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899 58THE LITERATURE OF STIRLING ENGINES

G. Walker, O.R. F a u v e l , G Reader

Department of Mechanica l Enginee r ingThe Unive rs i ty of Ca lg ary

Cal ga ry, A lb er ta , Canada, T2N 1N4ABSTRACT

The ren iss nce o f t h e S t i r l i n g e n g i n e b eg an h a l fa c e n t u r y a go a nd h a s r e s u l t e d i n a n e x t e n s i v el i t e r a t u r e .T h i s p a pe r r e v ie w s t h e p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e s o f i n f o r -m a t i on , t h e c o r e l i t e r a t u r e a nd , f o r t h o s e new t ot h e s u b j e c t , p r o v i d e s gu i d an c e r e g a r d i n g a v a i l -a b i l i t y an d access t o t h e d a t a .

1 I n t r o d u c t i o nS t i r l i n g e n g i n es h av e a l o n g h i s t o r y g o i n g b a ck t ot h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 1 9 t h C e n t ur y . T h e r e a r emany d i f f e r e n t t y p e s a n d u n t i l q u i t e r e c e n t l y t h e ywere simply known as a i r e n g i n e s , o r h o t a i r en-g in es wi th sometimes, th e name of t he inv entor ord e v e lo p e r a t t a c h e d , i . e . H e i n r i c i a i r e n g i n e ,Robinson a i r e n g i n e .T he g e n e r i c name S t i r l i n g e n g i n e was f i r s t u sedi n t h e e a r l y 1 9 5 0 's by D r . Rolf Meijer of thePh i l i ps Research Labor a tor i es , E indhoven, Hol landt o c l a s s if y a p a r t i c u l a r t y pe of a i r e n g i n eo p e r a t i n g o n a c l o s e d r e g e n e r a t i v e t he rm o dy na m icc y c l e wh er e t h e f l u i d f l ow i s c o n t r o l l e d b yv a l v e s . A t t h e t i m e , P h i l i p s were d e v e l o p i n gS t i r l i n g e n g i n e s w i t h h e l iu m a n d h y dr o ge n w o r ki n gf l u i d a nd i t w a s n o l o ng e r a p p r op r i a t e t o r e f e r t oh o t a i r e n g in e s .' P h i l i p s h o t g a s e n gi n e' d i d n o t g a i n p u b l i ca c c e p t a n c e an d S t i r l i n g e n g i n e h a s p a s s ed i n t o ge n-e r a l usage .R ob er t S t i r l i n g was a M i n i s t e r i n t h e C h ur ch ofS c o t l a n d w he n, i n 1 81 5 , h e p a t e n t e d h i s v a l v e l e s s ,e x t e r n a l c o mb u st i on e n g i n e i n c o r p o r a t i n g a regen-e r a t i v e h e a t e x ch a ng e r. H e c o o p e ra t e d w it h h i sb r o t h e r James, a n e n g i n e e r , i n t h e e n g i n e d ev e l o p-ment . Al though engines made by the S t i r l i ngb r o t h e r s were n o t c o m m e r c ia l l y s u c c e s s f u l s i m i l a rengines made by o th ers were used i n la rg e numbersu p t o t h e F i r s t W o rl d War. L i k e t h e r e c i p r o c a t i n gsteam e n g i n e t h e y w e re s u p p l a n t e d by t h e i n t e r n a lc o mb u st io n e n g i n e a n d e l e c t r i c m o t o r s .F o ll o wi n g M e i j e r ' s a d o p t i o n of S t i r l i n g e n g in e t od e s c r i b e t h e v a l v e l e s s e n g i ne T he od or F i n k e l s t e i nproposed use of th e name Er ics son engine t o c las -s i f y a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c l a s s o f e x t e r n a l c om bu s-t i o n r e g e n e r a ti v e a i r engine where the f low i sc o n t r o l l e d by v a l v e s . E r i c s s o n e n g i n e s a r e l e s s

The a l t e r n a t i v e a p p e l l a t i o n

w e l l known bu t, f o r example, th e Gifford-McMahoncry oco ole r and th e Vannevar Bush thermocompressora r e o f t h e E r i c s s o n g e n r e .The mo st e x t e n s i v e b i b l i o g ra p h y o f t h e l i t e r a t u r eo f a i r e n g i ne s a nd t h e n S t i r l i n g e n g in e s w a s as-sembled and publ ishe d by D r W i l l i a m Mart in i (1978) .M a r t i n i w a s a S t i r l i n g e n gi n e s p e c i a l i s t a ndc o l l e c t e d a c op y o f mo s t o f t h e e n t r i e s i n h i sb i b l i o g r a p h y . H e m ad e a v a i l a b l e t o a n yo n e, a tn o m i n a l c o s t , a copy of a n y o f t h e items i n h i sc o l l e c t o n .Fol lowing h i s dea th h i s widow, M r s E l a i n e M a r t i n i ,d o na t ed t h i s r e m ar k ab l e c o l l e c t i o n o f S t i r l i n gm e m o ra b i l ia t o t h e p e o p l e o f t h e U n i te d S t a t e s .I t i s p r e s e n t l y i n t h e c u s t od y o f t h e B a t t e l l eNorthwes t Labora t or ies , Rich land , Washington ands u p e r v i s e d b y M r Brad Ross, a p r o t e g e o f M a r t i n i .I n 1 97 8 M a r t i n i f ou nd ed t h e p e r i o d i c a l p u b l i c a t i o n' Th e S t i r l i n g E ng i ne Newsletter' i s s u e d f o u r timesa year and conta in ing much va luable i n form at ionabout contemporary i s su es and deve lopments a f fe c t -i n g S t i r l i n g e n g in e s .items o f S t i r l i n g p a r a p h e rn a l i a , b o ok s , v i d e o ta p e s ,model engi ne plan s, computer programmes and thel i k e . H e a l s o p u bl i s he d t h e ' D i r e c to r y o f t h eS t i r l i n g E ng in e I n d u s t r y ' , a co l le c t io n of contemp-o r a r y w o r k er s a n d pr ogr am mes i n t h e f i e l d .A l l o f t h i s f o r m i d a b l e a c t i v i t y h a s b e en as su m edb y t h e r e d o u b t a b l e M r Ross of 1823 HummingbirdCou rt , Richlan d, Washington, 99352, U.S., t e l . no.509-967-5032, who may be co nt ac te d f o r co pi es oft h e S t i r l i n g e n g i ne n e w s l e t t e r ( now c a l l e d S t i r l i n gMachine World) and a l i s t i n g o f o t h e r p ro d u ct sa v a i l a b l e .

M a r t i n i a l s o s o l d v a r i o us

2. BooksThe f i r s t r e c e n t book o n S t i r l i n g e ng i n es , S t i r l i n gCycle Machines , Oxford Univers i ty P ress (1973) w a sw r i t t e n b y D r . Graham Walker of th e Department ofMechanica l Enginee r ing , U niver s i ty of Ca lgary as as e t o f n o t e s f o r a o ne -d ay m e e t in g on S t i r l i n ge n g i n e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B a t h , E n gl an d i nDecember 1971. Th is s m a l l volume w a s i s s ue d i nb o t h h a r d c o v e r a nd p a p e r b ac k e d i t i o n s . I t wasa l s o t r a n s l a t e d i n t o R u ss i an . Later Walker pre-pared a m or e s c h o l a r l y wo rk ' S t i r l i n g E n g i n e s ' ,O x fo rd U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 98 0 d e a l i n g w i t hS t i r l i n g p ow er s y s te m s an d t r a n s l a t e d i n t o b o t hRuss ian and Chinese . Walker a l so wrote

337CH2781-3/89/0000-2337 1.00 989 IEEE

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'Cryocoole rs , Vol . 1 and 2 ' , Plenum Publ i sh ingCorp., New Y or k, 1 98 3 , c o ve r i n g S t i r l i n g r e f r i g e r -a t o r s , u se d p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r lo w t e m p e ra t u r ec r y og e n ic r e f r i g e r a t i o n .A n o th e r b oo k ' F r e e P i s t o n S t i r l i n g E ng i n es ' b yWalker and D r . James Sen f t o f t he Department ofMathematics and Computer Sc ience , Uni ver s i ty ofWiscons in , River Fa l l s , Wiscons in w a s p u b l is h e d i n1984 by Spr inger Ver lag , Be r l i n and New York.M o r e r e c e n t l y , a volume on 'Minia ture Ref r igera -to rs fo r Cryogenic Sensors and Low Tempera tureE l e c t r o n i c s ' w a s completed by Walker and publishedby Oxford Unive rs i t y Pres s i n the Monographs onCryogenics Ser ie s, 1989. Another volume onSmal l Cryogenic Re f r ig er a to rs by Walker and D r .Ray R ad eb au gh of t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e ofStandar ds and Technology, Boulder , Colo . i s i np r e s s a t Plenum Publishing Corp., New York(expe cted Summer 1990) . Other works i n cou rse ofpre par a t io n by Walker and co l leag ues inc l ude vo l -umes of 'Underwater Power Sys tems ' and 'S t i r l i ngEngines fo r Underwater Power' (wi th D r . G .Reader ) and 'Large S t i r l i ng Engines ' and 'Gas-F i re d S t i r l i n g Heat Pumps'. A l l t h e s e a ree x p ec t e d t o b e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 ' s.The b e s t s e l l i n g a u t h o r i n S t i r l i n g e n g in e s i sundo ubted ly Andy ROSS, th e lawyer and inventorex t r ao rd in a i re of Columbus , Ohio . Ross wrote th ebook 'S t i r l in g Cycle Engines' which accompaniese v e r y mo de l S t i r l i n g e n g i n e s o l d b y S o l a r E n g i n esof Phoenix , Ar izona a s w e l l as b e i n g s o l d a l o n e .S ince Sola r Engines have now so ld w e l l over100,000 model engi nes t he Ross volume has a c i r -c u l a t i o n un dr ea mt o f by t h e o t h e r S t i r l i n ga u t h o r s .J oh n G r i f f i n , f o u nd e r of S o l a r E n gi ne s i n i t i a l l yasked Graham Walker t o wri te the book t ha t wouldaccompany the en gine .ges t ed Theodor F in ke ls te in of Los Angeles a s agood man t o do i t .G r i f f i n d i d n o t l i k e t h e s c h o l a r l y t r e a t i s e t h a tF i nk e l s t e i n produced and had a Phoenix publ ic re l a -t i o n s p e r s o n ' t a r t i t u p '. F i n k e l s t e i n d i d n o tl i k e t h e r e s u l t an d s G r i f f i n c a l l e d i n ( l aw y e r)R os s t o a r b i t r a t e . A p p ar e nt l y R os s d i d n o t l i k ee i t h e r f o r t h i s c a u se d h im t o w r i te h i s own v e r -s i o n , t h e b oo k t h a t h a s i n t r o d u c e d m or e p e o p l e t oS t i r l i n g e n g in e s t h an a l l the o thers combined .The f i n a l i n c r e d i b l e t w i s t t o t h i s s ag a i s t h a tR o ss w r o te t h e b oo k i n o n l y t h r e e d a y s .f e a t b u t t h e n R o ss i s an amazing man. In ad di t i ont o h i s l i t e r a r y s k i l l s h e i s a l s o a m a c h i n i s t o fe x t r a o r d i n a r y c a p a b i l i t y a nd a n i n v e n t o r w i t h t h ep e r s i s t e n c e t o c a r r y h i s i n no v at i on s t hr o ug h t ocommerc ia l ap pl ic a t io n . Happi ly Ross now appearst o h a v e f o r s a k e n , t e m p o r a r i l y o r o t h e rw i s e , t h ep r o s a i c f i e l d s o f j u r i s p ru d e n ce f o r t h e ex c i t em e n t so f f u l l - t i m e S t i r l i n g d e v el o p me n t s.A n ot h er b o ok o n S t i r l i n g e n g i n e s was competen t lyput together by Graham Reader and Charles Hooperb o t h , a t t h e time, o f t h e S t i r l i n g En g in e R e s e a r c hFa c i l i ty , Roya l Nava l Engineer ing Col leg e , Manadon,

Walker dec l ined and sug-

An amazing

England.FN Spon London.Royal Navy i n Summer 1988 t o become Head of th eDepartment of Mechanical Engineering a t the Univer -s i t y of C a l g a r y , A l b e r t a , C an ad a a n d i s p r e s e n t l yc o o p e r a t i n g t h e r e w i t h W al ke r i n p r e p a r a t i o n o f avolume on 'Underwater Power Syst ems '.C o l i n West a n u c l e a r p h y s i c i s t p r e s e n t l y a t t h eU.S. Departme nt of Energy, Oak Ridge Na tio na lL a b o r a t or y i n T e n n e ss e e ear l ie r worked a t t h eAtomic Energy Research E s tab l i s hment , H a r w e l l ,England. West worked th er e wit h Edward Cooke-Yarborough, i n v e n t o r of t h e H a r w e l l diaphragmS t i r l i n g e n g in e p ower g e n e r a t o r .s o c i a t i o n West d ev e lo p ed a n i n t e r e s t i n S t i r l i n ge n g i ne s t h a t f l o we r ed w i t h h i s i n v e n t i o n of t h eF l ui d yn e l i q u i d p i s t o n S t i r l i n g e n gi ne .I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 8 0' s West a c c e p te d t h e i n v i t a t i o nb y W al ke r t o w r i t e t h e s e c o nd h a l f o f a book onf r e e - p i s t o n S t i r l i n g e n g i n es . H e f u l f i l l e d h i spromise and produced a m a n u s c r i pt i n r e c o r d time,l ea d in g Walker to recommend se pa ra te publ ica t ion so f t h e p i o n ee r w or k ' L iq u i d P i s t o n S t i r l i n gEngin es ' , Van Nostr and, New York.Having once tas te d b lood West immediately proceededt o p r e p a r e ' S t i r l i n g E n g i n es ' , Van N o s t r a n d , N e wYork, 1986.B o th t h e s e ma j or w or k s , b e a u t i f u l l y w r i t t e n e n de r u d i t e , p e r s o n i f y i n g e x a c t l y C o l i n West's remark-a b l e c a p a c i t y f o r r e d u c in g c om p l ic a te d t h i n g s t o as i m p l i c i t y u n d e r s t a n d a b l e b y a ny o ne . H e i s now a twork on a v ol um e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e r e c e n t d e ve l o p-m e nt s o f lo w ' d e l t a -T ' S t i r l i n g e n g i n e s , d e v i s e d byIvo Kol in of t he Univer s i ty of Zagreb and JamesSen f t o f the Unive rs i ty of Wiscons in .p i s t o n F l u i d y n e i s a l s o a l ow d e l ta - T S t i r l i n gengine . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t West w i l l deve lop acommona lity among a l l t h e s e d i s p a r a t e m a c h i n e s a n dp u b l i c a t i o n o f h i s b oo k i s k e e n l y a n t i c i p a t e d .D r . Ivo Kol in of th e Unive rs i ty of Zagreb , famousf o r h i s m a st e rl y t r e a t i s e A Thermodynamic A t l a s ,Longmans and Co., London, 1967 now re gr et ab ly outof p r i n t , h a s d e vo t ed h i s e f f o r t s o v e r t h e p a s ts e v e r a l y e a r s t o S t i r l i n g e n g i n e s c a p a bl e o f w ork-i n g w i t h v e r y small t e m p e ra t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s , t h eso-ca l le d low de l ta -T eng ines . H e has summarisedh i s e x p e ri e nc e i n a b o o k ' I s o t h e r m a l S t i r l i n gE n g i n e s ' , U n i v e r s i t y o f Za g re b , 1 9 8 2 , c o n t a i n i n gmany of th ese be au t i fu l ly executed drawings andi l l u s t r a t i o n s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f K o l i n 's w or k.

The book was p u b l i s h e d i n 1 9 8 3 b y E andCommander Reader re t i re d from th e

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T he d e m o n s t r at i o n o f K o l i n ' s S t i r l i n g e n g i n e a tt h e I n t e r U n i v e r s i t y C e n t e r , D u br o vn i k, Y u g o s l a v i ai n 1 98 2 i n s p i r e d D r . James S e n f t t o f u r ro w h i si n t e r e s t s i n R in g bo m -S t ir li n g e n g i ne s t o l ow d e l t a -T e n g i n e s . T he r e s u l t s he a c h i e v e d w a s i n c r e d i b l e .S e n f t ' s m od el e n g i n e c a n o p e r a t e s e v e r a l h o u r s o nt h e h e a t i n a c u p f u l o f c o l d w a t er .v e r y h a nd i l y t o t e m p e ra t u r e d i f f e r e n c e s as low as4 C , y e s f o u r d e g r e e s C e n t i g r ad e . S e n f t i s a twork on a v ol um e s u mm a r is i n g h i s e x p e r i e n c e i n t h i sf i e l d . I t i s eag er ly awai ted . The low de l ta -TS t i r l i n g e n g i ne s ha ve g r e a t p r o mi se f o r a p p l i c a t i o n

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w it h f l a t p l a t e s o l a r c o l l e c t o r s as s imple , lowco s t , low main tenance power gene ra to rs .I s r a e l U r i e l l i and David Berchowitz both workeda t th e Univer s i ty of Wi twate rs rand , Johannesburg ,S o u th A f r i c a u n d er t h e s u p e r v i s i o n of P r o f e s s o rC. R a l l i s . S e p a r a t e l y t h e y e m ig r a te d t o t h eU n i te d S t a t e s a n d e v e n t u a l l y came t o g e t h e r a tSunpower, Athens, Ohio, th e company founded byW i l l i a m B e a le t o d ev e lo p h i s i n v e nt i o n o f t h ef r e e -p i s t on S t i r l i n g en g in e .U r i e l l i a n d B e r ch o w it z c o l l a b o r a t e d i n t h e p r e p -a r a t i o n of ' D i g i t a l S i m u l at i o n o f S t i r l i n gEngin es ' , Adam Hi lge r, 1983. Thi s book i s t h em os t e x t e n s i v e s t a t em e n t o n t h e s p e c i a l i s t t o p i c .I t i s c a r e f u l l y a nd c o n c i se l y w r i t t e n i n a mannert h a t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e wo rk of b o t h t h e s ec om p et en t e n g in e e r in g s c i e n t i s t s . I t c o n t a i n sl i s t in gs of many computer s imu la t i on programmes andc a l c u l a t i o n a l r o u t i n e s a nd i s q u i t e s i m pl y , es-s e n t i a l r e a d in g f o r an yo ne w i t h a n i n t e r e s t i nS t i r l i n g e n g i n es b ey on d t h e s u p e r f i c i a l .T he a b ov e r e p r e s e n t s t h e m a j or b o ok s i n t h eE n g l i s h l a ng u a ge a b o u t S t i r l i n g e n g i n e s . I t i sknown t h a t t h e r e a r e o t h e r b oo ks i n R u s s i a n a n di n J a pa n e se a n d l i k e l y i n o t h e r l a n gu a g es t o o .

3. Conference ProceedingsThe f i r s t c o n fe r en c e d e vo te d e n t i r e l y t o S t i r l i n ge n g i n e s w a s o r g a ni s e d by t h e I n s t i t u t i o n bfMechanical Engineer s, London a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o fReading i n March 1984. The two day confe renc ew a s a t t e n d e d b y 200 p e r s o n s a n d t h e p r o c e e d i n gs :S t i r l i n g E n gi ne s: P r o g re s s t o R e a l i t y are s t i l la v a i l a b l e f ro m t h e I n s t i t u t i o n o f M ec h an ic alEngineers .Th is meeting s ubs eque ntly became known as t h eF i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t i r l i n g En g in e C on fe r en ce .Subsequent mee t ing s were organise d under th e gen-e r a l a e g i s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t i r l i n gE n g in e Co n fe r en c e C o u n c i l w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r i a tl o c a t e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l g a r y, A l b e r t a ,Canada (G. Walker, Dep artment of Mech anicalE n g i n e e r i n g ) .The second meeting was held i n Shanghai , People sRepubl ic of China , sponsored by th e China ShipDevelopment Corpor a t ion and t he China Assoc ia t ionf o r M a r i ne E n g i n e e ri n g .by 400 persons . Papers presen te d a t t h e c o n f e r -ence were publ i sh ed i n proceedings produced bythe Shangha i Mar ine Diesel E n g i n e R e s e a r c h I n s t i -t u te f rom whom re s id ua l copi es may s t i l l be pub-l i s h e d . A volume of papers presented a t t h eSecond conference and se le c t ed by Profess or P e te rDunn a t the Univer s i ty of Reading , England i sb e i n g p ub l i s he d f o r a r c h i v a l p u rp o s es b y t h eU n i v e r s i t y of R ome, I t a l y , u n d er t h e s u p e r v i s i o nof Pr ofe ss or Vincenzo Naso, Department of Mechani-c a l E n g i n e e r in g a n d may b e o r d e r e d d i r e c t l y f ro mNaso.

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The t h i r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t i r l i n g E n g in e C on fe re nc ew a s h e l d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Rome, I t a l y i n

June 1986p e r s o n s .volumes, co pie s of which may be obtain ed fromP r o f e s s o r V. Naso of th e Univers i t y of Rome.T he F o u r t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l S t i r l i n g C o n fe r en c e i sscheduled fo r Tokyo i n November 1988 , th e meet inga t w h ic h t h i s p a p e r i s t o b e p r e s e n te d .P l a n s h av e b ee n made f o r t h e F i f t h I n t e r n a t i o n a lS t i r l i n g C on f er en ce a t Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia undert h e c h a i r m a n s h i p o f P r o f e s s o r I v o K o l i n of t h eU n i v e r s i t y of Z ag re b i n A p r i l 1 9 9 1 .T e n t a t i v e a r r a n g e m e n t s are i n han d f o r t h e S i x t hI n t e r n a t i o n a l S t i r l i n g C o n fe re n ce i n S i n ga p o re i nt h e S p r i n g o f 1 9 9 3 a n d f o r t h e S e v e n t h c o n f e r en c ei n Z u r i ch i n 1 9 9 5.

and w a s a t te nde d by approximate ly 150The proceedings were p u b l i s h e d i n t wo

4. The In te rso c ie ty Energy Conversion Engineer ingConference

S ev en e n g i ne e r i ng a nd t e c h n i c a l s o c i e t i e s i n t h eU n it e d S t a t e s c om bi ne t o h o l d a n a n n u a l summerc o n f e r e n c e on t h e g e n e r a l t o p i c o f e n e r g y c on v e r-s i o n . I t i s c a l l e d t h e I n t e r s o c i e t y E n e rg y Co nv er -s i o n En g i n e e r in g C o n f er e nc e , t h e IECEC and i s h e l da l t e r n a t e l y i n t h e E a s t e r n a n d W es te rn U n i te dS t a t e s . The f i r s t c o n fe r e nc e w a s h e ld i n osA n g el e s, C a l i f o r n i a , i n 19 6 6 , t h e 2 3 r d Co n fe r e nc ewas h e l d i n De n ve r , C o l or a do i n 1 9 8 8.The I E C E C h a s be co me t h e p r i n c i p a l v e n ue f o r p u b l i -c a t i o n o f p a pe r s a b o u t S t i r l i n g e n g i ne s o u t s i d e o ft h e s p e c i a l i s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f er e n c es . Of t h e1 0 0 o r s o p a p e r s p u b l i s h e d a n n u a l l y a p p r o x im a t e l yh a l f are c o n t r ib u t e d t o t h e I E C E C . T h i s w a sb r o u g h t a b o u t l a r g e l y b y t h e d i l i g e n c e o f D r .W i l l i a m M a r t i n i . I n r e c o g n i t i o n of t h i s n o t e-w or th y c o n t r i b u t i o n t h e c o l l e c t e d a b s t r a c t s o fp a p e r s on S t i r l i n g e n gi n e s p r es e n te d a t t he f i r s ttwenty-one I E C E C s were publ i shed as t h e M a r t i n iMemorial Volume.T h i s vo lu me c o n t a i n s t h e a b s t r a c t s o f 3 87 p a p e r sw i t h c r o s s i n d e xe s o f t h e t o p i c s , t h e a u t h o r s a ndt h e i n s t i t u t i o n s . C o p ie s may b e o b t a i n e d f r omP r o f . G. W al ke r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l g a r y o rfrom M r Brad Ross a t t h e a d d r e s s g i v e n a b ov e .

5. C o n t r a c t o r R e p o r t sV a r i o u s co m m er c ia l , i n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d ac a de m icco nt r ac to rs do rese arc h and deve lopment work onS t i r l i n g e n g i n es a n d cr y o c oo l e r s f o r v a r i o u sf u n d i n g a g e n c i e s , p r i n c i p a l y US G ov er nm en t a ge n -c ies s u c h as the Department of Defence, Departmentof Energy, Nati onal A erona utics and Space Admin-i s t r a t i o n a n d i n d u s t r y f u nd ed r e s e a r c h o r g a n i s a-t i o n s s u c h as t h e Gas R e se a rc h I n s t i t u t e .T he c o n t r a c t o r s s u bm i t a n n u a l r e p o r t s a nd f i n a lr e p o r t s w h i c h a r e o f t e n a v a i l a b l e t h ro u g h v a r i o u ss o u r ce s w i th d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f r e s t r i c t e da c c e s s . I t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o ke ep t r a c k o f a l lt h e d i v e r s e a c t i v i t y . F o r t u na t e l y t h e I ECEC i s sw e l l e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t a n y p a p er s t h e a u t h o r sc o n s id e r t o be s i g n i f i c a n t are i n v a r i a b l y

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c o n tr i bu t e d t o t h e IECEC. H a pp i ly t h e o r g a n i s e r so f t h e I ECEC h av e s u f f i c i e n t l y e c l e c t i c t as test h a t a l m o st a n y p a p er o n S t i r l i n g e n g i ne s s u b-m i t t e d t o t hem w i l l be accepted .I f t h e s um mary of t h e f i n a l r e p o r t p u b l i s h e d a st h e I ECEC w h et s t h e a p p e t i t e of t h e r e a d e r t h es o u r c e of s u p p l y a nd c om p le te d e t a i l s of t h ea c t u a l r e p o r t are i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e l i s t o f r e f e r -e n c e s t o t h e p a p e r .

6 . Conclus ionThe e x t e n s i v e c o l l e c t i o n o f l i t e r a t u r e o nS t i r l i n g e n g i n e s ac cu mu la te d o v e r t h e p a s t h a l fc e n t u r y i s r e v i s e d .

7 . AcknowledgementR e se a rc h o n S t i r l i n g e n g in e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o fCalgary is s u p p o r t e d by t h e N a t u r a l S c i e n c e s a n dEngineer i ng Counci l o f Canada.

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