defined in 2/1.1.

11 Biaxial Stress Ratio of Pipes, Fittings and Joints

The biaxial stress ratio is used to define the mechanical properties of non-isotropic materials, such asFRP pipes, fittings and joints. The failure and design envelopes can be established based on the givenbiaxial stress ratio of the individual FRP piping components. The biaxial stress ratio of pipes, fittingsor joints is to be selected from the default values given in Section 2, Table 1 if no reliable data areavailable, or is to be determined according to the following equation:

r=sh

sa

2

where

r = biaxial stress ratio

sa = ASTM D2105 axial strength or design strain based axial strength (short-term) as

obtained above in Subsection 2/5 for pure axial strength of FRP pipes, MPa

sh = short-term hoop strength of FRP pipes due to internal pressure, as specified inSubsection 2/1, MPa


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Section 2 Design


TABLE 1Biaxial Stress Ratios

Component Default Biaxial Stress Ratio, r

55-degree Filament Wound Pipe 0.5

Filament Wound Fittings, primarily hoop wound 0.45

Laminated Fittings with bidirectional reinforcement 1.9

Adhesive Bonded Joints 1.0

Laminated Joints with bidirectional reinforcement 2.0

For fittings and joints, the pressure induced responses are much more complex than those in plainpipes. Appropriate experimental or analytical methods are to be adopted to determine the short termaxial and hoop strengths.

Note that the biaxial stress ratio defined in this Guide is not the same as, nor has any relationship to,

the coefficient of correlation in ASTM D2992.

13 Temperature

The maximum allowable working temperature of a pipe is to be in accordance with theManufacturers recommendations, but in every instance, is to be at least 20C (36F) lower than theminimum heat distortion temperature (HDT) of the pipe material, determined according to ISO 75method A or equivalent. The minimum HDT is not to be less than 80C (176F) unless calculationsand testing are shown to validate a product with an HDT below this value.

At elevated temperatures, degradation of material properties is to be considered. In general, FRPmaterials have stable mechanical properties up to 65C (150F). Above this temperature, FRP

materials may show some degradation. At the HDT, the material properties may be 50% or less thanthe ambient temperature properties.

Where low temperature services are considered, special attention is to be given with respect tomaterial properties. Some testing has shown FRP to have stable mechanical properties to as low as-40C (-40F).

15 Material Compatibility

The piping material is to be compatible with the fluids being conveyed or in which it is immersed.Both the internal and external surfaces of the piping components are to include a corrosion barrier

suitable for the application. Typically, this corrosion barrier is at least 0.5 mm thick on the interiorand at least 0.25 mm thick on the exterior. However, interior corrosion barriers of 2.5 mm thickness ormore may be needed for certain corrosive applications. The Manufacturer is to submit data to ABS tosupport their corrosion barrier thickness.

If a sodium hypochlorite solution is used in the seawater system to combat the growth of marineorganisms and algae that could foul filters and pipelines, then data is to be submitted to ABS tosupport the use of FRP in this service. Sodium hypochlorite is a very aggressive chemical. However,at the concentrations (


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Section 2 Design


17 Environmental Conditions

The piping material is to be suitable for the environmental conditions of the application, which mayinclude the following: exposure to UV rays, exposure to salt air and exposure to oil and grease.

All piping components are to have an external corrosion barrier suitable for the application. Typically,an external corrosion barrier of 0.25 mm that contains UV absorbers and veil reinforcement is suitablefor protecting the structural cage from UV rays and exposure to salt air, oil and grease. A syntheticveil material may provide better protection than a C-glass or E-glass veil. This external corrosionbarrier thickness is not in addition to the external corrosion barrier thickness specified in Subsection2/15. The Manufacturer is to submit data to ABS to support their corrosion barrier thickness.

19 Impact Resistance

FRP pipes and joints are to meet a minimum resistance to impact in accordance with a recognizednational or international standard such as ISO14692-2, Clause 6.4.3 or an equivalent standard. ASTM

D256 may also be considered. However, this standard only reports an impact resistance. The averageminimum required impact resistance is to be 961 J/m of width (18 ft-lbf/in of width) per Test MethodE or a value acceptable to the Surveyor.

The minimum structural wall thickness for any pipe is to be 3 mm. 5 mm is strongly recommended formore robustness. Thickness of 6 mm or more may be required for certain fire protection applications.

21 Hydraulic Design

The inside pipe diameter is to be selected to attain the necessary fluid flow for the application.Velocities are to be limited to values that prevent the unacceptable pressure loss, cavitation, erosion,

noise and abrasion.For typical FRP applications, the average liquid fluid velocity is between 1 and 5 meters/second withintermittent excursions up to 10 m/s. For gas flows, the average gas velocity is between 1 and 10 m/swith intermittent excursions up to 20 m/s.

For information on pressure surges and water hammer, refer to Subsection 2/25.

23 Ship Motions

Ship motions and their effect on deflections and stresses on the FRP piping installation are to beconsidered. Ship motions from 1) lifting and transportation of ship hull or topside module, 2) dailywave action, and 3) storm wave action are to be considered. Inertial loads from ship motions are alsoto be considered. Flexure of the hull due to racking is also to be considered.

25 Stress Analysis

A stress analysis is to be performed on the FRP piping installation. The degree of detail of this stressanalysis is to be determined based on the complexity of the piping installation, the design conditionsand the level of criticality of the system. The flowchart in Section 2, Figure 2 summarizes the stressanalysis procedures for FRP pipes.


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Section 2 Design


FIGURE 2Stress Analysis Flowchart

Collect design

conditions

Define mechanical

properties

Define SIFs and

flex factors

Calculate stresses,

forces and

deflections

Design temperature, installation

temperature, design pressure, piping

installation geometry, proposed

support locations (and types, if known)

Define combined loading cases,

typically at least one sustained

condition case, one free thermal case,

one sustained (with thermal case) and

one occasional load case (if any)

Density

Poisson's ratioCoefficient of thermal expansion

Axial tensile modulus

Hoop tensile modulusShear modulus

Refer to ISO14692 (2002) Part 3 Annex D Refer to BS7159:1989 Section 7

25.1 Design Conditions

For simple stress analysis calculations, the following design conditions are required inputs:

Pipe sizes and wall thickness

Design and installation temperature

Design pressure

Support spacing (center to center distance between supports)

For a more detailed flexibility analysis, the following design conditions are required inputs:

Detailed piping installation geometry, including valves and other in-line components

Proposed support locations and types

Combined loading cases, normally consisting of at least one sustained condition case, one freethermal run, one sustained thermal case and any occasional load cases


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Section 2 Design


25.3 Material Properties

The following mechanical properties are required inputs:

= density

= Poissons ratio (hoop-to-axial strain resulting from an axial stress)

Ea,Et = axial tensile modulus (Youngs modulus in the axial direction)

Eh = hoop tensile modulus (Youngs modulus in the hoop direction)

G = shear modulus

Ct = thermal expansion coefficient (axial direction)

Other properties which may be required are:

Eb = bending modulus (axial flexural modulus)

Efh

= hoop flexural modulus

Manufacturers generally optimize the performance of FRP pipes for internal pressure where the ratioof loading is 2:1 (twice as much hoop loading as axial loading). A filament winding angle of 55degrees is typically optimal for this condition. This is one of the reasons why FRP materials are non-isotropic. It is therefore important for the designer to specify at least three modulus values (axial,hoop, shear), one Poissons ratio (axial-to-hoop strain resulting from a hoop stress or hoop-to-axialstrain resulting from an axial stress) and one thermal expansion coefficient (axial direction). There isalso a thermal expansion coefficient in the hoop direction, but this is normally not required for FRPpiping design.

Typical values for a 55-degree filament wound pipe are as follows:

= 0.30 to 0.40 (hoop-to-axial strain resulting from an axial stress)

Ea,Et = 9 to 12 GPa

Eh = 15 to 22 GPa

G = 7 to 11 GPa

Ct = 0.000018 m/m/C (axial direction)

Eb = 9 to 12 GPa

Efh = 15 to 22 GPa

Because of the non-isotropic nature of FRP materials, the equation for determining the maximum

sustained internal pressure includes a de-rating factor. Further information on this de-rating factor canbe obtained from ISO14692-3, Clause 7.2.

Another factor is included in the equation for calculating the short-term axial strength. A single short-term failure strain is recommended in this document. However, this one value may not be viable forboth short-term hoop and axial loadings. While a value of 0.012 may be suitable for hoop stresses, a55-degree filament wound pipe may have only 0.006 for axial stresses. The Ka factor is meant to

account for this.


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Section 2 Design


25.5 SIFs and Flexibility Factors

Stress Intensification Factors (SIFs) and Flexibility Factors are required for a detailed flexibilityanalysis of the piping installation. The designer is to reference BS7159:1989 Section 7 or ISO14692-3, Annex D.

25.7 Allowable Stresses and Deflections

Since FRP is a non-isotropic material, there is often more than one allowable stress. As a minimum,there are three allowable stresses which are to be considered: 1) allowable axial stress, 2) allowablehoop stress, and 3) allowable bending stress.

Since FRP is a much lower modulus material than steel, it is often necessary to design support spacingnot only on stress, but also deflection. For deflection, the allowable vertical deflection betweensupports is to be 12.5 mm (0.50 in.) or 0.5% of the span, whichever is less.

25.7.1 Sustained Loads

When calculating stresses due to sustained loads, the default safety factor of 1.5 is to be usedfor internal pressure (Subsection 2/3), axial stresses (Subsection 2/5), and bending stresses(Subsection 2/7). Sustained loads are to include: internal pressure, external pressure, vacuum,piping weight, insulation/fire protection weight, fluid weight, inertia loads due to motionduring operation (e.g., daily wave action), sustained environmental loads (such as ice andsnow) and other sustained loads.

25.7.2 Thermal Loads

Because of the self-limiting nature of thermal expansion loads, when calculating stresses dueto thermal conditions, the default safety factor is to be 1.2 for internal pressure, axial stressesand bending stresses (Subsections, 2/3, 2/5 and 2/7, respectively).

25.7.3 Occasional LoadsWhen calculating stresses due to occasional loads, the default safety factor is to be 1.12 forinternal pressure, axial stresses and bending stresses (Subsections, 2/3, 2/5 and 2/7,respectively). Occasional loads are to include: internal pressure from hydrotesting, pressuresurges from water hammer, pressure surges from safety valve releases, transient equipmentvibrations, impact, inertia loads from motion during transportation, occasional environmentalloads (such as wind from storms), overpressures from blasts and other occasional loads. Someoccasional loads may not need to be considered as acting concurrently.

25.7.4 Reduction of Allowable Stresses

Certain design conditions may necessitate a reduction in the allowable stress values. These

may include severe corrosive conditions, elevated temperatures and cyclic loading conditions.For a design cycle life of 7,000 cycles or less, the design may be considered as static and areduction of allowable stresses due to fatigue concerns is not necessary.

25.9 Stress Analysis Calculations

The following stresses are to be considered in a stress analysis:

Hoop stress due to internal pressure

Axial stress due to internal pressure

Axial compressive stress due to thermal expansion

Bending stress due to dead weight

Bending stress due to thermal and pressure expansion


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Section 2 Design


Hoop flexural stress due to vacuum

Any other stresses due to sustained, thermal or occasional loads.

Deflection due to dead weight is also to be calculated.

25.9.1 Hoop Stress due to Internal Pressure

hp=rt

PD

2

where

hp = hoop stress due to internal pressure, MPa

P = design pressure, MPa

D andtrare specified in 2/1.1.

25.9.2 Axial Stress due to Internal Pressure

ap=rt

PD

4

where

ap = axial stress due to internal pressure, MPa

P = design pressure, MPa

D andtrare specified in 2/1.1.

25.9.3 Axial Compressive Stress Due to Thermal Expansion (with Constrained Ends)

ac= CtTEt

where

ac = axial compressive stress due to thermal expansion, MPa

Ct = axial thermal expansion coefficient, as specified in 2/25.3, mm/mm/C

T = design temperature change, C


25.9.4 Bending Stress due to Dead Weight (2-span Beam Equation)

ab=rI

Mck

where

ab = bending stress due to dead weight, MPa

k = 1000

M = 9.8woL2/8, N-m

wo = pipe (with internal fluid) mass per unit length, kg/m

L = support spacing, m


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Section 2 Design


c = mean structural radius, mm

= D/2

Ir = reinforced moment of inertia, mm4

= [(Di+2tr)4Di

4]/64

D, t,Diand trare specified in 2/1.1.

25.9.5 Thermal Expansion

lTE= T kCtT

where

lTE = thermal expansion, mm/m

k = 1000

Ct = thermal expansion coefficient, as specified in 2/25.3, mm/mm/C

T = design temperature change, C

25.9.6 Pressure Expansion

lPE=

htr EEt

Pck

2

1

where

lPE = pressure expansion, mm/m

k = 1000P = design pressure, MPa

c = mean structural radius, as specified in 2/25.9.4, mm

tr = average reinforced wall thickness, as specified in 2/1.1, mm


= Poissons ratio

Eh = hoop tensile modulus, as specified in see 2/25.3, MPa

25.9.7 Bending Stress Due to Expansion

ab=rI

kMc

where

ab = bending stress due to expansion, MPa

k = 1000

M = bending moment created from expansion, N-m

c = mean structural radius, as specified in 2/25.9.4, mm

Ir = reinforced moment of inertia, as specified in 2/25.9.4, mm4


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Section 2 Design


25.9.8 Hoop Flexural Stress Due to Vacuum and/or External Pressure

hfc=

3

2

D

tE rfh

where

hfc = hoop flexural stress due to vacuum and/or external pressure, MPa

Efh = hoop flexural modulus, as specified in 2/25.3, MPa


25.9.9 Wind Loads

Refer to ASCE7-88 or other suitable standards for calculating forces and stresses due to windloads.

25.9.10 Deflection Due to Dead Weight (2-span beam equation)

s=rb

so

IE

Lkw

925

5 4

where

s = deflection due to dead weight, mm

k = 9.8 109

wo = pipe (with internal fluid) mass per unit length, kg/m

Ls = support spacing, m

Eb = bending modulus, as specified in 2/25.3, MPa

Ir = reinforced moment of inertia, as specified in 2/25.9.4, mm4

27 Fire Endurance

Fire endurance requirements for pipes based on system and location are specified in Section 2, Table3. Pipes and their associated fittings whose functions or integrity are essential to the safety of theinstallation are to meet the fire endurance requirements described below. The fire endurance ratingcode L1, L2, L3, or L3-WD is to be assigned to FRP piping components upon the satisfaction of thefire endurance testing described below.

27.1 Level 1

Level 1 will ensure the integrity of the system during a full scale hydrocarbon fire, and is particularlyapplicable to systems where loss of integrity may cause outflow of flammable liquids and worsen thefire situation. Piping having passed the fire endurance test specified in Section 6 for a minimumduration of one hour without loss of integrity in the dry condition is considered to meet Level 1 fireendurance standard (L1).

27.3 Level 2

Level 2 intends to ensure the availability of systems essential to the safe operation of the installationafter a fire of short duration, allowing the system to be restored after the fire has been extinguished.Piping having passed the fire endurance test specified in Section 6 for a minimum duration of

30 minutes without loss of integrity in the dry condition is considered to meet Level 2 fire endurancestandard (L2).


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Section 2 Design


27.5 Level 3

Level 3 is considered to provide the fire endurance necessary for a water-filled piping installation to

survive a local fire of short duration. The systems functions are capable of being restored after the

fire has been extinguished. Piping having passed the fire endurance test specified in Section 7 for a

minimum duration of 30 minutes without loss of integrity in the wet condition is considered to meetLevel 3 fire endurance standard (L3).

27.7 Level 3 Modified Test

Level 3 modified test for deluge systems is considered to provide the fire endurance necessary for a

piping installation to survive a local fire of short duration, with a simulated dry condition and

subsequent flowing water condition. The systems functions are capable of being restored after the

fire has been extinguished. Piping having passed the fire endurance test specified in Section 8 for a

minimum duration of 5 minutes in dry condition and 25 minutes in wet condition without loss of

integrity is considered to meet the Wet/Dry fire endurance standard (L3-WD).

27.9 Fire Endurance CoatingWhen a fire-protective coating of pipes and fittings is necessary for achieving the fire endurance

standards required, the following requirements apply:

i) Pipes are generally to be delivered from the Manufacturer with the protective coating applied,

with onsite application limited to that necessary for installation purposes (i.e., joints). See

Subsection 3/13 regarding the application of the fire protection coating on joints.

ii) The fire protection properties of the coating are not to be diminished when exposed to salt

water, oil or bilge slops. It is to be demonstrated that the coating is resistant to products likely

to come in contact with the piping.

iii) In considering fire protection coatings, such characteristics as thermal expansion, resistance

against vibrations and elasticity are to be taken into account.

iv) The fire protection coatings are to have sufficient resistance to impact to retain their integrity.

v) For electrically conductive systems, refer to Subsection 2/31.

29 Flame Spread

All pipes except for those fitted on open decks and within tanks, cofferdams, void spaces, pipe tunnels

and ducts are to have low flame spread characteristics. The test procedures in IMO Resolution A.653

(16), modified for pipes as indicated in Section 9, are to be used for determining the flame spread

characteristics. Piping materials giving average values for all of the surface flammability criteria not

exceeding the values listed in IMO Resolution A.653 (16) (surface flammability criteria of bulkhead,wall and ceiling linings) are considered to meet the requirements for low flame spread.

Alternatively, flame spread testing in accordance with ASTM D635 may be used in lieu of the IMO

flame spread test, provided such test is acceptable to the Administration. Under the ASTM D635 test

method, the FRP pipe may be considered self-extinguishing if none of the ten (or no more than one of

the twenty) specimens have burned to the 100-mm (3.9 in.) mark.


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Section 2 Design


31 Electrical Conductivity

31.1 Rating

Electric conductivity or electrostatic dissipative properties of FRP piping is to be rated according tothe requirements of ISO 14692-2, Clause 6.6 and Annex G.

Where electrically conductive pipe is required, the resistance per unit length of the FRP pipes and

fittings is not to exceed 105Ohm/m (3.28 104Ohm/ft), and the requirements associated with rating(classification) code C1a, C2a, or C3 are to be satisfied.

31.3 Non-homogeneous Conductivity

Homogenously conductive systems, such as conductive coatings that cover the entire exterior or

carbon-loaded resins that allow the resin to conduct, are preferred over non-homogenous systems.

Pipes and fittings that use discrete conductive filaments to achieve electrical conductivity are to be

protected against the possibility of spark damage to the pipe wall. There are to be no electricallyisolated discrete conductive filaments in the piping installation.

31.5 Design Requirements

31.5.1 Conductivity of Internal Fluids

Piping conveying fluids with conductivity less than 1000 pS/m (pico-siemens per meter) is to

be internally electrically conductive and is to provide an adequate electrical path to ground.

Natural gasoline, motor and aviation gasoline, diesels, kerosene, heating oils, lubricating oils

and jet fuels typically have conductivities lower than 1000 pS/m (usually they are less than

50 pS/m). Seawater and crude oil typically have conductivities higher than 1000 pS/m

(deionized water, for example, is about 106pS/m).

31.5.2 Hazardous Areas

If the FRP pipes pass through hazardous areas defined in 2-1/49 of the ABS Facilities Guide,

then the pipes are either 1) to be externally electrically conductive and are to provide an

adequate electrical path to ground or 2) are to be evaluated for risk assessment to determine

the need for electrical conductivity.

If electrical conductivity is required and if any of the pipes or components are insulated or

have fire protection on the exterior, then the insulation/fire protection is also to be externally

electrically conductive and is to have an adequate electrical path to ground. In such a

situation, it may be acceptable to use non-conductive FRP pipes, provided the insulation/fire

protection is electrically conductive and has an adequate electrical path to ground. Data on the

insulation/fire protection is to be submitted to ABS for review and approval.

Section 2, Table 2 is to be used as a guideline for a risk assessment method to determine the

need for electrical conductivity. Guidelines for both internal and external charge-generating

mechanisms are included. Data from the risk assessment is to be submitted to ABS for review

and approval.

Weak external charge-generating mechanisms include, but are not limited to, tribocharging.

Moderate external charge-generating mechanisms include, but are not limited to, tank

washing operations. Strong external charge-generating mechanisms include, but are not

limited to, cargo tank cleaning/purging/loading operations and an efflux of a two-phase fluid

past the FRP pipe. An example may include a gas with condensed droplets leaking from a

nearby steam or hydrocarbon pipe.


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Changing atmospheric conditions, particularly near strong thunderstorms, have the possibility

of being moderate to strong external charge-generating mechanisms. However, in the case of

lightning, it is more likely that the lightning strike itself provides a more significant ignition

source than any discharge that could occur from the FRP pipes, whether electrically

conductive or not.Tank washing operations that use crude oil washing (COW) techniques (with dry crude oil) or

small water washing machines can help minimize their charge-generating potential.

Isolated metal objects of significant size that are in close proximity to earthed objects (both

fixed and mobile, including personnel) are to be given particular attention since these can

contribute to the potential creation of an incentive discharge.

33 Marking

FRP pipes and other components are to be permanently marked with identification in accordance with

a recognized standard. Identification is at least to include:

i) Manufacturers information

ii) Standard to which the pipe or fitting is manufactured

iii) Material with which the pipe or fitting is constructed

vi) Nominal diameter

v) Pressure rating (maximum sustained internal pressure)

vi) Fire endurance rating

vii) Electric conductivity rating

TABLE 2Electrical Conductivity Risk Assessment Guidelines

Service Conditions Guidelines

Piping that contains fluids with conductivities

greater than 1000 pS/m

No internal conductivity requirement.Internal charge-

generatingmechanisms Piping that may contain fluids with

conductivities less than 1000 pS/mPiping is to have a resistance from inside tooutside the pipes of 105ohms per meter or less.

Conductive piping and all isolated metal objectsof significant size are to be earthed with a

maximum resistance to earth of 106ohms.

Piping not located in hazardous areas. No conductivity requirement.

Piping located in hazardous areas that may be

exposed to weak external charge-generatingmechanisms during normal operations

No conductivity requirement except all isolated

metal objects of significant size are to be earthedwith a maximum resistance to earth of 108ohms.

Piping located in hazardous areas that may be

exposed to moderate external charge-generatingmechanisms

Piping is to have a resistance of 105ohms per

meter or less. Conductive piping and all isolatedmetal objects of significant size are to be earthed

with a maximum resistance to earth of 108ohms.

External charge-generatingmechanisms

Piping located in hazardous areas that may beexposed to strong external charge-generatingmechanisms

Piping is to have a resistance of 105ohms permeter or less. Piping and all isolated metalobjects of significant size are to be earthed with a

maximum resistance to earth of 106ohms.


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TABLE 3Fire Endurance Requirements Matrix

LOCATIONPIPING

INSTALLATIONS A B C D E F G H I J KHYDROCARBON &CARGO (Flammable cargoes with flash point 60C (140F))

1 Cargo lines NA NA L1 0 NA 0 0 NA L12

2 Crude oil washing lines NA NA L1 0 NA 0 0 NA L12

3 Vent lines NA NA NA 0 NA 0 0 NA X

3a Process lines NA NA NA 0 NA 0 0 NA L12

3b Produced water lines NA NA NA 0 NA 0 0 NA L310

INERT GAS

4 Water seal effluent line NA NA 01 01 01 01 01 NA 0

5 Scrubber effluent line 01 01 NA NA NA 01 01 NA 0

6 Main line 0 0 L1 NA NA NA 0 NA L16

7 Distribution lines NA NA L1 0 NA NA 0 NA L12

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS [flash point > 60C (140F)]8 Cargo lines X X L1 NA3 0 0 0 NA L1

9 Fuel oil X X L1 NA3 0 0 0 L1 L1

10 Lubricating oil X X L1 NA NA NA 0 L1 L1

11 Hydraulic oil X X L1 0 0 0 0 L1 L1

SEA WATER (See Note 1)

12 Bilge main and branches L17 L17 L1 NA 0 0 0 NA L1

13 Fire main L1 L1 L1 NA NA 0 0 X L1/L311

13a Water spray (Deluge) L1 L1 L1 NA NA 0 0 X L1/LWD11

14 Foam system L1 L1 L1 NA NA NA 0 L1 L1

15 Sprinkler system L1 L1 L3 NA NA 0 0 L3 L3

16 Ballast L3 L3 L3 0 0 0 0 L2 L2

17 Cooling water, essential services L3 L3 NA NA NA 0 0 NA L2

18 Tank cleaning services, fixedmachines

NA NA L3 0 NA 0 0 NA L32

19 Nonessential systems 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0

FRESH WATER

20 Cooling water, essential services L3 L3 NA NA 0 0 0 L3 L3

21 Condensate return L3 L3 L3 NA NA NA 0 0 0

22 Nonessential systems 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0

SANITARY/DRAINS/SCUPPERS

23 Deck drains (internal) L14 L14 NA NA 0 0 0 0 0

24 Sanitary drains (internal) 0 0 NA NA 0 0 0 0 0

25 Scuppers and discharges(overboard)

01,8 01,8 01,8 0 0 0 0 01,8 0

VENTS/SOUNDING

26 Water tanks/dry spaces 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

27 Oil tanks [flash-point >60C(140F)]

X X X X3 0 0 0 X X

MISCELLANEOUS

28 Control air L15 L15 L15 NA 0 0 0 L15 L15

29 Service air (non-essential) 0 0 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0

30 Brine 0 0 NA NA NA NA 0 0 0

31 Auxiliary low pressure steam

[Pressure bar (7 kgf/cm2, 100psi)]

L2 L2 09 0 0 0 0 09 09


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TABLE 3 (continued)Fire Endurance Requirements Matrix

Locations Abbreviations

A Category A machinery spaces

B Other machinery spaces

C Cargo pump rooms

D Not needed

E Not needed

F Cargo tanks

G Fuel oil tanks

H Ballast water tanks

I Cofferdams, void spaces, pipe tunnels and ducts

J Accommodation, service and control spaces

K Open decks

L1 Fire endurance test in dry conditions, 60 minutes, in accordance withSection 6

L2 Fire endurance test in dry conditions, 30 minutes, in accordance withSection 6

L3 Fire endurance test in wet conditions, 30 minutes, in accordance with

Section 7

LWD Fire endurance test in dry condition, 5 minutes, and in wet condition25 minutes, in accordance with Section 7 and Section 8

0 No fire endurance test required

NA Not applicable

X Metallic materials having a melting point greater than 925C(1700F).

Notes:1 Where nonmetallic piping is used, remotely controlled valves are to be provided at the vessel/units side. These

valves are to be controlled from outside the space.

2 Remote closing valves are to be provided at the cargo tanks and hydrocarbon liquid and gas retaining components

as applicable.

3 When cargo tanks contain flammable liquids with a flash point greater than 60C (140F), 0 may replace NAor X.

4 For drains serving only the space concerned, 0 may replace L1.

5 When controlling functions are not required by statutory requirements, 0 may replace L1.

6 For pipe between machinery space and deck water seal, 0 may replace L1.

7 For passenger vessels, X is to replace L1.8 Scuppers serving open decks in positions 1 and 2, as defined in Regulation 13 of the International Convention on

Load Lines, 1966, are to be X throughout unless fitted at the upper end with the means of closing capable or

being operated from a position above the freeboard deck in order to prevent down-flooding.

9 For essential services, such as fuel oil tank heating and ships whistle, X is to replace 0.

10 Metallic ESD valves are to be provided together with fire detection, fire fighting and shutdown system

11 Lower level of fire resistant tests (Level 3 and Level WD) may be considered for the fire water ring main anddeluge systems, provided the system arrangement meet the following:

Firewater Ringmain System Arrangements:

i) The firewater system is to be permanen