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A Century of Civil RightsMay 2014
2
GODIVA Chocolate
YUM!By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
3
TABLE OF CONTENTSNews Section:
Rosa Parks Stands up to Segregation .......................................................................................................... pg. 8! By: Alexander Favrot
Linda Brown’s Fight Against Segregation Changes America Forever ........................................................... pg. 9! By: Nicole Roach
Civil Rights Furthered Under U.S. President, John F. Kennedy .................................................................. pg. 10! By: Jack Zvonek
Four Girls Integrate Two Schools and Lead to Crisis .................................................................................. pg. 11! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Brave African-Americans Stand Up to Discrimination ................................................................................. pg. 12 By: Jack Zvonek
King, Lewis, and Greenberg Push Civil Rights Forward ............................................................................. pg. 14 By: Alexander Favrot
Brown’s Lawsuit Helps Desegregate America ............................................................................................ pg. 16 By: Nicole Roach
Integrating Central High .............................................................................................................................. pg. 18 By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Arts Section:Harper Lee Shocks America With Her Masterpiece .................................................................................... pg. 26! By: Jack Zvonek
A String That Tugs Your Heart...................................................................................................................... pg. 27! By: Alexander Favrot
Robert Sharenow Expresses Views on Desegregation in New Orleans ..................................................... pg. 28! By: Nicole Roach
Melba Pattillo Beals Shares the Harsh Realities of Integration.................................................................... pg. 29! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
John Earl Ray Assassination on Freedom ................................................................................................. pg. 32! By: Jack Zvonek
Dr. King’s Memorial Inspires Public to Aim for Justice ............................................................................... pg. 34! By: Nicole Roach
African Americans Suffer During Civil Rights Movement............................................................................. pg. 36! By: Alexander Favro
We Shall Overcome..................................................................................................................................... pg. 38! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Civil Rights Timeline ........................................................................................................................................ pg. 4! By: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Nicole Roach
4
Central High Integration On September 23, 1957 nine African Americans integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
To Kill a Mockingbird
To Kill a Mockingbird was written by Harper Lee and published on July 11, 1960 by J. B. Lippincott. It was set i n t h e t o w n o f Maycomb, Alabama in 1933-1935.
1948
1954
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on December 1, 1955 , i n Mon tgomery, Alabama. Then a group of African Americans refused to go on a Montgomery bus for an extended amount of time.
Brown v. Board of Education
In Topeka, Kansas, 1954, the school board did not let Linda Brown go to a white school. Her family filed a lawsuit against the school board and won the case.
1955
Peter Seeger is a Civil Rights activists that sang “We shall Overcome.” On September, 1948 “We shall Overcome” was issued in the People's Songs Bulletin.
1957
1960
New Orleans Integration Crisis
On November 14, 1960 four African American g i r l s i n t e g r a t e d McDonough 19, William Frantz in New Orleans.
1960
CivilTimeline
5
MLK’s Assassination
Martin Luther K i n g J r . ‘ s assassination by James Earl Ray on April 4, 1986.
1986
Warriors Don’t CryWarriors Don’t Cry was published on February 1 , 1 9 9 5 b y t h e Washington Square Press. The book was set in 1957-60 in Little Rock, Arkansas.
1995
My Mother the CheerleaderMy Mother the Cheerleader, by R o b e r t S h a r e n o w, w a s published by Harper Collins Publishers in 2007. It is set in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans during the winter of 1960.
2007
MLK MemorialMartin Luther King Junior’s memorial opened in 2011 in Washington DC.
Mississippi Trial of 1955
Mississippi Trial of 1955 was written by Chris Crowe and published by Phyllis Fogelman
in 2002.
Kennedy’s ElectionOn November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy beat Richard Nixon.
1960
2011
2002
RightsMae Cowden-Garofalo
6
INI
MORE FANTA.LESS SERIOUS.
By: Nicole Roach
7
NEWS
8
! O n D e c e m b e r 1 , 1 9 5 5 i n Montgomery, Alabama an African
American women refused to give up her bus seat to a white man and she was
arrested for it. Her name was Rosa Parks. 4 days later, an African American
man named Martin Luther King started a bus boycott in Montgomery. during the
boycott many African Americans didn’t ride the busses and walked to work and
other places instead. Later Rosa’s case went to the Supreme Court and
eventually the Supreme Court made all busses in Montgomery integrated.
! The bus boycott was a reaction to
when Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her set to a white man. She
was arrested on December 1, 1955 while going home from work. The bus driver
told her to move back to the back of the bus and she said no. He said he would
get her arrested and she said okay then do it and she was arrested a little bit later
that night. The boycott was first called for by the Women’s Political Council. They
sent out a leaflet title “Don’t Ride the
Bus”. The boycott lasted from December 5, 1955 to December 20, 1956 , which is
381 days. The boycott caused the Supreme Court to make all busses in
Montgomery to be integrated and it caused the Civil Rights movement to
start.
The boycott started because of the leaflet that the WPC sent out. Many
African Americans joined the boycott because they were t i red of the
segregation laws and restrictions in
Rosa Parks is the woman who started the bus boycott.
Rosa Parks Stands Up to SegregationAlexander Favrot
*SEE: BUS BOYCOTT, PG. 20
9
! In the town of Topeka, Kansas, during 1954, an African American girl
named Linda Brown faced an issue that would change segregation forever. Linda
was an eight year old girl who was admitted to a school only five blocks
from her house. The school board of Topeka refused to admit her to the
school because it was exclusively for white students. The board entered her
into a non-white school around twenty-one blocks away from her house.
Believing that this was extremely unfair, Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit against
the school board. The main question raised in this debate was simply whether
or not segregation was constitutional.! L i n d a ’ s p a r e n t s b e l i e v e d
segregation denied the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
This clause said that all races would be treated equally and would all have the
same rights. Thurgood Marshall, the lawyer for Brown, had many other
opinions about segregation that added to the argument of their side. He believed
segregation gave non-white races an unequal education compared to the
education given at white schools. Marshall also believed segregation
caused a feeling of negativity for African-
American students, because they were constantly reminded of their inferiority to
whites. The school board gave a totally
different opinion on the topic. They claimed that white and non-white schools
had equal educations, teachers, and supplies. In fact, they argued that
Linda Brown’s Fight Against Segregation Changes America Forever
Nicole Roach
Linda Brown
* SEE: LINDA BROWN, PG. 21
10
On November 8 , 1 9 6 0 , J o h n F. Kennedy beat Richard Nixon, in the closest presidential election in U.S. history. He then b e c a m e t h e 3 5 t h President of the United States of Amer ica. President Kennedy won the election because of his Afr ican-American support. During their presidential campaign’s Kennedy and Nixon both had promised to give equal rights to African-Americans. He had more than 70% of the African-American vote, in addition to the large amount of white supporters that he had gained over the year and a half of continuous, grueling campaigning. Once Kennedy was elected, he appointed many African-Americans to high ranking in the administration of Civil Rights, s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e C i v i l R i g h t s Commission, and even put Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson as the head of the President's Committee on
Equal Employment Opportunity. Although he had promised to give equal rights to African-Americans, he did not keep to his promise until late in his presidential session. During Kennedy’s campaign,
Mart in Luther King Jr. was arrested for his participation in
civil disobedience and was put in jail. A few days later, Kennedy called Coretta King,
Martin Luther King Jr. ’s wife, to sympathize with her. Meanwhile, Kennedy’s brother, Robert Kennedy called an Atlanta judge and requested him to let Martin Luther King out of jail. This act of kindness earned him most of his African-American support as well as Martin Luther King Sr.’s support. Little did Kennedy know, his one act of kindness would earn him a special spot in history.
In the beginning of his election, President Kennedy focused on more international matters, such as the Cold War, and forgot about his promise to
John F. Kennedy’s campaign poster really helped Kennedy’s presidential run.
Civil Rights Furthered Under U.S. President, John F. Kennedy
Jack Zvonek
*SEE JFK PG. 22
11
In November, 1990 four African American girls became the first students
to integrate two schools in New Orleans. The four girls were named Leona Tate,
Tessie Prevost, Gaile Etienne, and Ruby Bridges. This started crisis in the city of
New Orleans causing boycotts and riots from the local white segregationist
citizens. The school board and children were threatened causing their to be
discussion whether or not to continue with the integration. Lack of leadership
throughout this time made it even harder to control the city during this
hard time. In response to the 1954 Brown
v. Board of Education decision that integrated schools in Topeka, Kansas,
Judge, J. Skelly Wright gave the orders to make a plan to desegregate public
schools in the New Orleans Ninth Ward. The Orleans Parish School
Board, following Wrights decision, were not quick to action because of the local
opposition, so they waited 4 years. Judge Wright decided in May to
desegregate the schools one grade per year.
In the summer of 1960 the final ruling by the legislature to desegregate
schools was passed. There were 137 applications of students who wanted to
integrate, and only 4 were chosen. On November 14, 1960 these four students
l ives would change dramatical ly. P r o t e c t e d b y
p o l i c e a n d federal marshals
L e o n a Ta t e , Tessie Prevost,
Gaile Etienne, a n d R u b y
Bridges would go to the once
a l l w h i t e schools. Leona
Ta t e , Te s s i e Prevost, and Gaile Etienne entered
McDonough 19, and Ruby Bridges went to William Frantz.
Immediately the boycotting and r io ts o f segregat ion is ts s tar ted .
Four Girls Integrate Two Schools and Lead to Crisis
Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Ruby Bridges is escorted to William Frantz by white men.
*SEE: INTEGRATION, PG. 23
12
! The Montgomery Bus Boycott showed how unhappy and how annoyed African-
Americans were with the segregation and the discrimination that was taking place in
America. Rosa Parks stood up to segregation, by not giving up her seat to a
white person, the second person to do so after Claudette Colvin. This act sparked a
group of people to decided that they weren’t going on a Montgomery bus for one day.
This boycott worked so well, that the group decided that they weren’t going to ride the
Montgomery buses for an extended amount of time. Jo Ann Robinson was one of the key
people in helping spread the news. There were many important people supporting the
cause such as E.D. Nixon and Martin Luther
King Jr. Martin was nominated and voted to be president of the cause by African-
American supporters. This boycott sparked the civil rights movement.
Brave African-Americans Stand Up to Discrimination
Martin Luther King was the leader and president of the Montgomery bus boycotters.
Many people reacted harshly to Rosa Parks stand up to segregation.
Jack Zvonek
Claudette Colvin was the first person to give up her seat to a white person, but Rosa Parks is the most famous person for doing it.
13
Jo Ann Robinson was one of the key supporters that helped spread word of the boycott.
E.D. Nixon was one of the main funding supporter of the movement.
14
King, Lewis, and Greenberg Push Civil Rights
! The Selma to Montgomery march took place on March 21, 1965 to March 25,
1965. Jack Greenberg was the person
who made sure it was possible to march without breaking the law. He was the
lawyer that went to the judge in Montgomery to argue that MLK should be
able to march to protest the voter registration problems in
A l abama . Many wh i t e people didn’t want MLK to
march just because they didn’t like black people,
which brings up the themes of racial prejudice, violence,
and hatred. Then there is John Lewis who was one of
MLK’s right hand men. He was hated for helping MLK and just being one of MLK’s
fo l lowers. Today John Lewis is a democratic senator from Georgia. Finally
there is MLK who was the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. MLK was the
racists least favorite person because he was the one who showed all blacks that
they were equal and he led most of the
protests. He was treated with the least amount of kindness,
respect, and with the m o s t a m o u n t o f
hatred. The themes of r a c i a l p r e j u d i c e ,
violence, and hatred is shown in all of
these men.
Jack Greenberg, the father of David Greenberg, was a lawyer that helped MLK.
John Lewis was one of MLK’s right hand men.
MLK gives a speech.
Alexander Favrot
15
John Lewis is a democratic senator for Georgia.
MLK was the leader of the Civil Rights movement.
16
! In 1954, Linda Brown was denied admittance to an all white school only five blocks from her house in Topeka, Kansas. Instead of entering her at this school, the school board
entered her into a non-white school about twenty-one blocks away from her home. Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit because they believed segregation was unfair and could
have a negative effect on the non-white students’ self-confidence. Their lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, also believed that the white schools were getting a better education than the
non-white schools, and used this as part of his argument. The school board argued that the separation was okay as long as it was equal, as decided by the Plessy case in 1892. In
a vote of 9/9, Linda Brown won the case. In the majority opinion, written by Justice Warren, it was decided that “separate but equal” was unconstitutional because it denied
the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. After one girl’s struggle, the ways of America changed forever.
Brown’s Lawsuit Helps Desegregate AmericaNicole Roach
Linda Brown
Thurgood Marshall leads a protest against segregation.
17
Thurgood Marshall
Justice Earl Warren
African American students go to school at Monroe Elementary in Topeka.
The Brown family poses for a photo in front of their house.
18
On September 23, 1957, nine
African Americans became the first people to integrate the previously all-white Central
High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The nine people involved were Ernest Green,
Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed,
Carlotta Walls, Gloria Ray, and Melba Patillo Beals. The first day they were at
the school, they were forced to go back home because of the mob of whites waiting
for them at the school. Governor Faubus, a segregationist, called the Arkansas
National Guard to prevent the nine from entering that day. Throughout the young
African Americans experiences at Central
High, they were physically and mentally abused by their fellow segregationist
classmates. President Eisenhower got involved and tried to prevent the abuse by
sending the 101st Airborne Division for a while. The nine students lives were filled
with interviews and meetings to make them have a better and less hurting time at
school. They finally made it through the
first year with Ernest Green graduating. Throughout their experience the nine
African Americans made it through the year and became national heroes.
The nine students were the first to integrate in Little Rock, Arkansas.
The first day the “Little Rock Nine” went to Central High School, there were mobs of whites.
Mae Cowden-Garofalo
Integrating Central High
19
Governor Faubus was a segregationist.
President Eisenhower
The 101st Airborne Division was sent to Little Rock to protect the nine students.
Soldiers protected the integrators by bringing them inside and out of the school.
20
Montgomery and the rest of the United States. This boycott was started to stop
the segregated busses. The boycott was
started to Most of the African Americans involved lived in Montgomery but there
were some supporters in other states. The boycott was such an important
event because it was the first major event of the Civil Rights movement. The
boycott today affects the way we treat people of different races and how there
are no more segregated place, vehicles, and restaurants.
Bus boycott has began and many African Americans walk to work instead.
CONTINUED FROM: BUS BOYCOTT, PG. 8
Vote Faubus for Governor!
We have the best prices out of all of our competition!
By: Alexander FavrotBy: Mae Cowden-Garofalo
21
sometimes non-white schools received a better education than the white schools,
b e c a u s e N a t i v e
Amer ican funds were
o n l y r e c e i v e d
by the non-w h i t e
schools. The School Board also used the Plessy case
to support their belief in the concept of “separate but equal” public facilities. The
Plessy Case was a case in 1892 questioning whether the “separate but
equa l ” law was s t i l l cons idered constitutional. This concept stated that as
long as the bathrooms, water fountains, and other public facilities for non-whites
were equal to the facilities for the whites, separation was acceptable. Because
they believed that segregation was equal, the School Board said that
segregation shouldn’t be negative for the non-white children.
After considering both sides of the story, the Supreme Court voted on
the case. Nine out of nine Supreme
Court Justices voted for Linda Brown’s s i d e . J u s t i c e Wa r r e n s a i d t h a t
segregation did indeed deny the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment. He also supported the belief that
separation by races would cause non-whi tes to fee l
negativity towards themselves or their race. This case, Brown
vs. Board of Education of Topeka, not only reversed the decisions made in
the case of Homer Plessy, but reversed segregation in general. This case was
the beginning of the Social Justice Movement and the first time where the
Reconstruction Amendments were actually honored. All because of a young
African American girl’s unfair treatment, the behavior of America changed forever.
!
The Supreme Court voted for Linda’s side and changed schools forever.
VOTE JFKAS YOURUNITED STATESPRESIDENT
BY: NICOLE ROACH
CONTINUED FROM: LINDA BROWN, PG. 9
22
change African-American rights back in America. President Kennedy also was kind of cowardly when it came to civil rights. He sometimes choose not to take a big stand on controversial issues. However, with tensions rising in the South, President Kennedy realized that he needed to ac t , and qu ick ly. Therefore, in 1964, President Kennedy presented Congress with the best equality bill dealing with civil rights since the Reconstruction Era.
! Sadly, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated before the bill was
passed. Therefore, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson, now President
Lyndon B. Johnson, had to push the bill through Congress. President Lyndon B.
Johnson eventually signed the bill into act in 1964. This bill changed the way
that African-Americans were treated and shaped the country in a new, more
equal, way.
CONTINUED FROM: JFK, PG. 10
Antique Art Work for Sale! Great Prices
By:Alexander Favrot
23
Thousands of whites rioted down the streets of downtown business districts.
White children boycotted the two schools, McDonough 19 and William
Frantz, for a year and were mean to the few white children who continued to
attend the schools. The four African American students were victims of harsh
treatment, name calling, and racial epithets. The school board members
were threatened by phone calls and were also beaten. The state legislature
removed the board members from office to prevent further violence. They also
tried to close the city's schools. The school board mailed a survey asking
parents to vote to close the schools or not to. The majority ruled to keep the
schools open. Lloyd Ritter, the school board president disregarded the survey
because most parents voting for the schools to remain open were black, and
“whites are the people who support the system,” says Lloyd. The schools
remained open because Judge Wright ruled that the schools should be open.
In 1964-65, only 873 black students attended the schools, so a federal judge
ordered a speeded up process that allowed schools to desegregate through
the twelfth grade in the 1969-70 school year. The lack of leadership in caused
disorganization in New Orleans. The cities elite said that the issues of
desegregation was too controversial to get involved, so the school board was
left to handle the issue.
! Two years following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision
Federal District Court Judge, J. Skelly Wright, made the Orleans Parish School
Board make a plan for the desegregation of New Orleans' public schools. On
November 14, 1960 the three girls integrated at McDonough 19, and Ruby
entering William Frantz. Riots of segregationists went through the city and
Mobs of whites protested against the integration and tried to stop it.
CONTINUED FROM: INTEGRATION, PG. 11
24
there was national crit icism from segregationists, causing this to be the
New Orleans Integration Crisis.
FLY DELTA
25
ARTS
26
To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee and published in 1960 by J.
B. Lippincott, takes the reader into a world of discrimination and segregation.
This piece of historical fiction, that is centered around the town of Maycomb,
Alabama in the years 1933, 1934, and 1935, moves reader and shows them a
new aspect of American History. The main characters of To Kill a Mockingbird
are Scout Finch, the narrator, Jem Finch,
Scout’s big brother, and their father, Atticus Finch.
The tone for most if this book is excited and anxious. Since the
story is told from the viewpoint of a young child, the reader has to really
exercise and practice their inferential skills. A constant
theme in the book, is the theme of
white superiority. African-Americans
are made fun of, gossiped about, and
violated by the white
people of the town.
The book a t t i m e s
t es t s t he r e a d e r ’ s
patriotism, in ways never felt before. The reader’s
view on racial and gender equality in American History might be tested.
! This book captures the feeling of Americans
towards African-Americans in ways that makes the reader
never want to stop reading. This book gives us a peek into the the
daily life of Americans living in the South in the mid-1930’s. This book, also,
magnifies the issue of discrimination and segregation in the South and highlights
the lack of Civil Rights that African-Americans had in the United States for
that time. African-Americans are called n------ throughout the whole book by not
only the adults but by children too. One focus of the book is the trial against Tom
Robinson, an African-American accused
“That old Mr. Gilmer doin’ him (Tom) thataway, talking so hateful to him--.”
Harper Lee
Harper Lee Shocks America With Her Masterpiece Jack Zvonek
* SEE: MASTERPIECE, PG. 42
27
! A Tugging String was written by
David T. Greenberg and it was published by The Penguin Group in 2008. This is a
a non-fiction book about the Civil Rights era. All of the events go in chronological
order. Each chapter is about a different event or it is adding on to what
happened in the chapter before it. All the chapters come back to one topic, the
Civil Rights era. This book talks about the 1960s in Montgomery, Alabama and
Brooklyn, New York. As you get further into the book the tencer people are. In
the beginning it talks about “The Projects” and al l of the Afr ican-
Americans being poorer and being treated poorly.
In th is book,
they talk about M L K ( M a r t i n
Luther King Jr.) a n d h e i s
portrayed as a hero in some
w a y s a n d a
villain in others. John Lewis is another i m p o r t a n t
person, in this book he i s
j u s t t h e person who
follows MLK a r o u n d
helping him with anything he needs help with. Jack
Greenberg is probably the most important character in this book because
he is the white lawyer that is helping MLK which never happens because
most white men were either part of the KKK or they were scared that if they
helped the KKK would target them too. Then there is his son, David he is
important to because of how he acts and shows us that many people and
especially younger kids didn’t really know what was happening. These
characters lives shine a light on the Civil Rights era and how the African-
Americans were treated. Greenberg shines the light on how serious the KKK
was and how they treated people that helped African-Americans.
Alexander Favrot
David Greenberg * SEE: STRING, PG. 41
A String That Tugs Your Heart
28
Robert Sharenow Expresses Views on Desegregation in New Orleans
Nicole Roach
My Mother the Cheerleader, by
Robert Sharenow, was published by
HarperCollins Publishers in 2007. This
book is a historical fiction novel that
follows the issue of
segregation in the
Ninth Ward of New
Orleans during the
w i n t e r o f 1 9 6 0 .
B e c a u s e
cheer leaders are
normally associated with happiness, the
title of the book is deceiving. Even
though the book seems like it would be
happy, it actually covers a more deep
topic. Louise Collins, the main character,
is a thirteen year old girl who runs a
rooming house with her mother, Pauline,
and an African American lady named
Charlotte. Louise attended William Frantz
Elementary until Ruby Bridges, the first
African American student in the school,
was admitted. Louise, as well as almost
all other white students, was pulled from
her school in protest of the segregation
that was occurring.
Every morning, a group of people
would stand outside the school and tease
Ruby as she walked into school. Ruby
was called names and received death
threats every day, but she never acted
like it bothered her. Pauline was in a
group of all-women protesters called
“The Cheerleaders,” who joined the other
protesters everyday. This book displays a
negative view on The Cheerleaders and
segregation in
general, which
gives it a tone of
d i s a p p r o v a l
t o w a r d s
segregation. With
n o s c h o o l t o
attend, Louise
u s u a l l y f o u n d
herself reading or snooping on the guests
staying in her house, which could
sometimes lead to big trouble.
One day, a man named Morgan
Miller arrived at “Rooms on Desire,” the
rooming house that Louise’s family
owned. Typically, the people who stopped
at Louise’s house were truckers, but
Robert Sharenow
* SEE: DESEGREGATION, PG. 43
29
! Warriors Don't Cry is non-fiction novel that will make you feel the
emotions the main character and author, Melba Pattillo Beals, is going through.
The year of publication was February 1, 1 9 9 5 a n d t h e p u b l i s h e r i s t h e
Washington Square Press. The novel begins with the introduction of the main
characters. Melba Pattillo Beals is going to Horace Mann but dreamed of going to
Central High School every time she drove by it. On September 23, 1957, her
dream would come true, but it turned out a very different from what she thought.
Melba and eight other African Americans became the first to integrate the
previously all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The “Little Rock
Nine” were Ernest Green, Terrence Roberts, Jefferson Thomas, Elizabeth
Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Carlotta Walls, Gloria Ray, and of course Melba
Patillo Beals. When they first entered the
school, there were mobs of white
segregationists w a i t i n g f o r
t h e m a n d p r o t e s t i n g
they’re coming. T h e y o u n g
A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n
students were forced to go back home. To make
matters worse Governor Faubus, a segregationist, called the Arkansas
National Guard to prevent the nine from entering that day. This set a tone for the
other anti-integration whites in Little Rock. President Eisenhower even got
involved and tried to prevent the abuse, so this was obviously a very important
issue. The students were threatened by the segregationists in many ways
including phone calls, bombings, and shootings. The geography in this book
influenced the judges, legislatures, and president because since it was in the
South, African Americans were not
Melba Pattillo Beals Shares the Harsh Realities of Integration
Mae Cowden-Garofalo
* SEE: INTEGRATION, PG. 40
30
Have a La Croix at the
beach.
31
RELAX!Come to the Hilton Hotel
32
! M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g J r . ’ s assassination really motivated the
country to change. Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed by James Earl
Ray on April 4, 1986. Many people were deeply moved and were deeply upset by
his assassination. The grieving of Martin’s death went on for a long time
and some people still today have not forgotten his death. Although, time does
heal all wounds and now we celebrate his life instead of grieving his death.
Martin Luther King Jr. played a major role in America’s development and his
life will always be remembered.
James Earl Ray Assassinates Freedom
James Earl Ray and many co-conspirators executed their plan to kill Martin Luther King Jr.
Jack Zvonek
33
Martin Luther King’s funeral procession was one of the most saddening and heart breaking funeral processions.
Many people across the nation were shocked that Martin Luther King Jr. was killed at the time that he was.
34
Mar t in Lu ther K ing Jun io r ’s
memorial opened during 2011 in
Washington D.C. It is a 30 foot tall statue
made up of The Stone of Hope and The
Mountain of Despair. This phrase comes
from his “I Have a Dream” Speech in
1863 where he said, “Out of the mountain
of despair, a stone of hope.” This statue
inspires all people to aim for equality by
reminding the public of Dr. King’s
amaz ing work . The s ta tue i s in
Washington D.C. because a large part of
the Civil Rights Movement happened
here, which makes it a popular attraction
in D.C. With Dr. King’s influence still
showing in the US, the people are able to
be reminded of all of the great work he
did.
Dr. King’s Memorial Inspires Public to Aim for Justice Nicole Roach
Martin Luther King Jr.’s memorial stands 30 feet tall in Washington D.C.
MLK’s memorial reminds the public to work for equality for all races.
35
In 2011, King’s memorial opened and stunned the public.
King’s sculpture is amazingly accurate, nearly resembling MLK exactly.
King’s beliefs live on through his wonderful memorial.
36
These photos show the theme of racial violence. The photo of the black guy on
the road crying is showing that nobody cares especially the white people. Then
the photo of the policemen letting their dogs bite the black guy even though he is
not fighting back is an example of the racial violence because he is not doing
anything to them. Finally there is the photo of policemen running and just
beating every black person that was there not caring at all what happens to
the black people. Each one of these
photos show how bad the racial violence got back then and how horribly the black
people were treated. Further more many white people didn’t even cared at all what
happened.
An African American that has a broken leg is crawling over the road and nobody is bothering to help him.
African Americans Suffered During Civil Rights Movement
Alexander Favrot
37
Police letting their dogs attack an African American that is being peaceful .
Police beating peaceful African Americans.
38
Peter Seeger was a folk singer and Civil Rights activists
through song. He, as well as m a n y o t h e r C i v i l R i g h t s
act iv ists, sang “We Shal l Overcome.” This song came
from an early gospel song called "I'll Overcome Someday.”
In September 1948 “We Shall Overcome” was issued in the
People's Songs Bulletin, an
organization that Peter Seeger was the director of. Pete
Seeger made the song popular so it became the anthem for the
Civil Rights movement. This song inspired by saying that the
people will overcome people fighting for Civil Rights to keep
fighting so that they are able to “overcome someday.”
Pete Seeger sang for the Civil Rights movement.
We Shall Overcome
Peter Seeger
Mae Cowden-Garofalo
39
“We Shall Overcome” was the anthem of the Civil Rights movement.
MLK used “We Shall Overcome” in his marches.
Pete Seeger is a Civil Rights activists and singer.
40
treated equally like they were in the North.
Throughout the young African Americans experiences at Central High
they were physically and mentally abused by their fellow segregationist
classmates. Melba went into much detail about her tragic experiences at Central.
The reader is able to feel their emotions. This was a wonderful aspect of the book
even though it was scary and depressing at some parts. This made me be able to
connect and know what Melba went through. This shows the tone of the
novel because since Melba, as the author, explains in detail the abuses she
had to go through, this shows that she is in favor of integration and does not think
that segregation is right. Grandma India played a very
special role in this novel. She had much influence over Melba and helped her go
through the tough times. An example of Grandma India helping Melba along the
way is: ”Be patient, our people’s turn will come. You'll see. Your lifetime will be
different from mine. I might not live to
see the changes, but you will… Oh,
yes, my child, you will.” Quotes of
India throughout the novel emphasizes the title Warriors Don't Cry. “You’ll make
this your last cry. You’re a warrior on the battlefield for your Lord. God’s warriors
don't cry, ‘cause they trust that he’s always by their side. The women of this
family don’t break down in the face of trouble. We act with courage, and with
God’s help, we ship trouble right on out.” Warriors Don’t Cry is a great
b o o k t h a t i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . Throughout the harsh experiences the
“Little Rock nine” went through they also had some good bonding experiences
with each other. The integration of Central High led to more Southern
schools integrating and had a large impact on the lives of people not only in
Arkansas but other places. Because of the difficult issues Melba came upon, the
reader is able to react to Melba’s feelings and emotions. This is a book that
increases my awareness of the Civil
Melba Pattillo Beals
CONTINUED FROM: INTEGRATION, PG. 29
41
! !
! On of the major historical themes developed would be racism because of
all of the times where it is brought up. Like at the bakery, when Mrs. Suthered
calls the lady behind the counter a racist even though she just didn’t give the kid a
cookie because he didn’t say please. The author seems very biased toward
MLK and Jack Greenberg which is why his tone towards them is very friendly
sort of like they were great friends.
The book will change the reader's point of view about the Civil Rights era. The
book will pull the reader’s emotions too because of the events the book has in it.
Like when police go and beat every African American in the first march
attempt and when Jack Greenberg was shot at. The book gives good info about
what happened throughout the time be fo re and a f t e r t he Se lma t o
Montgomery march.
The book captures the important aspects of the theme of racial violence. It
captures that theme because of the burning of the crosses on loons, the
police beating every African American that was at the first attempt to march,
and the time when Jack was almost shot because he was helping MLK. All in all
this is great book for both students and history lovers because of the amount of
info and how it makes it more interesting and more fun. Finally this is a book for
everyone and it deserves to be read.
CONTINUED FROM: STRING, PG. 27
Right’s issues around the 1960’s. Over all, Warriors Don’t Cry, by Melba
Patti l lo Beals is a well written interesting book.
Come to Petco on September 25 to get 50% any item in the store.
By: Alexander Favrot
42
of rape. Jem and Scout were insulted, bashed and taunted throughout the whole
book because of Atticus defending Tom for the trial. The book stresses the reality
that any African-American was guilty until proven innocent in any court of law in the
South during the 30’s and later. The justice system in the 1930’s was
extremely corrupt towards African-Americans. The time period influences all
of the character ’s viewpoints and influences the plot by influencing how
they act towards, how they act around, and what they do around African-
Americans. ! This book overall is a educational
masterpiece and will change anybody’s point of view on the topic of discrimination
and segregation of African-Americans. This book will take the reader into, not
only what the narrator witnessed, but her thoughts about what she witnessed. This
book also takes the reader inside a realistic and accurate portrayal of a
1930’s American, rural town. This book is a must read for all people looking to learn
more about an average American lifestyle the 1930’s and how African-Americans
were treated before the Civil Rights Bill. Beware young readers, To Kil l a
Mockingbird contains quite a bit of profanity and at some points talks about
rape. Overall, To Kill a Mockingbird is a fantastic book that will change any
readers life and show them the less talked about part of American History.
CONTINUED FROM: MASTERPIECE, PG. 26
It’s All You Need To Have A Good Time.
By: Alexander Favrot
43
Morgan was very different. Morgan was
intelligent and kind, and both Louise and
Pauline were very fond of him. Louise was
extremely interested in finding out more
about Morgan, and she did almost
everything she could to do so.
Even though My Mother the
Cheerleader is a work of fiction, it teaches
the reader about the historical issue of the
protests against segregation in New
Orleans. Louise shows how even though
someone from that time may not have
been involved in the protests, they were
still affected by it. Pauline’s character
brings awareness to how terribly some
people acted during the Civil Rights
Movement and the fact that nobody did
anything to stop it. For this reason, the
book holds the theme of the horrors of
racism. Morgan’s interest in the protests
revealed that even though this happened
in a small section of New Orleans, people
from all over the country were aware of the
issue.
This book makes the reader consider
what happened to the African Americans
during the Civil Rights movement. It makes
the reader feel sorry for how the African
Americans were treated, and it could
strengthen the reader ’s opinion on
segregation in general. This book also tugs
on the reader’s emotions, because there
are some sad scenes in the novel. The
geography of this book helps to strengthen
the characters because New Orleans is in
the South. The South was known for being
a more racist area of the country, so it
makes sense for the Cheerleaders and the
rest of the population to be so against
desegregation.
Overall, My Mother the Cheerleader
is a great inside look on the issue of
desegregation in New Orleans. This book
will keep readers on the end of their seat
while they see the plot unfold, and will
appeal to many different types of readers.
This story will interest students, but still
has enough historical information to satisfy
any history lovers. Because of it’s
intriguing plot and amount of historical
information, My Mother the Cheerleader is
the perfect book for any reader who wants
t o l e a r n m o r e o n t h e t o p i c o f
desegregation.
They’re Back!
Eat Twinkies
CONTINUED FROM: DESEGREGATION, PG. 28
By: Jack Zvonek
44
“I have a dream . . . “
