a5 career guide.qxd - INSETA

working together for a skilled tomorrow

i n s e t aIN S U R A N C E S E C T O R E D U C AT IO NA N D T R A IN IN G A U T H O R IT Y

i n s e t aIN S U R A N C E S E C T O R E D U C AT IO NA N D T R A IN IN G A U T H O R IT Y

For more information, contact us:

Insurance Sector Education and Training Authority (INSETA)

Ground Floor, North Wing, Oakhurst11. St. Andrews Road, PARKTOWN

Johannesburg

Call: 086 113 0013E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.inseta.org.za

CHOOSING A CAREER ININSURANCE

C O N T E N T S1 ABOUT THE INSURANCE SECTOR 1

1.1 Overview 11.2 Working conditions 11.3 Employment 21.4 Geographical distribution of workers 2

2 CHOOSING A CAREER 4

3 CAREERS IN INSURANCE 8

3.1 Professional occupations 81.3.1 Insurance-specific professions 81.3.2 Financial professionals 81.3.3 Legal professionals 81.3.4 Information technology professionals 91.3.5 Health professionals 91.3.6 Client relations and marketing professionals 91.3.7 Human resources professionals 10

3.2 Clerical and administrative workers 103.3 Sales workers 11

4 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF OCCUPATIONS IN INSURANCE 12

4.1 Financial planner 121.4.1 Nature of work 121.4.2 Personal requirements 121.4.3 Education and training 131.4.4 Licensing requirements 141.4.5 Employment 14

4.2 Insurance broker or agent 142.4.1 Nature of work 142.4.2 Personal requirements 152.4.3 Education and training 162.4.4 Licensing requirements 172.4.5 Professional bodies 172.4.6 Employment 17

4.3 Actuary 183.4.1 Nature of work 183.4.2 Personal requirements 183.4.3 Education and training 183.4.4 Employment 20

4.4 Accountant 204.4.1 Nature of work 204.4.2 Personal requirements 204.4.3 Education and training 214.4.4 Employment 25

4.5 Chartered accountant 265.4.1 Nature of work 265.4.2 Personal requirements 275.4.3 Education and training 275.4.4 Professional registration 295.4.5 Employment 29

4.6 Underwriter 296.4.1 Nature of work 296.4.2 Personal requirements 306.4.3 Education and training 316.4.4 Employment 32

4.7 Portfolio manager 327.4.1 Nature of work 327.4.2 Personal requirements 337.4.3 Education and training 337.4.4 Employment 34

4.8 IT technician/support officer 358.4.1 Nature of work 358.4.2 Personal requirements 358.4.3 Education and training 368.4.4 Workplace and further training 398.4.5 Employment 39

4.9 Software developer 409.4.1 Nature of work 409.4.2 Personal requirements 419.4.3 Education and training 419.4.4 Employment 44

4.10 Insurance administrator 4410.4.1 Nature of work 4410.4.2 Personal requirements 4510.4.3 Education and training 4510.4.4 Employment 46

5 LEARNERSHIPS IN INSURANCE 47

5.1 What is a learnership? 475.2 What is expected of a learner? 475.3 What is expected of an employer? 485.4 Learnership agreement 48

ABOUT THE INSURANCE SECTOR …1.1 OVERVIEW

Insurance companies provide protection to individuals andbusinesses against financial losses that may occur as a result of avariety of circumstances or events. For example, insurance

companies compensate people for losses such as the loss of income due todeath or disability, motor vehicle accidents, theft, damage to property by fire,storms or other disasters. They also provide cover for medical expenses andincome during retirement.

The products provided by insurance companies can be broadly categorisedinto the following groups: life insurance, retirement annuities and pensionfunding, investment products, short-term insurance and health insurance.

In South Africa, the insurance sector forms part of the larger financial andbusiness services sector. The insurance sector includes insurers, who are theproviders of insurance products, as well as the intermediaries or brokers whosell insurance products to the public. It also includes businesses that provideinsurance-related services such as claims assessment and claims adjustmentservices, underwriting, and actuarial and administrative services.

Insurers are generally large firms that develop insurance products such asinsurance policies and retirement annuities and that assume the riskassociated with these products. Insurance premiums are paid by the holdersof insurance policies and are determined on the basis of a variety of factors,for example the likelihood that the events for which insurance is bought willactually occur and for which the insurer will have to pay out and the amountthat will be paid out in the event of loss.

1.2 WORKING CONDITIONS

Work in the insurance sector consists mainly of office or administrative work.A large proportion of the workers in the sector consequently work in relativelycomfortable offices and work office hours. People in senior and managarial

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2positions may work longer hours. Those in marketing and sales positionswork directly with the public and may work irregular hours to fit in with theschedules of their clients.

1.3 EMPLOYMENT

The insurance sector in South Africa employs more than 100 000 people mostof whom are employed by the large insurers. The majority of brokerages aresmall organisations that employ 20 or fewer people.

Most workers in the sector are employed in clerical and administrativepositions. Service and sales workers, professionals and managers alsoconstitute a sizable portion of the workforce (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Occupational distribution of workers in the insurance sector

1.4 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS

Most of the large insurance companies are based in Gauteng and theWestern Cape, and, accordingly, the majority of the job opportunities in

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3insurance are in these two provinces. The people working in the otherprovinces are mainly brokers or agents who sell insurance products to thepublic.

Figure 2 Geographical distribution of workers in the insurance industry

Eastern Cape

4.2%

Free State

4.4%

Gauteng

52.7%KwaZulu-Natal

9.2%

Limpopo

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Mpumalanga

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North West

2.0%

Northern Cape

0.4%

Western Cape

22.8%

CHOOSING A CAREER1

Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions that youwill make in your life. Although most people make several careerchanges in their lifetime (career choices are thus no longer choicesfor life), the first career decision you make will have an impact onvarious aspects of your life. It will, for example determine the

direction in which you will develop skills, the type of organisation in whichyou will start working and the income that you will earn. In choosing acareer, a number of steps have to be followed.

Step 1: Know yourself (self-knowledge)

Develop a true understanding of yourself before you begin exploring careersand try to identify jobs and careers that will prove satisfying to you. Self-knowledge is developed through

intensive thinking about yourself;conversations with relatives, friends and contacts ;psychometric tests conducted by a psychologist.

In order to develop a better understanding of yourself, you should ask yourselfthe following questions.

Skills (What am I good at?)What can I do best? What are my strengths and weaknesses? What are my most prominent skills and abilities? Educational background (What am I doing now?)What school subjects or qualifications do I have? (Some fields of study orcareers may be exluded from your career options if you do not have certainsubjects such as mathematics and/or physical science).How am I doing in my subjects?What do I enjoy most?What do I dislike? Interests (What do I enjoy doing?)

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2

1 This section was adapted from UNISA Bureau for Student Counselling and Career Development, Planning your Career .

5What am I interested in? What activities do I enjoy most? What kinds of people would I like to work with? What kind of job settings would I enjoy?Values (What are my values?)What would give me satisfaction in a career? In what ways must I be challenged and rewarded in the job I do? In what type of work environments would I be happy?Personality (What kind of a person am I?)What personal qualities do I possess that will help me in the job I choose? How will my personal style influence my career choice? How will I get along with my supervisor and my co-workers?

Step 2: Identify options (career knowledge)

In the course of gathering information and researching careers, you will needto start identifying your options. Questions you should ask yourself are:

At this point, what are my career options? Do I have a strong interest in other types of jobs or careers? What other types of jobs or careers should I be considering?What is career knowledge?

Career knowledge entails obtaining knowledge about:

Different careersThe type of work in different careersThe salary and benefits in different careersThe type of person who will fit the specific occupationSubjects required Personal characteristics required

Information sources that you may use

Read career magazines/ books/ career supplements in newspapersAttend career exhibitionsVisit workplacesTalk to employees

6Talk to employersVisit your nearest career information centreContact professional societiesBrowse the Internet

Step 3: Evaluate career options

Once you have completed your career research, you can evaluateeach of the career options you have identified. Examine the information you already have. Identify what additional resources and information you will need. Seek and use new information.

Step 4: Select one of the options

Based on the information you have gathered and analysed, youshould now be able to choose one of the acreer options. Career choice is a process - it starts when you are very young andcontinues into adulthood. It is an ongoing investment in who you are and how you will fit intothe world of work.

How do I make the right choice? (review your previous steps)

a) How to make the right choice

Match your specific characteristics with a specific career.Choose a career path that has different options and opportunities.Ask yourself why you have chosen that particular career.Try to obtain exposure to the career, for example vacation work,voluntary work or an internshipIs there a demand for your chosen career? Make a second choice - we can all be successful in more than onecareer.Do you have enough information to choose one career option overanother? If not, you may need to do more research.

7b) Where to get guidance

Career centres (there are centres attached to most universities)The Department of LabourCareer exhibitionsBooks on careersNewspaper career supplementsThe Internet

c) Talk to a career guide counsellor about the following points

Self-knowledgePlanning a careerSubject choiceAcademic planning skillsCV writing

Step 5: Design an action plan

You can now begin developing and implementing a plan of action. Askyourself:

What information or resources are needed to complete each step ofmy plan of action? What are the obstacles to implementing my career decision and howcan I overcome them? What steps should be taken to implement my career decision?How do I know when to begin and end each step?What information is needed to complete each step?

To summarise

In order to make an effective career decision today, you need to knowabout your skills, interests and values. You should investigate what study options are available at Unisa andhow they relate to different careers. You should think about how you make decisions and also re?ect onhow the decisions you have made so far have in?uenced your life. You should be willing to seek help if you feel that you need either toextend or shorten your list of career options.

CAREERS IN INSURANCEThe insurance sector provides a wide range of career opportunitiesfor managerial, professional, clerical and administrative and salesstaff. The entry-level occupations in the sector are listed below.The occupations marked with an * are described in more detail inthe next chapter of this career guide.

3.1 PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS

These occupations require an NQF Level 5 or higher qualification.

1.3.1 Insurance-specific professionsFinancial and investment advisors*Insurance brokers*Claims assessors*Underwriters*Actuaries*Financial investment managers and fund administratorsPortfolio managers*Risk analysts, advisers and consultants

1.3.2 Financial professionalsAccountants* and chartered accountants*Business analysts and consultantsFinancial economists and analystsInternal auditorsForensic auditorsManagement accountantsStatisticiansFinancial market dealersEconomists

1.3.3 Legal professionalsAttorneys, lawyers and legal advisors

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91.3.4 Information technology professionals

Systems analystsComputer network and systems engineersSoftware and applications programmers Analyst programmerSystems administratorsDatabase administratorsNetwork administratorsICT support engineersICT business analystsICT security specialistsWeb developersDeveloper programmersICT systems test engineersSoftware engineersICT trainersTelecommunications engineersMultimedia designersWeb designersMultimedia specialistsNetwork analysts

1.3.5 Health professionalsNurse practitionersIndustrial pharmacistsHealth diagnostic and promotion professionalsMedical practitionersPharmacist assistantsGeneral medical practitionersHIV counsellorsHealth promotion officersNurse researchersDieticiansOccupational therapists

1.3.6 Client relations and marketing professionalsClient relations specialists and consultantsMarketing specialists

10Public relations and communications specialistsSales specialists and advisersMarket research analysts

1.3.7 Human resources professionalsTraining and development professionalsHuman resources advisorsSkills development practitionersRecruitment and employment consultantsInformation and organisation professionals

3.2 CLERICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE WORKERS

General clerks and administratorsClient service administratorsInsurance administrators*General secretariesClaims clerksCall centre team leaders and operatorsPersonal assistantsInsurance clerksReceptionistsAccounts clerksFinancial clerksTeam leaders and supervisorsFiling clerksPolicies clerksFinancial supervisorsProgramme and project administratorsAdministration supervisors and team leadersData entry operatorsOffice managersSwitchboard operatorsMailing clerksBookkeepersActuarial clerksHuman resources clerksInsurance investigators

11Word-processing operatorsPayroll clerksCustomer service supervisorsCall centre team leadersLaw clerksLegal secretariesProcurement officersStock clerksWarehouse administratorsLibrary assistantsCoding clerksCouriersDebt collectors

3.3 SALES WORKERS

Insurance sales consultantsSales representativesSales assistants Telemarketers

12DETAILED DESCRIPTION OFOCCUPATIONS IN INSURANCE

4.1 FINANCIAL PLANNER2

1.4.1 Nature of work

A financial planner provides expertise and advice to clients on all thecomponents of financial planning including personal savings, personal andfamily insurance cover, health insurance, investments, asset and wealthmanagement, retirement and estate planning, and tax liability. Financialplanners use their business, economic, legal and quantitative skills to analyseand interpret their clients' short-term needs and long-term goals and assistthem to make informed investment and risk management decisions.

A financial planner usually gathers information on a client's financial position,financial goals, attitude to risk and requirements for investment returns beforecompiling a comprehensive financial plan to meet his/her specific needs. Itis common for financial planners to meet with established clients annually toreview their plans, assess the impact of life changes such as marriage, thebirth of a child, disability and retirement, and to update them on newinvestment opportunities. Some financial advisors work as independentconsultants and offer clients the financial and insurance products of differentinvestment houses, asset managers and insurers. Insurance companies andbanks often employ in-house financial planners to match client needs to theirparticular in-house products.

1.4.2 Personal requirements

Financial planners should be able to

relate well to a spectrum of people and be client-centred;maintain good interpersonal relations and be good listeners;analyse and solve financial and investment problems for clients andmeet their individual needs;

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2 The information relating to the career of a financial planner was sourced from www.bls.gov; http://info.cffp.edu; www.careers.co.za; www.kiwicareers.gov.nz; www.fpi.co.za; www.profinvest.com.au; www.inseta.co.za

13understand and interpret financial and investment markets;keep abreast of new legislation, tax regimes, government policiesand changes within industries that may affect investment earnings;exercise sound judgement and demonstrate good decision-makingskills;communicate complex financial concepts in simple andunderstandable language;do financial calculations and computer-based analysis;market and sell insurance products.

1.4.3 Education and training

a) Entry requirementsMarket entrants who wish to work as financial planners usuallyrequire a Senior Certificate with matriculation exemption and arelevant degree or diploma. Subjects such as mathematics,economics, accounting and English are prerequisites.

b) Undergraduate programmesAn undergraduate programme in accounting, finance, economics,business science, mathematics or law provides a sound basis fromwhich to pursue a career in financial planning. In addition to havinga relevant degree or diploma, the candidate should participate incourses and learning programmes in investments, taxes, estateplanning and risk management. The table below lists some relevantundergraduate courses. Readers should also consult the coursesrelevant to the career of accountant as listed in this career guide.

QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONPostgraduate Diploma in Financial Planning University of the Free StateAdvanced Diploma in Financial Planning University of the Free StatePostgraduate Diploma in Financial Planning Stellenbosch UniversityBCom Investment Management University of PretoriaBCom Finance Management University of JohannesburgBCom Financial Planning Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityBCom Financial Planning University of KwaZulu-NatalBCom Banking DamelinDiploma in Insurance (DiI) (Advanced Insurance Practice) College of Insurance of IISASource: www.ifp.co.za; www.inseta.co.za; www.sainsurance.co.za

14c) Professional qualifications

Financial planning practitioners who have successfully completed thePostgraduate Diploma in Financial Planning at the University of theFree State or the University of Stellenbosch may apply to the FinancialPlanning Institute of Southern Africa (FPI) to be registered as certifiedfinancial planners (CFPs). The CFP is an international credentialissued by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in theUSA (and its authorised licensees around the world) and is the highestprofessional designation awarded to a financial planner. Candidatesare admitted only if the FPI declares them to be “fit and proper“persons who participate in continuous professional education andupon payment of membership fees. The FPI also awards thequalification of associate financial planner (AFP) to graduates whohave achieved qualifications in financial advice and planning andhave two years relevant industry experience.

1.4.4 Licensing requirements

Financial advisors are required to apply for registration as financial servicesproviders with the Financial Services Board (FSB). Licensing requirements areset in terms of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services (FAIS) Act,37 of 2000, and include criteria for personal character (integrity andhonesty), education and training, competence and operational ability.

1.4.5 Employment

Although financial planners are employed by insurance companies, brokerfirms, banks and financial investment houses, many are self-employed andoperate small investment advisory businesses.

4.2 INSURANCE BROKER OR AGENT3


An insurance broker or insurance sales agent sells insurance policies andproducts to individuals, families and businesses to safeguard them againstfuture losses and possible financial risks arising from death, injury, accidents,

3 The information relating to the career of an insurance broker or agent was sourced from www.careers.co.za; www.kiwicareers.gov.nz; www.bls.gov; www.saia.co.za; www.fsb.co.za; www.ibcsa.org.za

15natural disasters, fire and theft. Insurance brokers have to analyse the needsof their clients and assist them to acquire the protection that best meets theidentified needs. Insurance protection covers houses and property, vehicles,personal accident and trauma, disability, income protection, personal andfamily health to cover hospital and medical costs, life cover for breadwinners,product liability and professional indemnity.

Insurance brokers or agents who are employed by one insurance companyare called “tied agents“ because they promote only the products of the onecompany. Independent brokers market the products of several companiesand place insurance policies for their clients with the company that offers thebest rates, coverage and benefits. Brokers also provide clients withinformation on investment instruments such as mutual funds, annuities andlong-term savings plans.

Insurance brokers use their marketing, organisational and public relationsskills to meet with people who require insurance, secure quotations onproducts, advise clients on risks and benefits, sell policies, help clients tocomplete application forms and submit relevant information, answer queriesand assist with the submission of insurance claims against the particularpolicies. The work of an insurance broker often overlaps with that of afinancial advisor. Insurance companies are increasingly placing insuranceagents in call centres to market their products and services.


Insurance brokers should have

good people skills to interview and listen to clients and identify theirinsurance needs;patience to offer help and respond to queries;the ability to gain the trust of other persons;the ability to do calculations and compare rates and product benefits;the ability to plan and organisecomputer skills.


a) Entry requirementsAlthough no specific training is required to enter this occupation, mostinsurance companies require candidates to have a Senior Certificateor its equivalent. Recommended subjects at secondary level includeaccounting, economics, mathematics and English. Most insurancecompanies offer extensive in-service training in insurance principles,products and marketing.

The College of Insurance of the Insurance Institute of South Africa(IISA) offers two NQF Level 4 or Senior Certificate equivalent entry-level programmes: the Certificate in Proficiency (COP) - anintroduction to retirement funding, short-term and long-term insurance,and the Intermediate Certificate in Business Studies (ICiBS).

b) Tertiary-level trainingThe Insurance Institute of South Africa (IISA) offers correspondencecourses, and candidates who pass the required examinations mayobtain two diplomas: the Associateship Diploma and the FellowshipDiploma. The following relevant tertiary-level qualifications areavailable.

QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONAdvanced Diploma in Insurance Management (ADiIM) College of Insurance of IISABCom Financial Mathematics University of the Free StateBCom General Damelin Education GroupBCom General Nelson Mandela MetropolitanUniversityBCom General University of PretoriaBCom General University of the WitwatersrandBCom General Walter Sisulu UniversityBCom General (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBCom General Management University of the Free StateBCom Insurance University of ZululandBCom Investment Management University of JohannesburgBCom Investments University of the Western CapeBCom Quantitative Risk Management North-West UniversityBCom Risk Management Damelin Education GroupBCom Risk Management North-West UniversityBCom Risk Management University of South Africa (UNISA)BCom Risk Management University of the Free State

17QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONBCom Risk Management (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBSc Financial Mathematics University of JohannesburgDiploma in Insurance (DiI) (Advanced Insurance Practice) College of Insurance of IISAHigher Certificate in Insurance (HCiI) (Life Insurance Servicing) College of Insurance of IISAHigher Certificate in Insurance (HCiI) (Life Insurance) College of Insurance of IISAHigher Certificate in Insurance (HCiI) (Retirement Fund Management) College of Insurance of IISAHigher Certificate in Insurance (HCiI) (Short Term) College of Insurance of IISANDip Financial Markets and Instruments Academy of Financial MarketsSource: www.careers.co.za; www.saia.co.za.

2.4.4 Licensing requirements

Insurance brokers or agents who render financial services on financialproducts are required to apply for registration as financial services providerswith the Financial Services Board (FSB). Licensing requirements are set interms of the Financial Advisory and Intermediary Services (FAIS) Act, 37 of2000, and include criteria for personal character (integrity and honesty),education and training, competence and operational ability.

2.4.5 Professional bodies

Independent insurance brokers who adhere to a code of ethics and practiceas financial advisors in the areas of long-term insurance, short-term insurance,collective investment schemes, medical or health benefits oremployee/pension fund benefits may apply for membership of the InsuranceBrokers Council of South Africa, a professional body that promotes theinterests of its members and their training.

2.4.6 Employment

Although insurance companies employ large numbers of brokers, manybrokers are self-employed or work in the broader financial services sector inbanks and firms that provide financial advisory services to individuals andcompanies.

184.3 ACTUARY4


An actuary applies analytical, statistical and mathematical skills to financialand business problems, especially those that involve uncertain future eventsand call for life insurance, general insurance, risk management, healthcarefinancing, investment, corporate finance, banking, pensions and socialsecurity. The projections of actuaries help individuals and businesses tosafeguard their future at a fair price in an ever-changing world.

Actuaries use their mathematical and statistical skills to analyse past events,assess present risks and model what could happen in future. Actuariesimprove financial decision making by developing models to evaluate thecurrent financial implications of unsure future events. In the insurance sector,much of actuaries' time is devoted to the evaluation of companies' liabilitiesin respect of all policies.

Actuaries also advise on the investments of insurance companies, for examplethe investment of money in government stock, mortgage bonds, ordinary andpreference shares, property and other securities.


Actuaries should have

a strong interest and above average ability in mathematics;strong analytical capabilities;sound judgement and good decision-making skills;the ability to work well with other people and in a team;

the ability to communicate ideas clearly in speech and in writing.


a) Entry requirementsThe requirements for entering an undergraduate programme are aSenior Certificate with matriculation exemption. Compulsory subjectsare mathematics and English.

4 Association of Actuaries of South Africa.

19b) Undergraduate programmes

The training of an actuary starts with an undergraduate course inactuarial science or in mathematics and statistics. The followingrelevant undergraduate courses are offered at South Africanuniversities.

QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONBBusiness Science University of KwaZulu-NatalBBusiness Science Actuarial Science University of Cape TownBBusiness Science Actuarial Science University of KwaZulu-NatalBBusiness Science Management Rhodes UniversityBBusiness Science Management Studies University of Cape TownBCom Actuarial Science Stellenbosch UniversityBCom Actuarial Science North-West UniversityBCom Mathematical Sciences Stellenbosch UniversityBSc Actuarial and Financial Mathematics University of PretoriaBSc Actuarial Science North-West UniversityBSc Actuarial Science University of the Free StateBSc Actuarial Science University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Applied Mathematics University of South Africa (UNISA)BSc Applied Mathematics Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityBSc Applied Mathematics University of Fort HareBSc Financial Modelling University of South Africa (UNISA)BSc Mathematical Modelling University of South Africa (UNISA)BSc Mathematical Sciences University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Mathematical Sciences University of the WitwatersrandBSc Mathematical Sciences University of JohannesburgBSc Mathematical Sciences University of LimpopoBSc Mathematical Sciences University of the Free StateBSc Mathematical Statistics Stellenbosch UniversityBSc Mathematical Statistics University of ZululandBSc Mathematical Statistics Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityBSc Mathematical Statistics University of PretoriaBSc Mathematics University of South Africa (UNISA)BSc Mathematics University of VendaBSocSc Mathematics Rhodes University

Professional qualifications

No South African academic institution offers a complete and qualifyingtraining course for actuaries. To qualify as an actuary, a student must firstcomplete a degree in actuarial science or mathematics at a local universityand then pass the examinations set by the Institute of Actuaries or the Facultyof Actuaries. These two professional bodies are located in London andEdinburgh respectively. Study culminating in their examinations is donethrough correspondencecourses.

203.4.4 Employment

Although insurance companies employ a substantial proportion of actuaries,many actuaries are self-employed or work for specialised actuarial firms thatprovide consultancy services to the insurance industry as well as to otherclients.

4.4 ACCOUNTANT5


Accountants use their numerical, analytical, statistical and management skillsto maintain reliable accounting and financial systems and to advisebusinesses on a variety of financial matters.

An accountant analyses and evaluates the financial information of a businessand communicates the findings to management so that management canmake informed business decisions. Typically, accountants are required toprepare company budgets and financial statements, monitor cash flow andoperational costs, and oversee financial investments, risk management anddebt collection. Accountants also ensure that companies comply with industryand legal requirements in financial reporting. Accountants often specialise ina particular field of accountancy such as pure accounting, financialaccounting, taxation, internal auditing, and cost and managementaccounting.

Accountants in the insurance industry report on premium income, claimsexpenditure paid, taxation and company expenditure so that managementmay keep track of the company's financial position. Accountants with higherlevel qualifications are often members of the senior management team whileother accountants oversee the work of accounting technicians and accountingofficers.


Accountants should

have integrity and be trustworthy;be proficient in mathematics;

5 Information relating to this career was sourced from www.careers.co.za; www.kiwicareers.gov.nz; www.cfa-sa.co.za; www.acca.org.za; www.fasset.org.za.

21be able to work accurately and undertake detailed work;have strong analytical skills to consider and compare facts andfigures quickly;be able to use computer software to perform a variety of tasks andfunctions;be able to communicate effectively verbally and in writing;have sound judgement and good decision-making skills;be able to work well in a team.


a) Entry requirementsA Senior Certificate with matriculation exemption is required to enteran undergraduate programme. Mathematics and English arecompulsory subjects while accounting, economics and businesseconomics at Grade 12 level are recommended subjects.

b) Undergraduate training programmesThe training of an accountant starts with an undergraduate course inaccounting. The following relevant courses are offered by SouthAfrican universities, universities of technology and private institutions.

QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONBAccounting Rhodes UniversityBAccounting Stellenbosch UniversityBAccounting University of Fort HareBAccounting University of KwaZulu-NatalBAccounting University of the WitwatersrandBAccounting Walter Sisulu University BAccounting Science University of South Africa (UNISA)BAccounting, LLB Stellenbosch UniversityBBusiness and Commerce Accounting Monash South AfricaBBusiness Science Extended Programme University of Cape TownBBusiness Science Management Studies University of Cape TownBCom (UNISA) Boston City Campus and Business

CollegeBCom Accounting Damelin Education GroupBCom Accounting Midrand Graduate InstituteBCom Accounting North-West University BCom Accounting Rhodes UniversityBCom Accounting University of Fort HareBCom Accounting University of JohannesburgBCom Accounting University of KwaZulu-Natal

22QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONBCom Accounting University of LimpopoBCom Accounting University of the Free StateBCom Accounting University of the Western CapeBCom Accounting University of VendaBCom Accounting University of ZululandBCom Accounting and Informatics North-West University BCom Accounting Sciences University of PretoriaBCom Chartered Accounting Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBCom Cost and Management Accounting University of VendaBCom Financial Accounting North-West University BCom Financial Accounting Stellenbosch UniversityBCom Financial Management University of JohannesburgBCom Financial Management Sciences University of PretoriaBCom General Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBCom General North-West University BCom General Rhodes UniversityBCom General Stellenbosch UniversityBCom General University of Fort HareBCom General University of KwaZulu-NatalBCom General University of South Africa (UNISA)BCom General University of the Western CapeBCom General Accounting Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBCom General Accounting University of Cape TownBCom Management Accountancy North-West University BCom Management Accounting Damelin Education GroupBCom Management Accounting Stellenbosch UniversityBCom Management Accounting University of LimpopoBCom Management Accounting University of South Africa (UNISA)BCom Management Accounting University of the Free StateBCom Management Accounting (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBCom Municipal Accounting University of South Africa (UNISA)BCom Rationum Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBCompt Damelin Education GroupBCompt University of South Africa (UNISA)BCompt Walter Sisulu University BCompt (UNISA) Boston City Campus and Business

CollegeBCompt (UNISA) Durbanville CollegeBCompt Accounting University of LimpopoBCompt Accounting Science (UNISA) Varsity CollegeBCompt Auditing University of LimpopoBCompt Chartered Accounting (UNISA) ICESA City CampusBCompt Management Accounting University of LimpopoBPub Accounting University of the Free StateBTech Cost and Management Accounting Durban Institute of Technology

23QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONBTech Cost and Management Accounting University of South Africa (UNISA)BTech Cost and Management Accounting Walter Sisulu University BTech Finance and Accounting (Public) Tshwane University of TechnologyBTech Financial Information Systems Cape Peninsula University of

TechnologyBTech Financial Information Systems Central University of TechnologyBTech Financial Information Systems Durban Institute of TechnologyBTech Financial Information Systems Tshwane University of TechnologyBTech Financial Information Technology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBTech Local Government Finance Tshwane University of TechnologyBTech Local Government Finance University of South Africa (UNISA)BTech Taxation Cape Peninsula University of

TechnologyBTech Taxation Durban Institute of TechnologyBTech Taxation University of South Africa (UNISA)Certificate in Accountancy Southern Business SchoolCertificate in Accounting and EndUser Computing Financial ServicesCertificate in Certified Accounting Technician Boston City Campus and Business

CollegeCertificate in Cost and Management Accounting (IAC) Damelin CorrespondenceCertificate in Financial Planning Damelin Education GroupCertificate in Local Government Finance Damelin CorrespondenceDiploma in Accountancy Southern Business SchoolDiploma in Accounting and Business Administration ICESA City CampusDiploma in Accounting and Financial Computing Rosebank CollegeDiploma in Accounting and Taxation Midrand Graduate InstituteDiploma in Chartered Institute of Secretaries and Administrators (CIS) Administration, Business and Office Work Durban Institute of TechnologyDiploma in Financial Accounting (IAC) Damelin CorrespondenceHigher Certificate in Cost and Management Accounting (IAC) Damelin CorrespondenceNCert Accounting University of South Africa (UNISA)NCert Financial Information Systems University of South Africa (UNISA)NCert: N4-N6 Cost and Management Accounting Northern Cape Urban FET CollegeNDip Accounting Cape Peninsula University of

TechnologyNDip Accounting Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Accounting Mangosuthu TechnikonNDip Accounting Tshwane University of TechnologyNDip Accounting University of South Africa (UNISA)NDip Accounting Walter Sisulu University NDip Cost and Management Accounting Central University of TechnologyNDip Cost and Management Accounting Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Cost and Management Accounting Mangosuthu TechnikonNDip Cost and Management Accounting University of South Africa (UNISA)NDip Cost and Management Accounting Vaal University of Technology

24QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONNDip Cost and Management Accounting Walter Sisulu University NDip Cost and Management Accounting Walter Sisulu University NDip Cost and Management Accounting (Cape Peninsula University of Technology) South Cape FET CollegeNDip Cost and Management Accounting (UNISA) Northlink FET CollegeNDip Credit Management Tshwane University of TechnologyNDip Finance and Accounting (Public) Mangosuthu TechnikonNDip Financial and Accounting: Public University of South Africa (UNISA)NDip Financial Information Systems Cape Peninsula University of

TechnologyNDip Financial Information Systems Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Financial Information Systems Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityNDip Financial Information Systems University of JohannesburgNDip Financial Information Systems University of South Africa (UNISA)NDip Financial Information Systems Vaal University of TechnologyNDip Financial Information Systems Walter Sisulu University NDip Financial Information Systems Walter Sisulu University NDip Local Government Finance University of South Africa (UNISA)NDip Local Government Finance Walter Sisulu University NDip Taxation Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Taxation University of South Africa (UNISA)NHCert Accountancy Walter Sisulu University NHCert Accountancy (Accounting Option) Durban Institute of TechnologyNHCert Accountancy (Cost and Management Accounting Option) Durban Institute of TechnologyNHCert Accountancy (Taxation Option) Durban Institute of TechnologyNHCert Accounting Central University of TechnologyNHCert Accounting Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityNHCert Accounting University of JohannesburgNHCert Accounting University of South Africa (UNISA)NHCert Accounting Vaal University of TechnologyNHCert Financial Information Systems University of South Africa (UNISA)NHCert Financial Information Systems Walter Sisulu University

c) Professional qualificationsSeveral professional bodies offer accounting graduates and traineesadditional postgraduate and workplace-based qualifications. Thetable below summarises the qualifications and membership offered tohigh-end accounting professionals.

4.4.4 Employment

Accountants are employed in all sectors of the economy and fulfil critical rolesin most businesses. Many are also self-employed or work for specialisedaccounting firms that provide advice and financial management services toclients. Within the insurance industry, accountants are employed across allthe subsectors and in organisations such as life insurers, short-term insurersand health insurance companies, brokerages and intermediary firms, pensionfunds and pension fund administrators, collective investment institutions andhealth insurance administrators.

Accountants enjoy good employment opportunities in South Africa as thedemand for their skills often exceeds the supply.

PROFESSIONAL BODY QUALIFICATION

The Association of Certified Accountants (ACCA)

ACCA designation is registered as a qualification, and ACCA professional members are allowed to act as accounting officers for close corporations Certified Accounting Technician Diploma in Financial Management Diploma in Corporate Governance Certified Financial Reporting

Commercial and Financial Accountant: Public Practice Institute of Commercial and Financial Accountants of South Africa (CFA)

Commercial and Financial Accountant: Commerce and Industry

Chartered Management Accounting

Diploma in Management Accounting Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA)

Certificate in Business Accounting

Members use the title: Certified Public Accountant of South Africa (CPA(SA))

Postgraduate Diploma: Commercial and Financial Accounting: Public Practice Specialism

The Institute of Certified Public Accountants (ICPA)

Postgraduate Diploma: Commercial and Financial Accounting: Commerce and Industry Specialism

Diploma: Technician: Internal Auditing

Postgraduate Diploma: General Internal Auditing The Institute of Internal Auditors IIA-SA

Postgraduate Diploma: Certified Internal Auditing

Master of Commerce: Financial Management Institute of Public Finance Accountants of South Africa IPFA

Bachelor of Commerce: Public Sector Accounting

Diploma: Public Sector Accounting

Source: www.cfa-sa.co.za; www.acca.org.za; www.fasset.org.za.

25

264.5 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT6


A chartered accountant (CA) is a highly qualified professional who appliesaccounting, mathematical and analytical skills to solve business, taxation,financial and management problems. Chartered accountants who work incommerce and industry are involved in all critical business areas such asaccounting, strategic business planning, marketing, information technologyand financial management. Typically, chartered accountants in the insuranceindustry are required to do the following:

Prepare the financial statements of a company.Record, monitor and interpret financial results.Develop and maintain reporting, cost accounting and computersystems.Improve internal and operational controls.Oversee day-to-day financial management such as budgeting, cashflow forecasting, business planning and longer term corporatefinance planning.Promote optimal financial effectiveness and efficiency within theorganisation.Act as a financial executive or director and as a key player in the topmanagement team.Manage and minimise the company's tax liabilities.Manage the company's asset base, including asset sales andacquisitions.

Legislation requires all companies to prepare annual audited financialstatements. Many chartered accountants in public practice specialise asauditors who review businesses' financial status and operations. As auditors,they provide assurance as to whether or not the annual financial statementsfairly represent the results and financial position of a company. Charteredaccountants in public practice may be self-employed or work in a firm thatrenders specialised financial services including auditing services, taxplanning and advice, management consultancy to improve clients'profitability and forensic accounting to investigate and uncover fraudulentaccounting practices. Prior to company mergers and acquisitions, charteredaccountants conduct due diligence investigations to determine the value and

6 The information relating to the career of a chartered accountant was sourced from www.saica.co.za; www.paab.co.za; www.careers.co.za; www.kiwicareers.gov.nz.

27viability of the business to be acquired. When a company faces insolvency,chartered accountants assess the chances of recovery and advise on whetherthe company should be sold as a going concern, placed under judicialmanagement to continue operations, restructured in order to survive orliquidated to pay creditors.


Chartered accountants should

possess integrity, self-discipline and resolve;be proficient in mathematics and English;be conscientious and diligent;have strong analytical capabilities to compare and interpret facts andfigures quickly and accurately;have sound judgement and good decision-making skills;be able to communicate clearly in speech and writing;be able to work accurately and in detail;be able to work well with other people in a team.


Chartered accountants have to undergo rigorous training. The minimum studyperiod to qualify as a chartered accountant is seven years. The South AfricanInstitute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA) sets, monitors and maintainsqualification and practice standards for the profession. To enter theprofession, students have to complete a three-year undergraduate course inaccounting, obtain a postgraduate Certificate in the Theory of Accounting(CTA) or an equivalent BCom Honours Degree in Accounting, complete threeyears on a workplace-based learnership or training contract with anaccredited provider and pass Parts 1 and 2 of the Qualifying Examinations.

a) Entry requirementsThe entry requirements for undergraduate programmes in accountingare set by each of the different universities. As a rule, aspirantstudents require a Senior Certificate with matriculation exemption andEnglish and mathematics, preferably at the higher grade. Accountingat Grade 12 level is recommended.

28b) Undergraduate and postgraduate programmes

Students have to complete a recognised undergraduate accountingdegree to gain entry into an accredited CTA programme. Thefollowing are recognised undergraduate and accreditedpostgraduate CTA qualifications offered by South African Universities.

c) Professional qualificationsThe CTA or Honours degree in Accounting is a prerequisite forcandidates who intend to write the qualifying examinations forchartered accountants. Before entering into a three-year trainingcontract, students choose whether to specialise in auditing or financial

SAICA-RECOGNISED UNDERGRADUATE

QUALIFICATION

SAICA-ACCREDITED POSTGRADUATE QUALIFICATION

INSTITUTION

BCom (Chartered Accountancy) BCom Hons (Chartered

Accountancy) North-West University

BCom (Acc) BCom (Acc) Hons University of Johannesburg

BCom (Acc)

BAcc

Postgraduate Diploma in

Accountancy (PGDA) Rhodes University

BCom Accounting

BBus Sci


Accounting (PGDA) University of Cape Town

BCom (Acc) BCom Hons (Acc) University of KwaZulu-Natal

BCom (Acc) BCom Hons (Acc) Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

University

BCom BCom Hons University of Pretoria

BCompt Hons BCompt University of South Africa

(UNISA)

BAcc

BAcc Hons


Accounting (PGDA)

Stellenbosch University

BAcc

BCom (Accounting)

BCom (Management Accounting)

BAcc Hons

BCom Hons (Accounting) University of the Free State

BCom (Acc) BCom Hons (Acc) Postgraduate

Diploma in Accounting (PGDA) University of the Western Cape

BAcc BCom Hons (Acc)

HDipAcc University of the Witwatersrand

BCom (Acc) University of Fort Hare

BCompt University of Limpopo

Source: www.saica.co.za

29management. Part 1 of the Professional Examination assessescandidates' aptitude for and knowledge of management accounting,financial accounting, auditing, business information systems, taxationand estates while Part 2 tests either auditing or financial managementskills. SAICA confers the designation of Chartered Accountant(CA(SA)) to persons who successfully pass the qualifyingexaminations. Continuous registration with SAICA is a prerequisitefor retention of the designation.

5.4.4 Professional registration

Chartered accountants who enter public practice are required to register withthe Independent Registration Board for Auditors (IRBA), the statutory regulatorfor the public audit function.

5.4.5 Employment

As highly trained professionals, chartered accountants are in great demand.Employment opportunities in the labour market usually exceed the supply ofchartered accountants, and chartered accountants consequently enjoyexcellent employment prospects. Although chartered accountants are widelyemployed in the insurance industry, many work in specialised auditing,accounting and financial services firms that offer consultancy services, whileothers are self-employed or work in senior and top management positionsacross all economic sectors.

4.6 UNDERWRITER7


An insurance underwriter identifies and calculates the risk of loss underinsurance policies and enables an insurance company to charge anappropriate premium to cover those risks. Since insurance companies are inbusiness to make profits, underwriters use their analytical, statistical, technicaland insurance industry knowledge to assess the likelihood of claims beingmade by policyholders and prospective clients. Once the risks aredetermined, underwriters help insurance companies to set appropriatepremium rates, write policies that cover the risks or exclude parts of the risks

7 The information relating to the career of an underwriter was sourced from www.bls.gov; www.kiwicareers.gov.nz; www.prospects.ac.uk; www.collegegrad.com.

30and impose additional conditions of cover or charges to policies.Underwriters are accordingly often the main link between the insurer (riskcarrier) and the broker or intermediary.

Underwriters are required to study insurance proposals, conduct research,calculate risks and premiums, decide whether portions of the risk should beshared with a re-insurance company, use actuarial and statistical information,apply relevant industry knowledge and make sound decisions. Some of thework may be of a routine nature such as risk assessment for general short-termand household policies while other work may be highly specialised, forexample risk underwriting for mining operations and construction projects.

Underwriters use technology and software to analyse information, trends andstatistics in order to assess and rate insurance risks to prevent underwritinglosses. Since certain insurance risks may be highly technical in nature,underwriters may liaise with specialists such as engineers, surveyors anddoctors for risk assessment purposes, and they consult with actuaries to helpwith the calculation of premiums for highly specialised or unusual cases.

Usually, underwriters specialise in a major category of insurance such as lifeand disability insurance, commercial and professional insurance, and short-term insurance. Some specialise in certain risks, for instance property, motorvehicle, household, production and business operation, marine operation,crop and health risks or in professional indemnity for engineers and medicaland legal practitioners.


Underwriters should have

numeracy and analytical skills;the skills needed to understand and apply technical information;sound judgement and good decision-making skills;knowledge of the insurance industry;the skills needed to apply commercial and financial principles;strong interpersonal skills;self-confidence;a willingness to use their own initiative;good computer skills.


a) Entry requirementsInsurance companies and underwriting firms usually look for traineeunderwriters who have actual experience or knowledge of theinsurance industry. Employers prefer to hire university or technikongraduates, even for entry-level underwriting positions. A SeniorCertificate with matriculation exemption and mathematics is thereforerequired. However, insurance companies may appoint matriculantsas “underwriters“ in a call centre environment where they log clients'information, and an electronic processing system computes aquotation or premium.

b) Undergraduate programmesA Bachelor's degree in an appropriate field such as accounting,finance, law, economics, financial services, business science orbusiness administration provides a good background for a career inunderwriting. Additional courses in the principles of insurance,business and insurance law, and accounting may also be beneficialto candidates.

c) Industry experienceBefore entering the career, candidates should ideally have someexperience in one or more of the following work areas.

Insurance work such as claims assessment and customer orintermediary servicesWork in medical and related fields Survey or inspection work Legal services workBanking, accounting or investments work Work in a call centre environment Research and analysis work

d) Workplace training and continuous professional educationMuch of the training takes place on the job through short courses andcontinuous professional education. Entry-level underwriters workunder experienced risk analysts, are exposed to case studies and

32learn from insurance professionals with whom they co-operate inassessing more complex policy applications and greater risks.Continuous professional education through work study and distancelearning programmes will enhance career development and progress.

The insurance industry also has learnerships for underwriters.Learners are taken by employers (i.e. firms in the insurance industry)onto learnerships where they acquire the necessary theoreticalknowledge and practical skills through a structured learningprogramme (see Section on learnerships).

6.4.4 Employment

Underwriters may either be self-employed or work as employees of insurancecompanies or in specialised underwriting firms. Increased computerisationand mergers within the insurance industry may have reduced the demand forgeneralists. As insurance companies cover more specialised risks and tailorproducts for niche markets, the demand for specialist underwriting serviceswill increase.

4.7 PORTFOLIO MANAGER8


Portfolio managers make investment decisions and buy and sell shares andother securities on behalf of clients. They choose and monitor appropriateinvestments and allocate funds accordingly. Sometimes referred to as moneymanagers, portfolio managers strive for the highest return on clients' portfolioswhile minimising risks as far as possible.

Pension funds or money management firms usually hire portfolio managers tooversee investing for clients such as institutions or groups of individuals withspecific investment aims. The portfolio manager has to understand theinvestment goals of the client and ensure that the investments he/she overseesmeet those goals. The portfolio manager therefore has to have broadknowledge of companies, company earnings and stock prices. Portfoliomanagers rely on a mixture of complex (mostly electronic) technical analysisand fundamental analysis of companies to help them choose appropriateinvestments for clients. 8 The information relating to the career of a portfolio manager was sourced from http://www.careers-in-

finance.com/in.htm, www.investorwords.com, www.investopedia.com/terms, www.careeroverview.com/money-

management-careers,

http://www.oldmutual.co.za/coza_store/components/helpdesk/glossary/iframeGlossary.asp?Word=278,

www.nyssa.org/Content/ContentGroups/Articles___Abstracts/ Career_Profiles1/Portfolio_Manager.htm,

finance.monster.com/articles/portfolio/ - 29k


Although portfolio managers have their own personal way of investing, theyall need strong quantitative analytical skills. They should also be open-minded, well-disciplined, patient and have a thorough understanding ofcompanies and financial markets so that they can detect changes in themarket quickly and react acccordingly.

Portfolio managers need good communication skills to build relationships withtheir clients and understand their financial needs. They must be able to doformal presentations that persuasively demonstrate their investment strategiesto people who are not necessarily financial experts. Clients want regularfeedback on the performance of their investments through performancereports. These reports should be user-friendly documents that indicate whatthe actual performance was, how the performance was achieved, forexample stock selection and asset allocation, and how good or bad theperformance was compared to the investments made by other portfoliomanagers and other financial products.

Volatile markets can make the life of portfolio managers very stressful. To besuccessful, they therefore need the ability to remain calm and work efficientlyunder pressure.


(a) Entry requirementsBecause a tertiary qualification is required, the candidate must havea Senior Certificate with matriculation exemption. Compulsorysubjects are mathematics and English; useful subjects are accounting,computer science and economics.

(b) Undergraduate programmesA Bachelor's degree in finance or economics is a minimumrequirement for portfolio managers, most of whom have an MBA witha financial or economic focus. Many portfolio managers arechartered accountants who have passed the exams and requirementsof the South African Institute of Chartered Accountants (SAICA).

34A portfolio manager needs to have studied and gained expertise in suchareas as bond valuations, capital markets and interest rates, financialstatement analysis, portfolio theory and management, fixed incomeinvestment, international economics and trade, equity strategies andcomputer research.

The table below lists some appropriate undergraduate courses. Readersshould also consult the courses relevant to the career of the financial planneras listed in this career guide.

Qualification InstitutionBachelor of Arts: Economics University of the Free StateBachelor of Business Science: Economics University of KwaZulu-NatalBachelor of Commerce: Economics University of LimpopoBachelor of Commerce: Economics University of VendaBachelor of Commerce: Economics University of the Free StateBachelor of Commerce: Economics University of JohannesburgBachelor of Commerce: Economics University of Western CapeBachelor of Commerce: Economics University of PretoriaBachelor of Economics University of VendaBachelor of Economics University of the Free StateBachelor of Economics Rhodes UniversityAdvanced Diploma: Management: Finance University of Western CapeBachelor of Business Science: Finance University of KwaZulu-NatalBachelor of Commerce: Economics and Finance University of Cape TownBachelor of Commerce: Finance University of JohannesburgBachelor of Commerce: Finance University of Western CapeSource: www.saqa.org.za

7.4.4 Employment

Many portfolio managers start out as members of a team of research analysts,analyzing certain segments of a given industry such as the retail or miningindustry. The analysts research individual companies and write industryreports for portfolio managers to read and consider.

After gaining the necessary experience, analysts can move on to writingresearch reports on individual companies that the portfolio manager may usein deciding whether or not to buy a company's stock or bonds. Analysts willlater be in a position to work as members of a portfolio management team.Good places to start are bank trust departments, insurance companies andpension funds. Many people cross over into portfolio management after yearsof experience in the sales side of investment banking.

354.8 IT TECHNICIAN / SUPPORT OFFICER9


Because computer systems are crucial for most business activities such as theprocessing of financial transactions, sales and production, orders, anddispatches and record keeping, systems downtime must be avoided orminimised. IT technicians are tasked with ensuring the smooth running ofcomputer systems and the ongoing functionality of individual workstations.These technical support officers are required to assemble, install, maintainand repair computer hardware, software and network equipment.

IT technicians are often responsible for specific areas of the computer andbusiness systems such as file servers, printers and scanners, and local areanetworks. They work behind the scenes to ensure that business systems runsmoothly, and they assist front-end users with problems at workstations. ITtechnicians diagnose and repair hardware faults and replace dysfunctionalparts. They are also called upon to solve the numerous problems experiencedby computer users. IT support officers liaise with their clients by phone, e-mailor on site and endeavour to deliver functional and reliable computers andsystems in the shortest possible time. They spend many hours with computerusers and are required to explain solutions repeatedly.

IT technicians may also be required to keep records of software andequipment and to run test programmes.


IT technicians should have

extensive knowledge of computer systems, including hardwarecomponents, networks, operating platforms and software used bybusinesses;good listening and communication skills to work with their clients;patience and persistence;talent for analysing and solving problems;logical and practical thinking skills;good hand-eye co-ordination to service and repair computercomponents;

9 The information relating to the career of an IT technician / support officer was sourced from www.careers.co.za;

www.kiwicareers.gov.nz; www.prospects.ac.uk; www.collegegrad.com.

36a willingness to learn continuously and to develop their knowledgeand technical skills.


(a) Entry requirementsWhile some employers do not require a degree for the type of workperformed by an IT technician, they do expect aspirant IT techniciansto show evidence of their ability to build computers and installsoftware before they enter the job market. Although there are nospecific tertiary education requirements to qualify as an IT technician,some employers prefer computer systems supporters to hold aqualification in computer systems or computer technology. Entryqualifications for tertiary-level programmes include a SeniorCertificate with mathematics, physics, English and computer science.For learners who enter courses in the further education and training(FET) band, the entry requirement is usually a Grade 9 qualification.

(b) Relevant qualificationsThe following qualifications are relevant for the training of computertechnicians.

QUALIFICATIONS INSTITUTIONAdvanced Diploma in Information Technology ICESA City CampusB.IT Information Technology University of PretoriaBBusiness Science Computer Science Rhodes UniversityBBusiness Science Extended Programme University of Cape TownBBusiness Science Information Systems Rhodes UniversityBBusiness Systems Monash South AfricaBCom Accounting and Informatics North-West UniversityBCom Computer Science and Information Systems Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityBCom Economics and Informatics North-West UniversityBCom General North-West UniversityBCom Informatics Damelin Education GroupBCom Informatics University of PretoriaBCom Informatics University of South Africa (UNISA)BCom Informatics (UNISA) ICESA City CampusBCom Informatics (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBCom Informatics with IT Management University of JohannesburgBCom Information Systems University of Cape TownBCom Information Technology University of the Free StateBCom Information Technology University of ZululandBCom Rationum Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University

37QUALIFICATIONS INSTITUTIONBComm Information Systems University of Fort HareBSc Computer Science Stellenbosch UniversityBSc Computer Science University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Computer Science University of ZululandBSc Computer Science (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBSc Computer Science and Computer Engineering North-West UniversityBSc Computer Science and Information Systems Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityBSc Computer Science and Information Technology University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Computer Science and Information Technology Walter Sisulu University BSc Computer Sciences University of the Western CapeBSc General University of LimpopoBSc Informatics and Decision Modelling (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBSc Information Systems Rhodes UniversityBSc Information Systems University of ZululandBSc Information Technology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityBSc Information Technology North-West UniversityBSc Information Technology University of Cape TownBSc Information Technology University of JohannesburgBSc Information Technology University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Information Technology (5 fields of study) University of the Free StateBSc Information Technology (5 fields of study) University of the Free StateBSc Information Technology and Computer Science University of South Africa (UNISA)BSc Information Technology and Management (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBSc Information Technology Management University of South Africa (UNISA)BSc Mathematical Sciences University of the WitwatersrandBSocSc Information Systems Rhodes UniversityBSocSc Information Technology University of KwaZulu-NatalBTech Computer Systems Tshwane University of TechnologyBTech Computer Systems Engineering Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyBTech Computer Systems Engineering University of JohannesburgBTech Computer Systems Engineering Vaal University of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Durban Institute of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityBTech Information Technology University of JohannesburgBTech Information Technology University of South Africa (UNISA)BTech Information Technology Vaal University of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Walter Sisulu University BTech Information Technology (Software Development) Tshwane University of TechnologyBTech Information Technology (Software Technology) Central University of TechnologyCertificate in Computer Graphics (Learning Programme) Oval InternationalCertificate in Computers and Accounting (Learning Programme) Oval InternationalCertificate in Computers and Administration (Learning Programme) Oval International

38QUALIFICATIONS INSTITUTIONCertificate in Executive Secretarial and Computer Studies ICESA City CampusCertificate in Information Technology Buffalo City Public FET CollegeCertificate in Information Technology ICESA City CampusCertificate in Introduction to C++ Programming Damelin CorrespondenceCertificate in Introduction to Java Damelin CorrespondenceCertificate in Introduction to Visual Basic.net Damelin CorrespondenceCertificate in Introduction to Visual C# Damelin CorrespondenceCertificate in Introduction to Visual C# Damelin CorrespondenceCertificate in Introduction to Visual C++.net Damelin CorrespondenceCertificate in PC Engineering College CampusCertificate in Programming Principles Damelin Education GroupComputer Studies (ICDL) Capricorn FET CollegeDiploma in Business Information Technology Rosebank CollegeDiploma in Computer Programming Centurion AcademyDiploma in Computer Programming (C++Elective) Damelin CorrespondenceDiploma in Computer Programming and Information Systems Durbanville CollegeDiploma in Information Technology Boland FET CollegeDiploma in Information Technology ICESA City CampusDiploma in Information Technology (Application Development and Networking)(NQF Level 6) Oval InternationalDiploma in Information Technology (Internet Development)(NQF Level 6) Oval InternationalDiploma in Information Technology (NQF Level 5) PC Training and Business CollegeDiploma in Information Technology (Programming) College CampusDiploma in Information Technology (Programming) Varsity CollegeDiploma in Information Technology Programming Rosebank CollegeDiploma in Network Engineering Centurion AcademyExternal Certificate in Advanced Java Programming Damelin CorrespondenceExternal Certificate in Network + Damelin CorrespondenceExternal Certificate in Programming in Visual Basic 6.0 Damelin CorrespondenceExternal Certificate in Security + Damelin CorrespondenceHigher Certificate in C++ Programming Damelin CorrespondenceInternational Certificate in Computer Science (ICCS) Northlink FET CollegeNCert Computor Science Tshwane University of TechnologyNCert Datametrics University of South Africa (UNISA)NCert Information Technology Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyNCert Information Technology Central University of TechnologyNCert Information Technology University of South Africa (UNISA)NCert Information Technology (Technical Support) PC Training and Business CollegeNCert: N1- N2 Information Technology Nkangala FET CollegeNCert: N1- N3 Computer Technology Westcol FET CollegeNCert: N3 - N6 Computer Practice South Cape FET CollegeNCert: N4 - N6 Computer Practice Nkangala FET CollegeNCert: N4 - N6 Computer Practice Northern Cape FET CollegeNCert: N4 - N6 Information Processing King Sabata Dalindyebo FET College

39QUALIFICATIONS INSTITUTIONNCert: N4 -N6 Information Technology Coastal FET NCert: N4 -N6 Computer Technology Westcol FET CollegeNCOR Computer Technology Westcol FET CollegeNDip Computer Systems Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityNDip Computer Systems Engineering Central University of TechnologyNDip Computer Systems Engineering Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Computer Systems Engineering University of JohannesburgNDip Computer Systems Engineering Vaal University of TechnologyNDip Computor Systems Engineering Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Mangosuthu TechnikonNDip Information Technology University of JohannesburgNDip Information Technology University of South Africa (UNISA)NDip Information Technology Vaal University of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Walter Sisulu University NDip Information Technology Walter Sisulu University NDip Information Technology (Software Development) Central University of TechnologyNDip Information Technology (Software Development) Nelson Mandela Metropolitan UniversityNDip Information Technology (Web and Application Development) (UNISA) Northlink FET CollegeNHCert Computer Studies Tshwane University of TechnologyNHCert Computer Studies Tshwane University of TechnologyNHCert Information Technology University of South Africa (UNISA)NHDip Information Technology (UNISA) College Campus

Source: www.careers.co.za

8.4.4 Workplace and further training

Further training takes place in the workplace by learning from moreexperienced technical support officers and through problem solving. ITtechnicians are also required to learn through self-study - reading manuals,studying computer system diagrams and using help screens.

Because it is critical to keep up to date with changes in hardware, softwareand new technologies, many employers offer in-house training andencourage IT technicians to attend external courses.

8.4.5 Employment

Since technology, electronic workflow and computerised business systems arewidely used in insurance and financial services industries, suitably qualified

40IT technicians may explore many employment opportunities with insurancecompanies and with brokerages and private firms that offer technicalcomputer support to employers within those industries.

4.9 SOFTWARE DEVELOPER10


A software developer analyses the problems and needs of computer usersand businesses and writes computer programmes to enhance the applicationand efficiency of computer systems.

Software developers design, test and maintain systems software that runs theoperating systems of computers; they also work on the application softwareused by the end-users to prepare documents, reports and spreadsheets. Alsoknown as software engineers, software developers use a variety of computerprogramming languages and applications to perform their tasks. They consultwith management and computer users to collect information on businessneeds and work in teams with other IT professionals to evaluate theinformation and to design, write and test new software programmes or tomodify existing systems.

With the introduction of new computer systems and the expansion of their use,software programmers have to ensure that different systems can shareinformation and communicate with one another. Codes are therefore devisedto link incompatible platforms, and interfaces are developed to integratemultiple existing software products. Software developers should accordinglybe able to work with several programming languages and a variety ofsoftware packages.

Among their other typical duties are to write and maintain the operationaldocumentation of the business systems and to assess new informationtechnologies. Because information and communication technologies developso rapidly, software developers are required to be life-long learners to stayabreast of dynamic changes across the IT world.

As the insurance industry expands its need to store, share and retrieve datawithin businesses and to establish electronic and internet links with

10 The information relating to the career of a software developer was sourced from www.bls.gov; www.kiwicareers.gov.nz; www.careers.co.za; www.prospects.ac.uk; www.collegegrad.com.

41intermediaries and the users of insurance products, more software developerswill have to be employed to deal with increasing business and systemscomplexities.


Software developers should

have strong analytical and problem-solving capabilities;have sound numerical and superior mathematical skills;be able to think and communicate clearly and logically;have a good attention span and be able to pay attention to detail;have the perseverance and patience needed to tackle difficultchallenges;have knowledge of commerce and business principles;understand the operational needs of businesses;be able to write technical reports and “translate“ them for the benefitof business decision makers who may not be trained in computerscience;be able to work effectively in multifunctional teams as well asindependently.

Software developers who devise web-based or Internet solutions should havea flair for graphic design.


(a) Entry requirementsAlthough some employers do not require new entrants to holduniversity degrees, candidates usually need to have formal training incomputer science and programming or relevant work experience. ASenior Certificate with matriculation exemption is required to enter anundergraduate degree course. Mathematics is a compulsory subjectand computer science is recommended.

(b) Tertiary-level trainingPersons who enter the career usually hold qualifications in one of thefollowing fields of study:

42Software engineering or computer scienceInformation science, informatics or management information systemsElectrical or electronic engineeringPhysicsMathematics

The following are relevant undergraduate and tertiary-level courses forlearners who intend to become software developers.

QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONB.IT Information Technology University of PretoriaBBusiness Science Computer Science Rhodes UniversityBBusiness Science Information Systems Rhodes UniversityBBusiness Systems Monash South AfricaBCom Accounting and Informatics North-West UniversityBCom Business Information Systems University of VendaBCom Computer Science and Information Systems Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBCom Economics and Informatics North-West UniversityBCom Informatics Damelin Education GroupBCom Informatics University of South Africa (UNISA)BCom Informatics University of PretoriaBCom Informatics (UNISA) ICESA City CampusBCom Informatics (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBCom Informatics with IT Management University of JohannesburgBCom Information Systems University of Cape TownBCom Information Technology University of the Free StateBCom Information Technology University of ZululandBComm Information Systems University of Fort HareBComputing Monash South AfricaBSc Computer Science University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Computer Science Stellenbosch UniversityBSc Computer Science University of ZululandBSc Computer Science (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBSc Computer Science and Computer Engineering North-West UniversityBSc Computer Science and Information Systems Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBSc Computer Science and Information Technology University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Computer Science and Information Technology Walter Sisulu University BSc Computer, Economic and Mathematical Sciences North-West UniversityBSc Industrial Mathematics and Informatics North-West UniversityBSc Informatics Midrand Graduate InstituteBSc Information Systems Rhodes UniversityBSc Information Systems University of ZululandBSc Information Technology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBSc Information Technology North-West University

43QUALIFICATION INSTITUTIONBSc Information Technology University of Cape TownBSc Information Technology University of JohannesburgBSc Information Technology University of KwaZulu-NatalBSc Information Technology University of the Free StateBSc Information Technology and Computer Science University of South Africa (UNISA)BSc Information Technology and Management (UNISA) Midrand Graduate InstituteBSc Information Technology Management University of South Africa (UNISA)BTech Computer Systems Tshwane University of TechnologyBTech Computer Systems Engineering University of JohannesburgBTech Computer Systems Engineering Vaal University of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Durban Institute of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityBTech Information Technology University of South Africa (UNISA)BTech Information Technology University of JohannesburgBTech Information Technology Vaal University of TechnologyBTech Information Technology Walter Sisulu University BTech Intelligent Industrial Systems Tshwane University of TechnologyDiploma in Information Technology Boston City Campus and Business

CollegeDiploma in Information Technology PC Training and Business CollegeDiploma: Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer Boston City Campus and Business

CollegeNDip Computer Systems Nelson Mandela Metropolitan

UniversityNDip Computer Systems Engineering Central University of TechnologyNDip Computer Systems Engineering Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Computer Systems Engineering University of JohannesburgNDip Computer Systems Engineering Vaal University of TechnologyNDip Computor Systems Engineering Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Cape Peninsula University of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Durban Institute of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Mangosuthu TechnikonNDip Information Technology University of South Africa (UNISA)NDip Information Technology University of JohannesburgNDip Information Technology Vaal University of TechnologyNDip Information Technology Walter Sisulu University NDip Information Technology Walter Sisulu University

Source: www.careers.co.za

(c) Postgraduate qualifications and continuous professional education While many skills are gained in the workplace, softwareprogrammers must attend a wide range of courses to update theirknowledge and competencies. Given the central role of computerand information systems in the business world, many employers

44encourage software developers to pursue courses in businessadministration and management. Due to the rapid pace of change inthe industry, employers may require software developers to learn newlanguages, applications and technology and to produce certificatesof proficiency. Some product developers and vendors may requirethe software professionals who work with their products to be certifiedusers of the products.

The Microsoft Certified Software Engineer (MCSE) course is widelyrecognised as one of the critical technical certifications a softwaredeveloper should obtain.

9.4.4 Employment

Software programmers can work in a wide range of industries andbusinesses. As computer and business systems grow in complexity andsophistication in the financial and insurance world, the demand for skilledsoftware programmers will increase. Opportunities are also available in thepublic sector and for entrepreneurs who start their own consultancy firms.

4.10 INSURANCE ADMINISTRATOR11

This is a generic description of the work of administators in the insurancesector.


Insurance administrators work with the administration of insuranceprogrammes such as issuing new policies, dealing with amendments andrenewal of policies, liaising with insurance companies and policyholders,handling queries and any other ad hoc administrative tasks. Their duties alsoinclude:

Collection of charges or premiums from clients.Adjustment or settlement of claims from clients. Acting as resource and technical support specialists on insurancematters.

11 The information relating to the career of an insurance administrator was sourced from

http://www.jobsinthemoney.com/html/jobs/243081.htm, http://www.redgoldfish.co.uk/,

http://jobs.boston.com/texis/jobsearch/details.html?id=443dd7e86d61c0, www.bls.gov

45Preparation of underwriting submissions, applications and renewalproposals, including the collection of relevant underwriting data.Administering all accounting-related functions of insuranceadministration.Controlling, collecting and maintaining insurance-related records anddata.Maintaining and revising web site content on insurance programmes.Preparation of reports, agendas, presentations and spreadsheets forinternal meetings and meetings with clients.

In addition to these general duties, insurance administrators may have toperform tasks that are unique to their subsector (e.g. the life insurancesubsector or the healthcare insurance subsector), and they must therefore keepabreast of legislation and regulations that affect their specific subsectors.Depending on the seniority of the position, insurance administrators can workas part of a team of administrators or can lead a team.


Insurance administrators should have

knowledge of insurance and risk management;knowledge of insurance products, technical terms and standards;strong interpersonal communication skills (written and verbal);the ability to prioritise and manage multiple tasks or projects;computer skills in respect of various programmes, for example MSWord, Excel and Power Point.


(a) Entry requirementsDepending on the job description and experience of candidates in theinsurance industry, insurance administrators can be Grade 12 oruniversity/college graduates. School subjects such as mathematics,economics, accounting and English are often required. Insuranceadministrators can also receive their training on the job under theclose supervision of more experienced employees, or they can betrained on a formal learnership.

46(b) Undergraduate programmes

For posts that require a degreed person, an undergraduateprogramme in accounting, finance or business administration isnormally recommended. The table below lists some appropriateundergraduate courses. Readers should also consult the coursesrelevant to the career of accountant as listed in this career guide.

Continuing education is essential for insurance administrators whohave to keep abreast of the growing complexity of products, changesin laws and regulations, and new financial instruments.

Occupation InstitutionAdvanced certificate: Accounting and Business Administration ICESA City CampusAdvanced Diploma: Management: Finance University of Western CapeBachelor of Business Administration De Montfort South AfricaBachelor of Business Administration University of KwaZulu-NatalBachelor of Business Administration CIDA City CampusBachelor of Business Administration Midrand Graduate InstituteBachelor of Business Administration University of South Africa (UNISA)Bachelor of Business Science: Finance University of KwaZulu-NatalBachelor of Commerce: Economics and Finance University of Cape TownBachelor of Commerce: Finance University of JohannesburgBachelor of Commerce: Finance University of Western CapeCertificate : Accounting and Business Administration ICESA City CampusCertificate: Business Administration Institute of Business StudiesCertificate: Business Administration Institute of Business StudiesCertificate: Business Administration Midrand Graduate InstituteCertificate: Business Administration University of KwaZulu-NatalDiploma: Accounting and Business Administration ICESA City CampusDiploma: Business Administration Midrand Graduate InstituteDiploma: Business Administration University of KwaZulu-NatalDiploma: Business Administration PC Training and Business CollegeNational Diploma: Accounting and Finance Durban College Of Management And

EconomicsPostgraduate Certificate: Business Administration University of Fort Hare

Source: www.saqa.org.za

10.4.4 Employment

Computer technology has reduced the amount of time and the staff requiredto administer insurance programmes. However, the complexity of products,increased competition in the insurance market and new legislation andregulations could well increase the demand for experienced insuranceadministrators.

47LEARNERSHIPS IN INSURANCE

5.1 WHAT IS A LEARNERSHIP?

A learnership is a structured learning programme that consists ofa theoretical and a practical component and that leads to a

qualification that is registered on the National Qualifications Framework(NQF). A learnership provides a learner with an excellent opportunity to gainexperience in the labour market while studying towards a qualification.

A learnership is regulated by a formal contract (learnership agreement)between an employer, a learner and a training provider. An employer canenter into learnership agreements with existing employees or with learnerswho are not employees. If the employer enters into a learnership agreementwith a learner who is not an employee, the employer is not obliged to employthe learner when the learnership ends.

5.2 WHAT IS EXPECTED OF A LEARNER?

A learner who enters into a learnership agreement is expected to

participate in induction programmes;work for the employer as part of the learning process;register with a training provider for the course material;participate in all learning and work experience required by thelearnership;comply with the employer's workplace policies and procedures;complete any timesheets/log books or written assessment toolssupplied by the employer or the training provider;attend all study periods and theoretical learning sessions with thetraining provider;undertake all learning conscientiously and set aside sufficient time forself-study; undergo all practical and theoretical assessments for the learnership.

5

485.3 WHAT IS EXPECTED OF AN EMPLOYER?

An employer who enters into a learnership contract with one or more learnershas to

be accredited as a workplace training provider with the SETA towhich he/she pays his/her skills development levy; recruit and select learners for the learnership programme;provide the learners with the necessary workplace experience,supervision and mentorship for the particular learnership;release the learners to attend training at the training provider or, if thelearners study through distance education, to work through therelevant study material;ensure that the learners are assessed by a registered assessor.

5.4 LEARNERSHIP AGREEMENT

The learnership agreement is a formal agreement that is entered into by thelearner, the employer and the training institution. The agreement must be inthe prescribed format and must be registered with the SETA with which theemployer is registered.

49List of registered INSETA learnerships

Title of learnership

Qualification it leads to

NQF

level

DoL registration

number

Level 2

Junior Administrator

National Certificate: Insurance

Administration

2

13Q130001341602

Insurance and Investment

Administrator

National Certificate in Financial

Services

2

13Q130031761202

Intermediary Assistance Policies

National Certificate in Financial

Services

2

13Q130035811202

Level 3

Insurance Administrator National Certificate: Insurance 3 13Q130002441603

Insurance and Investment Team

Leader/Supervisor

National Certificate: Financial

Services Management

3

13Q130030731303

Financial Services Administrator


Services

3

13Q1300033991203

Level 4

Healthcare Benefits Administration

Claims Assessor

National Certificate in Healthcare

Benefits Administration: Claims

Assessing

4

13Q130003431604

Retirement Fund Administrator

National Certificate: Long Term

Insurance

4

13Q130014651204

Long Term Insurance/Investment

Product Developer


Insurance

4

13Q130008681204

Long Term Insurance/Investment Call

Centre Operator


Insurance

4

13Q130012681204

Long Term Insurance/Investment

Administrator


Insurance

4

13Q130009681204

Long Term Underwriter

National Certificate in Insurance:

Long Term: Risk Assessment

4

13Q130011451204

Long Term Claims Assessor



4

13Q130005501204

50

Level 4

Long Term Claims Assessor



4

13Q130005501204

Short Term Insurance: Personal/

Domestic Claims Negotiator

National Certificate: Short Term

Insurance

4

13Q000016431204

Short Term Insurance: Personal /

Domestic Underwriter


Insurance

4

13Q000018431204

Short Term Insurance: Personal /

Domestic Call Centre Operator


Insurance

4

13Q000017421204

Short Term Insurance: Commercial /

Industrial Underwriter


Insurance

4

13Q000015421204

Intermediary: General Insurance and National Certificate: Wealth 4 13Q130027991404

Level 4

Investment Management

Financial Services Management


Services Management

4

TBA

Short Term Insurance

Further Education and Training

Certificate: Short Term Insurance

4

TBA

Long Term Insurance


Certificate: Long Term Insurance

4

13Q130038991404

Medical Claims Assessing


Certificate: Medical Claims Assessing

4

13Q130036681504

Retail Insurance


Certificate: Retail Insurance

4

13Q130037941404

Long Term Risk Assessment


Certificate: Long Term Risk

Assessment

4

13Q130039791504

Level 5

Intermediary: Long Term Insurance

Category C

National Certificate: Wealth

Management

5

13Q130025341205

Level 5

Intermediary: Retail Pension Benefits


Management

5

13Q130023341205

Intermediary: Collective Investments


Management

5

13Q130024341205


Certificate

National Certificate: Long Term Risk

Assessment

5

13Q130040231205

Long Term Risk Assessment Diploma

National Diploma: Financial Services:


5

13Q130041402455

51

NOTES

Documents

a5 career guide.qxd - INSETA