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Slide 1
A short overview of superconductivity Dr. Jean Botti EADS Chief Technical Officer Tunisia, May 2012
Slide 2
Introduction about superconductivity
What is it? Below a critical temperature, some materials expel magnetic fields (Meissner effect) and have a zero electrical resistance. It is called superconductivity. Two types of superconductors: • Low Temperature Superconductor (LTS) metals at < 30 K • High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) ceramic materials at > 77K What does it allow? • While using DC current, it allow a 100% efficient electricity transportation. It
is also possible to carry 10 times more current than a conventional cable.
• Due to zero electrical resistance effect, superconductor can maintain a current with no applied voltage. It is used to create superconducting electromagnets.
Slide 3
Superconductor applications
EADS VoltAir
TRL 9 0 3 6
- MRI - Mass
spectrometers - Particle
accelerators
- HTS machine for submarines propulsion
- Electric power transportation in power grid
- HTS machine for aeronautic
Sumitomo & IHI pod propulsion system with HTS motor (400kW)
World's first HTS power transmission cable system installed in Long Island Power Authority’s (LIPA)
Tevatron MRI
NASA N3-X concept
Slide 4
Superconductor current applications • Highly efficient and compact electric motors (expected to reach 30 kW/kg and more
than 99% efficiency(1))
Example for a ship propulsion motor (2)
Superconductor potential use in aeronautic • For a future electrically powered aircraft, superconductivity can be used for:
• High efficiency and power density cables • High efficiency and power density electric motor
Superconductor applications
Slide 5
Superconductor current applications • Highly efficient and compact electric motors (expected to reach 30 kW/kg and more
than 99% efficiency(1))
Example for a ship propulsion motor (2)
Superconductor potential use in aeronautic • For a future electrically powered aircraft, superconductivity can be used for:
• High efficiency and power density cables • High efficiency and power density electric motor
Superconductor applications
Slide 6
Superconductor potential use in aeronautic: comparison with conventional technology
Copper cable (20kA)
HTS cable (20kA)
Weight (kg/m) 80 4
Volume (l/m) 7 0.7
Heat loss (W/m) 1000 10
Comparison of HTS (current technology) and conventional cable for a 5 MW cable at 270 VDC (2)
HTS vs conventional Cable
Conventional motor
HTS motor (targeted performances(2))
Gravimetric power (kW/kg) 5 30
Volume (kW/l) 15 50
Efficiency (%) 96% >99%
Comparison of conventional electric motor with expected performances of HTS motor
HTS Motor vs conventional
Slide 7
Challenges regarding superconductivity
• Cryocooling requirement: superconductors need to cool down to below 70K
• Sensitive to temperature, current density and magnetic field. If one of them overcomes its critical value somewhere in the superconductor, a quench occurs: it is when the superconductor enters the normal (resistive) state. It can heavily irreversible damage the superconductor. A good monitoring is required.
• Ceramic materials (used for High Temperature Superconductor) are difficult to manufacture into wires or strips and are very expensive.
Slide 8
Superconducting technology pros & cons
Pros • Power density
• High efficiency (over 99% for electric motors)
• Compact design suitable for aircraft integration
• Enable high electric power (~MW) for airborn use
Cons • Cooling constraints
• Need to monitor current and magnetic field (avoid quench)
• Manufacturing problems of HTS ceramic wires
• Not currently mature for aeronautic
Slide 9
In conclusion
• Superconductivity will remain a viable technology because of its density and high efficiency – among other reasons
• In the future, the applications of superconductivity science will increase, not decrease
• The applications of superconductivity do and will benefit both the civil and defence domains thereby, it increases the opportunities to improve the application of this technology
• International cooperation concerning the application of this technology should be increased
Slide 11
Study on HTS machines for aircraft use Summary:
• State-of-the-art of existing and under development HTS machines
• Paper study of the design of two types of HTS synchronous machines for aircraft use
• Study will be done by GREEN lab • Partner: Hispano-Suiza
ANR TDM SUPREME PROPOSAL Summary:
• TDM: ANR program dedicated to research on elementary components in transportation industry
• Detailed study of a 600 kW HTS machine for aeronautic application
• Prototyping of a smaller version of the HTS machine (60 kW)
• Partners: GREEN, Hispano Suiza and Absolut Systems
HTS activities and related projects in IW TCC6 (1/2)
Oswald Tech Watch
To Be Completed By Peter
Slide 12
Rolls-Royce study Summary:
• Study cryocooling in hybrid propulsive architecture
• Topics investigated: sizing, design, requirements, constraints
• HTS motor and wire technology knowledge required for cryocooling system sizing
GaTech fellowship Summary:
• Fellowship between EADS IW and GaTech
• Study performances of two disruptive propulsive architectures: Hybrid Series turbogenerator and SOFC-GT architectures
• HTS motor model given by the NASA Glenn Research Center used
• Model created by P. Masson and used for NASA N+3 study SUGAR.
eCraft study with Airbus Summary:
• Study the long-term potential and opportunities of electricity as an alternative major onboard energy source for propulsion
• HTS technology under study for HTS wire and HTS machines
• HTS machines & HTS wire modeled
HTS activities and related projects in IW TCC6 (1/2)