Abihays Groups

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Our Lady of Lourdes College FoundationCollege of Criminal Justice Education

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CHAPTER 1

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

In an intensified drive against criminality, police visibility certainly

plays a big role in maintaining peace and order. The mere presence of a

policeman in a busy area could always deter a criminal from pulling off his

trade. That is why patrolling, even in remotest areas, has become an

essentially part of police routine to prevent lawlessness. It cannot be denied

that criminality thrives in the absence of security. However, crimes of

different types will never succeed if safety measures are put in place. But

how safe a certain place is greatly depends on how the police force works.

Like in Cebu City, police are equipped with modern stuffs that are vital

to their daily operations. This only means that maintaining peace and order

has become easier with the help of patrol cars, motorcycles, and street

cameras, among others. There is no doubt that these pieces of equipment

are giving the authorities the advantage against criminals.

With all these resources, however, it would still boil down to visibility.

The need for police presence in every street around the city is what counts


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in the heightened battle against criminality. A roving police team cannot only

deter crime. It can also create a feeling of safety and security among the

people. A more visible police presence helps to reduce crime and fear of

crime.

The evidence is clear about what happens when the number of visible

police in an area goes up.

Crime and anti- social behavior go down and people feel safer. Thats why its

simply not good enough that less than 12 per cent of police are available to

the public at a time. The modern police service faces formidable demands,

with a need to reconcile global challenges, including the threats of organized

crime and terrorism, with pressing community safety issues. Communities

are affected by a combination of these factors which impact on their sense of

personal safety and reassurance. It is possible that in this global climate,

good work by a force in reassuring the public in relation to the local crime

situation can be overshadowed by extensive news coverage of a crime

problem elsewhere.

The challenge of responding to increasing and competing demands

places significant pressure on police resources. This involves a police force

listening to its community, identifying priorities and devising a policing plan

which strikes the right balance in the deployment of force resources.

The overall legitimacy of the police depends much more on citizens


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perceptions of how the police treat them than on their perceptions of police

success in reducing crime.

The reason why the researcher conducted the current study to

determine the perceive effectiveness of visibility in Talisay Philippine

National Police by no other than the people who is in contact with them the

citizens of Talisay Camarines Norte.

Statement of the Problem

This study focused on the Perceive effectiveness of Police Visibility in

Talisay Philippine National Police.

1.) What is the profile of the respondents?

a. Age

b. Gender

2.) How effective is the Police Visibility program of Talisay Philippine

National Police in terms of:

a. Crime Prevention

b. Community relation

c. Peace and Order


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3.) Is there a significant difference between the perceive

effectiveness of Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by

the Male and Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte.

Hypothesis of the Study

1.) Ho = There is no significant difference between perceive

effectiveness of Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by

the Male and Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of Police

Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police in terms of Crime prevention,

Community relation and Peace in Order. The researchers focused in Talisay

Camarines Norte.

The researchers used a survey questionnaire as a tool in gathering the

needed data. The researchers used 196 respondents.


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SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The researchers believed that this study will benefit to the following:

Criminology Students - This study will help them to be knowledgeable

about Police visibility in Talisay Camarines Norte.

Future Researchers - this study shall serve as a guide or source of

information in conduct of their research that may be similar to this.

Furthermore, this study will give them better understanding regarding the

research topic.

Researchers Themselves- through this study, the researcher will enhance

their knowledge and acquire much wider insights to the components of

success that they could use in their future undertaking.

Philippine National Police (PNP)- it may help to solve the crime in our

country.

Community- This will serve as an informative document.


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IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

A. To be able to identify the Perceived Effectiveness of Police visibility

in Talisay Philippine National Police.

B. To be able to identify how effective is the police visibility program of

Talisay Philippine National Police.

Definition of Terms

Police Visibility. It stands for the law enforcement officer assign to the

street and wearing their Uniform and it is effective to prevent crime .

Philippine National Police . It may help to solve the crime in our country

and to serve to our Nation with full pledge of commitment.

Peace and order. Stands for unites religions and culture, incorporating

values of security and harmony together with justice and respect for the

human dignity.

Community Relations . It is public relations at the local level or that it is "living

right and telling about it.
http://www.evancarmichael.com/Public-Relations/216/Building--Community-Support-for-Project-Permitting-Construction-and-Marketing.htmlhttp://www.evancarmichael.com/Public-Relations/216/Building--Community-Support-for-Project-Permitting-Construction-and-Marketing.htmlhttp://www.evancarmichael.com/Public-Relations/216/Building--Community-Support-for-Project-Permitting-Construction-and-Marketing.html


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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies which have

bearing on our research. It includes the Theoretical Framework, synthesis

and conceptual framework.

This also includes the research of other persons with relevance to our

research synthesized research from different books, related topics from the

internet and other websites which has relevance to our study.

Related Literature

According to (Myhill & Quinton 2010). Community satisfaction with

police and community expectations of police were investigated, and

whether solo policing plays a role in improving community perceptions of

police services. It is worth nothing that although community expectations

of police services and their overall satisfaction of these services appear

related. Available evidence on citizen confidence in policing found that

effective strategies for maintaining confidence include policing activities

associated with service-oriented models, such as visible patrols,

procedural fairness, community policing and problem solving (Myhill &

Quinton 2010).


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Bailey (2008) stated that Citizen satisfaction with police and attitudes

towards the police have been well documented, particularly in the United

States. However, studies rarely use single or two person patrols as a

variable. Anecdotally, it has been suggested that single person patrols

improves the general relationship between the police and the public and aids

in the effectiveness of community policing.

Gilmour, et.al (2010) they discussed the Training officers in

communicating more effectively in a courteous manner with citizens (e.g.

Frank, Smith & Novak 2005; Johnson 2004) and emphasizing the

importance of procedural justic e were suggested solutions.

According to Skogan and Hartnett, (2000) his review also offers little

insight into the effectiveness of enforcement tactics relative to other

broader-based community problem-solving policing programs

Thompson (2005) elaborated on the concept of the changing visibility in

detail, referring to it as a new visibility elaborating on cases in the US

government and police officers.

Based on learning theory and differential association explain how society

plays a role in causing crime. Once a the seeds of crime are planted in a

community, delinquents and criminals either directly or indirectly teach

others how to commit crime and the criminals substructure is passed on to


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future generations. Researchers, such as Edwin Sutherland et.al., have

made profound contributions by explaining how crime is learned.

In addition, some minority communities seem to experience a

disproportionate amount of crime and communities with a lot of crime are

rich in learning environments for future criminals.

Anomie Theory advocated by Emile Durkheim this theory states that the

absence of norms in the society provides a setting conducive to crime and

other anti-social acts. Durkheim also proposed that crime is a natural thing

in society and it help society for changes.

Crime control prioritizes the powers of the government to protect society,

with less emphasis on individual liberties. Those who take a stance favoring

tough approaches to crime and criminals may be characterized as proponent

of crime control, while those who seek to curb government intrusions and

harassment of suspect favor a due process control model. Therefore, this

theory is referring to Crime Prevention.


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Related Studies

The police are responsible for trying to make communities safe by

working to prevent criminal acts and enforcing the law. They are accountable

to the community and its assessment of police successes and failures in

preventing, fighting, and solving crimes. The police must also be open and

transparent when dealing with the community and describing crime-fighting

efforts.

This mantle of responsibility for fighting crime carries with it the

obligation for the police to respect the rights of the community members,

since the police can only accomplish their task with the cooperation and

support of the community. When police fail to respect the rights of residents

and police and political leaders fail to hold those who engage in misconduct

accountable, the police-community relationship is put in jeopardy.

According to Catherine Gallagher & Edward R. Maguire (2000).

Neighborhood residents hold both police and residents responsible for

controlling crime in the neighborhood. At the end of the 20th century,

substantial majorities of the American public expressed positive views of

how police treat the public. Police ranked highest in being helpful and

friendly and lowest in treating people fairly. The public image of honesty and

ethical standards of police has improved substantially.


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According to Barry Poyner (2012) crime prevention evaluated into six

general categories: campaigns and publicity; policing and other surveillance;

environmental design or improvement; social and community services;

security devices; target removal or modification. Using objective indices of

crime, about half of the measures evaluated were found to be effective .

Community relation states that the relationship of the police to the

community should be harmonious. The community relies upon the police

department to protect and serve and the police, in return, rely upon

community support and cooperation in order to be effective. When

communication and trust deteriorate, tensions build between the community

and police and undermine their shared goal of safer communities.

In addition, Poor communication between the police and communities

served was the problem listed most frequently, in a variety of ways, by

police and community members surveyed. When asked what the main

problems are when it comes to police-community relations, police leaders

listed language barriers, connecting with the community, and lack of

meaningful communication on both sides and lack of understanding of police

practices as o bstacles to better relations. This list is similar to the one

provided by community members, who listed lack of communication,

language barriers, and lack of relationships as barriers to getting along

with the police.


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In the study of Maya Harris (2001) Police leaders are not the only ones

responsible for improving communication and follow up. Community leaders

should follow up with the police and should make sure that information

about police-community efforts is conveyed to the community at large.

Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on legitimacy and public

support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The point of contact

between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor. They find out

that personal contacts are indeed associated with less favorable opinions

about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with the community.

Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that

positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and

community engagement. Moreover, seeing regular police patrols and feeling

informed about police activities are associated with higher opinions of

effectiveness and community engagement. We conclude that with some

more positive thoughts on the ability of the police to improve the quality of

contacts and perhaps the Police Visibility.


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Synthesis

When we link all these together, this entire concept describes

similarities, differences and relationship.

In the study of Maya Harris (2001) Police leaders are not the only ones

responsible for improving communication and follow up. Community leaders

should follow up with the police and should make sure that information

about police-community efforts is conveyed to the community at large.

While it is differ to the studies Maya Harrsis that police are responsible

for trying to make communities safe by working to prevent criminal acts and

enforcing the law. They are accountable to the community and its

assessment of police successes and failures in preventing, fighting, and

solving crimes. The police must also be open and transparent when dealing

with the community and describing crime-fighting effort.

We justify that Police and Communities are the same responsible for

improving the community relation, because police are responsible to make

communities safe while communities should make sure the information

about police community.


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Bailey (2008) however, studies rarely use single or two person patrols as

a variable. Anecdotally, it has been suggested that single person patrols

improves the general relationship between the police and the public and aids

in the effectiveness of community policing.

While it has a similarity on Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on

legitimacy and public support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The

point of contact between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor.

They find out that personal contacts are indeed associated with less

favorable opinions about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with

the community. Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also

show that positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness

and community engagement.

We justify that having a contact between citizens and officers is one of

the effectiveness to have a good community relation.

According to Barry Poyner (2012) crime prevention evaluated into six

general categories: campaigns and publicity; policing and other surveillance;

environmental design or improvement; social and community services;

security devices; target removal or modification. Using objective indices of

crime, about half of the measures evaluated were found to be effective .


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Gilmour, et.al (2010) they discussed the Training officers in communicating

more effectively in a courteous manner with citizens while it has a similarly

to Community relation it states that the relationship of the police to the

community should be harmonious.

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework represents the Input, Process and the Output

regarding to perceive effectiveness of police visibility in Talisay Philippine

National Police.

The input serves as the loads that consist of all things that enter the

system; it is also consist of the problem that we want to study.

The process refers to preparation of data gathering, questionnaire and

survey, Interpretation and Analysis, and Evaluation.

The Output system deals with the accomplishment of the research

where the hypotheses are answered.


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Figure2. Conceptual Framework

Theoretical framework

This study is based on Crime Control theory derived from the work of Gordon

Hughis which proposed that criminal justice which places emphasis on reducing

the crime in society through increase police and prosecutorial powers and In

contrast, the due process model focuses on individual liberties and is

concerned with limiting the powers of government.

The profile of therespondents in

Talisay CamarinesNorte.

PerceiveEffectiveness of

communityrelation, Crimeprevention and

Peace and Orderin PNP in Talisay

Camarines Norte.

Data gathering

Questionnaire and

survey

Interpretation

Analysis

Evaluation

Perceive

effectiveness

of police

visibility in

Talisay

Philippine

National Police.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT


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Crime control prioritizes the powers of the government to protect

society, with less emphasis on individual liberties. Those who take a stance

favoring tough approaches to crime and criminals may be characterized as

proponent of crime control, while those who seek to curb government

intrusions and harassment of suspect favor a due process control model.

Therefore, this theory is referring to Crime Prevention.

Public Law and Legal theory, the police rely on legitimacy and public

support, and initiatives to improve police visibility. The point of contact

between citizens and officers is vital in any such endeavor. They find out

that personal contacts are indeed associated with less favorable opinions

about police effectiveness, fairness and engagement with the community.

Yet, consistent with the procedural justice model we also show that

positively received contacts can improve perceptions of fairness and

community engagement. Moreover, seeing regular police patrols and feeling

informed about police activities are associated with higher opinions of

effectiveness and community engagement. We conclude that with some

more positive thoughts on the ability of the police to improve the quality of

contacts and perhaps the Police Visibility.

The researchers believe then, that this theory has a connection to

Effectiveness of Police Visibility.


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Figure2. Theoretical Framework

Crime Control Theory

(Gordon Hughis)

Public Law and Legal

Theory

Effectiveness ofPolice Visibility


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CHAPTER III

Research Design and Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, the populations of the

study, research instruments, statistical treatment and the formula used by

the researchers.

Research Design

The researchers used descriptive method to asses, to analyze and to

determine the Perceive Effectiveness of Police Visibility in Talisay Philippine

National Police. The purpose of which was to capture the relevant visibility

program.

Instrumentation

In conducting this study the researchers used a survey questionnaire

to gathered information. The instrument contains the profile of the

respondents.

In determining the level of Perceive Effectiveness of Police Visibility in

Talisay Philippine National Police the researchers use Likert Scale.


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Rating Scale Interpretation Level

4.21 above Highly Effective 5

3.41 -4.20 Much Effective 4

2.61 -3.40 Effective 3

1.81 -2.60 Less Effective 2

0.1 -1.80 Not Effective 1

Participants and Sampling

The respondents in this study are coming from Talisay Camarines Norte.

To get a smaller sample from the initial large sample, t he researchers used

a double sampling method by Edralin, which gave the result of 196 that may

represent the total population. A sample size was derived through the use of

the following formula:


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Where:

1. At 99% confidence level Z a/2 = 2.58

At 95% confidence level Z a/2 = 1.96

At 90% confidence level Z a/2 = 1.65

2. Assume proportion p=0.5 (as preliminary statement)

3. Sampling Error E normally assumes the values: 0.025; 0.05; and

0.10.

The confidence level used in this study was 95% (1.96) and the margin

of error was 0.05.

Statistical Treatment Data

Statistical treatment of data used in analyzing the research study.

Z-Test and Chi-square test are used by the researchers used to determine

if there is significant difference between the perceive effectiveness of Police

Visibility in Talisay Philippine National Police as perceived by the Male and

Female residents of Talisay, Camarines Norte.

1. Mean

where :


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2. Variance :

[ ] Where :

3. Standard Deviation

4. Z-testTwo sample mean is used to determine the significant difference.


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where :


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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATIONVinzons Avenue Daet, Camarines Norte

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5. Chi-squ square test

Where:

OF = observed frequency

EF = expected frequency


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COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATIONVinzons Avenue Daet, Camarines Norte

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