A Century of Civil Rights

1. Life Changing Supreme Court Decisions..................................................pg.2 By: Barret Williams2. M Bus Boycott Sets the Tone for the Civil Rights Movement................pg.2 By: Jasmine Bellow3. Hundreds Killed on “Bloody Sunday”.......................................................pg.3 By: Max Drury4. Photographs That Impacted the Civil Rights Movement.......................pg.4 By: Barret Williams5. Civil Rights Music Captures the Feelings of African Americans..........pg.7 By: Jasmine Bellow6. Little Rock Nine Attempts to Integrate High School............................pg.11 By: Barret Williams7. Iconic Art Inspired By the Civil Rights Movement...............................pg.13 By: Spencer Chunn8. The Death of Langston Hughes Causes Disruption...............................pg.15 By: Max Drury9. Mississippi Trial, 1955 Spotlights Emmett Till’s Murder...........................pg.17 By: Spencer Chunn10.Martin Luther King Jr. and His Family’s Contributions.....................pg.18 By: Max Drury11. Baton Rouge Bus Boycott Marks First Bus Boycott............................pg.19 By: Spencer Chunn12. Women Activists Work Hard to Make Change for Women.................pg.21 13. My Mother the Cheerleader Continues to be a Must Read........................pg.23 By: Barret Williams14. Warriors Don’t Cry Describes the Life of Melba Beals.............................pg.25 By: Jasmine Bellow15. Major Leaders in Desegregation that Fought for Their Beliefs.........pg.27 By: Jackson Butterbaugh16. People That Spread the Word of the Civil Rights Movement.............pg.29 By: Spencer Chunn17. To Kill a Mockingbird Is Still a Classic Piece of Literature......................pg.31 By: Max Drury18. David Greenberg Writes Another Outstanding Novel........................pg.33 By: Jackson Butterbaugh 19. Presidential Campaigns and Elections that Affected Civil Rights......g.34 By: Jackson Butterbaugh 20. Civil Rights Movies that Affected the Civil Rights.............................pg.35 By: Jackson Butterbaugh21. Civil Rights Word Search.......................................................................pg.36 By: Spencer Chunn

Table of Contents:

Pg. 1

By: Jasmine Bellow

Life Changing Supreme Court Decisions

Bus Boycott Sets the Tone for the Civil Rights Movement

By Barret Williams

By Jasmine Bellow

Brown v. Board The Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) was one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century. Eight year-old African American Linda Brown was denied entry to a white school just five blocks away from her home. Linda was told she must attend a school for nonwhite students, a stunning 21 blocks from her home. This school was not as good a quality as the white school thus violating the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Angered by this, Linda Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit.

In 1945, the case reached the Supreme Court. Linda Brown was led by attorney Thurgood Marshall who argued that segregation of public schools was harmful to the African American students and lowered their self esteem. He also argued that segregation violated the equal protection clause because the schools and the education programs were not equal. The Board of Education argued that the schools were equal as best they could be and “separate but equal” was constitutional as written in the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

In a unanimous decision (9-0), Chief Justice Warren wrote, “Segregation in public education is a denial of the equal protection of the laws.” This decision reversed the case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and declared separate but equal was not constitutional and segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.Regents of University of California v. Bakke In the ground breaking case, Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978), Allan Bakke was denied entry twice to the medical school. The spot was given to a minority student (African American, Indian, Asian) even though Bakke’s MCAT, GPA, and benchmark scores were significantly higher. The university told him they were using affirmative action, which is the effort

See Supreme Court Case Page 3

Brown v. Board The Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) was one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century. Eight year-old African American Linda Brown was denied entry to a white school just five blocks away from her home. Linda was told she must attend a school for nonwhite students, a stunning 21 blocks from her home. This school was not as good a quality as the white school thus violating the equal protection clause of the F o u r t e e n t h A m e n d m e n t . Angered by this, Linda Brown’s parents filed a lawsuit.

In 1945, the case reached the Supreme Court. Linda Brown was led by attorney Thurgood Marshall who argued that segregation of public schools was harmful to the African American students and lowered their self esteem. He also argued that segregation violated the equal protection clause because the schools and the education programs were not equal. The Board of Education argued that the schools were equal as best they could be and “separate but equal” was constitutional as written in the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).

In a unanimous decision (9-0), Chief Justice Warren wrote, “Segregation in public education is a denial of the equal protection of the laws.” This decision reversed the case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and declared separate but equal was not constitutional and segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Regents of Univers i ty of California v. Bakke In the ground breaking case, Regents of University of California v. Bakke (1978), Allan Bakke was denied entry twice to the medical school. The spot was given to a minority student (African American, Indian, Asian) even though Bakke’s

MCAT, GPA, and benchmark scores were significantly higher. The university told him they were using affirmative action, which is the effort by legislation or other means to improve e d u c a t i o n a l o r e c o n o m i c opportunities for disadvantaged groups. The school had reserved 16 out of the 100 spots for minority applicants. Allan Bakke filed a lawsuit stating this violated the equal protection clause.

!! The case was examined by the California Supreme Court. They agreed with Bakke and stated the use of affirmative action did in fact violate the equal protection clause. The medical school was ordered to shut down their quota system, w h i c h

The Supreme Court Decisions that Changed Many Lives in the Civil Rights Movement

By: Barret Williams

See SUPREME COURT pg.

In 1955, the Montgomery, Alabama African Americans were fed up with segregation on buses. Some of the reasons for this boycott include, city ordinance required African Americans to ride in designated sections at the back of municipal buses and white city bus dr ivers t reated Afr ican Americans discourteously and violently. The boycott badly affected shops in Montgomery as far as African Americans were going into the city centre. The city

See Economics Page 9

Pg.2

Supreme Court Cases Continued from Page 2by legislation or other means to improve educational or economic opportunities for disadvantaged groups. The school had reserved 16 out of the 100 spots for minority applicants. Allan Bakke filed a lawsuit stating this violated the equal protection clause. The case was examined by the California Supreme Court. They agreed with

Bakke and stated the use of affirmative action did in fact violate the equal protection clause. The medical school was ordered to shut down their quota system, which regulated how many white students versus minority students were accepted. Displeased by this, the medical school appealed the case to the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court, led by Jus t ice Lewis Franklin Powell, ruled in a five to four decision that

u n i v e r s i t i e s m a y constitutionally consider race as a factor in admissions. However, the University of California’s use of quotas did not reach those standards and thus violated the equal protections clause of the Four teen th amendment . Many other cases involving civil rights reached the Supreme Court, but these two cases were particularly life changing

Hundreds Killed on “Bloody” Sunday

Four Girls Killed in Church Bombing

By Max Drury

There are many major events in the Civil Rights movement, all of them worth mentioning, but some were catalysts for the change African American people worked so hard to ach ieve , making them more important. These events are the ones that show us just how hard it was for the civil rights movement to become a success. One of such events has been named “Bloody Sunday” for the extreme demonstration of violence on that day. There was a campaign to have a new voting law passed that made it easier for African American people to vote. To advertise this people marched from Selma to

The Devastation after the Birmingham bombing, though this is only one side of the building.

These people are protesting Bakke. These people are for affirmative action and therefore do not want Bakke to win the case.

Pg.3

Photographs That Impacted

! Of all the iconic photographs in the civil rights movement, these are among the most important. Martin Luther King Jr.’s walk on Washington on August 28, 1963 was a peaceful protest walk to promote desegregation from schools to water fountains. The walk also promoted racial equality. Out of the 250,000 people that walked, a quarter of them were white. The walk on Washington was the largest display in the nations capitol. The arrest of Rosa Parks and the protesting afterwards is one of the most remembered events of the Civil Rights movement. The Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott went on for 381 days. It started on Rosa Parks’ court hearing on December 5, 1955 and went on until December 20, 1956. During this time, African Americans in

Above:Martin Luther King Jr. giving a speech during the famous walk on Washington. He is speaking to some quarter of a million people.

Pg.4

the Civil Rights MovementRight: People protesting the Montgomery city buses. These people are trying to win equal rights for all.

Left: Rosa Parks’ official prison picture when she was arrested for not giving up her spot to a white man on the Montgomery city bus.

Montgomery, Alabama refused to ride the city buses. Another remembered group is Little Rock Nine. This group of brave African American high school students participated in trying to desegregate Little Rock Central High School. For a whole school year, these nine went through many, many hours of harassment and teasing. After a year of this, these nine students made a big step forward to desegregated schools. Many people will remember these iconic photographs for years to come.

Pg.5

Integration?

Vote Victor Schiro

For Mayor

He’ll make it happen

By: Barret Williams

Pg.6

Dr. Martin luther king jr.

photograph

Autograp

hed

By: Barret Williams

Civil Rights Music Captures the Hearts of the African

Americans

“Lift Every Voice and Sing” was written as a poem by James Weldon Johnson. Five Hundred students at his school were the first to sing it as a song. African Americans sang the Black National Anthem, “Lift Every Voice and Sing,” in order to maintain their courage. “Lift Every Voice and Sing” is about African Americans' struggles and their determination to fight for equal rights until they win. Another anthem sung during the Civil Rights Movement was

!

By Jasmine Bellow

Pg.7

“We Shall Overcome.” “We Shal l Overcome” a lso provided hope and courage for the African Americans a s t h e y m a r c h e d a n d protested against unfair laws and someday they will reach their goal to end segregation. This song was first composed as “I’ll Overcome Someday” by Dr. C h a r l e s T i n d l e y , a Methodist minister. It was altered and became known as “We Shall Overcome” in 1947. “Swing Low Sweet Chariot” was first sung by

African American slaves. It was written by Wallace Willis and the original artist was the Fisk Jubilee Singers. It is based on the biblical story of the prophet Elijah. The American Negro Spiritual, “Go Down Moses,” is also based on a biblical story from the Old Testament. In the story, God is telling Pharaoh to let His people (the Israelites) go. In the song, “my people” are the slaves, and “Pharaoh” is the slave owner. The

author is unknown, and it was also made famous by the Fisk Jubilee Si

Pg.8

!

!

Economics Continued from Page 2

officials tried to terminate the boycott. African American cab drivers had charged the same as the buses in an effort to get African American p e o p l e t o w o r k instead of there being no buses.  

T h e m o s t important event that lead to the boycott was the arrest of Rosa Park. City officials dec la red tha t the minimum fare that a c a b d r i v e r c o u l d charge was 45 cents, which caused the 10 cents to be illegal. In order to get around this, the Montgomery I m p r o v e m e n t Association (MIA) introduced a private taxi plan whereby those African Americans who owned their car picked up and dropped people at designated points. This overcame the 45 cents fare issue. The white community of Montgomery tried to use local newspapers to convince the African American community that the boycott had been resolved by printing a story that stated this. The MIA had to do plenty of work in a short period of time to convince as many people as possible that the story was a hoax. Men driving the private taxis were often arrested for the most minor of traffic violations.

Rosa Parks, a 42 year-old African American seamstress, who was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white

This was the average amount of people on the busses in Montgomery during the boycott.

male passenger on December 1, 1955. Some important highlights from the boycott include the role of E. D. Nixon in securing the release of Rosa Parks from jail, the efforts of WPC to organize the one-day boycott which took place on December 5th, and the emergence of Martin Luther King, Jr. as p r e s i d e n t o f t h e M I A a n d spokesman of the boycott. On January 30th 1956, King’s home was bombed. King only got around this by getting insurance by L l o y d ’s o f L o n d o n . S o m e

Pg.9

Montgomery Alabama. The first several walks were peaceful and met little resistance, but then while the campaign members were walking on February 18th the police began to attack people and make arrests. There was one death. Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot and killed when he tried to protect his mother from the police’s nightsticks. The response to Jacksons death was to go on another march and show the police that they weren’t afraid. The march went smoothly up until they reached the Edmund Pettus bridge, where a police barricade was set up. They tried to walk past the barricade. They were met with clubs nightsticks, and t e a r g a s . T h e r e w e r e h u n d r e d s o f p e o p l e hospitalized and several killed. This was a widely televised event, and showed many people in the United States what was happening

in the civil rights movement. Many people were outraged at the poor treatment of the African Americans. This was such a widespread news story Lyndon Johnson agreed to submit the voting law to congress. Another catalyst of change was the bombing of a baptist church in Alabama. The church was bombed on September 15th 1965. The church had a prominently A f r i c a n A m e r i c a n congregation and was a strong supporter of both Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement in general. Several members of the Klu Klux Klan planted sticks of dynamite underneath the church, right u n d e r n e a t h t h e g i r l s bathroom. They exploded during the service. The blast killed Carole Robertson, Addie Mae Collins, and Denise McMule. This event was also very publicized and brought down a heavy

opposition to the Klu Klux Klan. Three of the girls were fourteen, one was eleven. The idea that the Klan could do this to such young people caused a grinding halt to all of the recruitment of the Klan as well. It also forced a push for civil rights and reform in general , the opposite of what the Klan members wanted.

Bloody Sunday Continued from page 3

She died in the hospital several days after “Bloody” Sunday.

They are mourning her loss.

Do you know what she died for...

Nothing.

Unless the voting bill she gave her life for is passed.

VOTE FOR RACIAL EQUALITY

Pg.10By Max Drury

Little Rock Nine AttemptsBy: Barret Williams

Little Rock Nine was among the first groups to participate in the desegregation of public schools. Little Rock Nine consisted of nine African American high school students: Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Thelma Mothershed, Terrence Roberts, Minnijean Brown, and Melba Pattillo. These students transferred schools to Little Rock Central High School. The governor of Little Rock, Orval Faubus, despite the fact the federal government prohibited it, called the Arkansas National Guard to prevent these nine students from entering the school. On September 4, 1957, these nine students tried to enter the school building but were stopped by the National

Guard. On September 14, Elizabeth Eckford went to the school campus where an intersection mob met her. Describing the feeling of absolute loneliness, Elizabeth said, “I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the mob—someone who maybe would help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me.” She tried to enter the school but was unable to, so she went to sit on a park bench to wait for the bus to pick her up to take her to her mother’s work. The nine students remained at home for two weeks trying to keep up with schoolwork as best they could. Responding to the placement of the National Guard, President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered Orval Faubus to take the guards away. On September 23, 1957, the nine students entered the school for the first time. When they entered, they heard the chants of the people outside, “Two, four, six, eight...we

ain’t gonna integrate!” The police took the nine out of the school yet again, for the police feared they would not be able to control the mob. Eisenhower assigned guards from the U.S. Army to escort the nine into school. This continued for the rest of the school

Carlotta Walls

Terrence Roberts

Melba Pattillo

Minnijean Brown

Pg.11

See Little Rock Nine Attempts to Integrate High School Page 12

year. Minnijean Brown was suspended and later expelled for retaliating against the harassment. The other eight finished the school year and Ernest Green became Little Rock Central High School’s first African American graduate. Martin Luther King Jr. even attended Green’s graduation. After the school year finished, the students were forced to attend different schools because voters chose to close the four Little Rock high schools to prevent farther desegregation attempts.

Thelma Mothershed Elizabeth Eckford

Ernest Green at his graduation from Little Rock Central High School.

Jefferson Thomas Gloria Ray

to Integrate High School

Pg.12

A sculpture of an African American boy being attacked by a police dog. Kelly Ingram Park Birmingham, Alabama.

The art of the Civil Rights movement was a major part in encouraging people to take action and helping them know what happened during the time of the Civil Rights Movement. The statue above is of a colored boy being shoved by an officer and also being attacked by a police dog. The statue to the right is Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. sanding peacefully . The statue is s i gn i f i c an t because he p r eached nonviolence during the Civil Rights Movement.

Statue of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at Kelly Ingram Park Birmingham, Alabama.

Iconic Art Inspired By the Civil Rights Movement

Pg.13

Type to enter text

Ruby Bridges being escorted by 4 marshals. “The Problem We All Live With” painted by Norman Rockwell

The painting above is of Ruby Bridges, a six year old African American girl who lived in New Orleans, walking to a segregated school. She is being escorted because of all the violence and hate in New Orleans during the Civil Rights Movement. In the back of the picture the word “nigger” is written on the wall and there is a tomato that was thrown at her. Below, in both pictures is the Civil Rights Memorial. The Memorial is in Montgomery, Alabama. The Memorial is there to

recognize the people who lost their lives due to the Civil Rights Movement f rom 1954 t o 1 9 6 8 . T h e M e m o r i a l i s made out of black g r a n i t e a n d c o n t a i n s t h e n a m e s o f t h e people that died.

The Civil Rights Memorial from the side

The Civil Rights Memorial from the top.

Pg.14

Death of Langston Hughes Causes Disruption in the Poetry World

L a n g s t o n Hughes was many things, a poet , a writer, and a person with an amazing life story. He was born on February 1st ,1902, in Joplin, Missouri. His parents decided to get divorced when he was very young. He lived with his grandmother and moved around the country frequently. His first move was to Lincoln, Illinois, so he could live with his mother and her new husband . Th i s i s where Hughes started writing poetry. He said Walt Whitman w a s o n e o f h i s primary influences. He later moved to Cleveland, Ohio with his family. He moved to

By Max Drury

Pg.15

Mexico for one year, and visited the University of Columbia. During this year he took many odd jobs, such as a cook, a launderer, and a sailor when he traveled to Europe and Africa. He settled down in D.C where he published his first poetry book, The Weary Blues. It was there he also published his first n o v e l , N o t W i t h o u t Laughter. His poetry was

k n o w n f o r i t s co lor fu l portrayal o f A f r i c a n American life in the U.S from the 20’s to The 60’s. He said he wanted to show what the culture was really like during that time period. Some of his later life works showed his devotion to the Civil Rights movement. He wrote about how life was like to be an african American during that time period. His works very realistically portrayed the situation that the civil rights activists were in. Then in the seventies, Hughes unfortunately died from prostate cancer, leaving many of his works unfinished, as well as many books,

novels, and poetry behind.

pg.16Pg. 16

Mississippi Trial, 1955 Spotlights Emmett Till’s MurderBy Spencer Chunn

Mississippi Trial, 1955 is written by Chris Crowe and was published by Penguin Group (USA) Inc. in 2002. Mississippi Trial, 1955 is a Civil Rights book about the brutal murder of Emmett Till. Mississippi Trial starts in 1948 in Greenwood

Mississippi. Hiram Hillburn, the main character, lives with his grandparents while his dad finishes college in Oxford. Suddenly, Hiram’s gramma dies and soon after Hiram and his Parents move to Tempe, Arizona. Seven years later, in 1955, Hiram’s grampa has a stroke and Hiram has an excuse to go to Greenwood for the summer. Hiram crosses paths with Emmett Till, a 14 year old African American boy from Chicago who is visiting his uncle, when he saves Emmett from drowning in a river. Hiram and R.C. Rydell, a friend of Hiram’s who lives in Greenwood, go

fishing and encounter Emmett and his cousins playing in the river. Emmett asks Hiram for food and R.C. doesn’t like it. R.C. beats up Emmett and shoves fish guts in his mouth. Hiram is yelling at R.C. and says, “R.C., he can’t breathe, You’re going to kill him.” This book shows the problem of Civil Rights in the South. When Emmett is murdered, Hiram wants to know who the third man involved in the murder is. Mississippi Trial, 1955 is full of hate and violence toward African Americans. Mississippi Trial, 1955 makes readers wonder about the violence and hate directed toward colored people. The plot is most influenced by the current events and geography of the time period. In the South white people had more power and the colored people worked in the fields all day. The white man was the boss and a colored man was a worker. Mississippi Trial, 1955 shows the unequal rights of the South as well as the violence during the Civil Rights movement.

Pg.17

By: Jackson Butterbaugh

Martin Luther King Jr. and His Family’s Contributions to the Civil Rights Movement

Everyone knows about Martin Luther King Jr. and his contributions to the Civil Rights Movement, but very few people know about his entire family’s. His father, Martin Luther King Sr. preached for Civil Rights for decades, he also supported his son in every way he could. He was the one who taught King to practice nonviolence. His brother, Alfred Daniel King, preached for years with his father, as well as leading many Civil

Martin Luther King Sr. preaching about his son’s death and the cause he died for

Corretta Scott speaking out against obtaining Civil Rights violently

Alfred King in a march for Civil Rights

Pg.18

S h e helped by leading marches and helping campaigns along the road to Civil Rights. His children inspired him to keep working and continue to struggle for Civil Rights. Some of his children were even civil Rights activists like himself Namely his oldest daughter, Yolanda King, who was a Civil Rights activist, and an actor. Martin Luther King spoke out in his attempt to gain Civil Rights. He also was strictly against obtaining those rights through violence . Even after his house was bombed and many of his marches King still preached nonviolence for Civil Rights. He was awarded the nobel

peace prize for his efforts. He was a religious and peaceful man. These traits passed on to his friends and family.

Pg.19

A family portrait of the Kings days before their house was bombed

Martin Luther King Posing for his Nobel Prize Picture

BATON ROUGE BUS BOYCOTT MARKS FIRST BUS BOYCOTTBy Spencer Chunn The Baton Rouge Bus B o y c o t t w a s t h e f i r s t successful bus boycott of the Civil Rights movement. It took place on June 20, 1953 and lasted for four days. This boycott was a blueprint for the well known Montgomery B u s B o y c o t t i n 1 9 5 5 . Reverend Theodore Jefferson Jemison, the pastor at Mt. Zion Baptist Church was the leader of the boycott. About 80% of the bus riders in Baton Rouge during the 1 9 5 0 ‘ s w e r e A f r i c a n Americans, therefore the boycott had a great affect on the bus companies. The bus b o y c o t t c o s t t h e b u s companies about $1600 a day.

On the February 25 meeting, the council voted to allow African American people to sit in the front seats on buses as long as they did not occupy or sit in front of a white person. Ordinance 222 stated that African American people could fill up the bus from the back to the front, and white people could fill the bus from front to back based on a first-come, first-served basis. For almost three months, the front ten seats were reserved for white people. Reverend Jemison tests the law by sitting in the front with a copy of the law in his pocket. The a n g e r e d b l a c k c i t i z e n s decided to take action and formed the United Defense League (UDL). On June 19, 1953, Reverend Jemison and Raymond Scott went to the WLCS radio station and announce the bus boycott to the Baton Rouge public. The leaders of the boycott held nightly meetings sponsored by the Uni ted Defense League at churches and schools. As the boycott went on more people attended the nightly meetings. During the boycott, the leaders organized a carpool system in which people could ride around

town without using buses. Money was collected at the meetings to pay for gas for the carpools. Horatio T h o m p s o n , a n A f r i c a n American business man, owned local service stations and sold gas to the drivers at sale price.

Soon after the boycott, Ordinance 251 is passed. O r d i n a n c e 2 5 1 w a s a compromise that said all people could sit anywhere on a bus except the first two seats and the last two. The first two seats were reserved for white people and the last two seats were reserved for African American people.

R e v e r e n d J e m i s o n holds a mass meeting at Memor ia l S t ad ium and announces the news of Ordinance 251 and calls off the successful Baton Rouge Bus Boycott. Even though Reverend Jemison called off the boycott, some people refused to ride the bus for awhile.

Pg.20

come join the fight today!

By: Barret Williams

Women  Ac*vists  Work  Hard  to  Make  a  Change  for  Women

By  Jasmine  Bellow

Rosa Parks, Sojourner Truth, Susan B . Anthony , Harr i e t Tubman, and Mary McLeod-Bethune were all American Women Civil Rights activists. Rosa Parks was an African American woman, who was the catalyst of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. She refused to give her seat to a white

male passenger. Sojourner Truth was born into slavery and gave birth to her son and daughter while still in slavery. She later sued and won her case to regain custody of her son. She was the first African American women to win such a case against a

Pg.21

white man. Truth also recruited African American troops to fight in the Union Army. Susan B. Anthony helped secure the right for women to vote in the US. She was the co-

founder of the first Women’s Temperance Movement. Harr iet Tubman was born into slavery in 1820 and escaped in 1849. She continued to return to the plantation to free her relatives and non-relatives. She freed over a thousand slaves through the Underground Railroad. Mary McLeod-Bethune was a highly accomplished educator. She graduated from

Scotia Seminary for Girls in 1893. McLeod-Bethune founded the Daytona Nor mal and Industrial Institute.    

                                                           

!

!

!

!

Pg.22

My Mother the Cheerleader Continues to be a Must ReadBy: Barret Williams!! Robert Sharenow brings the reader back to 1960 in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, LA into the mind of 13 year-old Louise Collins in his intr iguing novel , My Mother the Cheerleader. P u b l i s h e d b y HarperCollins in 2007, this historical fiction novel allows the reader to hear all the tales about Ruby Bridges and the integration of William Frantz Elementary School. Every morning, a group of white moms, who call

t h e m s e l v e s t h e cheerleaders, come out to tease poor little Ruby Bridges on her way to school . Louise’s mother, Pauline Collins, has taken Louise out of school, like many other mothers have , and joined the cheerleaders. Louise is a smart, young girl with brown hair, gray-blue eyes, and glasses. She spends her days taking care of Rooms on Desire’s only year around boarder, grumpy old Mr. Landroux, and reading her favorite book, Jane Eyre, so many times that she has practically memorized it. So when Morgan Miller steps out of his Chevy Bel Air and asks for a room, Louise is suspecting that there will be some fun. Louise falls in love with Morgan almost immediately and admires his sophisticated and sharp look, which is unlike many of her mom’s gues t s . Ignor ing the warning from Charlotte, the house’s only other

helper, gives her about not getting involved in grown up business , Louise gets ready to record some interesting information in her spy log. With c o m m u n i s t s r u n n i n g a r o u n d t h e U . S . g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e attempts to integrate the schools, no one can be sure of Morgan’s real reason for visiting the Ninth Ward, especially Pauline’s friends, Royce and Clem, are very unsure of Morgan.

Robert Sharenow

pg.23

See Cheerleader pg.24

B e t w e e n c h e e r l e a d i n g i n t h e morning and her usual l i m e j u l e p s i n t h e afternoon, Pauline is also ready for a change. She is challenged with staying loyal to the cheerleaders a n d s e g r e g a t i o n o r listening to Morgan and following his reasoning. With Louise out and about and Morgan showing up at the school to watch the cheerleading, Pauline’s stress and anxiety is building up. This novel highlights the meaning of family and how much it hurts the break up that family.

Even with dense historical content, this novel is a page turning read for anyone interested in learning about the integration of southern schools and Ruby Bridges. Including the horrors of the Ku Klux Klan, this would be a fantastic read if you are afraid to have the tables turned and look at integration from the p o i n t o f v i e w o f a s e g r e g a t i o n i s t , l i k e Pauline. These people dominated the Ninth Ward during the 1960’s and went to segregation events where a speaker convinces

them why to hate African Americans. Although you might think this novel is just for history buffs, My Mother the Cheerleader will fascinate anyone even the slightest bit interested i n t h e C i v i l R i g h t s movement.

pg.24

Continued Cheerleader pg.23

Warriors  Don’t  Cry  Describes  the  Life  of  Melba  BealsBy  Jasmine  Bellow

Title:  Warriors  Don’t  CryAuthor:  Melba  Patillo  Beals  Publisher:  Pocket  BooksYear  of  Publication:  1994Genre:  Non-­‐Fiction  (Autobiography)

                                                                     

“You’  all  think  your  gonna  have  a  graduation,  but  a  funeral  is  what  you’re  really  gonna  have  –  no,  more  like  eight  funerals.”

-­‐Andy“One  nigger  down,  eight  to  go.”

-­‐Andy

“Put  the  nigger  back  in  her  cage…  make  her  take  her  regular  seat.”-­‐A  boy  from  Melba’s  class  

  Warriors   Don’t   Cry   is   based   on   Melba   Beals’   diary   entries   regarding   the  integration   of   Central   High.   The   diary   entries   give   a   chronological   event   of   her  experience   during   the   integration   of   Central   High.   The   book   includes   pictures   of  Melba  Beals,  her  family  members,  and   the  Little  Rock   Nine  at  school.  The  pictures  are   included   to   give   the   readers   a   clear  picture  of   how   the  events   that   took   place  during   the   integration   in   1957.   Warriors   Don’t   Cry   takes   place   in   Little   Rock,  Arkansas,  which  is  located  in  the  Southern  part  of  the  United  States.

pg.25

The   Little   Rock   Nine   students  were,  Melba   Beals,   Terrence   Roberts,   Jefferson  Thomas,  Elizabeth  Eckford,  Thelma  Mothershed,  Minnijean  Brown,  Carlotta  Walls,  and  Gloria  Ray.  They  put  up  with  plenty  of  hardships,  criticism,  and  prejudice.  Melba  was  kicked,   choked,   verbally   abused,   and   acid   thrown   in   her   eyes.   And   through   all   the  harsh  things  that  happened  to  her,  Grandma  India  told  her,  “God’s  warriors  don’t  cry”  and  encouraged  her  not  to   give  up  anything.  The  Little  Rock  Nine  became  heroes  of  the  Civil  Rights  Movement  because  their  courage   inspired  African  Americans  to   \ight  for  what  they  believe  in.  In  the  book,  there  is  plenty  of  chaos,  danger,  frustration,  and  scariness  that  Little  Rock  Nine  experienced  in  Central  High.        Warriors   Don’t   Cry   draws   the   reader’s   attention   to   the   importance   of   how   the  integration  affected   the  African  Americans   in  Little  Rock,  Arkansas.  The  book  causes  the  reader  to  show  much  emotion,  such  as  angry  and  sympathetic.  In  some  cases,  the  book  might   even  cause   some   readers   to   change   their   points   of   view  of   integration.  During   the  Civil  Rights  Movement,   the  south  was  against  integration  and  didn’t  want  African  Americans  to  have  the  same  rights  as  whites.              Warriors  Don’t  Cry  is  about  nine  African  American  students  who  were  the  \irst  to  integrate   a   school   in   Little   Rock,   Arkansas.   The   book   speci\ically   zeros   in   on   how  Melba  Patillo   Beals   felt   and  what   happened  to   her  during  the   integration   of   Central  High   School   in   1957.   In   the   novel,   there   are   a   few   objectionable   words,   such   as  “nigger”  and  “negro.”  In  the  novel,  Melba  Beals  goes  through  plenty  of  hardships,  from  being   bullied   by   classmates   to   being   beaten   by   adults.   It   was   hard   for   Melba   to  continue  to  believe  that  she  would  be  able  to  integrate  Central  High.  Her  family  did  not  allow  her  to  tell  the  police  about  the  events  that  happened  to  her  in  school  because  the  police  might  do  even  worse  things  to  her  or  the  white  people  would  continue  to  abuse  her  and  add  more  abusive   things  to   the  usual  things   they  did   to  Melba.  This  book   is  recommended   to   students   and   lovers   of   history   because   it   gives   the   reader   a   clear  understanding  of  what  happened  during  the  Little  Rock  Nine’s  integration  into  Central  High   School.   This   book   will   serve   as   a   great   guide   for   those   who   are   interested   in  learning   about   the   outcome   of   integration   during   the   20th   century.

pg.26

Major Leaders in Desegregation that Fought for Their BeliefsBY JACKSON BUTTERBAUGH

Thurgood Marshall (below) leading Autherine Lucy and a crowd to the United States District Court in Birmingham to

s

Thurgood Marshal to the United States Court of Appeals. A few years later, Marshal was appointed to the position of solicitor general. In 1967, President Johnson chose Marshall to be a Supreme Court Justice. Thurgood Marshall was the first African American Supreme Court Juctice. Ruby Nell Bridges was a major game-changer in the civil rights movement because of her major influences. Bridges was born September 8, 1954 in Tylertown, Mississippi. She was the youngest of six African Americans in an organization attempting to integrate schools in the south. Bridges went to William Frantz Elementary School, an all white school, and later in the year enrolled more black students. Ruby Bridges became a major symbol of the integration of schools in the civil rights movement. President John F. Kennedy had a major impact on civil rights by improving employment and employment chances for African Americans. In the March of 1961, Kennedy established the PCEEO (President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity) to end discrimination in federal employment.

There were many civil rights leaders in the 20th and 21st century, but here are a few that aided in education, employment, and law. Thurgood Marshal was born July 2nd, 1908. In 1930, Marshal applied to the University of Maryland Law but was denied because he was African American, but this didn’t stop Marshall. He then applied to Howard University Law School and was admitted. In 1933, Marshall sued the University of Maryland Law and won the case. In 1954, Marshall argued for the plaintiff before the Supreme Court in the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas and won. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed

Pg.27

In spite of what many had thought, congress responded to turbulence and pressure from those for and against civil by being more favorable to civil rights. Kennedy also pushed for action on civil rights for African Americans by calling upon the help from priests of all faiths. John F. Kennedy had a major effect on civil rights.

Medgar Evers was a civil rights leader who had a major impact on the integration of education and employment. In the mid-1950’s, Evers and his wife Myrlie established the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) office in Jackson, Mississippi and became the first field secretary of NAACP in Mississippi, staying in this position from 1954 to 1963. In the early 1960‘s, Evers planned and led a boycott of white merchants. In 1962, backed by federal troops, Evers helped James Meredith integrate the University of Mississippi. Sadly, Medgar Evers was shot for his sacrifices and assistance in the civil rights movement on June 12, 1963. Mary McLeod Bethune was a major female leader in the civil rights movement with education. Known as the “First Lady of the Struggle”, she devoted her life to helping improve the lives of African Americans. Bethune helped African Americans with education when she founded the Daytona Educational and Industrial School for Negro Girls in 1904, which in 1923, merged with the Cookman Institute of Jacksonville to co-found the Berthune-Cookman College. Berthune also had major influences as the president of the National Council of Negro Women and as a top black administrator in the Roosevelt administration.  There were many different ways civil rights leaders helped in civil rights, but those were some that helped in law, education, and employment.      

A portrait of Mary McLeod Bethune (above) to go in the halls of Bethune-Cookman College.

Pg.28

People That Spread The Word Of The Civil Rights Movement

Emmett Till, Jesse J a c k s o n , R u b y Bridges, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and M a l c o l m X a l l publicized the Civil Rights movement. Emmett Till was a 14 year old African American boy who w a s b r u t a l l y m u r d e r e d i n Mississippi. Till was from Chicago and was visiting his uncle when two men

kidnapped him, beat

Emmett Till months before he was murdered.

Jesse Jackson

Pg.29

By: Spencer Chunn

him, then killed him. Jesse Jackson was an orator and worked with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Jackson believed that African Americans should have more political power. Jesse Jackson was the first African American to make a difference in the presidential election. Ruby Bridges was a six year old African American girl who held a major part in desegregating schools in New Orleans. Ruby Bridges was well known for her courage. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most well known figures of the civil rights movement. Dr. King was an orator and minister who preached non-violence. Dr. King made many speeches and helped in many Civil Rights events. Malcolm X was a preacher and orator. He wanted to obtain civil rights any way he could.

Malcolm X making a speech.

Pg.30

To Kill a Mockingbird Is Considered a Classic Piece of American Literature

To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, is a masterfully crafted novel, that will be a treasured piece of American literature forever. The year it was published, 1960, is also around the time it takes place. This book provides an in-depth look back into the culture of the mid-20th century, as well as a basic summary of what it would have been like to live in that time. This book is set in the small sleepy town of Maycomb, Alabama, in the heart of Maycomb County. This town seems to have all, but then disaster strikes, a crime is committed, and two young children almost lose there lives.

! To Kill a Mockingbird is narrated by a little girl, Jean-Louis, or Scout. This book though narrated by Scout, focusses on a different character, her father, Atticus Finch. No matter how many adventures Scout goes on, Atticus is

always there keeping her safe, as well as her big brother Jem. These children’s ives provide a keen insight into the culture of the time. If someone who didn’t know much about the Civil Rights movement, would clearly understand why it happened after read this book. In some instances, the treatment of African Americans is horrible, the way people clearly hate them. Though this is rather unpleasant, it also provides a look into the culture that people would not get other wise. The children's adventure begins

when a boy comes into town one summer, this boy is named Dill. He entices them to attempt to explore the Radley house, the Maycomb equivalent of a haunted house. The children grow up as children do. Soon real problems take over there fantasy of making the inhabitants of the Radley house come out. Atticus is defending a Negro, Tom Robinson, then the result of that case puts, both of his children’s lives in danger. This book is very endearing and causes the reader to fall in love with it. You may feel as if you are missing something when you finish this book, as it is rather difficult to read, in which case feel free to reread this book, it will do you nothing but good. This novels main character is also one

By Max Drury

Pg.31

of the greatest role models of all time. Atticus is modeled in areas varying from parenting to lawyer ethic. “What would Atticus do” is a common phrase, if not said, then thought by the many readers of this book.

This book captures the theme of the Civil Rights movement by expressing why it was started. This is the kind of book one loves from the moment one first reads it as a young adult to when he or she is old and think they know every little detail about it. One of the best things about this book is the fact that no matter how many times you read it, you will always want to read more and more and more. That is also one of the only caveat, besides small amounts of profanity, and talk of rape, that once you read this book you will never want to stop.

Join !e Fight For Equality

One Nation Working together, For Justice and Equality Everywhere

Visit our website for more information

at www.naacp.org

Pg.32By Spencer Chunn

David Greenberg Writes Another Outstanding Novel

BY JACKSON BUTTERBAUGH

!

!

! A Tugging String is a novel written by David T. Greenberg. Published in 2008 by Dutton Children’s Books, this book is about a young boy growing up in the Civil Rights era. In the book, much of the events that happen to David occur in his house, the car of his parents, or on the Great Neck football field, all in New York. However, there are other places in which events important to the plot that David did not visit in the book, such as: the household of the Miltons, the Selma Voter Registration Office, the Edmund Pettus Bridge, Selma, Alabama, Beverly Bakery, Marine One, Montgomery, Alabama, FBI headquarters, and many more. There are photos in the book, some of which are of Greenberg, his father, or of historical events that took place in the book, the historical photos usually being an action scene or one in which the person being photographed posing for the camera. There were some major events and characters that were not always in some chapters of the book that cannot be left out, however, and here are three of them. Martin Luther King Jr. was a major leader in civil rights who hired Jack Greenberg to argue for him and his followers to march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama. Jack Greenberg, the father of the protagonist, was also a major character in the book and in the civil rights movement. He argued to the Supreme Court on many occasions. He had many challenges in the book, but what is probably the toughest for Greenberg was telling his family bad news over the phone. A theme developed in this book is the chaos of war on Bloody Sunday. The author usually expresses his characters in cheerful ways unless he is describing a person or place that is run-down, sad, or down-trodden. This book will pull a reader in and make sure he or she feels what and how the characters feel and think how the characters think in order to move on to the next page without fear of what might happen next. When writing this book, Greenberg was affected in his writing by the views his family had on the civil rights movement, for example: his older brother, Josiah, and his mother showed extreme intolerance of the Vietnam War and also showed opinions openly with David. His writing was also affected by where he grew up. David grew up in New York, where much of the populace favored civil rights. A Tugging String captures the aspects of civil rights by imposing the views of a young white boy and his struggles alongside his family that is embedded in the civil rights movement. Readers will be astonished (at the accurate description of what went on Bloody Sunday), surprised, entertained by, familiarized with, and emotionally bonded to the characters and events in this book. Pg. 33

Presidential Campaigns and Elections that Affected Civil Rights

ElectionsThe 20th and 21st century elections helped shape America today in different ways.

The 1912 election was a major event because it challenged voters to seriously think about their rights. This election was a thrilling one that was near the start of the 20th century that helped American citizens come to terms with the oppositions set by the Industrial Revolution. The 1912 election, however, was not a major reform election because it did not lead to a new political order but did introduce important changes that helped reintroduce the practice of self-government in the United States. This election exhibited four first-rate candidates: Theodore Roosevelt, in the Progressive Party, William Howard Taft, who was the Republican President, Eugene Debs, who ran the Socialist Party, and Woodrow Wilson, who was the Democratic President. Woodrow Wilson won

this presidential race because of his PhD, which fascinated a majority of the American voters.

Another major election was the 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson-Barry

M. Goldwater election. This helped progress civil rights because only a year later, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. A major election in the civil rights movement was the 1960 election.A few weeks before the election in 1960, Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested while leading a protest in Atlanta, GA. Kennedy then called Coretta Scott King to express his concerns while Robert Kennedy secured the release of Martin Luther King Jr. During the election, more than 70% of African Americans voted for Kennedy, which helped give him a winning edge several key states. Though he won, he was cautious when giving pushes for civil rights. He then put VP Lyndon B. Johnson in charge of the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. In 2008, Barack Obama was elected to office. Obama was African American. Why did this matter? Because it showed a major change had taken effect in civil rights. From African Americans unable to vote over a century ago, to an African American becoming president! In 2012, Barack Obama ran again for president and won. This was also a major event because, for the first time, the black voter turnout rate passed the white voter turnout rate! Overall, 2012 voter turnout rates were roughly 58%, from 62% in 2008. This was another example of a major change in civil rights. Over the past century, presidential elections are amazing examples of civil rights changing marginally.

By Jackson Butterbaugh

Pg. 34

By J

asm

ine

Bello

w

Civil Rights Movies that Affected the Civil Rights

! BY!JACKSON!BUTTERBAUGH!

!

!

however, the 1967 Loving versus Virginia case was ruled that the ban on interracial marriage was unconstitutional, but this did not change the movie (and was still frowned upon by some). This was a movie that showed the directors (Stanley Kramer) compliance to dig into this topic. It was also a movie that forced those against interracial marriage to rethink why they did not want two people who love each other to marry. Another movie that affected the civil rights movement in a big way was The Tuskegee Airmen (1995). In the time within the movie, many thought that blacks did not have the abilities to learn technical flying skills. These concerns were raised when Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry Truman pushed the integration of blacks entering into the military in the 1940s. This movie showed the success and heroic deeds of the Tuskegee airmen that destroyed this myth and also showed racists to respect blacks

There have been many movies over the years that had major impact on the civil rights movement, but here are three that had a bigger affect than others. Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner (1967) is a movie about an interracial relationship between a young white woman and a young African American doctor who is engaged to her. In the time in which the film was made, interracial marriage was illegal in many states; this is when the film was being made which was a key part in the plot of this movie. Five months before the premier of the movie,

!

The 1995 movie poster for The Tuskegee Airmen (above). Pg. 35

that were returning from the army and blacks entering the army.

The civil rights movement is typically understood through the actions of adults, but this is not one of them. Disney’s 1998 Ruby Bridges allows viewers to see the story of racism through the eyes of a child. Seeing racism through the eyes of a child could easily make a bigger impact on viewers because it would be scarier and more traumatic. Ruby Bridges was the first black child to go to an all-white elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1960. Bridges took a nonviolent approach to integration partly because she was young, but also because she knew that she was doing the right thing. She also knew that she had the support of her parents and her teacher. Upon seeing Disney’s Ruby Bridges, white racists were forced to look in the mirror and ponder why they could have done things so hurtful to one so young. There were many movies that helped progress civil rights, but those were three that had colossal effects on civil rights.

! The movie poster for the 1998 Ruby Bridges movie (above).

Pg. 36

x k s q i h r a t x v q h f g q d u m u m p i e n i n e p l l q s o w t q k o x e l q n g l r r g u p i h t j s n e n t r o o h g r r w a t t s k q i y s q t q f u t c f c e p q h e z w b e b j n g d p s v d l p s g p e f r s a v e c i o v w k k s b a o c a r i k m j q h a e m i z v c n s d m d u t y k b a s l e i e k e q f c a m q d p h i a u t r m n z r d z o m b c t n l r w w o s u a t x r y e d e s e g r e g a t i o n m t w i z x i u b k c h m t i s g h a e c t g l n t a s l l n o v i d r s c r r z o h q w y c m s i c a r h m w i i l i s c o q e f c x z h v y r w b r c e f j r y l h s e i o h n i i p e f a y d m c v o s k g q c t w r l i c a n g i h t p v b c l q z u l i t t l e s p l c u m b n o d x p v v k r g w e c n e l o i v p r r q q q o i z w o o v u l c u i w a m d c u i l r n

desegregationlittle rock ninemartin luther king jr

malcolm xmontgomery bus boycottcivil rights

racismviolenceafrican americans

whitesegregationboycott

Civil Rights Word Search

By: Spencer Chunn Pg. 37

Integration?

Vote Victor Schiro

For Mayor

He’ll make it happen

By: Barret Williams

Enjoy  a  collec+on  of  artwork  of  the  Li4le  Rock  Nine,  a  group  of  Black  high  school  students  who  integrated  Central  High  in  1957.  Pain+ngs  include  Mrs.  Daisy  Bates  with  the  Li0le  Rock  Nine,  Li0le  Rock  Nine  teenagers,  and  Melba  Beals  being  escorted  by  the  101st  Airborne.

Available  at:  www.li4lerocknineartwork.com

Prices  range  from  $299.99  –  $699.99

!!

!

By Jasmine Bellow