9_ p-block elements.pdf

7/21/2019 9_ p-block elements.pdf

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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 3

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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]Up-ìhea bibgblts; Bibgblts `bihldold th drhup 35 th 3: hn tjb pbrohmoe tcìb crb eciibm p-ìhea bibgblts.

Ol p-ìhea bibgblts icst olehgold bibetrhl bltbrs p-hròtcis.,

Drhup35 3= 32 3> 34 3:

Jb

2 > 4 : ? 36

@ E L H N Lb

35 3= 32 3> 34 3:

Ci Uo V U Ei Cr

53 50 55 5= 52 5>

Dc Db Cs Ub @r Ar

=? 26 23 20 25 2=

Ol Ul U` ]b O Zb

:3 :0 :5 := :2 :>

] i V ` @ o V h C t P l

Vhsotohl ; Bxtrbgb Podjt hn pbrohmoe tcìb

Dblbrci bibetrhloe ehlnodurctohl; ls0lp3>

Pbprbsbltctovb bibgblts ;

Bibgblt `bihldold th tjb s clm p-ìhea ol tjb V. ]. crb eciibm p-ìhea bibgblts hr gcol drhup bibgblt.

Olbrt pcor bnnbet ; ]jb tblmbley hn ls0bibetrhls th tcab pcrt ol `hlm nhrgctohl mberbcsbs wotj olerbcsb ol

cthgoe sozb. Ot os eciibm olbrt pcor bnnbet.

Clhgcihus `bjcvohur ;

]jb norst bibgblt hn bcej drhup sjhws ghrb clhgcihus `bjcvohur mub th tjb nhiihwold rbcshls.

3. bry sgcii sozb

0. Jodj O. B.

5. Jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty

=. C`sbleb hn m-hr otcis

Bxebptohls;

Cthgoe Gcss ; Cr < A

Bnnbetovb lueibcr ejcrdb ; Mberbcsbs nrhg drhup 34 th 3:Bibetrhl cnnoloty ; N 9 Ei, olbrt dcsbs os zbrh (+vb)

Ohlosctohl blbrdy ; L < H, Ol 9 ]i, Ul 9 V`.

Hxomosold phwbr ; Olbrt dcsbs jcvb zbrh hxomosold phwbr.

DPHRV 32

(L, V, Cs, U`, @o)

Ciihtrhpy ; Ujhwl `y cii bibgblts bxebpt L

ehgghl hxomctohl stctb ; 5, + 5, +2

Mhwl tjb drhup;]blmbley th sjhw 5 mberbcsbs (mub th olerbcsb ol sozb clm gbtciioe ejcrcetbr)

]blmbley th sjhw + 2 mberbcsbs, + 5 olerbcsbs (mub th olbrt pcor bnnbet)

L bxjo ots +3, + 0 , + = (hxombs hn L)

V bxjo ots +3, & + = ( ol hxhceoms )


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Mosprhphrtohlctohl Pbcetohl .

5JLH0JLH

5+ 5LH + J

0H

=J5VH

5 M 5J5VH=+ VJ5

Gcxogug Ehvcibley;

L os =. (mub th c`sbleb hn m-hròtcis)

htjbr bibgblts Ghrb tjcl =.

L nhrgs pp -pp`hlms wjbrbcs htjbr bibgblts nhrgs mp-ppclm mp-mp bq. P5V 7 H

Ejbgoeci prhpbrtobsPbcetohl wotj Jymrhdbl Nhrg jymrombs

]LJ

VJ Utcòioty mberbcsbs

CsJ @cso mberbcsbs

U`J Pbmueold ejc etbr olerb sbs

@oJ

5

5

5

5

5

eoty

rc c

@

Pbcetohl wotj Hxydbl ; Nhrgs hxombs B0H

5clm B

0H

2Hxombs wotj jodjbr hxomctohl stctbs crb ghrb ceomoe tjcl

ihwbr hxomctohl stctb.

B0

H5

L0H

5, V

0H

5 Ceomoe hxombs

Cs0H

5, U`

0H

5 Cgpjhtbroe hxombs

L H L

HH

H H

Utrueturb hn L H0 2

@o0H

5 @csoe hxombs

Pbcetohl wotj jcihdbl ; Nhrg jciombs

BZ5clm BZ

2

L mhbs lht nhrg pbltcjciombs.

Ehvciblt lcturb hn BZ2< BZ

5

Cii trojciombs crb stcìb bxebpt tjhsb hn L

(Hliy LN5os stcìb)

Pbcetohl wotj gbtci ; Nhrg òlcry ehgphulms sjhwold 5 hxomctohl stctb.

Ec5L

0, Ec

5V

0, Lc

5Cs

0, [l

5U`

0, Gd

5@o

0

MOLO]PHDBL ; L0

Vrbpcrctohl

3. Ehggbreoci Gbtjhm ; Ioquoncetohl clm nrcetohlci mostoiictohl hn cor.

0. Ic` Gbtjhm ;

LJ=Ei

(cq)+ LcLH

0(cq)L

0(d)+ 0J

0H

(i)+ LcEi

(cq)

LH clm JLH5 crb nhrgbm cs ogpuroty wjoej crb rbghvbm `y pcssold tjb dcs tjrhudj cqubhus J

0UH

=

ehltcolold A0Er

0H

4.

5. ]jbrgci mbehgphsotohl hn Cgghloug moejrhgctb.

(LJ=)

0Er

0H

4 M L0+ =J0H + Er0H5

=. ]jbrgci mbehgphsotohl hn czombs hn @c & Lc.

@c(L5)

0@c + 5L

0

0LcL5

0Lc + 5L0


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Vrhpbrtobs hn L0

3. Ehihuribss, hmhuribss, tcstbibss. lhl-thxoe dcs.

0. Ihw shiu`oioty ol J0H

5. Ot os olbrt mub th jodj hlm blbrdy

=. Ct jodj ] nhrg lotrombs

>Io + L0 M 0Io5L

5Gd + L0 M Gd5L0

2. L0+ 5J5 0LJ5(Jc`brs prhebss)

>. L0+ H

0 0666 A 0LH

Rsbs hn molotrhdbl

3. Gcaold LJ5clm ecieoug eyclcgomb

0. Ioquom lotrhdbl os usbm cs rbnrodbrclt

HZOMBU HN LO]PHDBL

Hxombs Lcturb Hxomctohl stctb

L H0 Lbutrci +3

LH

LH0

L H0 5

L H0 =

L H0 2

Vrbpcrctohl

LJ LH= 5

0 0 5LcLH + NbUH + J UH0 = 0 =

0V`(LH )5 0

0LH + L H0 =

0LH0

=JLH + V H5 = 36

Nb (UH ) + LcJUH + J H + LH0 = 5 = 00 0 0

=LH + V`H0 0

0L H0 5

L H0 =

=JVH + L H5 0 20

L H + J H0 0

Utrueturb

L L H

L 7 HLbutrci +0

Ceomoe +=

Ceomoe +5

Ceomoe +=

Ceomoe +2

>45 A

026 A

ehhi

Jbct

H H

L

H

L L

H H

H

L L

H H

H

H

L L

H H

HH

CGGHLOC LJ5

Ujcpb ;Vyrcgomci

jy`romosctohl ; sp5 JJJ

L


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Vrbpcrctohl hn LJ5

3. Ehggbreoci gbtjhm Jc`brs prhebss.

L0+ 5J

0 066 GVc

466 A0LJ

51 M

nJ 7 ?>.3 aK/ghi

Nihw ejcrt nhr gclunceturb hn cgghloc

0. Mbecy hn lotrhdblbhus hrdcloe gcttbr. (bd. urbc)

LJ0 EH LJ

0+ 0J

0H (LJ

=)

0EH

5 0LJ

5+ J

0H + EH

0

5. Nrhg cgghloug scits

0LJ=Ei + Ec(HJ)

0EcEi

0+ 0LJ

5+ 0J

0H

(LJ=)UH

=+ 0LcHJ Lc

0UH

=+ 0LJ

5+ 0J

0H

Vrhpbrtobs hn Cgghloc

3. Ehihuribss dcs wotj puldblt sgbii.

0. Jodjiy shiuìb ol J0H

5. cqubhus shiutohl os wbcaiy csoe .LJ

5+ J

0H LJ

=

+ + HJ

=. rbcetohl wotj ceoms th nhrg cgghloug scits.

LJ5+ JEi LJ=Ei2. Vrbeopotctbs tjb jymrhxombs hn gcly gbtcis nrhg tjbor scit shiutohls.nhr bd. [lUH

=+ 0LJ

=HJ [l(HJ)

0+ (LJ

=)

0UH

=

(wjotb ppt)

>. nhrg ehgpibx ehgphulms

Eu+0+ =LJ5

QEu(LJ5)

=W0+

ìub mbbp ìub

CdEi + 0LJ5

QCd(LJ5)

0WEi

(wjotb ppt) ehihuribss

LO]POE CEOMLotroe Ceom

H L

H

H

J

Vrbpcrctohl

3. Olmustroci Gbtjhm Hstwcim Vrhebss

=LJ5+ 2H

0

266 A, ? `cr

Vt=LH + >J

0H

(Cor)

0LH + H0 0LH

0(d)

5LH0(d) + J0H(i) 0JLH5(cq) + LH(d) * LH nhrgbm os rbeyeibm

0. Ic` Gbtjhm

LcLH5+ J

0UH

= JLH

5+ LcJUH

=

Vrhpbrtobs hn Lotroe ceom

3. Ehihuribss ioquom

0. Ic` drcmb lotroe ceom ehltcols >:% JLH5`y gcss.

5. Upbeonoe drcvoty 3.26=.

=. Utrhld hxomosold cdblt


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2. Cttceas ghst gbtcis bxebpt lhìb gbtcis Cu, Vt,

5Eu + :JLH5 5Eu(LH

5)

0+ 0LH + =J

0H

(moiutb)

Eu + =JLH5 Eu(LH

5)

0+ 0LH

0+ 0J

0H

(ehle)

= [l + 36JLH5 = [l(LH

5)

0

+ L0H + 2J

0H

(moiutb)

[l + =JLH5 [l(LH5)0+ 0LH0+ 0J0H (ehle.)

Uhgb Gbtcis (bd. Er, Ci) mh lht mosshivb ol ehle. JLH5`becusb hn nhrgctohl hn pcssovb noig hn hxomb hl tjb

surnceb.>. Ot hxomosbs lhl gbtcis clm tjbor ehgphulms.

O0+ 36 JLH

5 0JOH

5 + 36 LH

0+ = J

0H

Ohmoe ceom

E + =JLH5 EH

0+ =LH

0+ 0J

0H

U:+ =:JLH

5 :J

0UH

=+ =:LH

0+ 3>J

0H

V=+ 06JLH

5 =J

5VH

=+ 06LH

0+ =J

0H

(ehle.)

@rhwl rold tbst; Nhr lotrctbs

]jb tbst os ecrrobm hut `y cmmold moi NbUH= shiutohl th cl cqubhus shiutohl ehltcolold lotrctb ohl clm tjbl

ecrbnuiiy cmmold ehle. J0UH

=cihld tjb sombs hn tjb tbst tu`b. C `rhwl rold ct tjb oltbrnceb `/w tjb shiutohl clm

J0UH

=icybrs olmoectb tjb prbsbleb hn lotrctb ohl.

LH5

+ 5Nb+0+ =J+ LH + 5Nb+5+ 0J0H

QNb(J0H)

>W0++ LH QNb(J

0H)

2LHW0++ J

0H

`rhwl rold

Rsbs hn lotroe ceom

3. Gcaold nbrtiozbrs (LJ=LH

5), bxpihsovbs - lotrhdiyebrol, ]L].

0. Cs hxomosbr ol Pheabt nubi.

VJHUVJHPHRU

Ciihtrhpoe nhrgs - Tjotb, Pbm clm @icea .

Tjotb Vjhspjhrhus;

3. trclsiueblt, Vhoshlhus wjotb wcxy shiom.

0. Olshiuìb ol J0H

5. Uhiuìb ol EU0

=. Dihws ol mcra (Ejbgoiugblbsebleb)

2. Ghrb rbcetovb, ibss stcìb (mub th clduicr strcol ol V=

ghibeuib wjbrb cldibs crb hliy

>6

>. Ectejbs norb ol cor.

V=+ 2 H

0V

=H

36

4. Mosshivbs ol `hoiold LcHJ th nhrg pjhspjolb

V=+ 5LcHJ + 5J

0H VJ

5+ 5LcJ

0VH

0

(shmoug jyphpjhspjotb)

:. Ehlsostb hn moserbtb tbtrcjbmrci V=ghibeuib.

V

V V

V


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2. Tbcaiy csoe VJ5+ J@r VJ

=@r

>. Uhiutohl hn VJ5ol wctbr mbehgphsbs ol prbsbleb hn iodjt dovold rbm V clm J

0dcs.

4. 5 EuUH=+ 0VJ

5Eu

5V

0+ 5J

0UH

=

5 JdEi0+ 0VJ

5Jd

5V

0+ >JEi

Rsbs hn VJ5

3. Ol Jhigb's sodlcis

0. Ol sghab serbbls

VJHUVJHPHRU ]POEJIHPOMB (VEi )5

Ujcpb ;Vyrcgomci

jy`romosctohl ; sp5

EiEiEi

V

Vrbpcrctohl hn VEi5

3. V= + >Ei

0 =VEi

5 (wjotb V) (mry)

0. V= + :UHEi

0 =VEi

5+ =UH

0+ 0U

0Ei

0 (wjotb V) (]johlyi ejihromb) (suipjur ghlhejihromb)

Vrhpbrtobs hn VEi5

3. Ehihuribss hoiy ioquom.

0. VEi5+ 5J

0H J

5VH

5+ 5JEi

(ghosturb)

5. 5E0J

2HJ + VEi

55E

0J

2Ei + J

5VH

5

=. 5EJ5EHHJ + VEi

55EJ

5EHEi + J

5VH

5

VJHUVJHRPU VBL]CEJIHPOMB (VE )i2

Ujcpb ;]rodhlci `opyrcgomci

jy`romosctohl ; sp

5

mV

Ei

EiEi

EiEi

c

c

bb

b060pg

0=6 pg

Cxoci `hlms(c) crb ihldbr tjcl bqucthroci `hlms(b), `becusb tjby sunnbr ghrb rbpuisohl tjcl bquothroci `hlms.

Vrbpcrctohl hn VEi2

3. V= + 36Ei

0 =VEi

2 (wjotb V) (bxebss)

0. V= + 36UH

0Ei

0 =VEi

2+ 36 UH

0

(Uuipjuryi ejihromb)

Vrhpbrtobs hn VEi2

3. _biihwosj wjotb phwmbr.

0. Jymrhiysb ol ghost cor th VHEi5clm nolciiy th J

5VH

=

VEi2+ J

0H VHEi

5+ 0JEi

VHEi5+ 5J

0H J

5VH

=+ 5JEi

5. Tjbl jbctbm ot su`iogbs ut mbehgphsbs hl strhld jbctold.

VEi2 Jbct VEi

5+ Ei

0

=. E0J

2HJ + VEi

2E

0J

2Ei + VHEi

5+ JEi

2. EJ5EHHJ + VEi

2EJ

5EHEi + VHEi

5+ JEi

>. Ul + 0VEi2 M UlEi=+ 0VEi50Cd + VEi

2 M 0CdEi + VEi5

4. VEi2ol shiom stctb bxosts cs ohloe shiom.

QVEi=W+ QVEi

>W


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Hxceoms hn V

V

H

HJJHHJ

V V

H H

H HJJHHJ HJ

V

H

H HJJHHJ

Hrtjhpjhspjhroe coem Vyrhpjhspjhroe ceom Vbrhxhghlhpjhspjhroe ceom

(J5VH

=), (J

=V

0H

4) (J

5VH

2)

V

H

HJJHJ

V

H

HJJJ

HJV

V

V

HH

H HH

H HJ

JH

Hrtjhpjhspjhrus coem Jyphpjhspjhrus ceom Eyeihtrogbtcpjhspjhroe ceom

(J5VH

5),Vjhspjhloe ceom (J

5VH

0),Vjhspjoloe ceom (JVH

5)

5

V VV

HH

HH HH HJHJ H

HJ

VV

HH

J JH HJHJ

Vhiygbtcpjhspjhroe ceom Vyrhpjhspjhrhus ceom

(JVH5)

l(J

=V

0H

2)

]jb ceoms wjoej ehlncol VJ `hlms jcvb strhld rbmueold prhpbrtobs. ]jus jyphpjhspjhrhus ceom (J5VH

0) os c

dhhm rbmuebrold cdblt cs ot ehltcos twh V J `hlms. Ot rbmuebs CdLH5th Cd,

= CdLH5+ 0J

0H + J

5VH

0=Cd + =JLH

5J

5VH

=

VJ `hlms crb lhl-ohloscìb th dovb J+. Hliy tjhsb J cthgs wjoej crb cttcejbm wotj hxydbl ol VHJ crb

ohloscìb clm ecusb `csoeoty.

DPHRV 3>

(EJCIEHDBLU)(H, U, Ub, ]b, Vh)

Heeurbleb;

Hxydbl Ghst cùlmclt hn cii tjb bibgblts hl bcrtj

Uuipjur Dypsug EcUH=. 0J

0H

Bpshg scit GdUH=. 4J

0H

@crytb @cUH=

[ole ìblmb [lU.

Ehppbr pyrotb EuNbU0

cs J0U ol vhieclhbs

ol bdds, hlohl, gustcrm, prhtbols, whhi bte.

Ub clm ]b Cs gbtci sbiblombs hr tbiiurombs ol suipjomb hrbs.

Vhihloug Mbecy prhmuet hn tjrhoug clm urcloug golbrcis.

Hxomctohl stctb;

hxydbl bxjoòt 10 (Ol HN0, + 0 clm ol H

0N

0+ 3)

htjbr bibgblts 1+0, +=, +>

Utcòiotyhn +> mberbcsbs mhwl tjb drhup clm += olerbcsbs. (mub th olbrt pcor bnnbet)

Pbcetohl wotj Jymrhdbl ; nhrg jymrombs J0B (B 7 U, Ub, ]b, Vh)

J0H , J

0U, J

0Ub, J

0]b

Ceomoe ejcrcetbr olerbcsbsJ B `hlm blbrdy mberbcsbs

Pbmueold prhpbrty olerbcsbs

]jbrgci stcòioty mberbcsbs


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H[HLB ; H5

Ciihtrhpoe nhrg hn hxydbl nhrgbm nrhg ctghspjbroe hxydbl ol tjb prbsbleb hn suliodjt.

Vrbpcrctohl hn Hzhlb

Tjbl sihw strbcg hn hxydbl os pcssbm tjrhudj c soiblt bibetroeci mosejcrdb ehlvbrsohl hn hxydbl th Hzhlb

heeur ; 5H00H

51

MJ(0?:A) 7 +3=0 aKghi3

Vrhpbrtobs hn Hzhlb

3. Vurb hzhlb os pcib iub dcs, mcra iub ioquom clm vohibt icea shiom .

0. Ugcii ehlebltrctohl os jcrgibss. Ots ehlebltrctohl c`hvb 366 pcrts pbr goiiohl

ecusbs jbcmcejb clm lcusbc.

5. Cet cs phwbrnui hxomosold cdblt (mub th io`brctohl hn cthgs hn lcseblt hxydbl

H5H

0+ H)

VÙ(s)

+ =H5(d)

VÙH=(s)

+ =H0(d)

0O(cd)

+ J0H

(i)+ H

5(d)0 HJ

(cq)+ O

0(s)+ H

0(d)

=. Tjbl hzhlb rbcets wotj bxebss hn AO shiutohl ùnnbrbm wotj c hrctb unnbr (pJ ?.0), ohmolb

os io`brctbm wjoej ecl `b totrctbm cdcolst c stclmcrm shiutohl hn shmoug tjohsuipjctb . ]jos

os c qucltotctovb gbtjhm nhr bstogctohl hn H52. Mbpibtohl hn hzhlb icybr Mub th

(3) Nrbhls

(0) Lotroe hxomb bgottbm nrhg bxjcust hn supbrkbt piclbs.

LH + H5LH

0+ H

0

Pbshlcleb strueturb hn hzhlb

H H H

H H HH H H334

30:pg

Rsbs hn Hzhlb;

3. Cs dbrgoeomb mosolnbetclt clm nhr stbroiosold wctbr 0. Nhr ìbcejold hois, ovhry, nihur, stcrej bte.

5. cs hxomosold cdblt ol gcaold hn AGlH=.

=. Hzhlb icybr prhtbets nrhg uitrcvohibt rcmoctohls.

URIVJRP

Pjhgòe suipjur (suipjur)

3. ybiihw ehihur shiom

0. g.p. 5:2.: A

5. Upbeonoe drcvoty 0.6>

=. Pjhgòe U erystcis crb nhrgbm hl bvcphrctold tjb shiutohl hn rhii U ol EU0.

2. Olshiuìb ol wctbr ut mosshivbs th shgb bxtblt ol blzblb, ciehjhi, btjbr.

>. Pbcmoiy shiuìb ol EU0

4. Utcìb bihw 5>? A

Ghlheioloe Uuipjur ( suipjur)

3. Vrbpcrbm `y gbitold rjhg oe U ol c mosj clm ehhiold toii erust os nhrgbm. ]wh jhibs crb gcmb ol tjb erust

clm tjb rbgcolold ioquom prhurbm hut hl rbghvold tjb eurst, ehihuribss lbbmib sjcpbm erystcis hn `-suipjur crbnhrgbm

0. g. p. 5?5 A, Upbeonoe drcvoty 3.?:

5. Uhiuìb ol EU0

=. Utcìb c`hvb 5>? A clm trclsnhrgs olth c suipjur `bihw ot.* Ct 5>? A `htj nhrgs crb stcìb. ]jos tbgpbrcturb os eciibm trclsotohl tbgpbrcturb.

@htj rjhgòe clm ghlheioloe U jcvb U:ghibeuibs U

:rold ol `htj nhrg os pueabrbm (erhwl sjcpb)


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V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 33

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U

UU

U

U

U

UU

Htjbr ghmonoectohls hn U

3. U>ejcor nhrg

U

U

U

U

U

U

0. U0(ct 3666A) os Vcrcgcdlbtoe ioab H

0il vcphur stctb.

URIVJRP MOHZOMB

Vrbpcrctohl

3. U + H0UH

0

0. ]rbctold suipjotb wotj moi J0UH

=(Ic`. Gbtjhm)

UH50(cq) + 0J+(d)

J

0H (i) + UH

0(d)

5. Cs `y -prhmuet hn rhcstold hn suipjomb hrbs (olmustroci gbtjhm)

=NbU0

(s) + 33 H0

(d) Nb0

H5

(s) + :UH0

(d)

]jb dcs os sthrbm ol stbbi eyiolmbrs

Vrhpbrtobs;

3. Ehihuribss dcs wotj puldblt sgbii.

0. jodjiy shiu ib ol wctbr.

5. ioquonobs ct rhhg ] ulmbr c prbssurb hn 0 ctghspjbrbs

=. `.p. 0>5A .

2. UH0+ J

0H J

0UH

5

>. 0LcHJ + UH00Lc

0UH

5+ J

0H

Lc0UH

5+ J

0H + UH

00LcJUH

5

4. UH0+ Ei

0 ejcrehci UH0Ei0

suipjuryi ejihromb

:. UH0+ H

0 20H^ 0UH5

?. Ghost UH0`bjcvbs cs rbmueold cdblt

0Nb+5+ UH0+ 0J

0H 0Nb+0+ UH

=

0+ =J+

2UH0+ 0GlH

=

+ 0J0H

2UH

=

0+ =J++ 0Gl0+ (mbehihurosbs ceomonobm AGlH=ot os usbm cs

tbst nhr UH0dcs)

UH0ghibeuib Ujcpb Clduicr

Pbshlcleb strueturbs

U U

H HH H

Rsbs hn UH0

3. Pbnolold pbtrhibug clm sudcr.

0. Ol ibcejold whhi clm soia

5. Cs clto -ejihr, mosolnbetclt clm prbsbrvctovb

=. Ol gcaold J0UH

=, LcJUH

5, Ec(JUH

5)

0

2. Ioquom UH0th mosshivb hrdcloe clm olhrdcloe ejbgoeci

Hxhceoms hn Uuipjur.

UU

H

JHJHHJHJ

HH

UU

HH

HHHJHJ

HH


12/27

30 V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U

www.tjolaoot.ol

Uuipjurhus coem Uuipjuroe ceom Vbrhxhmosuipjuroe ceom

J0UH

5J

0UH

=J

0U

0H

:

UU

HH

HHJHJ

HH

Vyrhsuipjuroe ceom (hibug) J0U0H4

URIVJRPOE CEOM

Gclunceturb `y ehltcet prhebss

Utbp3. U + H0UH

0

Utbp0. UH0+ H

0 20H^ UH5

Utbp5. UH5+ J

0UH

= J0U0H4

Utbp=. J0U

0H

4+ J

0H 0J0UH=

Ehle. J UH0 =

Sucrtz

Hibug

(J U H )0 0 4

UH5

Nihw mocdrcg nhr tjb gclunceturb hn suipjuroe

ceom

Vrhpbrtobs hn suipjuroe ceom

3. Ehihuribss mblsb hoiy ioquom

0. Upbeonoe drcvoty 3.:= ct 0?: A

5. Nrbbzbs ct 0: A clm `hois ct >33 A

=. Ot mosshivbs ol wctbr wotj tjb bvhiutohl hn c icrdb qucltoty hn jbct. Jbleb ehlebltrctbm ceom gust b cmmbmsihwiy olth wctbr wotj ehlstclt storrold wjoib prbpcrold J0UH

= shiutohl.

2. Ihw vhictoioty

>. c oioty th cet cs hxomosold cdblt

4. Ol cqubhus shiutohl ot ohlosbs ol 0 stbps

J0UH

=(cq) + J

0H(i) J

5H+(cq) + JUH

=

(cq) 1 Ac37 vbry icrdb (Ac

3< 36 )

JUH=(cq) + J

0H(i) J

5H+(cq) + UH

=

0(cq) 1 Ac07 3.0 360

:. 0GZ + J0UH

= 0JZ + G

0UH

=(Z 7 N , Ei, LH

5) (G 7 Gbtci )

?. Cet cs strhld mbjymrctold cdblt. Gcly wbt dcsbs crb mrobm y pcssold tjrhudj ot

36. Ot rbghvbs wctbr nrhg hrdcloe ehgphlms

E30

J00

H33

=0UHJ 30 E + 33 J0

H

33. Ot Hxomosbs gbtcis clm lhl gbtcis clm rbmuebs otsbin th UH0

Eu + 0J0UH

= EuUH

= + UH

0+ 0J

0H

5U + 0J0UH

= 5 UH

= + 0J

0H

E + 0J0UH

= EH

0 + 0UH

0+ 0J

0H

Rsbs hn suipjuroe ceom ;

3. Gclunceturb nbrtoiozbrs (bq. cgghloug suipjctb, supbrpjhspjctb)

0. Vbtrhibug rbnolold

5. Gcaold pcolts podgblts

=. Mbtbrdblt olmustry

2. Eibclsold gbtcis

>. Ol sthrcdb, `cttbrobs

4. Gcaold lotrhebiiuihsb prhmuets

:. Cs ic hrcthry rbcdblt.


13/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 35

www.tjolaoot.ol

DPHRV 34

QAlhwl cs jcihdbls (scit prhmuebr) W

QBibgblts N, Ei @r, O, Ct (rcmocetovb)W

Heeurbleb

N Olshiuìb niuhrombs Niuhrcptotb 5Ec5(VH

=)

0. EcN

0, niuhrspcr (EcN

0) Eryhiotb (Lc

5CiN

>),

ol rovbr wctbr piclt, `hlbs clm tbbtj hn clogcis

Ei LcEi & Acrlciotb (AEi GdEi0. >J

0H) ol mrovbm up sbcs.

@r sbc wctbr.O sbc wbbms (6.2%).

Vjysoeci Vrhpbrtobs

N0, Ei

0dcsbs

@r0

ioquomO

0 shiom

Ejbgoeci prhpbrtobs

Hxomctohl stctbs

Cii bibgblts bxjoòt 3

Ei, @r, O bxjoòt +3, + 5, + 2 , + 4 cish (wjbl ol ehgòlctohl hn jodjiy bibetrhlbdctovb cthg N & H)

+ =, + > heeurs ol hxombs clm ceoms hn Ei, @r.

* Jcihdbls crb jodjiy rbcetovb. ]jbor rbcetovoty mberbcsbs mhwl tjb drhup.

* N0os tjb strhldbst hxomosold jcihdbl cs ot hxomosbs htjbr jciomb ol shiutohl hr shiom pjcsb

N0+ 0Z0N+ Z

0(Z

07 Ei, @r O)

Ei0+ 0Z0Ei+ Z

0(Z

07 @r hr O)

@r0+ 0O0@r+ O

0

* Hxomosold còioty hn jcihdbls mberbcsbs mhwl tjb drhup.

* Niuhrolb hxomosbs wctbr th hxydbl wjbrbcs Ei0clm @r, rbcet wotj wctbr th nhrg jcymrhjcioe clm jyphjcihus

ceoms. Oecl `b hxomosbm `y hxydbl ol ceomoe gbmoug.

0N0(d) + 0J0H(i) =J+(cq) + =N(cq) + H0(d)Z

0(d) + J

0H(i) JZ(cq) + JHZ(cq)

Qwjbrb Z 7 Ei, @r, W

=O(cq) + =J+(cq) + H00O

0(s) + 0J

0H

Pbcetovty thwcrms jymrhdbl ; Nhrg jymrhdbl jciomb. Cnnoloty nhr jymrhdbl mberbcsbs nrhg N th O

Ceomoe strbldtj JN 9 JEi 9 J@r 9 JO

Utcòioty JN < JEi < J@r < JO (mub th moerbcsb ol `hlm ( J Z) mossheoctohl bltjcipy mhwl tjb drhup)

Pbmueold ejcrcetbr JN 9 JEi 9 J@r 9 JO

Pbcetovoty thwcrms hxydbl ; nhrg hxombs ùt ghst hn tjbg crb ulstcìb. N nhrgs HN0 clm H

0N

0

(HN0

os tjbrgciiy stcìb ct 0?: A)

* ]jbsb hxombs crb bssbltociiy hxydbl nihurombs `becusb hn tjb jodjbr bibetrhlbdctovoty hn nihurolb tjcl hxydbl.

(H0N

0hxomosbs Vu th VuN

>clm tjb rbcetohl os usbm ol rbghvold Vu

cs VuN

>nrhg spblt lueibcr nubi).

Mberbcsold hrmbr hn stcòioty hn hxombs nhrgbm `y jbihdblb

O < Ei < @r

Jodjbr hxombs hn jcihdbls crb ghrb stcìb tjcl ihwbr hlbs.

Ejihrolb hxombs Ei0H, EiH

0, Ei

0H

>, Ei

0H

4crb jodjiy rbcetovb hxombsold cdblts & tblm th bxpihmb. EiH

0 os

usbm cs ìbcejold cdblt clm ol wctbr trbctgblt.

@rhgolb hxombs ; @r0H, @rH

0, @rH

5(crb ibcst stctb clm bxost ct ihw ]).

Crb phwbrnui hxomosold cdblts.

Ohmolb hxombs ; O0H

=, O

0H

2, O

0H

4(mbehgphsb hl jbctold)

O0H2 ^bry dhhm hxombsold cdblt clm os usbm ol bstogctohl hn EH.

EiH

HEi HEi 33:333Ei EiH H

H H

H H

Ei Ei

H H

H HH

H

Ei EiH H

H H

H HH


14/27

3= V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U

www.tjolaoot.ol

Pbcetovoty thwcrms gbtcis ; Nhrg Gbtci jciombs

Gd(s) + @r0(i) Gd@r

0(s)

Ohloe ejcrcetbr GN < GEi < G@r < GO ( G 7 Ghlhvciblt gbtci)

On gbtci bxjo`ts ghrb tjcl hlb hxombtohl stctb, tjb jciombs ol jodjbr hxomctohl stctb crb ghrb ehvciblt.

bq. UlEi=< UlEi

0

VÈi=< VÈi

0

UÈi2< UÈi

5

RN>< RN=EJIHPOLB ; Ei0

Mosehvbrbm `y Ujbbib (344=) `y cetohl hn JEi hl GlH0(Ejihrhus 7 drbblosj ybiihw)

Vrbpcrctohl hn Ei0

3. GlH0+ =JEi GlEi

0+ Ei

0+ 0J

0H

(ehle.)

0. GlH0+ LcEi + =J

0UH

=GlEi

0+ =LcJUH

=

+ Ei0+ 0J

0H

5. 0AGlH0+ 3>JEi 0AEi + 0GlEi

0+ 2Ei

0

+ :J0H

Gclunceturb3. Mbcehls Vrhebss ; Hxomctohl hn JEi dcs `y cthghspjbroe hxombs

JEi + H0 EuEi0

405 A0Ei

0+ 0J

0H

0. Bibetrhiysos hn `rolb ; (LcEi shiutohl )

0LcEi + 0J0H 0LcHJ + Ei

0+ J

0

(Clhmb)

Vrhpbrtobs hn Ei0

3. Drbblosj ybiihw dcs wotj puldblt clm sunnhectold

0. 02 togbs jbcvobr tjcl cor.

5. ioquonobm bcsoiy=. shiuìb ol wctbr.

2. Totj lug`br hn gbtcis clm lhl gbtcis nhrgs ejihrombs

0Ci + 5Ei00CiEi

51 V

=+ >Ei

0=VEi

5

0Lc + Ei00LcEi 1 U

:+ =Ei

0=U

0Ei

0

0Nb + 5Ei00NbEi

5

>. Pbcets wotj J ehltcolold ehgphulm th nhrg JEi

J0

+ Ei00JEi

J0U + Ei

00JEi + U

E36

J3>

+ :Ei03> JEi + 36 E

?. : LJ5+ 5Ei

0 >LJ

=Ei + 5JEi

(bxebss) (Lotrhdbl troejihromb)

36. LcHJ + Ei0 LcEi + LcHEi + J

0H

(ehim moiutb) (shmoug jyphejihrotb)

>LcHJ + 5Ei0 2LcEi + LcHEi

5

+ 5J0H

(mosprhphrtohlctohl rbcetohl ) (jht ehle.) (shmoug ejihrotb)

33. 0Ec(HJ)0+ 0Ei

0 Ec(HEi)

0+ EcEi

0+ J

0H

(Mry sicabm iogb) (ìbcejold phwmbr)

]jb ehgphsotohl hn ìbcejold phwmbr os

Ec(HEi)0. EcEi

0Ec(HJ)

0. 0J

0H

30. Totj jymrhecr`hlsEJ

=+ Ei

0 vR EJ5Ei + JEi

E0J

=+ Ei

0 ]Phhg E0J=Ei0

3,0 Moejihrh btjclb


15/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 32

www.tjolaoot.ol

35. Ejihrolb wctbr hl stclmold ihsbs ots ybiihw ehihur mub th tjb nhrgctohl hn JEi clm JHEi. (Jyprhejihrhus

ceom). JHEi nhrgbm dovbs lcseblt hxydbl wjoej os rbsphlsoìb nhr hxomosold clm ibcejold prhpbrtobs hn ejihrolb.

0NbUH=+ J

0UH

=+ Ei

0Nb

0(UH

=)

5+ 0JEi

Lc0UH

5+ Ei

0+ J

0H Lc

0UH

=+ 0JEi

UH0+ 0J

0H + Ei

0J

0UH

=+ 0JEi

O0+ >J

0H + 2Ei

00JOH

5+ 36 JEi

3=. Ot os c phwbrnui ìbcejold cdblt1 ìbcejold cetohl os mub th hxomctohl

Ei0+ J0H 0JEi + HEhihurbm su`stcleb + H Ehihuribss su`stcleb.@ibcejold cetohl os pbrgclblt. @ibcejbs vbdbtcìbs clm hrdcloe gcttbr ol tjb prbsbleb hn ghosturb.

Rsbs hn ejihrolb;

(c) Cs ibcejold cdblt.

( ) bstrbetohl hn dhim & Vt

(e) Gcaold mybs, mruds, hrdcloe ehgphulm.

(EEi=, EJEi

5MM])

(m) Utbroiosold mrolaold wctbr.

(b) Gcaold phoshlhus dcsbs ioab Vjhsdblb EHEi0, tbcr dcs (EEi

5LH

0) gustcrm dcs

(EiEJ0EJ0UEJ0EJ0Ei).J_MPHDBL EJIHPOMB ; JEi

Dicu`br prbpcrbm ot `y jbctold ehgghl scit wotj ehle. J0UH

=.

LcEi + J0UH

= =06 A LcJUH

=+ JEi

LcJUH=+ LcEi :05 A Lc

0UH

=+ JEi

*JEi dcs ecl `b mrobm `y pcssold ot tjrhudj ehle. J0UH

=

Vrhpbrtobs hn JEi

3. Ehihuribss, puldblt sgbiiold dcs.

0. Nrbbzold pholt 32? A, `.p. 3:? A,

5. Bxtrbgbiy shiu ib ol wctbr.JEi(d) + J

0H (i) J

5H++ Ei(cq) 1 Ac 7 364

=. Ots cqubhus shiutohl os eciibm jymrhejihroe ceom

2. Pbcets wotj LJ5th dovb wjotb nugbs hn LJ

=Ei

LJ5+ JEi LJ

=Ei

>. Cquc -rbdoc ; Tjbl 5 pcrts hn ehle JEi clm hlb pcrt hn ehle. JLH5 crb goxbm.

Ot os usbm nhr mosshivold lhìb gbtcis (Cu, Vt)

Cu + =J++ LH5

+ =EiCuEi=+ LH + 0J

0H

5Vt + 3>J++ =LH5

+ 3:Ei5VtEi>

0+ =LH + :J0H

4. LcEH5+ 0JEi 0LcEi + J

0H + EH

0

LcJEH5

+ JEi LcEi + J0

H + EH0

Lc0UH

5+ 0JEi 0LcEi + J

0H + UH

0

Rsbs hn JEi ;

3. Gclunceturb hn Ei0, LJ

=Ei, diuehsb,

0. Nhr bxtrcetold diub nrhg `hlbs & puronyold `hlb icea

5. Cs ic`hrcthry rbcdblt

=. Ol gbmoeolbs.

Hxhceoms hn Ejihrolb

H

EiJ

H

EiJ

H

Jyphejihrhus ceom (JHEi) Ejihrhus ceom(JEiH0)


16/27

3> V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U

www.tjolaoot.ol

Ei

H

HH

J

Ei

H

HH

H

J

Ejihroe ceom (JEiH5) Vbrejihroe ceom(JEiH

=)

Ceomoe strbldtj hn hxhceoms

JEiH 9 JEiH09 JEiH

59 JEiH

=

Ceomoe strbldtj JEiH < J@rH < JOH

Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms; Tjbl twh monnbrblt jcihdbls rbcet wotj bcej htjbr .

]ypbs ZZ', ZZ'5, ZZ'

2, ZZ'

4(wjbrb Z os jcihdbl hn icrdbr sozb, Z' hn sgciibr sozb .

Z os ghrb bibetrhphsotovb tjcl Z')

Cs rctoh `/w rcmoo hn Z clm Z' olerbcsbs, tjb lug`br hn cthgs pbr ghibeuib cish olerbcsbs bd. ON4jcs gcxogug

lug`br hn cthgs cs tjb rctoh hn rcmoo `/w O clm N os gcxogug.

Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms crb ghrb rbcetovb tjcl jcihdbls (bxebpt N0) `becusb Z Z' hlm os wbcabr tjcl Z

Z, bxebpt N N.Vrbpcrctohl hn Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms;

Ei0+ N

0 A=45 0EiN 1 O

0+ Ei

00OEi

(bquci vhiugb) (bquoghicr)

Ei0+ 5N

0 A245 0EiN

51 O

0+ 5Ei

00OEi

5

(bxebss) (bxebss)

@r0+ 5N

00@rN

5

(moiutbm wotj wctbr )

@r0+ 2N

00@rN

2

(bxebss)

Jy`romosctohl

ZZ'(EiN, @rN, OEi) --

ZZ'5(EiN5, @rN5, ON5) sp5m

ZZ'2(ON2, @rN2, EiN2) sp m

sp mZZ'4(ON4)

]ypb

]Ujcpb

Uqucrb Vyrcgomci

Vbltcdhlci opyrcgomci

Ujcpb

* OEi5mogbrosbs cs Ei `romdbm mogbr (O

0Ei

>)

Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms ulmbrdh jymrhiysos ;Dovold jciomb ohl mbrovbm nrhg sgciibr jcihdbl clm jyphjciotb (wjbl ZZ'), jciotb (wjbl ZZ'

5)

jcictb (wjbl ZZ'2) pbrjcictb (ZZ'

4) clohl mbrovbm nrhg icrdbr jcihdbl.

Rsbs hn Oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms ;

(3) Cs lhl cqubus shivblt

(0) Rsbnui nihurolctold cdblts

(5) EiN5, @rN

5crb usbm nhr tjb prhmoetohl hn RN

>ol tjb blroejgblt hn R052.

R(s)

+ 5EiN5(i)

RN>(d)

+ 5EiN(d)


17/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 34

www.tjolaoot.ol

DPHRV 3:

(Jb, Lb, Cr, Ar, Zb, Pl)

Lhìb dcsbs; ]jby rbcet wotj hliy nbw bibgblts ioab N0clm H

0th nhrg ehgphulms mub th tjbor stcìb bibetrhloe

ehlnodurctohl.

Heeurbleb ; 3 % `y vhiugb (crdhl gckhr ehlstotublt) ol cthgspjbrb (Bxebpt Pcmhl)

Jb & Lb ol golbcris hn Pcmohcetovb hrodbl bq. potej ìblmb, ghlczotb, eibvotb bte.

Jb Ehggbreoci shureb os lcturci dcs Pcmhl(Pl) mbecy prhmuet hn Pcmoug.

JbPlPc =0000:>

00>:: + (@y Mhrl)

Vjysoeci Vrhpbrtobs

3. Ghlhcthgoe

0. Ehihuribss , Hmhuribss, tcstbibss dcs.

5. Upcroldiy shiu ib ol wctbr.

=. bry ihw g. p. clm .p. (wbca mospbrsohl nhrebss) bd. Jb jcs ihwbst g.p. (=.0A) tjcl cly alhwl su`stcleb.

Ot jcs ulusuci prhpbrty hn monnusold tjrhudj ru``br, dicss hr picstoes.

Ejbgoeci prhpbrtobs ; ibcst rbcetovb hr olbrtlbss os mub th (o) ehgpibtbiy noiibm vcibleb sjbii (oo) jodj O. B.(ooo) Ghrb + vb bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy.

Lboi @crtibttprbpcrbm norst ehgphulm hn Zb

VtN>+ Zb Zb+QVtN

>W (O. B. hn Zb 7 3346 aK/ghi, O. B. hn hxydbl 7 3342 aK/ghi)

(rbm)

Ehgphulms hn Arypthl crb nbwbr .

Hliy ArN0stumobm ol mbtcoi.

Ehgphulm hn Pl crb ombltonobm

(bd. PlN0) `y rcmohtrcebr tbejloqub.

Lh ehgphulms hn Cr, Lb hr Jb crb alhwl

Zb clm N Ehgphulms

Zb(d) + N0(d)

>45 A

3 `crZbN

0(s)

(bxebss)

Zb(d) + 0N0(d)

:45 A

4 `crZbN

=(s)

(3 ; 2 rctoh)

Zb(d) + 5N0(d)

245 A

>6-46 crZbN

>(s)

(3 ; 0 rctoh)

Vrhpbrtobs hn ehgphulm hn lhìb dcsbs

(ZbN0, ZbN=, ZbN>)(3) ehihuribss erystciiolb shioms

(0) suìogbs rbcmoiy ct 0?: A

(5) Crb phwbrnui niuhrolctold cdblts

(=) Pbcmoiy jymrhiysbm

bq. 0ZbN0+ 0J

0H 0Zb(d) + =JN(cq) + H

0(d)

Zblhl Nihurombs rbcet wotj nihuromb ceebpthrs th nhrg ectohloe spbeobs clm nihuromb ohl mhlhrs th nhrg

nihurhclohls

ZbN0+ VN

2QZbNW+QVN

>W

ZbN=+ U`N

2QZbN

5W+QU`N

>W

N>

+ GN G+ QZbN4

W(G 7 Lc, A, P` )


18/27

3: V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U

www.tjolaoot.ol

Ehgphulm hn Zb clm H

>ZbN=+ 30J

0H =Zb + 0ZbH

5+ 0= JN + 5H

0

ZbN>+ 5J

0H ZbH

5+ >JN

0ZbN0+ 0J

0H 0Zb + =JN(cq) + H

0(d)

ZbN=, ZbN

>jymrhjysb th dovb ZbH

5(Ehihuribss shiom , 00 togbs ghrb bxpihsovb tjcl ]L])

Vcrtoci jymrhiysos hn ZbN>dovbs Hxyniuhrombs, ZbHN

=clm ZbH

0N

0Y.

ZbN>+ J0H ZbHN= + 0JN(Ehihuribss vhictoib ioquom)

ZbN>+ 0J

0H ZbH

0N

= + =JN

(Zblhl mohxymoniuhromb)

Ujcpbs.

Zb

N

N

Zb

N

NN

N N

NN

N

Zb

N

N

Zb

HHH

H

ZbN0

ZbN=

ZbN=

ZbN>

(Iolbcr) (Uqucrb piclcr) (Mosthrtbm hetcjbmrci) (]btrcjbmrci)

N

NN

N

Zb

HH

H

H Zb

N

N

H

H

Zb

N

N

N

NN

N

Zb

H

H

ZbHN=

ZbH5N

0ZbH

5ZbH

0N

0

(Uqucrb pyrcgomci) (]rodhlci opyrcgomci) (Ubc-scw ) (Hetcjbmrci)

Rsbs hn lh`ib dcsbs;

3. Jb os usbm ol noiiold gbtbrhihdoeci `ciihhls

0. Cr os usbm th prhvomb olbrt cthghspjbrb.

5. Lb os usbm ol mosejcrdb tu`b nhr cmvbrtosold

=. Zb clm Ar ol jodj bnnoeobley icgps.

2. Ioquom Jb os usbm ol eryhsurdbry. Ot os usbm th pbrpcrb supbrehlmuetold gctbrocis

>. Goxturb hn Jb clm H0os usbm y mbbp sbc movbrs

4. Lb ui`s crb usbm ol htcloeci dcrmbls clm ol drbbl jhusbs.


19/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 3?

www.tjolaoot.ol

UHI^BM VPH@IBGU

3. J5VH

5os moprhtoe (hr mo`csoe). Tjy 8

Uhi. Ots strueturb os VJH

HJJ

H||

Uoleb ot ehltcols hliy twh ohlozcìb J-cthgs wjoej crb prbsblt cs HJ drhups, ot `bjcvbs cs c mo csoe ceom.

0. LJ5jcs c jodjbr prhthl cnnoloty tjcl VJ

5. Bxpicol.

hr LJ5os ghrb `csoe tjcl VJ

5.

Uhi. Mub tjb prbsbleb hn c ihlb pcor hn bibetrhls hl L clm V, `htj LJ5clm VJ

5cet cs Ibwos `csbs clm ceebpt c

prhthl th nhrg cl cmmotohlci L J clm V L `hlms rbspbetovbiy

J L ; + J5

+ LJ=+1 J V ; + J

5+ VJ=+

Jhwbvbr, mub th sgciibr sozb hn L hvbr V, L J `hlm tjus nhrgbm os guej strhldbr tjcl tjb V J `hlm.]jbrbnhrb, LJ

5jcs jodjbr prhthl cnnoloty tjcl VJ

5. Ol hrmbr whrms, LJ

5os ghrb `csoe tjcl VJ

5.

5. LH (Lotroe hxomb) os pcrcgcdlbtoe ol tjb dcsbshus stctb ut mocgcdlbtoe ol tjb ioquom clm shiom stctbs.

Tjy 8

Uhi. LH jcs cl hmm lug`br hn bibetrhls (4 + : 7 32 bibetrhls) clm jbleb os pcrcgcdlbtoe ol tjb dcsbhus stctb.

@ut ol ioquom clm shiom stctbs, ot bxosts cs c mogbr clm jbleb os mocgcdlbtoe ol tjbsb stctbs.

=. Dovb tjb ejbgoeci rbcetohl th supphrt tjct +2 hxomctohl stctb hn @o os ibss stc ib tjcl +5 stctb.

Uhi. Mub th olbrt pcor bnnbet, @o ecl sjhw +5 clm +2 hxomctohl stctbs. Uoleb tjb olbrt pcor bnnbet os gcxogug ol

ecsb hn @o, tjbrbnhrb, ots +2 hxomctohl stctb os ibss stcìb tjcl +5 hxomctohl stctb. ]jos os bvomblt nrhg tjb

h`sbrvctohl tjct @oEi5bvbl hl prhihldbm jbctold wotj Ei

0 mhbs lht nhrg @oEi

2

@oEi5+ Ei

0@oEi2

2. Ol tjb strueturb hn LJH5ghibeuib, L H `hlm (303 pg) os sjhrtbr tjcl L HJ `hlm (3=6 pg).

Uhi. JLH5os c rbshlcleb jy`romb hn tjb nhiihwold twh eclhloeci strueturbs ;

JH L JH L+ +H H

H H

Mub th rbshlcleb L H `hlm jcs shgb mhuìb `hlm ejcrcetbr. Ol ehltrcst, L HJ jcs hliy purb soldib

`hlm ejcrcetbr. Uoleb soldib `hlms crb ihldbr tjcl mhuìb `hlms, tjbrbnhrb, L HJ `hlm os ihldbr

(3=6 pg) tjcl L H `hlm ( 303 pg) ol LJH5.

>. Tjy J0U os ceomoe wjoib J

0h os lbutrci 8

Uhi. ]jb U J `hlm os wbcabr tjcl H J `hlm `becusb tjb sozb hn U - cthg os òddbr tjcl tjct hn H-cthg

Jbleb. J0s ecl mossheoctb th dovb J+ohls ol cqubhus shiutohl.

4. Tjy tjb ehgphulms hn niuhrolb wotj hxydbl crb eciibm niuhrombs hn hxydbl clm lht tjb hxombs hn

niuhrolb 8

Uhi. ]jos os `becusb niuhrolb os ghrb bibetrhlbdctovb tjcl hxydbl.


20/27

06 V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U

www.tjolaoot.ol

:. Dovb rbcshls nhr tjb nhiihwold h`sbrvctohls ;

(o) Tjy UN=ulmbrdhbs jymrhiysos ùt lht UN

>8

(oo) Uuipjur bxjoòts drbctbr tblmbley nhr eciblctohl tjcl sbibloug.

(ooo) Uuipjur jcs c jodjbr tblmbley nhr ectblctohl tjcl hxydbl.

Uhi. (o) Ol UN>, U stbroeciiy prhetbetbm `y sox N cthgs clm jbleb mhbs lht ciihw J

0H ghibeuibs th cttcea tjb U

cthg. Nurtjbrghrb. N mhbs lht jcvb m -hròtcis th ceebpt tjb bibetrhls mblhtbs `y J0H ghibeuibs. Cs c

rbsuit hn tjbsb twh rbcshl. UN>mhbs lht ulmbrdh jymrhiysos. Ol ehltrcts, ol UN=. U os lht stbroeciiy prhtbetbm

soleb ot os surrhulmbm `y hliy nhur N cthgs. Cs c rbsuit, cttcea hn J0H ghibeuibs hl U cthgs ecl tcab piceb

bcsoiy clm jbleb jymrhiysos heeurs.

(oo) Cs wb ghvb nrhg U th Ub, tjb cthgoe sozb olerbcsb clm jbleb tjb strbldtj hn B B `hlm mberbcsbs. Cs

c rbsuit, U U `hlm os guej strhldbr tjcl Ub Ub `hlm clm ehlsbqubltiy, U sjhw drbctbr tblmbley nhr

ectblctohl tjcl sbibloug.

(ooo) Mub th sgcii sozb, tjb ihlb pcors hn bibetrhls hl tjb H cthgs rbpbi tjb `hlm pcor hn tjb H H `hlm th

c drbctbr bxtblm tjct tjb ihlb pcors hn bibetrhls hl tjb U cthg ol U U `hlm. Cs c rbsuit, U U `hlm os

guej strhldbr (035 aK ghi3

) tjcl H H `hlm (35: aK ghi3

) clm jbleb U jcs c suej strhldbr tblmbley nhrectblctohl tjcl H.

?. @hlm mossheoctohl blbrdy hn N0os ibss tjcl tjct hn Ei

0. Bxpicol.

Uhi. Mub th sgciibr sozb, tjb ihlb pcors hn bibetrhls hl tjb N-cthgs rbpbi tjb `hlm pcor hn tjb N N `hlm. Ol

ehltrcst, `becusb hn ehgpcrctovbiy icrdbr sozb hn Ei cthgs, tjb ihlb pcors hl tjb Ei cthgs mhb lht rbpbi tjb

`hlm pcor hn Ei Ei `hlm. Cs c rbsuit, N N `hlm blbrdy os ihwbr tjcl tjct hn Ei Ei `hlm blbrdy.

36. N-cthg os ghrb bibetrhlbdctovb tjcl O-cthg, ybt JN jcs ihwbr ceom strbldtj tjcl JO. Bxpicol.

Uhi. N cthg `bold sgciibr ol sozb tjcl O cthg, tjb `hlm mossheoctohl blbrdy hn J N os vbry jodj cs ehgpcrbm th

tjct hn J O `hlm. Ehlsbqublltiy, J O `hlm `rbcas ghrb bcsoiy tjcl J N `hlm clm tjus JO os c strhldbr

ceom tjcl JN.

33. Ohmolb os ghrb shiuìb ol AO tjcl ol wctbr. Tjy 8

Uhi. Ohmolb ehgòlbs wotj AO th nhrg tjb shiuìb ehgpibx, AO5(AO + O

0AO

5).

30. Crrcldb JEiH=, JEiH

5, JEiH

0, JEiH ol hrmbr hn (o) ceomoe strbldtj (oo) hxomozold phwbr. Dovb rbcshls.

Uhi. (o) Ceomoe strbldtj ; JEiH=< JEiH

5< JEiH

0< JEiH

Pbcshl ; Cs tjb stcòioty hn tjb hxhclohl (ehlkudctb `csb) ibnt cntbr tjb rbghvci hn c prhthl olerbcsbs, tjb

ceom strbldtj olerbcsbs ol tjb scgb hrmbr. Uoleb tjb stcòioty hn tjb clohls mberbcsbs ol tjb hrmbr ;

EiH=

< EiH5

< EiH0

< JEiH, tjbrbnhrb, ceom strbldtj mberbcsbs ol tjb scgb hrmbr ;

JEiH=< JEiH

5< JEiH

0< JEiH

Hxomosold phwbr ; JEiH=9 JEiH

59 JEiH

09 JEiH

Pbcshl ; Cs tjb stcòioty hn tjb hxhclohl olerbcsbs, ots tblmbley th mbehgphsb th dovb H0mberbcsb clm

jbleb ots hxomosold phwbr mberbcsbs. Uoleb tjb stcòioty hn tjb hxhclohl mberbcsbs ol tjb hrmbr ;

EiH=

< EiH5

< EiH0

< EiH, tjbrbnhrb, tjb hxomosold phwbr hn tjbor hxhceoms olerbcsbs ol tjb rbvbrsb

hrmbr, o.b., JEiH=9 JEiH

59 JEiH

09 JEiH.

35. Tjy JN ceom os sthrbm ol wcx ehctbm dicss httibs

Uhi. ]jos os `becusb JN mhbs lht cttcea wcx ùt rbcets wotj dicss. Ot mosshivbs UoH0prbsblt ol dicss nhrgold

jymrhniuhrhsoioeoe ceom

UoH0+ >JN J

0UoN

>+ 0 J

0H


21/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 03

www.tjolaoot.ol

3=. Cssodl cpprhproctb rbcshls nhr bcej hn tjb nhiihwold stctbgblts.

Vbrejihroe ceom os c strhldbr ceom tjcl suipjuroe ceom.

Uhi. (v) ]jb hxmctohl stctb hn Ei ol pbrejihroe ceom os +4 wjoib tjct hn U ol suipjuroe ceom os +>

Ei Ei|| ||H H

|

|

|| ||

H H

H HJ J+4 +>H

H

Mub th jodjbr hxomctohl sctb clm jodjbr bibetrhlbdctovoty hn Ei, EiH5pcrt hn JEiH

=puiis tjb bibetrhls hn

tjb H J `hlm ghrb strhldiy clm jbleb ecl `rbca tjb H J `hlm ghrb bcsoiy th io`brctb c prhthl tjcl

UH0pcrt ol J

0UH

=. ]jus, pbrejihroe ceom os c strhldbr ceom tjcl suipjuroe ceom.

32. EN5bxosts ùt NEi

5mhbs lht.

Uhi. Pbcshls crb ; (o) Ei jcs vceclt m - hròtcis clm jbleb ecl sjhw cl hxomctohl stctb hn +5 ut N jcs m - hròtcis,

tjbrbnhrb, ot ecllht sjhw phsotovb hxomctohl stctb. Nurtjbr, soleb N ecl sjhw hliy 3 hxomctohl stctb, tjbrbnhrb,

ot ecl nhrg hliy EON clm lht NEi5.

(oo) @becusb hn òddbr sozb, Ei cl ceehgghmctb tjrbb sgcii N cthgs crhulm ot wjoib N `bold sgciibr ecllht

ceehgghmctb tjrbb òddbr sozbm Ei cthgs crhulm ot.

3>. Tjct prhgptbm @crtibtt th tjb mosehvbry hn lh ib dcs ehgphulms 8

Uhi. Uoleb VtN>hxomosbs H

0th H

0+, @crtibtt tjhudjt tjct VtN

>sjhuim cish hxomosb Zb th Zb+`becusb tjb ohlozctohl

bltjcipobs hn H0(3342 aK ghi3) clm Zb

(3346 aK ghi3) crb quotb eihsb.

34. ]jb gckhroty hn lhìb dcs ehgphulm crb tjhsb hn xblhl. Bxpicol.

Uhi. Bxebpt rcmhl wjoej os rcmohcetovb, Zb jcs tjb ihwbst ohlozctohl bltjcipy cghld lhìb dcsbs clm jbleb ecl`b bcsoiy hxomosbm `y strhld hxomosold cdblts ioab H

0clm N

0. ]jct os wjy gckhroty hn lhìb dcs ehgphulms

crb tjhsb hn xblhl.

3:. ZbN0jcs strcodjt iolbcr strueturb clm lht c `blt strueturb.

Uhi. Ol tjb nhrgctohl hn ZbN0 ghibeuib, Zb ulmbrdhbs sp5m - jy`romozctohl. ]wh hn tjb novb sp5m - hròtcis

hvbricp

2s 2p 2m

Zblhl (ol tjb norstbxeotbm stcìb)

sp5m-Jy`romozctohl

3?. VJ5jcs ihwbr hoiold tjcl LJ

5. Tjy 8

Uhi. ]jb bibetrhlbdctovoty hn L (5.6) os guej jodjbr tjcl tjct hn V (0.3). ]jbrbnhrb, LJ5ulmbrdhbs bxtblsovb

oltbrghibeuicr J - `hlmold clm jbleb ot bxosts cs cl cssheoctbm ghibeuib. ]h `rbca tjbsb J-`hlms, c icrdb

cghult hn blbrdy os lbbmbm. Hl tjb htjbr jclm, VJ5 mhbs lht ulmbrdh J - `hlmold clm tjus bxosts cs

moserbtb ghibeuibs. ]jbrbnhrb, tjb `hoiold pholt hn VJ5os guej ihwbr tjcl tjct hn LJ

5.

S.06 Tjy mhbs LH0mogbrosb 8

Uhi. LH0os cl hmm bibetrhl (4 + 0 : 7 05) ghibeuib. Ol tjb vcibleb sjbii, L jcs sbvbl bibetrhl clm jbleb os ibss

stcìb. ]h `behgb ghrb stcìb `y cquorold olbrt dcs ehlnodurctohl jcvold : bibetrhls ol tjb vcibleb sjbii, otulmbrdhbs mogbrozctohl th nhrg L

0H

=.


22/27

00 V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U

www.tjolaoot.ol

L .. .. .H. .

.

.

.

.

. .H

. ..

. + .

..

..

H..

.

.

.

.

..

H..

.

.

LL. .. .H. .

.

.

.

.

. .H

. ..

.

.

..

..

H..

.

.

.

.

HL. hr L L||

H ||H

H HLH ghibeuibs

Bcej L jcs 4 bibetrhlsol tjb vcibleb sjbii

(ibss stcìb)

0 L H ghibeuibsBcej L jcs : bibetrhls

ol tjb vcibleb sjbii(ghrb stcìb)

0 =

03 Tjbl JEi rbcets wotj nolbiy phwmbrbm orhl, ot nhrgs nbrrhus ejihromb clm lht nbrroe ejihromb. Tjy 8

Uhi. Nb rbcets wotj JEi th nhrg NbEi0clm J

0, Nb + 0 JEi NbEi

0+ J

0

J0tjus io brctbm prbvblts tjb hxomctohl hn NbEi0th NbEi5

00 Tjy os0c

A ibss tjcl3c

A nhr J0UH

=ol wctbr

Uhi. J0UH

=os c mo`csoe ceom, ot ohlozbs ol twh stcdbs clm jbleb jcs twh mossheoctohl ehlstclts.

(o) J0UH

=(cq) + J

0H(i) J

5H+(cq) + JUH

=

(cq) ;3c

A < 36

(oo) JUH=(cq) + J

0H(i) J

5H+(cq) + UH

=0(cq) 1 0c 360.3A 0

-7

0cA os ibss tjcl

3cA `becusb tjb lbdctovbiy ejcrdbm JUH

=

ohl jcs guej ibss tblmbley th mhlctb c prhthl th

J0H cs ehgpcrbm th lbturci J0UH=.

05 Dovbl tjb rbcshl nhr tjb ìbcejold cetohl hn Ei0.

Uhi. Ol prbsbleb hn ghosturb hr ol cqubhus shiutohl. Ei0io`brctbs lcseblt hxydbl.

Ei0

+ J0H 0JEi + QHW

Lcseblt hxydbl

0= Tjy os OEi ghrb rbcetovb tjcl O08

Uhi. OEi os ghrb rbcetovb tjcl O0`becusb O Ei `hlm os wbcabr tjcl O O `hlm. Ehlsbqubltiy, OEi `rbcas bcsoiy th

nhrg jcihdbl cthgs wjoej rbcmoiy `rold c`hut tjb rbcetohls.

02 Ecl VEi2cet cs cl hxomosold cs wbii cs rbmueold cdblt 8 Kustony.

Uhi. ]jb hxomctohl stctb hn V ol VEi2os + 2. Uoleb V jcs novb bibetrhls ol ts vcibleb sjbii, tjbrbnhrb, ot ecllht

olerbcsb ots hxomctohl stctb byhlm +2 y mhlctold bibetrhls, tjbrbnhrb, VEi2ecllht cet cs c rbmueold cdblt.

Jhwbvbr, ot ecl mberbcsb ots hxomctohl lug`br nrhg + 2 th + 5 hr shgb ihwbr vciub, tjbrbnhrb, VEi2cets cs

cl hxomosold cdblt. Nhr bxcgpib, ot hxomosbs Cd th CdEi, Ul th UlEi=clm J

0 th JEi.

5

53

5

26

EiVEiCd0EiVdC0+++

++ 1 55

=

=

2

26

EiV0EiUliVE0Ul+++

++

EiJ0iVEJEiV3

5

5

0

6

2

2 +++++

0> Tjy os mohxydbl dcs ut suipjur os c shiom

Uhi. Mub th sgcii sozb clm jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty,hxydbl nhrgs pp ppguitopib `hlms. Cs c rbsuit, hxydbl

bxosts cs mocthgoe (H0) ghibueibs. ]jbsb ghibeuibs crb jbim thdbtjbr `y wbca vcl mbr Tciis nhreb hn

cttrcetohl wjeoj ecl `b bcsoiy hvbrehgb `y ehiiosohls hn tjb ghibeuibs ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb. ]jbrbnhrb, H0

os c dcs ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb.

Uuipjur becusb hn ots jodjbr tblmbley nhr ectblctohl clm ihwbr tblmbley nhr pp ppguitopib `hlms, nhrgs

hetc-cthgoe (U:) ghibeuibs jcvold bodjt-gbg bbm pueabrbm rold strueturb (Nodurb sjhwl) @becusb hn oddbrsozb, tjb nhreb hn cttrcetohl jhimold tjb U

:ghibeuibs thdbtjbr crb guej strhldbr wjoej ecllht b hvbrehgb

`y ehiiosohls hn ghibeuibs ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb. Ehlsbqubltiy, suipjur os c shiom ct rhhg tbgpbrcturb.


23/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 05

www.tjolaoot.ol

04 Tjy crb jcihdbls sthld hxomosold cdblts 8

Uhi. Mub th ihw `hlm mossheoctohl bltjcipy, jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty clm icrdb lbdctovb bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy

jcihdbls jcvb c strhld tblmbley th ceebpt bibetrhls clm tjus dbt rbmuebm.

-- + Z0b0Z0

Cs c rbsuit, jcihdbls cet cs strhld hxomosold cdblts.

0: Bxpicol wjy niuhrolb nhrgs hliy hlb hxhceom, JHN.Uhi. Mub th jodj bibetrhlbdctovoty clm sgcii sozb, N ecllht cet cs ebltrci cthg ol jdjbr hxhceoms suej cs JHNH,

JHNH0clm JHNH

5ol wjoej tjb hxomctohl stctb hn N whuim b +5, +2 clm +4. Ot kust nhrgs hlb hxhceom, o.b.,

JHN ol wjoej tjb hxomctohl stctb hn N os + 3.

0? Tjy crb jcihdbls ehihurbm 8

Uhi. @becusb tjbor ghibeuibs c`shr` iodjt ol tjb vosoìb rbdohl cs c rbsuit hn wjoej tjbor bibetrhls dbt bxeotbm th

jodjbr blbrdy ibvbis wjoib tjb rbgcolold iodjt os trclsgottbm. ]jb ehihur hn tjb jcihdbls os cetuciiy tjb

ehihur hn tjos trclsgottbm iodjt. ]jb cghult hn blbrdy lbbmbm nhr bxeotctohl mberbcsbs prhdrbssovbiy nrhg N

th O cs tjb sozb hn tjb cthg olerbcsbs. Ehlsbqubltiy, tjb blbrdy hn tjb trclsgottbm iodjt dhbs hl olerbcsoldnrhg N th O. Ol htjbr whrms, tjb ehihur hn tjb jcihdbls mbbpbls nrhg N

0th O

0. Nhr bxcgpib, N

0c`shr`s vohibt

iodjt (jodjbr bxeotctohl blbrdy) clm jbleb cppbcrs pcib ybiihw wjoib ohmolb c`shr`s ybiihw clm drbbl iodjt

( ihwb bxeotctohl blbrdy) clm jbleb cppbcrs mbbp vohibt. Uogoicriy, wb ecl ceehult nhr drbblosj ybiihw

ehihur hn Ei0clm hrcldb rbm ehihur hn `rhgolb.

56 Dovb tjb nhrguic clm mbsero`b tjb strueturb hn c lhìb dcs spbeobs wjoej os oshstrueturci wotj ;

(o) OEi=

(oo) O@r0

(ooo) @rH5

Uhi. (o) Utrueturb hn OEi=

.

O

. .

Ei Ei

EiEi

..

USRCPB VICLCP

Lh. hn bibetrhls ol tjb vcibleb sjbii hn tjb ebltrci O cthg 7 4

Lh. hn bibetrhls prhvombm `y nhur Ei cthgs 7 = 3 7 =

Ejcrdb hl tjb ebltrci cthg 7 3

Y ]htci lh. hn bibetrhls crhulm tjb eblrci cthg

7 4 + = + 3 7 30

]htci lh. hn bibetrhl pcor crhulm tjb ebltrci cthg 70

307 >

@ut tjb lh. hn `hlm pcors 7 =

( Ytjbrb crb nhur O - Ei `hlms)

Y Lh. hn ihlb pcors 7 > = 7 0

]jus, O ol OEi=

jcs = `hlm pcors clm 0 ihld pcors. ]jbrbnhrb, ceehrmold th ÛBVP tjbhry, ot sjhuim `b

squcrb piclcr.

Lhw c lhìb dcs ehgphulm jcvold 30 bibetrhls ol tjb vcibleb sjbii hn tjb ebltrci cthg os ZbN=. (: + 3 =


24/27


25/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 02

www.tjolaoot.ol

BZBPEOUB - O

RLUHI^BM VPH@IBGU

S.3 ]jb lbdctovb vciub hn bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy os ibss nhr niuhrolb tjcl nhr ejihrolb.

S.0 N0os strhldbr hxomosold cdblt tjcl Ei

0.

S.5 Crrcldb JEiH, J@rH clm JOH ol hrmbr hn mberbcsold ceomoe strbldtj dovold rbcshl.

S.= Tjy oltbrjcihdbls crb ghrb rbcetovb tjcl jcihdbls 8

S.2 Tjy mh lhìb dcsbs nhrg ehgphulms wotj niuhrolb clm hxydbl hliy 8

S.> Trotb tjb rbcetohl hn tjbrgci mbehgphsotohl hn shmoug czomb.

S.4 Ol wjct wcy ecl ot `b prhvbm tjct VJ5os `csoe ol lcturb 8

S.: Tjy mhbs VEi5nugb ol ghosturb 8

S.? Tjoej nhrg hn suipjur sjhws pcrcgcdlbtoe `bjcvohur 8

hr Uuipjur ol tjb vcphur stctb bxjoòts pcrcgcdlbtosg.

S.36 Jhw mhbs cgghloc rbcet wotj c shiutohl hn Eu0+8

S.33 Tjct jcppbls wjbl wjotb pjhspjhrus os jbctbm wotj ehlebltrctbm LcHJ shiutohl ol cl olbrt ctghspjbrb

hn EH08

S.30 Tjct jcppbls wjbl VEi2os jbctbm 8

S.35 Tjct os tjb csoeoty hn J5VH

=8

S.3= Tjct jcppbls wjbl J5VH

5os jbctbm 8

S.32 Trotb tjb hrmbr hn tjbrgci stc oioty hn tjb jymrombs hn drhup 3> bibgblts.

S.3> Tjy os J0H os ioquom clm J

0U os dcs 8

S.34 Jhw os H5bstogctbm qucltotctovbiy 8

S.3: Dovb tjb rbshlctold strueturbs hn LH0clm L

0H

2.

S.3? Tjy mhbs P5V 7 H bxost ùt P

5L 7 H mhbs lht (P 7 ciayi drhup ) 8

S.06 Dovb tjb msoprhphrtohlctohl rbcetohl hn J5VH

5.

S.03 Jhw crb ZbN0, ZbN

=clm ZbN

>h`tcolbm 8

S.00 Jhw crb ZbH5clm ZbHN

=prbpcrbm 8

S.05 Crrcldb tjb nhiihwold ol hrmbr hn prohroty olmoectbm nhr bcej sbt ;

(o) N0, Ei

0, @r

0, O

0- olerbcsold `hlm mossheoctohl bltjcipy.

(oo) JN, JEi, J@r, JO - olerbcsold ceom strbldtj.

(ooo) LJ5, VJ

5, CsJ

5, U`J

5, @oJ

5- olerbcsold `csb strbldtj.

S.0= Tjy mh lhìb dcsbs jcvb ehgpcrctovbiy icrdb cthgoe sozbs 8

S.02 Tjy os rbm pjhpjhrus ghrb rbcetovb tjcl wjotb pjhspjhrus 8

S.0> Jhw os cgghloc prbpcrbm olmustrociiy8

S.04 Trotb `ciclebm bqlnhr tjb nhiihwold

(o) LcEi os jbctbm wotj suipjuroe ceom ol tjb prbsbleb hn Gcldclbsb mohxomb

(oo) Ejihrolb dcs os pcssbm olth c shiutohl hn shmoug ohmomb ol wctbr.


26/27

0> V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U

www.tjolaoot.ol

BZBPEOUB - OO

@HCPM VPH@IBGU

S.3 Tjy os rbm pjhspjhrhus ibss rbcetovb tjcl wjotb pjhspjhrhus 8 [email protected]. 066?, 3GW

S.0 Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci rbcetohl bquctohls [email protected]. 066?, 0GW

(o) ZbN0+ J

0H (oo) VJ

5+ JdEi

0

S.5 (c) Mrcw tjb strueturbs hn tjb nhiihwold [email protected]. 066?, 2GW

(o) J0U

0H

:(oo) JEiH

=

(`) Jhw whuim yhu ceehult nhr tjb nhiihwold

(o) LJ5os strhldbr `csb tjcl VJ

5

(oo) Uuipjur jcs drbctbr tblmbley nhr ectblctohl tjcl hxydbl

(ooo) N0os c strhldbr hxomosold cdblt tjcl Ei

0.

S.= (c) Mrcw tjb strueturb hn tjb nhiihwold [email protected]. 066?, 2GW

(o) J0U

0H

4(oo) JEiH

5

(`) Bxpicol tjb nhiihwold h`sbrvctohls

(o) Ol tjb strueturb hn JLH5, tjb L H `hlm (303 pg) os sjhrtbr tjcl tjb L HJ `hlm (3=6 pg).

(oo) Cii tjb V Ei `hlms ol VEi2crb lht bquovciblt(ooo) OEi os ghrb rbcetovb tjcl O

0

S.2 Lotrhdbl os rbictovbiy olbrt cs ehgpcrbm th pjhspjhrhus 8 Tjy [email protected]. 0636, 3GW

S. > Mrcw tjb strueturci nhrguic hn tjb nhiihwold ehgphulms. [email protected]. 0636, 0GW

(o) J=V

0H

2(oo) ZbN

=

S.4 Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci rbcetohl bquctohls [email protected]. 0636, 0GW

(o) LcHJ + Ei0

(oo) ZbN>+ J

0H

(bxebss)

S.: Jhw whuim yhu ceehult nhr tjb nhiihwold [email protected]. 0636, 5GW(o) LEi

5os cl blmhtjbrgoe ehgphulm wjoib LN

5os cl bxhtjbrgoe hlb.

(oo) ZbN0os c iolbcr ghibeuib wotjhut c `blm.

(ooo) ]jb bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy wotj lbdctovb sodl os ibss tjcl tjct nhr ejihrolb, stoii nihurolb os c strhldbr

hxomosold cdblt tjcl ejihrolb.

S.? Niuhrolb mhbs lht bxjo ot cly phsotvb hxomctohl stctb . Tjy8 [email protected]. 0636, 3GW

S.36 Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci rbcetohl bquctohls. [email protected]. 0636, 0GW

(o) O0+ JLH

5

(ehle.)

(oo) JdEi0+ VJ5

S.33 Jhw whuim yhu ceehult nhr tjb nhiihwold ;

(o) J0U os ghrb ceomoe tjcl J

0H

(oo) ]jb LH hlm os LH0os sjhrtbr tjcl tjb LH `hlm ol LH

5

(ooo) @htj H0clm N

0stcòiosb jodj hxomctohl stctbs ut tjb còioty hn hxydbl th stcìosb tjb jodjbr hxomctohl

stctb bxebbms tjct hn niuhrolb. QE@UB 0633W

S.30 (c) Gbltohl tjb hptogug ehlmotohls nhr tjb olmustroci gclunceturb hn cgghloc `y Jc br's prhebss

( ) Bxpicol tjb nhiihwold dovold cpprhproctb rbcshls. QE@UB 0633W

(o) Uuipjur vcphur bxjo ots pcrcgdlbtoe bjcvohur(oo) Pbm pjhspjhrus os ibss rbcetovb tjcl wjotb pjhspjhrus


27/27

V-@IHEA BIBGBL]U 04

S.35 Mrcw tjb strueturbs hn tjb nhiihwold ghibeuibs QE@UB 0633W

(o) LN5

(oo) J0U

0H

:

(ooo) J5VH

5

S.3= Ehgpibtb tjb nhiihwold ejbgoeci bquctohls ; QE@UB 0633W

(o) E + J0UH

=(ehle.)

(oo) V=+ LcHJ + J

0H

(ooo) Ei0+ N0 (bxebss)

S.32 Tjct os tjb `csoeoty hn J5VH

5clm wjy 8 QE@UB 0635W

S.3> Jhw crb oltbrjcihdbl ehgphulms nhrgbm 8 Tjct dblbrci ehgphsotohls ecl `b cssodlbm th tjbg8

QE@UB 0635W

S.34 Mrcw tjb strueturbs hn tjb nhiihwold ghibeuibs QE@UB 0635W

(o) L0H

2(oo) ZbN

0

S.3: Dovb rbcshls nhr tjb nhiihwold ;

(o) ]jhudj lotrhdbl bxjo`ots +2 hxomctohl stctb, ot mhbs lht nhrg pbltcjciomb.

(oo) Bibetrhl dcol bltjcipy wotj lbdctovb sodl hn niuhrolb os ibss tjcl tjct hn ejihrolb.

(ooo) ]jb twh hxybl-hxydbl `hlm ibldtjs os hzhlb ghibeuib crb ombltoeci. QE@UB 0635W

Documents

9_ p-block elements.pdf