A nalysis of doses reported to the Health and Safety ... · 4 IRR85 largely implement the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Directive 80/836/Euratom 3 (as amended by Council Directive

Occupational exposure to ionising radiation 1990-1996

Analysis of doses reported to the Health and Safety Executive's

Central Index of Dose Information

©Crown copyright 1998Applications for reproduction should be made in writing to:Copyright Unit, Her Majesty's Stationery OfficeSt Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ

First published 1998

All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingor otherwise) without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

FOREWORD

The Central Index of Dose Information (CIDI) is the Health and Safety Executive's (HSE's)national database of occupational exposure to ionising radiation. It is operated under contractby the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB). CIDI receives annually fromApproved Dosimetry Services (ADS) summaries of radiation doses recorded for employeesdesignated as classified persons in the United Kingdom. This is the second analysis of dosesummary information to be published.

All the data provided to HSE by ADS for the purposes of CIDI are treated as confidential inrespect of individual persons and employers. The computer files are protected by varioussafeguards (Registration No C0607047). The style of data presentation here maintains thisconfidentiality.

CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Background 1

Nature of CIDI data 3

Analysis of CIDI data 7

Results 8

Conclusions 11

References 12

Figures 14

Annex 1 Occupational groupings presented in this report 26

Annex 2 Tables covering whole body doses for the period 1990 - 1996 27

Annex 3 Tables covering neutron doses for the period 1990 - 1996 31

INTRODUCTION

1 The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 (IRR85)1 apply to a large range of workwith artificial radioactive substances and electrical equipment emitting ionising radiation.They also apply to work with naturally occurring radionuclides, including work in whichpersons are exposed to the naturally occurring gas radon and its decay products. Anyemployer who undertakes work with ionising radiations must ensure specified dose limits arenot exceeded and work-related exposure is restricted as far as reasonably practicable.

2 The system of control established by these regulations requires employers todesignate employees as 'classified persons' if their exposure is likely to exceed three-tenths ofany dose limit. All significant radiation doses likely to be received by these individuals must beassessed and recorded by dosimetry services approved by the Health and Safety Executive(HSE). These approved dosimetry services (ADS) are required to send HSE annualsummaries of the doses recorded for each classified person.

3 This publication analyses the dose summary information reported to HSE for theyears 1990-1996. It is the second such report published by HSE; the first such report2

covered the period 1986-1991.

BACKGROUND

Legislation 4 IRR85 largely implement the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Directive80/836/Euratom3 (as amended by Council Directive 84/467/Euratom4). A revised BSSDirective5 was adopted on 13 May 1996 and has to be implemented by 13 May 2000; this willrequire changes to IRR85.

5 IRR85 establish dose limits for exposure at work to ionising radiation. For adultemployees the dose limit for whole-body exposure is currently 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year.HSE must be informed if an exposure in excess of a dose limit is suspected and the employermust carry out a thorough investigation. In practice, almost all doses recorded for employeesare well below dose limits.

6 The employer who is responsible for the work must restrict exposure so far asreasonably practicable. The employer is obliged to restrict exposure by means of engineeringcontrols such as shielding, physical separation, containment, ventilation (for unsealed sources)and warning devices where these are reasonably practicable, rather than relying on systems ofwork or personal protective equipment.

7 Parts 1 to 3 of the Approved Code of Practice (ACOP)6,7 supporting IRR85 providepractical guidance on the means required to meet this legal requirement for various workactivities. HSE has also published advice on establishing management procedures to restrictexposure8.

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8 In most cases the employer is required to appoint a radiation protection adviser(RPA) under IRR85 to provide expert advice on measures to restrict exposure and relatedmatters.

Investigations

9 If an employee has a recorded whole-body dose greater than 15mSv for the year(three-tenths of the principal dose limit) the employer must carry out an investigation (IRR85regulation 28); usually this investigation will be done in conjunction with the RPA. Thepurpose of this investigation is to establish whether or not sufficient is being done to restrictexposure.

10 In 1991 a fourth part to the Approved Code of Practice (ACOP Part 4)9 waspublished in response to new evidence that the risks from exposure to ionising radiation weretwo or three times as great as previously thought. It introduced an investigation (centred onthe past and future work of the individual) which is triggered if an employee has a recordeddose of 75mSv or more in any period of 5 calendar years starting from 1 January 1988.

Dose monitoring and record-keeping

11 If an employee is likely to receive a radiation dose greater than three-tenths of arelevant dose limit in a year (15mSv in the case of whole-body exposure) the employer has todesignate that employee as a classified person. The employer then has to arrange for anysignificant doses likely to be received by that person to be assessed by a dosimetry serviceapproved by HSE for the measurement and assessment of doses for the relevant type ofradiation. Such services are referred to in this report as ADS(assessment). HSE alsoapproves dosimetry services to co-ordinate individual doses received from different ADS(assessment) and to produce and maintain dose records for classified persons. These servicesare referred to as ADS(records)

12 Doses may need to be assessed by one or more ADS(assessment) for exposure toexternal radiation and/or internal radiation from inhaled or ingested radionuclides. An ADS(records) appointed by the employer has to record all the assessed doses and maintain a formaldose record for each classified person. 13 To help the employer assess the effectiveness of the dose control measures, the ADS(records) provides a written summary of the doses recorded for each classified employee atleast once every three months; many ADS(records) provide monthly dose summaries. By theend of March each year the ADS(records) must also send HSE summaries of all recordeddoses relating to classified persons for the previous year.

Central Index of Dose Information

14 On 1 January 1987, HSE established a computerised Central Index of DoseInformation (CIDI) in order to receive and process these annual dose summaries. Theoperation of CIDI is described in NRPB-M9210 and NRPB-M17611.

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15 CIDI is operated for HSE under contract by NRPB. All the dose summary andpersonal data provided to HSE by ADS under IRR85 are treated as confidential. Thecomputer files are protected by various safeguards and the database is registered under theData Protection Act (Registration Number C0607047). The information presented in thisreport maintains that confidentiality.

16 One of the purposes of CIDI is to generate statistical information from the dosesummaries provided to HSE by ADS(records). Detailed information relating to annual dosestatistics has been published for each year from 1986 to 199612-22.

17 This report focuses on annual whole-body doses reported for classified persons inGreat Britain for 1990-1996 and presents figures which indicate trends in occupational dosesover that period. Annex 1 lists the occupational groupings used in this report. Annex 2 givesrelevant data in tabular form. Whole-body doses shown in this report comprise the sum ofeffective dose equivalent (from external exposure to ionising radiation) and, where assessed,committed effective dose equivalent (from exposure to radionuclides in the body).

18 Data are presented on collective dose, mean doses and numbers of persons who had areported dose in excess of 5mSv, 10mSv, 15mSv or 20mSv a year. The revised BSSDirective5 requires that employees and self-employed persons are designated as category A(classified persons) if they are liable to receive a dose in excess of 6 mSv a year. Employerswill have to take account of potential exposure to ionising radiation resulting from incidents oroccurrences as well as historical information about doses actually received. Nevertheless, it isof interest to see how doses greater than this value have changed since 1990 - these data arealso included in annex 2.

NATURE OF CIDI DATA

Comparison with published statistical summaries

19 There are some differences between the data reported in the published annualsummaries of statistics and the data used in this report. The differences arise fromamendments reported to CIDI by ADS since the statistical summaries were prepared; ingeneral they have no significant effect on the overall conclusions of this report. However,revised data on whole body doses from neutrons does differ significantly from published datain that one ADS omitted to report neutron doses for a number of classified persons in theperiod. These doses were generally very low. In view of this error, the corrected neutrondata are given in annex 3 of this report.

20 The data used in this report are those held on CIDI in September 1997. Number of classified persons

21 CIDI includes doses for classified persons who were monitored for only part of theyear; they may not have been designated as classified persons until part-way through the yearor they may have changed employment (15-20% of records only cover part of the year). If aclassified person changes employment in radiation work, CIDI normally receives dose

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summaries from each ADS who had responsibility for that person's dose record at some stagein the year; but the last ADS for the year would normally have reported the total annual dose. 22 The CIDI statistical programmes treat each of the reported dose summaries asbelonging to a different classified person. Therefore, in 1993 a special check was introducedto minimise the possibility of double counting records for individuals. This special check wasapplied to all the dose data used in this report. 23 The total number of classified persons for whom annual dose summaries werereported will have been affected by the Ionising Radiations (Outside Workers) Regulations199323. These regulations apply to classified persons carrying out activities in a controlledarea of another employer. The introduction of the regulations caused some employers to lookcritically at the continuing need to designate certain employees as classified persons. Figure 1gives the variation between 1990 and 1996 in the total number and in the number withnon-zero reported doses.

Reported doses of zero

24 This report shows that most classified persons receive an annual dose much less than15mSv per year; in 1996 over 95% of reported doses were less than 5mSv. This mightsuggest that employers are designating more employees than strictly required by IRR85.However, ACOP Part 1 advises that it is not sufficient to rely solely on past avoidance of sucha dose in deciding whether or not an employee should be designated as a classified person.Therefore, employers must take into account the possibility that employees might receive asignificant dose as a result of an accidental exposure. Also, employers may designateemployees for other reasons, eg to obtain good dosimetric information to help restrictexposure - especially in controlled areas - and reassurance.

25 Employers in some non-nuclear sectors, most notably the medical sector, tend not toclassify staff unless they are likely to exceed three-tenths of a relevant dose limit. It isimportant to recognise these differences in practice between sectors.

26 In any year during the period, between 20-30% of the persons for whom annual dosesummaries were submitted had a reported dose of zero. A zero dose may have been reportedfor these persons because:

they were not subject to routine dose assessment that year, eg they did no work withionising radiation; or

a dosemeter was worn but recorded no measurable dose (less than 0.1mSv) sinceexposure was very low.

27 The effect of including these individuals in any analyses of reported dose is to lowerthe mean dose for the group being considered, which might be misleading. Therefore, for thepurposes of this report, only those persons with a non-zero reported dose have been includedin the Figures. However, mean doses for all the classified persons are shown in brackets in theTables at annex 2.

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Notional doses

28 The data in this report have also been adjusted to remove notional doses. Notionaldoses are entered into a dose record for a period when no dose assessment could be made, forexample when a dosemeter has been damaged or lost, and it is not possible to estimate thedose received from available information. Notional doses are intended to be used as a lastresort and should be fairly rare. Usually, the employer's investigation required underregulation 13(7)IRR85 should enable the employer, with the assistance of the RPA, to providethe ADS with an adequate estimation of the dose received.

29 The proportion of notional doses in dose summaries sent to CIDI by ADS(records)varies from year to year, and tends to increase as collective dose falls. However, in 1996nearly 16% of the collective dose on CIDI was accounted for by notional doses, which seemsunreasonably high. This tended to obscure trends in the raw data for higher doses - over 30%of those reported as receiving a dose in excess of 15 mSv in 1996 had notional doses for atleast one recording period of the year.

30 Notional doses are used in these circumstances as a precautionary measure to try toensure that dose limits are not exceeded. They are calculated on the basis of the proportion ofthe relevant dose limit for the period concerned. However, they are rarely representative ofthe likely dose received by the employee. For that reason, a dose estimate for the relevantperiod has been substituted for each notional dose by the CIDI statistics programmes whencompiling the data used for this report. Each substitute dose estimate is based on the dosesassessed for that person during the rest of the year concerned. This is a well establishedconvention in the presentation of dose data and it gives a more realistic value for the purposesof analysis.

31 The substitution of notional doses is only applied to the data when they areundergoing statistical analysis. The annual dose summaries reported by ADS(records) andkept on CIDI remain unchanged. These raw data are presented in Table A1 of each CIDIannual statistical summary12-22.

Uncertainties in reported dose

32 Most of the classified persons with records on CIDI were monitored for exposure toexternal photon radiation (gamma rays and X-rays). Some, for example employees who workin nuclear fuel fabrication/reprocessing and non-coal miners, were monitored for radionuclideswhich could be inhaled or ingested into the body. Also, dose assessments were made forcertain individuals who were likely to receive exposure to neutrons.

33 Dose assessment is subject to some uncertainties. The aim is to avoid underestimateswhile making sure that large overestimates do not occur. Dosimetry services approved byHSE for assessing exposure to photon radiation (gamma radiation and X-rays) have toundergo regular performance tests for which pass/fail criteria have been established24,25. Areview of performance test results for 1985-1990 by Clark and others26 showed that forbatches of dosemeters irradiated to doses in the range 1-30 mSv over 90% of ADS obtainedresults within +15% of the nominally true dose (for doses of less than 1mSv the figure was+25%). HSE analysis of more recent performance test data shows that 95% of

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results reported between 1992 and 1996 were within 20% of the nominally true dose.±These results are for single dosemeters and exposure at normal incidence in simple radiationfields. However, uncertainties in measurements made with dosemeters in practical radiationfields are likely to be greater than this: workplace exposures usually cover a range of energiesand classified persons move around in radiation fields, so their dosemeters are likely to beexposed at a range of different angles to the field.

34 Except for the measurement of tritium in urine, there are no comparable performancetests for assessing dose from intakes of radionuclides; the methods of assessment are generallymore complex and the corresponding uncertainties in assessed dose are higher.

35 Occasionally, employees accidentally expose their dosemeters to radiation when theyare not being worn; and sometimes employees forget to wear their dosemeters duringparticular operations. In these circumstances, provided that the problem is reportedimmediately to senior management, arrangements can be made with the ADS(assessment) andthe RPA to estimate the dose the person actually received, rather than recording the doseindicated by the dosemeter. If the employer does not arrange for a dose estimate to be madein these circumstances an incorrect dose will be recorded by ADS(records) for that assessmentperiod in the dose record. IRR85 make special provision for HSE to approve a special entryin the dose record in these cases. The employer is required to carry out an investigation of thecircumstances and seek approval for a special entry in the record from HSE.

36 ADS(records) do not always advise CIDI of the amended annual dose after a specialentry certificate has been issued. Also, some employers fail to apply for special entries despitethe requirement to do so under regulation 13(8) IRR85. Therefore, it is likely that a few ofthe relatively high doses recorded on CIDI each year are gross over-estimates of the actualdose received. It is also possible that some annual doses recorded on CIDI are underestimatesof the doses actually received, if dosemeters are not worn during work with ionising radiation.Although HSE inspectors rarely come across this situation, an exceptional case heard at a fatalaccident enquiry in 1992 showed that this does sometimes occur. In that disturbing case27, anindustrial radiographer was found to have a lifetime dose many times greater the cumulativedose recorded in his dose record. There have also been a few cases where HSE inspectorshave found that employers have not made arrangements with ADS (records) to maintain doserecords for certain employees who are classified persons. Doses for these individuals wouldnot have been reported to CIDI.

Occupational categories

37 Dose summaries reported to CIDI include information about the main type of workundertaken by the individual in that year (occupational category). Classified persons, whomight undertake a range of work on different sites in the year, should be assigned to theoccupational category which accounts for the largest proportion of dose received during theyear. However, it is generally impracticable to distinguish between practices such as siteradiography done at nuclear sites (where contractors may receive some exposure from thefacility itself) and similar work undertaken at chemical plants.

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38 For the purposes of this report the occupational categories used on CIDI have beencombined into larger related groups (annex 1). This makes the presentation of doseinformation more straightforward and, to a large extent, overcomes the difficulties seen insome of the annual statistical summaries of misclassification by employers or ADS(records).Nevertheless, it is important to avoid over interpretation of the data.

ANALYSIS OF CIDI DATA

Numbers of classified persons

39 Figure 1 shows the total number of classified persons over the period 1990-1996.Data are given for all those with reported doses to CIDI in the relevant year and those with areported dose 0.1 mSv (after adjustment for notional doses). ≥ Breakdown by occupational category

40 Figures 2A and 2B give a breakdown of classified persons with a reported dose0.1 mSv by occupational group for 1990 and 1996. Annex 2 Table 2 includes a breakdown≥

for all years in the period 1990 - 1996. Analysis of mean and collective dose

41 Mean doses and collective doses referred to in the text have been rounded to thenearest 0.1 milliSievert (mSv) and 1 manSievert (manSv) respectively. Information is givenfor classified workers with a recorded dose 0.1 mSv (after adjustment for notional doses).≥Collective dose in this case is the sum of all the reported doses for classified persons in thatgroup. Assuming a linear dose-response relationship between dose and risk, collective dosecan be taken as an indication of the total risk to that group.

42 Collective dose in a particular occupational group may decrease without anyimprovement in dose restriction because the number employed in that group has reduced overthe period. Conversely, mean dose may decrease because more employees are designated asclassified persons in that group with no overall improvement in the control of exposure.Therefore the combination of mean dose and collective dose in the same figure is a good wayof examining the overall effect of efforts by employers to restrict exposure over the period1990-1996.

43 Figures 3A and 3B, 5A to 9A and Annex 2 Tables 3 to 15 present mean dose andcollective dose information for different occupational groupings based on reports to CIDI foreach of the years 1990-1996, corrected for notional doses. Figure 3A gives data for allclassified persons while figure 3B excludes non-coal miners. The latter data give a clearerpicture about likely future exposures since the non-coal mine in England which accounted formost recorded doses over 15 mSv in 1996 (resulting from exposure to radon) closed in March1998. Figure 3B can be seen as representative of exposure to artificial sources since no otheroccupational grouping on CIDI includes significant exposure to natural radiation sources.

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Reported doses greater than 5 msv

44 Figures 4A to 9B (and annex 2 Tables 3 to 15) show how reported doses for themost exposed individuals have altered over the same period, after adjustment for notionaldoses. It is presented in terms of the percentage of classified persons in that occupationalgroup who had reported doses exceeding 5mSv, 10mSv, 15mSv or 20mSv.

45 The figures could have shown the numbers of persons with reported doses abovecertain levels (see Tables) but that might have been misleading for some groups where thenumber of individuals employed decreased significantly over the period. By looking at thepercentage of individuals in the group, rather than at absolute numbers, the effect on dosetrends of any downturn in economic activity (and thus a reducing labour force) can beminimised.

46. Figures 14A and 14B show how particular occupational groups accounted for thoseclassified persons with reported doses exceeding 10 mSv in 1990 and 1996.

Other data

47 Figure 13 and Tables 16 and 17 give summaries of neutron doses reported to CIDIand numbers of individuals who exceeded 6 mSv a year.

RESULTS

Numbers of classified persons

48 Figure 1 shows that, overall, there was a reduction of about 20% in the number of allclassified persons from 59 563 to 43 805. It also shows that the number of classified personswith reported dose of at least 0.1 mSv fell over the period 1990-1996 by 35% from 43 805 to28 385, with the most significant change taking place between 1993 and 1996 (24%). Thisreduction probably resulted from a decrease in employment in certain occupational groupingsand a re-assessment by employers of the need for classification after the introduction of theIonising Radiations (Outside Workers) Regulations 1993.

Breakdown by occupational category

49 There were no major changes in the balance of the different groupings over theperiod. Overall, the nuclear sector continued to account for more than 50% of the totalnumber of classified persons over the period. The proportion of classified persons from thenuclear power grouping contracted while the proportion working in nuclear fuel fabricationand reprocessing increased. The smaller sectors, eg medical/dental and academic research andteaching continued to shrink as fewer employees in these sectors were classified by 1996.

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Doses for all classified persons

50 The distribution of reported doses for classified persons for each year of the periodwas heavily skewed towards the low dose end. Therefore, it was not surprising that, ingeneral, mean doses were low: the mean reported dose for all classified persons with anon-zero reported dose in 1996 was 1.3 mSv (0.8 mSv)1, less than 70% of the 1990 figure.

51 Figure 3A shows a continuing downwards trend in both reported mean and collectivedose for classified persons over the whole period, even taking account of uncertainties in doseassessment. Collective dose fell faster than mean dose which was unchanged between 1995and 1996. There was a step change in collective and mean doses between 1990 and 1991(around 30% reduction). The reduction in collective dose from 1991-1996 was 38% with acorresponding 13% decrease in mean dose.

52 Figure 3B excludes non-coal miners, for the reason given in paragraph 43. It showsthat for those exposed to artificial sources there was a 44% reduction in collective dose overthe period 1991 to 1996 and mean dose decreased by 20% over the same period.

53 Figures 4A and 4B show a substantial reduction in the number of classified personswho had a reported annual dose in excess of 15mSv (the principal investigation level) over theseven year period. Again, there was a step change in the year 1990-1991. However, theexclusion of non-coal miners reveals a decrease of about 85% in the numbers exceeding thislevel between 1991-1996 compared with a 20% increase when non-coal miners are included.Figure 4B shows that the downwards trend in those with doses above the investigation levelcontinued throughout the whole seven year period when non-coal miners are excluded fromthe figures - a 95% reduction of the whole period. The number reported as having receivedmore than 20mSv in a year also fell by about the same proportion to 10 individuals, if non-coalminers are excluded, after correction for notional doses.

54 There were also significant reductions in the proportion of classified persons with arecorded dose which exceeded either 10 mSv or 5 mSv.

55 Taken together, these figures show clearly that the most highly exposed groups ofworkers now form a very small proportion of the total number of classified persons with areported dose of at least 0.1 mSv, except for non-coal miners.

56 There was no particular pattern to the numbers of classified persons reported ashaving a recorded dose in excess of the annual whole-body dose limit of 50mSv in a year.Typically there are now around six persons a year with a recorded dose in excess of the doselimit, most being industrial radiographers. As explained in paragraph 33, a few of thesereported doses may be over-estimates of the dose actually received. HSE investigationssuggest that individuals who did have recorded doses of this magnitude were almost alwaysinvolved in incidents or occurrences and did not receive these doses as a result of any plannedexposure.

1 The figure in brackets includes classified persons with a reported dose less than 0.1 mSv

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Neutron doses

57 Neutron doses were reported to CIDI for groups other than those in the nuclearsector, eg site radiography, radiation protection, offshore work and research and teaching. Itis likely in the first two examples that most of the exposure to neutrons arose from work onnuclear licensed sites. Although updated neutron data on CIDI has been given in this reportbecause previously published CIDI data was incomplete (see paragraph 19) there still seems tobe a disparity between the data for 1990 and that for 1991. Figure 13 reveals a substantialreduction in collective and mean doses from neutrons and annex 2 shows a 20% reduction inthe numbers of persons being monitored for neutrons over that period. Overall, the numbersof classified persons being monitored for neutrons appears to have fallen by 60% from 29 619to 12 053 over the whole seven year period. It is not clear why this change had occurred,although mean doses from neutrons were fairly low at around 0.5 mSv from 1991-1996.Also, few persons had reported neutron doses in excess of 5 mSv a year in any year of theperiod (see Table 13).

Doses for classified persons in particular groups

58 In terms of collective dose, it is clear that the two nuclear groupings accounted forthe largest proportion (over 50%). Also, the greatest number of classified persons with dosesabove 5 mSv a year came from these groups. The next largest group comprised those in thegeneral industrial grouping; this group together with the industrial radiography group andnon-coal miners also had significant collective doses. Figure 14 shows the relative success ofemployers from particular industrial groups in reducing the numbers of persons with recordeddoses > 10 mSv a year over the period 1990-1996. In 1990 the nuclear sector as a wholeaccounted for over 70% of these persons. By 1996 this sector was responsible for only 25%of such persons; the non-coal mining group accounted for 60% of the total in that year.Industrial radiographers were the only other important group with a significant number ofclassified persons receiving > 10 mSv a year.

59 In general, classified persons in the different occupational groups tended to followthe overall trends for classified persons as a whole, although the mean dose for nuclear powertended to increase slightly in the later years of the period. As in the first Trends Report, whichcovered the period 1986-1991, the two key exceptions were industrial radiography andnon-coal mining. In the case of the first group, many classified employees had recorded dosesof less than 0.1 mSv and over the seven year period there was a noticeable reduction incollective dose. But, the mean dose for industrial radiography hardly altered over the period1990-1996. A few individuals still had recorded doses in excess of the investigation level(nine in 1996 after corrections for notional doses). Further improvement should be possible.Nevertheless, it is the non-coal mining group that stands out, dominating trends in mean doseand doses in the higher dose bands (Figures 9A and 9B). The closure of the non-coal minewhich accounted for most doses over 15 mSv should have a dramatic effect on dose trendsfor this group in future years (see paragraph 43).

60 The number of classified persons employed in some groupings is now so small that itis difficult to identify any meaningful trends. However, it was notable that the mean doses fortransport workers showed a noticeable blip for 1993-1995. One reason for this was the

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consistently poor performance of one company involved with the handling and transport ofradioactive materials at an airport; HSE took enforcement action in that case.

CONCLUSIONS

61 For classified persons as a whole the data on CIDI suggest that, in general, employershave continued with the successful reduction of exposures reported in the first CIDI TrendsReport, which covered the period 1986-1991. The improvements in the nuclear sector areparticularly noticeable. When the special case of non-coal miners was excluded, the number ofclassified persons exceeding the investigation level by 1996 fell to a modest 17 (aftercorrection for notional doses), compared with the 1986 figure of 1 911 (the first operationalyear of IRR85). The corresponding number exceeding 20 mSv a year, the average dose limitestablished under the revised Basic Safety Standards Directive5, was 10 in the last year of theperiod.

62 The principal exception to this improving picture was the non-coal mining group.However, the closure of the non-coal mine which accounted for most of those with doses inexcess of 15 mSv a year is expected to have a major impact on the adverse dose trends seenfor 1990-1996 for this group. Although significant improvements in the industrial radiographygroup were recorded for collective dose and numbers of persons above the IRR85investigation level there is still work to do to improve the control of exposure; the enhancedHSE enforcement strategy for this sector, which was mentioned in the first dose trends report,remains relevant.

63 Problems with interpretation of CIDI occupational categories - and the difficulty ofdetermining whether or not doses in certain occupational groups were associated with aparticular type of site - suggest that the grouping and definition of these categories should beimproved in any future upgrading of CIDI.

Acknowledgement

64 HSE wishes to acknowledge to the work of Mrs K Buckley, of the HSE CIDI officeat NRPB, for the preparation of the statistics on which this report is based.

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REFERENCES

1 Statutory Instrument SI No 1333, 1985. The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985HMSO.

2 Occupational Exposure to Ionising Radiation 1986-1991. Analysis of doses reportedto HSE's Central Index of Dose Information. HSE London 1993.

3 European Communities Council Directive of 15 July 1980, 80/836/Euratom, layingdown the basic safety standards for the health protection of the general public and workersagainst the dangers of ionising radiation.

4 European Communities Council Directive of 3 September 1984, 84/467/Euratom,amending Directive 80/836/Euratom as regards the basic safety standards for the healthprotection of the general public and workers against the dangers of ionising radiation.

5 European Union Council Directive of 29 June 1996, 96/29/Euratom, laying down thebasic safety standards for the health protection of the general public and workers against thedangers of ionising radiation.

6 HSC Protection of persons against ionising radiation arising from any workactivity, Approved Code of Practice, Parts 1 and 2 COP 16 ISBN 0-7176-0508-6.

7 HSC Exposure to Radon, Approved Code of Practice, Part 3 COP 23 ISBN0-11-883978-0.

8 HSE A Framework for the restriction of occupational exposure to ionising radiationHS(G) 91 ISBN 0-11-886324-X.

9 HSC Dose limitation - restriction of exposure: Additional guidance on regulation 6of the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 Approved Code of Practice, Part 4 L7 ISBN0-11-885605-7.

10 Kendall, G M, Greenslade, E, and Young, T O. Report of the Working Party on theCentral Index of Dose Information. Chilton NRPB-M92 (1983)

11 Greenslade E, Kendall G M, Iles W J, Gardner P H and Young, T O. Reference manualfor data transfer to the Central Index of Dose Information. NRPB-M176 (1989)

12 Central Index of Dose Information, Summary of Statistics for 1986. Chilton, NRPB1991.



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15 Central Index of Dose Information, Summary of Statistics for 1989. HSE 1993.








23 Statutory Instrument SI No 2379, 1993. The Ionising Radiations (Outside Workers)Regulations 1993 HMSO.

24 HSE Guidance on the Approval of Dosimetry Services under the Ionising RadiationsRegulations 1985. London 1985.

25 HSE Requirements for the Approval of Dosimetry Services under the IonisingRadiations Regulations 1985, Part 3 - Co-ordination and Record-keeping. London revised1996.

26 Clark M J, Burgess P H ,Young T O and Gray R C Performance tests on dosimetryservices in Great Britain. Journal of Radiological Protection 1991 Vol. 11 No2 117-126.

27 Lloyd D C et al Death of a classified worker probably caused by overexposure togamma radiation 1994. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol.51 713-718.

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010203040506070

Thousands

Yea

r

Number of persons

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

All

clas

sifie

d pe

rson

sC

lass

ified

per

sons

with

a n

on-z

ero

dose

Fig

1 -

Num

bers

of c

lass

ified

per

sons

on

CID

I

Nuclear Power (32.9%)

Nuclear Fuel Fabrication/reprocess (18.1%)

Nuclear decommissioning (1.0%)

Nuclear other (0.7%)

Radiation Protection (5.9%)

Waste Treatment (2.9%)

General Industry (18.4%)

Industrial radiography (6.4%)

Non-coal mining (0.6%)

Medical/dental (1.0%)

Transport (0.4%)

Academic (1.1%)

Other (10.5%)

Fig 2A Classified persons by category - 1990 (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)


Nuclear Fuel Fabrication/reprocess (23.5%)

Nuclear decommissioning (1.1%)

Nuclear other (1.1%)

Radiation Protection (6.0%)

Waste Treatment (3.9%)

General Industry (15.7%)



Medical/dental (0.4%)

Transport (0.4%)

Academic (0.5%)

Other (12.9%)

Fig 2B Classified persons by category - 1996 (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Collective Dose Mean Dose

Fig 3A Collective and Mean Doses for classified persons(excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

mill

isie

vert

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Collective dose - artificial Mean Dose - artificial

Fig 3B Collective and Mean Doses for classified persons(excluding non-coal miners and classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv))

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Year

Num

ber

of p

erso

ns

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Dose >5mSv Dose >10mSv Dose >15mSv Dose >20mSv

Figure 4A Number of classified persons exceeding certain levels of dose

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

Year

Num

ber

of p

erso

ns

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Dose >5mSv Dose >10mSv Dose >15mSv Dose >20 mSv

Fig 4B Number of classified persons exceeding certain levels of dose(excluding non-coal miners)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 5A Nuclear Power - Collective Dose and Mean Dose (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose of less than 0.1 mSv)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Year

Per

cent

age

of c

lass

ified

per

sons

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 5B Nuclear Power - % above certain dose levels (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose of less than 0.1 mSv)

1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 6A Nuclear Fuel fabrication/reprocessing - Collective Dose and Mean Dose (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose of less than 0.1 mSv)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Year

Per

cent

age

of c

lass

ified

per

sons

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Dose >5mSv Dose >10mSv Dose >15msv Dose >20msv

Fig 6B Nuclear Fuel fabrication/Reprocessing - % above certain dose levels (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose of less than 0.1 mSv)

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

mill

isie

vert

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Figure 7A General Industrial Activities - Collective Dose and Mean Dose(excluding industrial radiographers and classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

1

2

3

4

5

Year

Per

cent

age

of c

lass

ified

per

sons

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

>5mSv >10mSv >15mSv >20mSV

Fig 7B General Industrial Activities - % above certain dose levels(excluding industrial radiogarphers and classified persons with a recorded dose below 0.1 mSv)

1

0

1

2

3

4

5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 8A Industrial Radiography - Collective Dose and Mean Dose (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose of less than 0.1 mSv)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Year

Per

cent

age

of c

lass

ified

per

sons

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 8B Industrial Radiography - % above certain dose levels (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0

5

10

15

20

25

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 9A Non-coal mining - Collective and Mean Dose (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose of less than 0.1 mSv)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Year

Per

cent

age

of c

lass

fied

pers

ons

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 9B Non-coal mining - % above certain dose levels (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

Collective dose Mean dose

Fig 10 Medical and Dental - Collective Dose and Mean Dose(excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 11 Transport - Collective Dose and Mean Dose (excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 12 Academic research and teaching - Collective Dose and Mean Dose(excluding classified persons with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

0

1

2

3

4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Year

man

Sie

vert

s

mill

isie

vert

s

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996


Fig 13 Exposure to neutrons - Collective Dose and Mean Doses(excluding classified persons with a reported neutron dose of less than 0.1 mSv)

1


Nuclear Fuel fab/reprocess (32.7%)

Nuclear Ind. misc (1%)

Radiation protection (2.4%)

Waste treatment (3.2%)

General industry (4.7%)



Medical/Dental (0.6%)

Transport (0.2%)

Academic (0.4%)

Other (2.6%)

Fig 14A Reported doses > 10 mSv by occupational grouping - 1990 (Total number with reported doses > 10 mSv + 1681)


Nuclear Fuel fab/reprocess (19.5%)

Nuclear Ind. misc (0.6%)

Radiation protection (0.3%)

Waste treatment (0.3%)

General industry (0.3%)



Medical/Dental (0%)

Transport (0.6%)

Academic (0%)

Other (3.7%)

Fig 14B Reported doses > 10mSv by occupational grouping - 1996 (Total number of classified persons with doses > 10 mSv = 328)

1

Annex 1OCCUPATIONAL GROUPINGS PRESENTED IN THIS REPORT

Occupational grouping CIDI occupational category

All classified persons All occupational categories

Nuclear power Nuclear reactor operations Nuclear reactor maintenance

Nuclear fuel Nuclear fuel fabrication Nuclear fuel reprocessing

General industrial Application and servicing activities of machines producingionising radiation Application and manipulation of radioactive substances Luminising Industrial research/teaching Other industrial applications

Industrial radiography Industrial radiography using permanent installationsIndustrial Radiography on site or works of engineeringconstruction

Non-coal mining Mining minerals other than coal - underground workers

Medical Medical application-doctors Medical application-nurses Medical application-radiographers Medical application-physicists and techniciansMedical application -otherDental work

Transport Transport of radioactive sources

Academic Academic research and teaching

Radiation Protection Radiation Protection

Waste management Waste management

Nuclear Industry Misc. Nuclear decommissioningNuclear other

Other Mining coal - surface and undergroundOffshore work activitiesOnshore drillingQuarryingVeterinary workNot assigned elsewhere

26

Annex 2

Tables covering whole body doses for the period 1990-1996

27

Table 13Dose information for classified persons (except those with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv) - Radiation Protection

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996Collective Dose in man Sv 4.2 3 2.8 2.7 2.8 1.9 1.9Mean dose in mSv 1.6(1.3) 1.2(1.0) 1.2(1.0) 1.3(1.0) 1.3(1.1) 1.1(0.8) 1.1(0.8)No. with doses >5 mSv 189 102 116 108 109 74 67No. with doses >10 mSv 41 17 22 12 12 2 1No. with doses >15 mSv 8 1 0 1 0 1 1No. with doses >20 mSv 1 0 0 0 0 1 1Figure in brackets is mean dose for all classified persons * Doses rounded to one decimal place

Table 14Dose information for classified persons (except those with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv) - Waste Treatment

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996Collective Dose in man Sv 3.1 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.5 0.8 0.8Mean dose in mSv 2.4(2.1) 1.6(1.3) 1.2(1.0) 1.0(0.9) 1.2(1.0) 0.8(0.6) 0.7(0.6)No. with doses >5 mSv 154 76 44 31 20 14 6No. with doses >10 mSv 53 16 7 8 6 1 1No. with doses >15 mSv 16 0 0 0 3 0 0No. with doses >20 mSv 5 0 0 0 1 0 0Figure in brackets is mean dose for all classified persons * Doses rounded to one decimal place

Table 15Dose information for classified persons (except those with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv) - Nuclear Industry Misc.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996Collective Dose in man Sv 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.6Mean dose in mSv 1.9(1.6) 1.6(1.3) 1.4(1.0) 1.2(0.8) 1.0(0.5) 0.9(0.5) 1.0(0.4)No. with doses >5 mSv 72 34 36 23 21 26 22No. with doses >10 mSv 18 7 1 6 5 3 2No. with doses >15 mSv 3 0 1 0 0 1 2No. with doses >20 mSv 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Figure in brackets is mean dose for all classified persons * Doses rounded to one decimal place

Table 16Neutron doses (except for those with a recorded dose less than 0.1 mSv)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996Collective Dose in man Sv 3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4Mean Dose in mSv 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7

Table 17Dose information for classified persons - number with doses > 6 mSv a year

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996Number > 6 mSv 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Annex 3

Tables covering neutron doses for the period 1990-1996

31

Dis

trib

utio

n of

ED

E +

CE

DE

by

dose

inte

rval

plu

s co

llect

ive

and

mea

n do

se fo

r ye

ar 1

990

(pro

-rat

a su

bstit

utio

n fo

r no

tiona

l dos

es)

00.

11.

15.

110

.115

.120

.130

.150

.1T

otal

Col

lM

ean

01

510

1520

3050

wor

kers

dose

dose

Indu

st r

adio

g pe

rm.1

273

974

156

4212

64

12

2470

1488

0.6

Indu

st r

adio

g si

te11

6612

6425

647

2311

93

127

8023

450.

8R

eact

or o

pera

tions

784

3640

1460

403

190

3633

10

6547

1156

31.

8R

eact

or m

aint

enan

ce248

454

5721

5966

925

282

420

011

145

1730

71.

6F

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abric

atio

n13

711

7716

0941

391

10

00

3428

8511

2.5

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l rep

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g26

421

2614

5560

135

695

60

149

0415

558

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Was

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190

644

494

101

3711

31

114

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prot

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214

6493

514

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71

00

3350

4234

1.3

App

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3939

67

00

00

2818

453

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App

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1446

1291

398

173

474

20

033

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161

Tra

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3311

739

332

01

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431

1.9

Offs

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413

01

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480

109

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10

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213

5942

7057

347

228

635

7712

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00

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12

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339

340.

1M

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doc

tors

1735

216

30

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1.8

Med

ical

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9M

edic

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grap

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128

163

00

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020

810

60.

5M

edic

al p

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cs48

278

00

00

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8332

0.4

Med

ical

- o

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167

105

43

30

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313

60.

5Q

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44

00

00

00

08

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1A

cade

mic

res

+ tc

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242

726

11

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00

1382

280

0.2

Indu

str

res

+ tc

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1191

2782

593

567

63

00

4638

2792

0.6

Nuc

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5915

614

77

31

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61.

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122

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610

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Tot

al w

orke

rs15

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2735

911

786

2979

1193

326

141

147

5956

383

843

1.4

% in

eac

h do

se in

terv

al26

.545

.919

.85

20.

50.

20

0

Dis

trib

utio

n of

ED

E +

CE

DE

by

dose

inte

rval

plu

s co

llect

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and

mea

n do

se fo

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991

(pro

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es)

00.

11.

15.

110

.115

.120

.130

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.1T

otal

Col

lM

ean

01

510

1520

3050

wor

kers

dose

dose

Indu

st r

adio

g pe

rm.1

247

826

173

3411

133

24

2313

1743

0.8

Indu

st r

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g si

te13

1311

7426

685

2113

74

228

8527

080.

9R

eact

or o

pera

tions

871

3738

1211

378

716

20

062

7781

861.

3R

eact

or m

aint

enan

ce309

450

7419

2657

976

10

01

1075

111

459

1.1

Fue

l fab

ricat

ion

189

1787

1429

224

261

00

036

5663

061.

7F

uel r

epro

cess

ing

688

2456

1241

555

169

100

00

5119

1023

42

Was

te tr

eatm

ent

266

711

408

6016

00

00

1461

1874

1.3

Rad

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n pr

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tion

661

1655

688

8516

10

00

3106

3048

1A

pplic

+ s

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1776

854

456

50

00

026

8640

30.

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+ m

anip

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2812

1535

712

310

210

00

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2534

0.8

Tra

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6677

527

10

00

020

321

51.

1O

ffsho

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329

238

141

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Med

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4523

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190.

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141

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Aca

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.973

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270

30

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0622

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dust

r re

s +

tchg

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7621

3331

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650.

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1%

in e

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inte

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30.2

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174

0.9

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0.1

00

Dis

trib

utio

n of

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E +

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DE

by

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inte

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s co

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and

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se fo

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(pro

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00.

11.

15.

110

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otal

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1520

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kers

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dose

Indu

st r

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g pe

rm.1

091

732

168

3111

55

12

2046

1721

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Indu

st r

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965

214

13

129

4223

910.

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827

3947

1084

291

370

00

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8665

401.

1R

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851

0118

1659

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10

1026

811

112

1.1

Fue

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1898

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Rad

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114

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144

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ffsho

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Ons

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Coa

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Med

ical

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2.2

Med

ical

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edic

al -

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er99

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10

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122

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182

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Indu

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res

+ tc

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353

00

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Nuc

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9318

415

911

00

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742

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Oth

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rial

1170

1337

180

181

00

00

2706

1010

0.4

Oth

ers

1453

3005

1276

147

273

00

159

1254

260.

9N

ucle

ar d

ecom

mis

sion14

621

915

824

01

00

054

859

81.

1T

otal

wor

kers

1769

927

205

9330

2376

528

9432

84

5727

658

550

1%

in e

ach

dose

inte

rval

30.9

47.5

16.3

4.1

0.9

0.2

0.1

00

Dis

trib

utio

n of

ED

E +

CE

DE

by

dose

inte

rval

plu

s co

llect

ive

and

mea

n do

se fo

r ye

ar 1

993

(pro

-rat

a su

bstit

utio

n fo

r no

tiona

l dos

es)

00.

11.

15.

110

.115

.120

.130

.150

.1T

otal

Col

lM

ean

01

510

1520

3050

wor

kers

dose

dose

Indu

st r

adio

g pe

rm.1

223

469

115

267

14

11

1847

1040

0.6

Indu

st r

adio

g si

te14

6810

6622

454

157

63

028

4318

040.

6R

eact

or o

pera

tions

1109

3492

982

347

50

00

059

3560

561

Rea

ctor

mai

nten

ance2

630

5021

1817

409

449

80

099

3810

152

1F

uel f

abric

atio

n53

118

7611

3417

03

00

00

3714

4682

1.3

Fue

l rep

roce

ssin

g78

329

0311

7953

614

34

11

055

5099

761.

8W

aste

trea

tmen

t24

291

735

423

80

00

015

4413

400.

9R

adia

tion

prot

ectio

n64

414

4463

196

111

00

028

2727

451

App

lic +

ser

vici

ng17

2537

662

160

00

00

2179

381

0.2

App

lic +

man

ip.

1346

1010

299

9610

00

00

2761

1914

0.7

Tra

nspo

rt w

ork

6068

236

11

10

016

016

31

Offs

hore

wor

k48

818

55

00

00

00

678

590.

1O

nsho

re d

rillin

g39

110

00

00

00

503

0.1

Coa

l min

ing

surf

ace

80

00

00

00

08

00

Oth

er m

inin

g un

dgrd

.1

715

2850

4229

80

180

2588

14.4

Den

tal w

ork

835

40

00

00

047

250.

5V

eter

inar

y w

ork

246

310

00

00

00

277

60

Med

ical

- d

octo

rs24

4117

13

10

00

8711

11.

3M

edic

al -

nur

ses

49

193

10

00

036

832.

3M

edic

al r

adio

grap

hy67

625

00

00

00

134

330.

2M

edic

al p

hysi

cs39

142

00

00

00

5510

0.2

Med

ical

- o

ther

114

394

20

00

00

159

280.

2Q

uarr

ying

20

10

00

00

03

10.

4A

cade

mic

res

+ tc

hg.91

619

417

62

10

00

1136

183

0.2

Indu

str

res

+ tc

hg.

1895

1824

189

190

01

00

3928

1087

0.3

Nuc

lear

ind

- ot

her

119

216

130

21

00

00

468

333

0.7

Oth

er in

dust

rial

1325

1241

151

130

00

00

2730

811

0.3

Oth

ers

2186

3438

1155

129

201

00

069

2948

480.

7N

ucle

ar d

ecom

mis

sion19

621

714

015

50

00

057

354

10.

9T

otal

wor

kers

1943

826

206

8674

1997

329

6850

131

5677

651

004

0.9

% in

eac

h do

se in

terv

al34

.246

.215

.33.

50.

60.

10.

10

0

Dis

trib

utio

n of

ED

E +

CE

DE

by

dose

inte

rval

plu

s co

llect

ive

and

mea

n do

se fo

r ye

ar 1

994

(pro

-rat

a su

bstit

utio

n fo

r no

tiona

l dos

es)

00.

11.

15.

110

.115

.120

.130

.150

.1T

otal

Col

lM

ean

01

510

1520

3050

wor

kers

dose

dose

Indu

st r

adio

g pe

rm.1

045

517

123

186

44

11

1719

918

0.5

Indu

st r

adio

g si

te13

5010

2522

136

1910

63

026

7017

250.

6R

eact

or o

pera

tions

947

3317

920

268

70

00

054

5954

801

Rea

ctor

mai

nten

ance2

782

4820

1329

303

140

00

092

4872

460.

8F

uel f

abric

atio

n44

618

9510

7410

21

00

00

3518

3906

1.1

Fue

l rep

roce

ssin

g54

823

9917

9258

616

11

13

054

9111

566

2.1

Was

te tr

eatm

ent

293

717

506

143

21

00

1536

1515

1R

adia

tion

prot

ectio

n54

613

1866

697

120

00

026

3927

891.

1A

pplic

+ s

ervi

cing

1352

427

4118

00

00

018

3837

20.

2A

pplic

+ m

anip

.10

8190

725

590

70

00

023

4016

820.

7T

rans

port

wor

k49

6316

42

02

10

137

198

1.4

Offs

hore

wor

k36

716

631

234

00

00

591

345

0.6

Ons

hore

dril

ling

4112

31

00

00

057

220.

4C

oal m

inin

g su

rfac

e4

40

00

00

00

81

0.1

Oth

er m

inin

g un

dgrd

.13

013

3347

3085

250

246

4365

17.7

Den

tal w

ork

1143

20

00

00

056

220.

4V

eter

inar

y w

ork

202

410

00

00

00

243

60

Med

ical

- d

octo

rs27

458

21

00

00

8357

0.7

Med

ical

- n

urse

s2

710

10

00

00

2031

1.6

Med

ical

rad

iogr

aphy

6062

70

00

00

012

934

0.3

Med

ical

phy

sics

2512

20

00

00

039

90.

2M

edic

al -

oth

er98

372

20

00

00

139

270.

2Q

uarr

ying

24

00

00

00

06

10.

2A

cade

mic

res

+ tc

hg.87

914

924

03

31

00

1059

197

0.2

Indu

str

res

+ tc

hg.

1828

1627

124

100

00

00

3589

784

0.2

Nuc

lear

ind

- ot

her

302

225

351

00

00

056

315

90.

3O

ther

indu

stria

l13

0611

8912

95

00

00

026

2971

00.

3O

ther

s24

3927

2714

3579

90

00

066

8943

400.

6N

ucle

ar d

ecom

mis

sion30

018

396

155

00

00

599

452

0.8

Tot

al w

orke

rs18

345

2393

888

6417

0830

150

100

331

5334

048

958

0.9

% in

eac

h do

se in

terv

al34

.444

.916

.63.

20.

60.

10.

20.

10

Dis

trib

utio

n of

ED

E +

CE

DE

by

dose

inte

rval

plu

s co

llect

ive

and

mea

n do

se fo

r ye

ar 1

995

(pro

-rat

a su

bstit

utio

n fo

r no

tiona

l dos

es)

00.

11.

15.

110

.115

.120

.130

.150

.1T

otal

Col

lM

ean

01

510

1520

3050

wor

kers

dose

dose

Indu

st r

adio

g pe

rm.1

006

401

9017

51

10

215

2378

90.

5In

dust

rad

iog

site

1446

837

254

397

44

22

2595

1601

0.6

Rea

ctor

ope

ratio

ns95

725

1868

423

74

00

00

4400

4159

0.9

Rea

ctor

mai

nten

ance3

012

4214

1211

340

110

10

087

8967

240.

8F

uel f

abric

atio

n48

917

9384

833

00

00

031

6327

940.

9F

uel r

epro

cess

ing

1180

2593

1043

323

931

00

252

3571

891.

4W

aste

trea

tmen

t44

178

320

413

10

00

014

4280

20.

6R

adia

tion

prot

ectio

n61

612

9037

672

10

00

123

5618

660.

8A

pplic

+ s

ervi

cing

1259

269

2714

00

01

015

7028

90.

2A

pplic

+ m

anip

.85

965

124

884

30

00

018

4515

180.

8T

rans

port

wor

k46

698

127

00

00

142

205

1.4

Offs

hore

wor

k35

527

741

00

00

00

673

186

0.3

Ons

hore

dril

ling

5212

20

10

00

067

210.

3C

oal m

inin

g su

rfac

e2

00

00

00

00

20

0O

ther

min

ing

undg

rd.

11

1739

5025

5575

026

357

5921

.9D

enta

l wor

k8

22

00

00

00

124

0.3

Vet

erin

ary

wor

k19

043

10

00

00

023

49

0M

edic

al -

doc

tors

3130

72

10

00

071

510.

7M

edic

al -

nur

ses

05

80

10

00

014

302.

1M

edic

al r

adio

grap

hy28

234

10

00

00

5620

0.4

Med

ical

phy

sics

1319

30

00

00

035

140.

4M

edic

al -

oth

er81

284

00

00

00

113

210.

2Q

uarr

ying

33

00

00

00

06

10.

1A

cade

mic

res

+ tc

hg.72

317

116

53

00

00

918

147

0.2

Indu

str

res

+ tc

hg.

1428

1754

173

80

00

00

3363

950

0.3

Nuc

lear

ind

- ot

her

237

364

485

00

10

065

524

50.

4O

ther

indu

stria

l12

7411

4411

68

00

00

025

4264

60.

3O

ther

s24

6931

0543

676

01

00

060

8725

300.

4N

ucle

ar d

ecom

mis

sion29

622

084

182

00

00

620

434

0.7

Tot

al w

orke

rs18

502

2261

959

5513

4619

032

6278

748

791

3900

10.

8%

in e

ach

dose

inte

rval

37.9

46.4

12.2

2.8

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.2

0

Dis

trib

utio

n of

ED

E +

CE

DE

by

dose

inte

rval

plu

s co

llect

ive

and

mea

n do

se fo

r ye

ar 1

996

(pro

-rat

a su

bstit

utio

n fo

r no

tiona

l dos

es)

00.

11.

15.

110

.115

.120

.130

.150

.1T

otal

Col

lM

ean

01

510

1520

3050

wor

kers

dose

dose

Indu

st r

adio

g pe

rm.

969

356

8420

50

10

314

3893

10.

6In

dust

rad

iog

site

1485

701

268

4314

30

02

2516

1526

0.6

Rea

ctor

ope

ratio

ns98

122

2565

419

36

10

00

4060

3837

0.9

Rea

ctor

mai

nten

ance3

546

3523

1193

279

110

00

085

5260

920.

7F

uel f

abric

atio

n60

615

5676

720

00

00

029

4923

960.

8F

uel r

epro

cess

ing

759

2711

1233

311

621

00

150

7877

561.

5W

aste

trea

tmen

t26

088

421

95

10

00

013

6979

80.

6R

adia

tion

prot

ectio

n50

112

2640

966

00

01

022

0318

550.

8A

pplic

+ s

ervi

cing

1255

190

2715

00

00

014

8721

90.

1A

pplic

+ m

anip

.81

068

121

872

00

01

017

8212

800.

7T

rans

port

wor

k46

8010

82

00

00

146

134

0.9

Offs

hore

wor

k33

720

417

34

00

01

071

953

30.

7O

nsho

re d

rillin

g60

51

00

00

00

663

0.1

Coa

l min

ing

surf

ace

01

00

00

00

01

00.

2O

ther

min

ing

undg

rd.

15

1422

3344

101

210

239

4664

19.5

Den

tal w

ork

71

10

00

00

09

20.

2V

eter

inar

y w

ork

204

201

00

00

00

225

60

Med

ical

- d

octo

rs15

371

20

00

00

5531

0.6

Med

ical

- n

urse

s7

33

10

00

00

1417

1.2

Med

ical

rad

iogr

aphy

2322

30

00

00

048

160.

3M

edic

al p

hysi

cs10

212

00

00

00

3314

0.4

Med

ical

- o

ther

7024

31

00

00

098

210.

2Q

uarr

ying

44

00

00

00

08

10.

2A

cade

mic

res

+ tc

hg.74

714

011

40

00

00

902

880.

1In

dust

r re

s +

tchg

.89

518

4715

46

00

00

029

0285

20.

3N

ucle

ar in

d -

othe

r50

726

735

41

00

00

814

201

0.2

Oth

er in

dust

rial

1154

1097

123

170

00

00

2391

704

0.3

Oth

ers

2797

2795

358

749

20

00

6035

2389

0.4

Nuc

lear

dec

omm

issi

on365

201

8216

10

00

066

540

00.

6T

otal

wor

kers

1842

120

827

6047

1183

145

5110

224

646

806

3676

30.

8%

in e

ach

dose

inte

rval

39.4

44.5

12.9

2.5

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.1

0

Documents

A nalysis of doses reported to the Health and Safety ... · 4 IRR85 largely implement the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) Directive 80/836/Euratom 3 (as amended by Council Directive