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Abstract—Thedback op-amown-hole-drillimperature (>1

wo-stages wherrcuit is adopteain and high mperature apOI-CMOS tech00 °C shows trcuit stays to 5c gain stays to or those tempearts to increas

Index Termsigh temperaturcuit.

High temperutomotive, aelectronics for t elevated tempplication is ollecting, loggnclination, temiggest challeown-hole-drillemperature (>ver 2 km dep1]-[2].

Silicon techusiness. The uircuits to be faow power conxhibit many eakage increaeduction. Amourrent at higheduces circuit auses the losseriously, destechnology sigliminating theegion and subroperties of buesigns from bu

Manuscript receThe authors are

cience, Technolog

A

his paper presmp for electroing applicati170 °C) regimre first stage is ed to maintain

cut-off frequpplication. A hnology was chthat transcond50 uS within ± constant valuerature range.

se from 240 kH

s—SOI-CMOSure electronics

I. INTR

rature electronerospace, nucthose applicat

mperature. Eleto explore

ging and procemperature anenge in daling applicati

>170°C) encoupth below th

hnology domuse of bulk-Cabricated on a nsumption. Hdrawbacks a

ase, thresholdong these drawh temperature

performances of charge sttroy the chignificantly ree reverse-biasebstrate/well, ulk-CMOS teculk CMOS to

eived August 24, e with Institute of gy, and Research)

20 dB, Op-A

sents an SOIonic data acqion which o

me. The op-amfolded cascodeno degradatio

uency of the commercially

hosen. Measureductance of th2 % accuracy

e of 19.8 dB (2 Otherwise hig

Hz at 0 °C to 32

S, capacitive s, constant-gm

RODUCTION nics finds manclear and dotions require aectronics for modern oil/gessing data su

nd pressure oata acquisitiion is also thuntered at gre

he surface of

minates todayCMOS allows

single die, anHowever bulk-at high temped voltages shwbacks, excesis the most s

e due to loss tored at dynamip due to leduces the leed diodes betand it has m

chnology, so iSOI CMOS.

2012; revised SepMicroelectronics), Singapore.

200 kHAmp fo

Jeongwo

I-CMOS capaquisition systeoperates at

mp is designed e. A constant-gmon of the closed

op-amp for y available 1ements from 0 he constant-gmand the closed% less from 2

gh cut-off frequ20 kHz at 200 °

feedback, op-m current refe

ny applicationown-hole dria reliable operdown-hole-dr

gas wells thruch as headingof the strata.ion systems he high opereat depth typithe earth/sea

y’s semicondanalog and d

nd offers extre-CMOS transerature - junhift, and moss junction leaserious probleof bias curre

mic node, or atch-up [3].

eakage currentween source/most of the it is easy to mi

ptember 11, 2012s, A*STAR (Agen

Hz SOIr High

ook Koh, M.

acitive em in

high to be

m bias d loop

high 1 um °C to

m bias d-loop 20 dB) uency °C.

-amp, erence

s like illing. ration rilling rough g and The

for rating ically a bed

ductor digital emely istors

nction obility akage em. It ent or more SOI

nt by /drain good

igrate

2. ncy for

IndesigtechnGenecircugate feedbconsdesigtransgain

Indemousingappli

II.

A.Th

ordedue tleakacurreSOI devicleakaop-a

FidepetransincreobsePMOleakareduleakadepe

I-CMOTempe

Annamalai A

n addition to gn techniqueniques availaerally such meuit. Examples

biasing, subback cancellat

stant-gm biasingn [4]. Constasconductance of op-amp is

n this paper wonstration of g constant-gication.

TECHNOLOG

Leakage Curhe junction lr) in SOI-CMto the reducedage towards tent is then thetransistors, thce length [5]age current o

amp and constaig. 1 and 2 endent junctiosistors from 0eases in both terve no furtheOS transistor bage current i

uction for alage current oendence.

Fig. 1. Jun

OS Capaerature

Arasu, and M

technology cis to be consi

able to mitigethods depends are ZTC (zebstrate biasingtion, and cons

ng is the most ant-gm biasinggm of op-ampobtained.

we will preseSOI-CMOS

gm bias circ

Y CONSIDERA

rrent eakage curren

MOS transistord junction areathe substrate. e generation this volume de]. Therefore of SOI-CMOant-gm bias cishow simul

on leakage cu°C to 200°C. transistors witer increase ofbeyond 150 °Cin NMOS trl temperaturef PMOS tran

nction leakage cur

acitive Applic

Minkyu Je

considerationidered. There gate the abod on the specifero temperatug feedback, stant-gm biasinrelevant techn

g makes “temp and thus stab

ent design ancapacitive fe

cuit for hig

ATIONS FOR HT

nt is remarkar than bulk-CMa and the abseSince the do

term in the deecreases with

it is worthwOS transistors

rcuit. ation results urrent in NMThe junction

th temperaturef junction leaC. It is also fouransistor decres. Otherwis

nsistor show l

rrent in NMOS tr

Feedbacation

, analog circare many oth

ove drawbackfic structure oure coefficienleakage curre

ng. Among thenique to op-am

mperature-stablbile closed-lo

nd experimeneedback op-amgh temperatu

T APPLICATIO

ably smaller MOS transistoence of diffusiominant leakaepleted region the reduction

while examinis for design

of gate-lengMOS and PMO

leakage curree increasing. Wakage current und that junctireases with tse the junctilittle gate-leng

ansistor.

ack

cuit her ks.

of a nts) ent em mp le”

oop

ntal mp ure

N

(3 ors ion age in of

ing of

gth OS ent We

in ion the ion gth

International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2013

35DOI: 10.7763/IJIEE.2013.V3.260

B

decodrpa

patra

letrachNchwtharfomsh

Fig. 2.

B. Channel LThe output

etermine oponductance orain-source carameter λ as

And it is wearameter is inansistors [6]. Fig. 3 and Fi

ength modulaansistor with vhannel length

NMOS and PMhannel length

when comparedhat PMOS traround 1.5 timeor all temper

modulation parhorter gate len

Fig. 3. Chann

Fig. 4. Chann

Junction leakage

Length Modulconductance

en-loop gainof a MOS urrent IDS an

g

ell known thatnversely propo

ig. 4 show temtion parametevarious gate leh modulation

MOS transistorh modulation d to NMOS traansistor with es more channratures. Morerameter is obtngths.

nel length modula

nel length modul

current in PMOS

lation Parameis one of

n of op-amtransistor is nd channel l

λ · IDS

t the channel ortional to ga

mperature depeer (λ) for Nengths. As tem

parameter ds. PMOS transparameter foansistor. Inter4 to 6 um g

nel length moe than 2 timtained in PM

ation parameter o

ation parameter o

S transistor.

eter parameters w

mp. The oexpressed

length modul

length modulate length of

endence of chNMOS and Pmperature incrdecreases insistor shows h

or all temperarestingly it is fgate length sdulation param

me channel leOS transistor

of NMOS transist

of PMOS transist

which output using lation

1

lation MOS

annel MOS

reases, both

higher atures found shows meter ength

r with

tor.

tor.

C.W

NMOdesigjunctparam

Trassumeffec

Wmobmob

Fibias

Inthrou

Wassum

Inwritt

No

Gate LengthWe have found

OS and PMOgn through cotion leakage meter.

III. DESIGransconductanming negligibct, is given by

When bias currility, transconility degradatiig. 5 shows thecircuit is base

n (3) VGS is gugh RB.

With keeping ming Vth,M1=V

F

n the design wten as

ow we get gm

h for Design d that the gatOS transistorsonsiderations o

current and

GN OF CONSTA

nce gm of Nble channel leny [7]

2

ent ID is madenductance gm ion and thus te constant-gm ed on

,

gate-source v

IB=IREF, neVth,M2, we hav

2⁄

Fig. 5. Constant-g

we have 4 for K

2

m as

te length 4 us are good bof temperature

channel len

ANT-GM BIASNMOS in satngth modulati

e inversely prois ideally ind

emperature-inbias circuit in

, ·

voltage and IB

eglecting boe

1√

gm Bias Circuit.

K in (4) and n

1⁄

1

um to 6 um fbaseline for te dependencegth modulati

S CIRCUIT turation regioion and the bo

oportional to tdependent of tndependent. n the design. T

B is the curre

ody effect a

1√

now current IB

for the of on

on, ody

2

the the

The

3

ent

and

4

B is

5

6

International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2013

36

From (6) it is known transconductance gm will be stable

over temperature when RB has a zero-temperature coefficient.

IV. DESIGN OF OP-AMP Fig. 6 shows the op-amp core in the design. The op-amp

core is a two stage miller amplifier where the 1st stage has a folded cascode PMOS input stage for high dc gain. A PMOS input stage is selected. PMOS transistor has better threshold voltage mismatch property, lower flicker noise, and a quite comparable current driving capability compared to its counterpart NMOSFET in 1.0 um SOI Technology [7]-[8]. The second stage is a PMOS input inverting amplifier with NMOS cascode current source and thus the op-amp has less output resistance. In addition the second stage is designed to drive high capacitance for high temperature measurement environment - long cable from DUT (device under test) in hot chamber may induce large capacitance.

Fig. 7 shows the capacitive feedback op-amp. If C2 is variable capacitance as in a capacitive MEMS accelerometer, the capacitive feedback op-amp is called capacitance-voltage converter (CVC), a widely used MEMS accelerometer analog interface circuit [9]. The capacitive feedback op-amp is a prototype for an analog frontend in a MEMS accelerometer acoustic telemetry receiver part for down-hole drilling application. The capacitive feedback op-amp is designed to have an amplification of 20 dB in the frequency range from 200 Hz to 200 kHz from 0 °C to 200 °C.

Fig. 8 shows the open-loop ac gain and phase of the op-amp as temperature increases from 0 °C to 200 °C. The op-amp ac gain stays a relative constant value of around 112 dB and its phase margin also stays a relative constant value of 63 degree. Otherwise unity-gain-bandwidth of the op-amp increases from 3.4 MHz at 0 °C to 3.9 MHz at 200 °C. The op-amp consumes more current as temperature increases. These results are listed in TABLE

Fig. 6. Folded cascode two stage op-amp

Fig. 7. Capacitive feedback op-amp

.

Fig. 8. Open-loop ac gain and phase of the op-amp.

TABLE I:SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE OP-AMP.

Temp [oC]

Open-loop Gain [dB]

PM [°]

UGB [MHz]

Current Consumption

[mA] 0 111.3 64.2 3.4 0.9 25 111.6 64.0 3.5 1.0 50 111.8 63.9 3.6 1.2 75 111.9 63.7 3.6 1.3

100 111.9 63.6 3.7 1.5 125 111.9 63.5 3.8 1.7 150 111.8 63.5 3.8 1.9 175 111.9 63.5 3.9 2.0 200 111.9 63.5 3.9 2.3

V. MEASUREMENT RESULTS The capacitive feedback op-amp with constant-gm bias

circuit is fabricated in 1 um SOI-CMOS technology and Fig. 9 shows the chip photo. Measurements were made in temperature chamber from 0 °C to 200 °C. Current consumption starts to increase from 0.9 mA under 5 V at 0 °C to 2.2 mA under 5 V at 200 °C. Fig. 10 shows the measured transconductance of M1 in constant-gm bias circuit (Fig. 5). The transconductance of the constant-gm bias circuit shows 50 uS within ± 2 % accuracy in the temperature range Fig. 11 shows the measured closed-loop ac gain plot of the capacitive feedback op-amp (Fig. 7). The closed-loop ac gain stays a constant value of 19.8 dB (2 % less from 20 dB) in the temperature range. Low frequency cut-off of the capacitive feedback op-amp stays 150 Hz in the temperature range otherwise high cut-off frequency starts to increase from 240 kHz at 0 °C to 320 kHz at 200 °C.

Fig. 9. Chip micrograph of the op-amp.

Temperature increases0°C to 200°C (50°C step)

Temperature increases0°C to 200°C (50°C step)

International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2013

37

of

Fig. 10

Fig. 11. Clos

This paper pf the SOI-CM

. Measured transc

se-loop ac gain pl

VI. CO

presents desigMOS constant

conductance of M

lot of capacitive f

ONCLUSION gn and experimt-gm biased ca

M1 in Fig. 5.

feedback op-amp

mental verificapacitive feed

.

cation dback

op-aelectappliconsto 2.consin thconstempthe tincre

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]X

[9]

amp over a tetronic data aication. Me

sumption start.2 mA under stant-gm bias che temperaturstant value ofperature rangetemperature rease from 240

S. P. Rountree etSystems and Ap2000. J. Koh et al, “AFeedback Op-AmApplication,” IntCircuit, 2012. M. Willander et Hall, London, 19X. Yu, “High-TeAcquisition,” Ph2006. J. P. Eggermont eapplications up topp. 179-186, 199B. Razavi, “DMcGraw-Hill. M. N. Ericson etDepleted SOI NIEEE Aerospace Design Manual, X-FAB SemicondN. Yazdi et alaccelerometers,” 2004.

emperature raacquisition syeasurement s to increase f5 V at 200 °Ccircuit shows re range (3) f 19.8 dB (2 e (4) low cut-orange (5) high0 kHz at 0 °C t

REFERE

t al, “High Temppplications,” in P

A Comparative mp Using differenternational Confe

al, “High Temp997. emperature Bulk-h. D Dissertation

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t al, “1/f Noise aN- and P-MOSFE

Conference, 200“Process Specif

ductor Foundries , “Precision reain Proceedings

ange of 0 °Cystem in dowshows that

from 0.9 mA uC (2) transcon50 uS within closed-loop % less from

off frequency h cut-off freqto 320 kHz at

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International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, January 2013

38