A New Thrips PestA New Thrips Pest

Chirothrips manicatus:Chirothrips manicatus: infesting grasses in the Willamette Valley in Oregoninfesting grasses in the Willamette Valley in Oregon

Alexzandra McKinnisAlexzandra McKinnisDr. Sujaya RaoDr. Sujaya Rao

http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Grasslands/Introduced%20Forages/introducedforages.htm

Grass: a Diversity of UsesGrass: a Diversity of Uses

http://eecs.oregonstate.edu/advantage/slideshow-corvallis/04.htmlhttp://www.endex.com/

http://www.coleenanded.com/Nav.aspx/Page=%2fListNow%2fDefault.aspx%2fPageID%3d104742

Grass Seed Industry in Grass Seed Industry in OregonOregon

95% grass seed in 95% grass seed in the U.Sthe U.S

33rdrd highest highest commodity commodity

$330,000,000/yr$330,000,000/yr

http://forages.oregonstate.edu/is/tfis/chapter/Chapter13/images/Image_ch13_Fig.22.jpg

www.ohwy.com/ or/d/deancrke.htm

Thrips - ThysanopteraThrips - Thysanoptera

http://www.ento.csiro.au/aicn/name_c/a_905.htm

Alex Wild © 2004 http://www.myrmecos.net/insects/Thrips1.html

http://highplainsipm.org/HpIPMImage/Images/1006/sm/IMG0075.jpghttp://www.graphicscience.com.au/Gallery/Insect%20Pests/PestsPic22.htm

The Life CycleThe Life Cycle ofofChirothrips manicatusChirothrips manicatus

www. bmi.net/roseguy/_gbthrips.html

1. Female thrips emerges and lays egg in fertilized grass flower

2. Egg hatches, larva consumes the seed as it develops

3. Larva pupates inside seed hull

4. Adult develops from pupa

5. Female overwinters in seed hull

Immature stages of Immature stages of C. manicatusC. manicatus

HistoryHistory ofofC. manicatusC. manicatus

Orchardgrass in Orchardgrass in New ZealandNew Zealand

Suspected to cause Suspected to cause declining yieldsdeclining yields

Orchardgrass has Orchardgrass has large seedslarge seeds

A. Peeters http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gallery/pictures/dactglo/dactglo.htm

Bentgrass!Bentgrass!

Decrease yields by 5.1%Decrease yields by 5.1% $23,000 loss$23,000 loss

http://herbarium.biology.colostate.edu/slides/agrostis_stolonifera.html

http://forages.oregonstate.edu/organizations/seed/osc/brochures/bentgrass.html

http://www.nn.net/golf/Turnberry.htm

Detection is ChallengingDetection is Challenging

QuestionsQuestions

Host range of Host range of C. C.

manicatusmanicatus

Infestation LevelInfestation Level

Host Range of Host Range of C. manicatusC. manicatus

Host surveyHost survey

http://bellquel.scuole.bo.it/scuole/serpieri/erbario/immagini%20erbacee%20spontanee/Graminacee/ estuca%20arundinacea.htm

http://biology.smsu.edu/Herbarium/Plants%20of%20the%20Interior%20Highlands/Flowers/Dactylis%20glomerata.jpg

http://www.flogaus-faust.de/e/lolipere.htm http://www.vetigastropoda.com/SNAP/themes/reproduction.html

Orchardgrass Annual Ryegrass

Fine Fescue Tall Fescue Perennial Ryegrass

Seed SizeSeed Size

Incredible variation!

MethodsMethods

Survey: 3 fields for Survey: 3 fields for each hosteach host

Sample: 200 panicles Sample: 200 panicles

Examine: 1000 seedsExamine: 1000 seeds

Results: Host RangeResults: Host RangeGrassGrass ThripsThrips

OrchardgrassOrchardgrass PresentPresent

Fine fescueFine fescue PresentPresent

Tall FescueTall Fescue Not detectedNot detected

Annual RyegrassAnnual Ryegrass PresentPresent

Perennial RyegrassPerennial Ryegrass PresentPresent

BentgrassBentgrass PresentPresent

Diversity of HostsDiversity of Hosts

Orchardgrass Fine Fescue

Annual Ryegrass Perennial Ryegrass

Results: Level of Results: Level of InfestationInfestation

Infestation Level of Willamete Valley Seed Crops

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

OrdchardgrassPerrenial Ryegrass

Annual Ryegrass

Fine FescueBentgrass

Percent Infested

Only One Species?Only One Species?

Future ResearchFuture Research

Investigate:Investigate:

Native grassesNative grasses

Detection techniquesDetection techniques

Host impacts on pestHost impacts on pest

Impacts of field burningImpacts of field burning

Impacts on Native Impacts on Native GrassesGrasses

Host surveyHost survey Roemer’s FescueRoemer’s Fescue Native Red FescueNative Red Fescue Spike BentgrassSpike Bentgrass American Slough GrassAmerican Slough Grass Blue WildryeBlue Wildrye

Infestation levelInfestation level

http://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Plants/Festuca%20idahoensis%20subsp_files/image002.jpg

Detection Techniques Detection Techniques

Visual inspection under a microscope Visual inspection under a microscope (current)(current)

X-rayX-ray StainingStaining Mass comparisonMass comparison VibrationVibration WaterWater HeatHeat

http://www.absoluteclarity.com/Imports.htm

Impacts of the Host on Impacts of the Host on C. manicatusC. manicatus

Size comparison Size comparison host seed vs. thripshost seed vs. thrips

Bentgrass Fine Fescue Annual Ryegrass

Perennial Ryegrass

Tall FescueOrchardgrass

The Life CycleThe Life Cycle of of Chirothrips manicatusChirothrips manicatus

www. bmi.net/roseguy/_gbthrips.html

1. Female thrips emerges and lays egg in fertilized grass flower

2. Egg hatches, larva consumes the seed as it develops

3. Larva pupates inside seed hull

4. Adult develops from pupa

5. Female overwinters

in seed hull

Impacts of Field BurningImpacts of Field Burning

Population comparisonPopulation comparison Burned vs. unburnedBurned vs. unburned 3 fields3 fields 200 panicles200 panicles

http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~quinn/field.html

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Howard Hughes Medical InstituteHoward Hughes Medical Institute

Dr. Sujaya RaoDr. Sujaya Rao

Dr. Kevin AhernDr. Kevin Ahern

Dr. Stephen Alderman, USDADr. Stephen Alderman, USDA

Barbara Matson, USDABarbara Matson, USDA

Dr. Richard Halse, OSUDr. Richard Halse, OSU

Dr. Sabry Elias, OSUDr. Sabry Elias, OSU