9:9: An Agrarian Republic, An Agrarian Republic, 1790—18241790—1824

"Other historians relate facts to inform us of facts.  You relate them to excite in our hearts an intense hatred of lying, ignorance, hypocrisy, superstition, tyranny; and the anger remains even after the memory of the facts has disappeared." 

Diderot, writing of Voltaire

 “ “Men, by their constitutions, are Men, by their constitutions, are naturally divided into two parties: naturally divided into two parties: (1) (1) Those who fear and distrust Those who fear and distrust the peoplethe people, and wish to draw all , and wish to draw all powers from them into the hands powers from them into the hands of the higher classes; (2) of the higher classes; (2) Those Those who identify themselves with the who identify themselves with the people, have confidence in them, people, have confidence in them, cherish and consider them as the cherish and consider them as the most honest and safe, although most honest and safe, although not the most wise, depository of not the most wise, depository of the public intereststhe public interests. . . . The . . . . The appellation of Aristocrats and appellation of Aristocrats and Democrats is the true one, Democrats is the true one, expressing the essence of allexpressing the essence of all.”.”

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

““What to the American slave is your Fourth of JulyWhat to the American slave is your Fourth of July?? I I answer, a day that reveals to him more than all other days of answer, a day that reveals to him more than all other days of the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the the year, the gross injustice and cruelty to which he is the constant victim. To him your celebration is a sham; your constant victim. To him your celebration is a sham; your boasted liberty an unholy license; your national greatness, boasted liberty an unholy license; your national greatness, swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and swelling vanity; your sounds of rejoicing are empty and heartless; your denunciation of tyrants, brass-fronted heartless; your denunciation of tyrants, brass-fronted impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; impudence; your shouts of liberty and equality, hollow mockery; your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with your prayers and hymns, your sermons and thanksgivings, with all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him mere all your religious parade and solemnity, are to him mere bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil bombast, fraud, deception, impiety, and hypocrisy -- a thin veil to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. to cover up crimes which would disgrace a nation of savages. There is not a nation of the earth guilty of practices more There is not a nation of the earth guilty of practices more shocking and bloody than are the people of these United States shocking and bloody than are the people of these United States at this very hour. . . . Go where you may, search where you will, at this very hour. . . . Go where you may, search where you will, roam through all the monarchies and despotisms of the Old roam through all the monarchies and despotisms of the Old World, travel through South America, search out every abuse World, travel through South America, search out every abuse and when you have found the last, lay your facts by the side of and when you have found the last, lay your facts by the side of the everyday practices of this nation, and you will say with me the everyday practices of this nation, and you will say with me that, for revolting barbarity and shameless hypocrisy, America that, for revolting barbarity and shameless hypocrisy, America reigns without a reigns without a rival.” rival.” Frederick Douglass, July 4, Frederick Douglass, July 4, 18521852

How Democratic Is America?How Democratic Is America?By: Howard ZinnBy: Howard ZinnI propose a set of criteria for the description "democratic" which goes I propose a set of criteria for the description "democratic" which goes beyond formal political institutions, to the quality of life in the society beyond formal political institutions, to the quality of life in the society (economic, social, psychological), beyond majority rule to a concern (economic, social, psychological), beyond majority rule to a concern for minorities, and beyond national boundaries to a global view of for minorities, and beyond national boundaries to a global view of what is meant by "the people," in that rough, but essential correct what is meant by "the people," in that rough, but essential correct view of democracy as "government of, by, and for the people."view of democracy as "government of, by, and for the people."Let me list these criteria quickly, because I will go on to discuss them Let me list these criteria quickly, because I will go on to discuss them in some detail later:in some detail later:

1.1. To what extent can various people in the society participate in To what extent can various people in the society participate in those decisions which affect their lives: decisions in the those decisions which affect their lives: decisions in the political process and decisions in the economic structure?political process and decisions in the economic structure?

2.2. As a corollary of the above: As a corollary of the above: do people have equal access to the do people have equal access to the information which they need to make important decisions?information which they need to make important decisions?

3.3. Are the members of the society equally protected on matters of Are the members of the society equally protected on matters of life and deathlife and death - in the most literal sense of that phrase? - in the most literal sense of that phrase?

4.4. Is there equality before the law: police, courts, the judicial process - as Is there equality before the law: police, courts, the judicial process - as well as equality with the law enforcing institutions, so as to safeguard well as equality with the law enforcing institutions, so as to safeguard equally everyone's person, and his freedom from interference by others, equally everyone's person, and his freedom from interference by others, and by the government?and by the government?

5.5. Is there equality in the distribution of available resources: those Is there equality in the distribution of available resources: those economic goods necessary for health, life, recreation, leisure, growth?economic goods necessary for health, life, recreation, leisure, growth?

6.6. Is there equal access to education, to knowledge and trainingIs there equal access to education, to knowledge and training ,, so as to enable so as to enable persons in the society to live their lives as fully as possible, to enlarge their persons in the society to live their lives as fully as possible, to enlarge their range of possibilities?range of possibilities?

7.7. Is there freedom of expression on all matters, and equally for all to Is there freedom of expression on all matters, and equally for all to communicate with other members of the society?communicate with other members of the society?

8.8. Is there freedom for individuality in private life, in sexual relations, family Is there freedom for individuality in private life, in sexual relations, family relations, the right of privacy?relations, the right of privacy?

9.9. DoDo education and the culture in general foster a spirit of cooperation and education and the culture in general foster a spirit of cooperation and amity to sustain the above conditions?amity to sustain the above conditions?

10. As a final safety feature: 10. As a final safety feature: is there opportunity to protest, to disobey the is there opportunity to protest, to disobey the laws, when the foregoing objectives are being lost - as a way of restoring laws, when the foregoing objectives are being lost - as a way of restoring them? them?

Chapter Review QuestionsChapter Review Questions

The US faced economic and political problems as a new nation in a The US faced economic and political problems as a new nation in a world dominated by war between Britain and France. world dominated by war between Britain and France. How How successful were the efforts by the Jefferson, Madison, and successful were the efforts by the Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe administrations to solve these problems?Monroe administrations to solve these problems?

The anti-European cast of Jefferson's republican agrarianism made The anti-European cast of Jefferson's republican agrarianism made it appealing to many Americans who wished to believe in their it appealing to many Americans who wished to believe in their nation's uniqueness, but how realistic was it in the real world of nation's uniqueness, but how realistic was it in the real world of politics during Jefferson's administration?politics during Jefferson's administration?

Some Federalists opposed the Louisiana Purchase, warning of the Some Federalists opposed the Louisiana Purchase, warning of the dangers of westward expansion. What are arguments for and dangers of westward expansion. What are arguments for and against expansion?against expansion?

The confrontations between Tecumseh's alliance and The confrontations between Tecumseh's alliance and soldiers and settlers in the Old Northwest reveal the soldiers and settlers in the Old Northwest reveal the contradictions in American Indian policy. What were these contradictions in American Indian policy. What were these contradictions? Can you suggest solutions to them?contradictions? Can you suggest solutions to them?

What did the War of 1812 accomplish?What did the War of 1812 accomplish?

ChronologyChronology

1790s  1790s   Second Great Awakening beginsSecond Great Awakening begins1800  1800   Thomas Jefferson elected presidentThomas Jefferson elected president, Gabriel’s conspiracy, Gabriel’s conspiracy

American ships carry 95% of US-British tradeAmerican ships carry 95% of US-British trade18011801 Cane Ridge [Kentucky] revivalCane Ridge [Kentucky] revival1802  1802   Russian-American company headquarters at Sitka, AlaskaRussian-American company headquarters at Sitka, Alaska1803  1803   Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase / / Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison / Ohio admitted to / Ohio admitted to the Unionthe Union1804  1804   Lewis and Clark expedition begins / Thomas Jefferson Lewis and Clark expedition begins / Thomas Jefferson reelected reelected

president / Russians reestablish Sitka following the president / Russians reestablish Sitka following the Tlingit RevoltTlingit Revolt1807  1807   Chesapeake-Leopard Chesapeake-Leopard incident / incident / Embargo ActEmbargo Act1808  1808   James Madison elected president / Int. slave trade illegalJames Madison elected president / Int. slave trade illegal1809  1809   Tecumseh forms military alliance among northwest Tecumseh forms military alliance among northwest confederacy confederacy

peoplespeoples1811  1811   Battle of TippecanoeBattle of Tippecanoe1812  1812   War of 1812 beginsWar of 1812 begins / James Madison reelected president / / James Madison reelected president / Louisiana Louisiana

admitted to the Union admitted to the Union 1814  1814   Hartford ConventionHartford Convention / Treaty of Ghent / Treaty of Ghent

ChronologyChronology

1815  1815   Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans1816  1816   James Monroe elected president / James Monroe elected president / Congress Congress

charters Second Bank of the United Statescharters Second Bank of the United States / / Indiana Indiana admitted to the Union / American admitted to the Union / American Colonization Society Colonization Society founded / founded / African Methodist African Methodist Episcopal Church Episcopal Church foundedfounded

1817  1817   Mississippi admitted to the Union Mississippi admitted to the Union 1818  1818   Illinois admitted to the Union / Andrew Jackson Illinois admitted to the Union / Andrew Jackson

invades FLA invades FLA 1819   1819   Panic of 1819Panic of 1819 / Adams-Onis Treaty / Adams-Onis Treaty1819-20 Missouri Crisis and Compromise1819-20 Missouri Crisis and Compromise 1820   James Monroe reelected president / Maine admitted 1820   James Monroe reelected president / Maine admitted

to Unionto Union1821   Missouri admitted to Union as slave state 1821   Missouri admitted to Union as slave state 1823 1823 Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

Annotated BibliographyAnnotated Bibliography Gary B. Nash, Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Forging Freedom: The Formation of

Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720-1840 Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720-1840 (1988). (1988). This study of the struggles of Philadelphia’s This study of the struggles of Philadelphia’s African-American population (both enslaved and African-American population (both enslaved and free) to build a community in the early republic free) to build a community in the early republic includes discussions of work, religion, class, and includes discussions of work, religion, class, and the responses of the African-American community the responses of the African-American community to growing white hostilityto growing white hostility..

Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of A Midwife’s Tale: The Life of Martha Ballard, Based of her Diary, 1785-1812Martha Ballard, Based of her Diary, 1785-1812 (1990). (1990). A 20-year-long diary provided the primary A 20-year-long diary provided the primary source for this careful examination of the work, source for this careful examination of the work, family events, and daily social interactions of a family events, and daily social interactions of a midwife in rural Maine in the early Republicmidwife in rural Maine in the early Republic..

RecommendedRecommended

Henry Adams, Henry Adams, The United States in 1800The United States in 1800 Walter LaFeber, Walter LaFeber, John Quincy Adams and the John Quincy Adams and the

American Continental EmpireAmerican Continental Empire (1965) (1965) Carey McWilliams, Carey McWilliams, North From Mexico: the North From Mexico: the

Spanish-Speaking People of the USSpanish-Speaking People of the US (1948) (1948) David Weber, David Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North The Spanish Frontier in North

AmericaAmerica (1993) (1993) Biography VHS: Lewis and Clark ExpeditionBiography VHS: Lewis and Clark Expedition

A:A: Mandan Communities Mandan Communities

Lewis and Clark visited the Mandan villages in Lewis and Clark visited the Mandan villages in what is now North Dakota. what is now North Dakota.

The Mandan lived by agriculture and hunting The Mandan lived by agriculture and hunting and lived in matrilineal clans. and lived in matrilineal clans.

The male chiefs met with Lewis and Clark who The male chiefs met with Lewis and Clark who offered them a military and economic alliance.offered them a military and economic alliance.

Americans established Fort Clark as a trading Americans established Fort Clark as a trading base. base.

Americans brought diseases like smallpox that Americans brought diseases like smallpox that wiped out the vast majority of Mandans.wiped out the vast majority of Mandans.

B:B: North American North American Communities from Coast Communities from Coast

to Coastto Coast

The Spanish in North AmericaThe Spanish in North America To protect their interests against Russian and British To protect their interests against Russian and British

expansion, the Spanish had established a chain of expansion, the Spanish had established a chain of missions throughout California. missions throughout California.

The Spanish also controlled New Orleans, though in The Spanish also controlled New Orleans, though in 1800 it was:1800 it was: a polyglot, French-dominated society that was a polyglot, French-dominated society that was

half black; andhalf black; and an international port.an international port.

Americans were concerned that whomever Americans were concerned that whomever controlled New Orleans could choke off commerce controlled New Orleans could choke off commerce along the Mississippi River. along the Mississippi River.

East and West Florida dominated the Gulf of Mexico, East and West Florida dominated the Gulf of Mexico, and Spain opened the area to American immigration. and Spain opened the area to American immigration.

The CaribbeanThe Caribbean

The Caribbean posed strong The Caribbean posed strong challenges because of the sugar challenges because of the sugar industry. industry.

The Caribbean slave societies were The Caribbean slave societies were jolted by the successful slave revolt jolted by the successful slave revolt in Haiti.in Haiti.

British North AmericaBritish North America

The heart of British North America The heart of British North America was the former French colony of was the former French colony of Quebec. Loyalists comprised most of Quebec. Loyalists comprised most of the other settlers. the other settlers.

The American Revolution caused The American Revolution caused Great Britain to create a national Great Britain to create a national legislature under strict executive legislature under strict executive control. control.

Russian America SitkaRussian America Sitka

Russian settlements in Alaska were Russian settlements in Alaska were an extension of its conquest of an extension of its conquest of Siberia.Siberia.

The Russia established Sitka in 1804.The Russia established Sitka in 1804. Russia established new settlements Russia established new settlements

in California, including Fort Rossin California, including Fort Ross..

America in 1800America in 1800

In 1800, the United States was In 1800, the United States was surrounded by European colonies.surrounded by European colonies.

Trans-AppalachiaTrans-Appalachia

The trans-Appalachia west was the most The trans-Appalachia west was the most rapidly growing region of the United States.rapidly growing region of the United States.

By 1800, 500,000 Americans lived in Trans-By 1800, 500,000 Americans lived in Trans-Appalachia. Appalachia.

Cincinnati served as major trading center for Cincinnati served as major trading center for the Ohio River Valleythe Ohio River Valley. .

River traffic to and from New Orleans River traffic to and from New Orleans increased annually, though Westerners were increased annually, though Westerners were concerned over who controlled the city.concerned over who controlled the city.

Atlantic PortsAtlantic Ports

Only 3 percent of Americans lived in Only 3 percent of Americans lived in citiescities

Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, Boston, and New York dominated trade. Boston, and New York dominated trade.

Each city had its own distinct economy Each city had its own distinct economy and culture. and culture.

These cities led the nation socially, These cities led the nation socially, politically, and economically. politically, and economically.

Those with the greatest ties to the trans-Those with the greatest ties to the trans-Appalachian West thrived.Appalachian West thrived.

C: A National EconomyC: A National Economy

The Economy of the Young The Economy of the Young RepublicRepublic

Most Americans lived in rural, agricultural Most Americans lived in rural, agricultural communities. communities.

Northerners were generally self-sufficient.Northerners were generally self-sufficient. The plantation regions of the South were The plantation regions of the South were

heavily involved in marketing crops heavily involved in marketing crops overseas, but demand for tobacco and rice overseas, but demand for tobacco and rice only rose to pre-Revolutionary levels.only rose to pre-Revolutionary levels.

Shipping and The Economic Shipping and The Economic BoomBoom

In 1790, American shipping had been hurt by the end In 1790, American shipping had been hurt by the end of ties with Great Britain. of ties with Great Britain.

The outbreak of war in Europe and American neutrality The outbreak of war in Europe and American neutrality vast expanded trade, fueling the growth of American vast expanded trade, fueling the growth of American coastal cities. coastal cities.

The economic boom included:The economic boom included: American entry into the Northwest fur and China American entry into the Northwest fur and China

markets; markets; an active shipbuilding industry; andan active shipbuilding industry; and trade stimulated the rise of insurance companies, trade stimulated the rise of insurance companies,

banks, and brokers catering to the international banks, and brokers catering to the international market.market.

By 1820, the United States was building a strong, By 1820, the United States was building a strong, diversified national economy.diversified national economy.

D: The Jefferson D: The Jefferson PresidencyPresidency

1800 Federalist “hiding place” 1800 Federalist “hiding place”

““. . . if all Bibles are to be destroyed, . . . if all Bibles are to be destroyed, what is the use of bringing yours to what is the use of bringing yours to me?”me?”

““It will be perfectly safe with you. It will be perfectly safe with you. They’ll never think of looking in the They’ll never think of looking in the house of a Democrat for a Bible.”house of a Democrat for a Bible.”

Republican AgrarianismRepublican Agrarianism

Thomas Jefferson emerged as a Thomas Jefferson emerged as a strong president with strong party strong president with strong party backing. backing.

Jefferson's ideal was an agrarian Jefferson's ideal was an agrarian republic of roughly equal yeoman republic of roughly equal yeoman farmers. America’s abundant land farmers. America’s abundant land allowed Jefferson to envision a nation allowed Jefferson to envision a nation of small family farms.of small family farms.

The Government & the JudiciaryThe Government & the Judiciary Jefferson's promise to reduce the size of the federal Jefferson's promise to reduce the size of the federal

government was fulfilled by:government was fulfilled by: cutting internal taxes; and cutting internal taxes; and reducing the size of army, navy, and reducing the size of army, navy, and

government staff. government staff. The unfinished state of the nation’s capital The unfinished state of the nation’s capital

reflected the emphasis on local communities. reflected the emphasis on local communities. While removing Federalist officeholders, Jefferson While removing Federalist officeholders, Jefferson

provoked a landmark Supreme Court decision. provoked a landmark Supreme Court decision. Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison did not restore William did not restore William

Marbury to his post, but it establishedMarbury to his post, but it established the principle the principle of judicial review and an independent judiciary.of judicial review and an independent judiciary.

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

The conflict between France and Britain The conflict between France and Britain threatened American security. threatened American security.

Napoleon's acquisition of the Louisiana Napoleon's acquisition of the Louisiana Territory threatened American access to Territory threatened American access to the Mississippi River.the Mississippi River.

Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, but accepted the French offer to buy the but accepted the French offer to buy the entire territory.entire territory.

The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States, fulfilling Jefferson's the United States, fulfilling Jefferson's desire for continued expansion.desire for continued expansion.

Incorporating LouisianaIncorporating Louisiana

The French customs of Louisiana The French customs of Louisiana conflicted with the English-derived conflicted with the English-derived American traditions were derived American traditions were derived from England. from England.

The solution was to maintain aspects The solution was to maintain aspects of French institutions in Louisiana.of French institutions in Louisiana.

Texas & the Struggle for Texas & the Struggle for Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence

Acquisition of Louisiana put the United Acquisition of Louisiana put the United States in conflict with Spain.States in conflict with Spain.

Spain's involvement in the Napoleonic Spain's involvement in the Napoleonic Wars caused its American empire to Wars caused its American empire to slip away.slip away.

Several populist revolts fueled a Several populist revolts fueled a strong independence movement in strong independence movement in Mexico. [Alamo of 1830s in future Mexico. [Alamo of 1830s in future chapter.]chapter.]

D:D: Renewed Imperial Renewed Imperial Rivalry in North AmericaRivalry in North America

Protecting Neutral RightsProtecting Neutral Rights In his second term,In his second term, Jefferson faced problems Jefferson faced problems

protecting American neutrality. protecting American neutrality. British ships seized American vessels trading in the British ships seized American vessels trading in the

French West Indies and impressed sailors into the French West Indies and impressed sailors into the Royal Navy. Royal Navy.

Congress first imposed a boycott and then passed the Congress first imposed a boycott and then passed the Embargo Act on foreign commerce that:Embargo Act on foreign commerce that: did not change British policy; did not change British policy; caused a deep depression; and caused a deep depression; and led to widespread smuggling. led to widespread smuggling.

During the presidency of James Madison, the Embargo During the presidency of James Madison, the Embargo Act was repealed, Act was repealed,

Other similar acts passed later also proved ineffective.Other similar acts passed later also proved ineffective.

A Contradictory Indian PolicyA Contradictory Indian Policy

Indian affairs remained among the most Indian affairs remained among the most difficult foreign problems. difficult foreign problems.

Western tribes resisted American incursion Western tribes resisted American incursion into their territory. into their territory.

Jefferson hoped that Indians would either Jefferson hoped that Indians would either be converted to white civilization or be converted to white civilization or moved across the Mississippi River. moved across the Mississippi River. Neither policy won much Indian support.Neither policy won much Indian support.

Tecumseh, Tenskatawa, & Tecumseh, Tenskatawa, & Indian ResistanceIndian Resistance

The Shawnee emerged as the leading force of Indian The Shawnee emerged as the leading force of Indian resistance in the Ohio Valley. Tecumseh led a band resistance in the Ohio Valley. Tecumseh led a band that attempted to escape contact with whites. that attempted to escape contact with whites.

His brother, Tenskwatawa, The ProphetHis brother, Tenskwatawa, The Prophet, called for a , called for a rejection of white ways and built a pan-Indian religious rejection of white ways and built a pan-Indian religious movement. movement.

Tecumseh formed a pan-Indian confederacy was Tecumseh formed a pan-Indian confederacy was initially defensive but soon advocated military initially defensive but soon advocated military resistance. resistance.

While Tecumseh was in the South, a American army While Tecumseh was in the South, a American army defeated Tenskwatawa’s followers at Tippecanoe.defeated Tenskwatawa’s followers at Tippecanoe.

In response, Tecumseh formally allied with the British.In response, Tecumseh formally allied with the British.

E: The War of 1812E: The War of 1812

The War HawksThe War Hawks

Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were leaders of a new generation of War leaders of a new generation of War HawksHawks from the South and West that from the South and West that supported war as a means of supported war as a means of expansion. expansion.

Madison’s declaration of war Madison’s declaration of war received no Federalist support.received no Federalist support.

The Campaign Against CanadaThe Campaign Against Canada

American efforts to capture Canada American efforts to capture Canada failed due to failed due to New England opposition;New England opposition; the strength of the British-Indian forces; the strength of the British-Indian forces;

and and the resistance of Canadians. the resistance of Canadians.

The Americans won the Battle of the The Americans won the Battle of the Thames, at which Tecumseh was Thames, at which Tecumseh was killed.killed.

War & the Hartford ConventionWar & the Hartford Convention

Continued opposition from New England Continued opposition from New England led to the Hartford Convention. led to the Hartford Convention.

Federalists Federalists demanded redress of demanded redress of grievances though they dropped talk of grievances though they dropped talk of secession.secession.

Andrew Jackson and Indian allies defeated Andrew Jackson and Indian allies defeated the Creek Indians and invaded Florida. the Creek Indians and invaded Florida.

The British navy established a strong The British navy established a strong blockade and burned Washington. blockade and burned Washington.

Peace and PridePeace and Pride

The Treaty of Ghent ended the war The Treaty of Ghent ended the war without addressing the major without addressing the major grievances, but the British did agree grievances, but the British did agree to evacuate the western forts.to evacuate the western forts.

Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Andrew Jackson’s victory at New OrleansOrleans saved American pride. saved American pride.

The war also ended lingering feelings The war also ended lingering feelings of American colonial dependency. of American colonial dependency.

The Indians were the only clear losers.The Indians were the only clear losers.

F: Defining the F: Defining the BoundariesBoundaries

Another Westward SurgeAnother Westward Surge

Peace brought widespread Indian Peace brought widespread Indian removal that opened lands and removal that opened lands and enabled Americans to resume their enabled Americans to resume their westward migration.westward migration.

Migration RoutesMigration Routes

Northern migrants traveled the Genesee Northern migrants traveled the Genesee Turnpike.Turnpike.

Middle States settlers went west on the Middle States settlers went west on the Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Turnpike and the Philadelphia-Pittsburgh Turnpike and the National Road.National Road.

The Wilderness and Federal Roads were The Wilderness and Federal Roads were southern migration routes.southern migration routes.

Western SettlementWestern Settlement

Overpopulated farmland in the east Overpopulated farmland in the east pushed Americans to cheap land in the pushed Americans to cheap land in the west. Easterners brought the culture and west. Easterners brought the culture and values of their home regions with them. values of their home regions with them.

The Old Northwest shared New England The Old Northwest shared New England values.values.

The Old Southwest was based on The Old Southwest was based on plantation slavery. plantation slavery.

The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening

Revolving around the camp meeting, Revolving around the camp meeting, the Second Great Awakeningthe Second Great Awakening: : further strengthened east-west further strengthened east-west

relations; and relations; and helped Westerners create new helped Westerners create new

institutions.institutions.

The Era of Good FeelingsThe Era of Good Feelings James Monroe presided over the post-war James Monroe presided over the post-war

“era of good feelings.” “era of good feelings.” Monroe brought former Federalists into his Monroe brought former Federalists into his

cabinet. cabinet. Embracing most of Henry Clay’s Embracing most of Henry Clay’s

American System that updated many American System that updated many of Hamilton’s ideas, the Monroe of Hamilton’s ideas, the Monroe administration:administration: established the Second Bank of the established the Second Bank of the

United States: United States: passed a protective tariff; but passed a protective tariff; but would not subsidized roads and canals--would not subsidized roads and canals--

the third part of the American System.the third part of the American System.

The Diplomacy of John Quincy The Diplomacy of John Quincy AdamsAdams

Secretary of State John Quincy Adams laid the Secretary of State John Quincy Adams laid the foundation for continued expansion. foundation for continued expansion. Two Two treaties with Britain established a demilitarized treaties with Britain established a demilitarized Canadian border and provided for the joint Canadian border and provided for the joint occupation of Oregon. occupation of Oregon.

The Adams-Onis Treaty turned over Florida to The Adams-Onis Treaty turned over Florida to the United States and relinquished claims to the United States and relinquished claims to Louisiana. Louisiana.

Adams defined the response of the United Adams defined the response of the United States to emerging nations in the western States to emerging nations in the western hemisphere by designing the Monroe Doctrine. hemisphere by designing the Monroe Doctrine.

The Panic of 1819The Panic of 1819 New problems emerged as Americans moved New problems emerged as Americans moved

westward. westward. A land boom was financed by speculative A land boom was financed by speculative

buying and easy credit. buying and easy credit. The Panic of 1819 was triggered by the Second The Panic of 1819 was triggered by the Second

Bank of the United States foreclosingBank of the United States foreclosing on loans on loans that led to six years of depression. that led to six years of depression.

The Panic of 1819 hurt urban workers suffering The Panic of 1819 hurt urban workers suffering from the decline in trade andfrom the decline in trade and manufacturing manufacturing failures. failures.

Manufacturers pressed for higher protective Manufacturers pressed for higher protective tariffs, angering Southerners. tariffs, angering Southerners.

The Missouri CompromiseThe Missouri Compromise Effort to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave Effort to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave

state created a crisis. state created a crisis. Northerners opposed the creation of new slave Northerners opposed the creation of new slave

states because it would tip the balance between states because it would tip the balance between slave and free states. slave and free states.

Southerners sought to expand slavery and were Southerners sought to expand slavery and were concerned that Congress would even consider the concerned that Congress would even consider the matter. matter.

Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained the balance between free and slave states. the balance between free and slave states.

Maine was admitted as a free slave state and Maine was admitted as a free slave state and slavery was barred north of Missouri’s southern slavery was barred north of Missouri’s southern boundary.boundary.

““Thomas Jefferson on Politics and Thomas Jefferson on Politics and Government”Government”

http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/http://etext.virginia.edu/jefferson/quotations/

Containing over 2,700 quotes from Containing over 2,700 quotes from Thomas Jefferson, this site contains, in his Thomas Jefferson, this site contains, in his own words, Jefferson’s thoughts on the own words, Jefferson’s thoughts on the theory and structure of Republican theory and structure of Republican government, citizens’ rights, and judicial government, citizens’ rights, and judicial review. Also, this site offers numerous review. Also, this site offers numerous links to other resources that contain links to other resources that contain additional writing of Jefferson.additional writing of Jefferson.