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PENDAHULUAN

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EFISEINSI EKSTERNAL

Anggaran (Budgetting)

B A H A N A J A R

Powerpoint Slide Prepared by :Dr. Dede Ruslan,M.Si

10


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Learning Objectives

• What is a budget

• Purpose of budgets

• Importance of budgets

• Keys to effective budgets

• Budget calendar

• The budget process steps

• Determining break even

• The budget example


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BUDGETTING

• Budgetting (Penganggaran) merupakan suatu kegiatan atau proses penyusunan anggaran (budget).

• What is a Budget?

Rencana operasional yang dinyatakan secara kuantitatif dalam bentuk satuan uang yang digunakan sebagai pedoman dalam melaksanakan kegiatan-kegiatan lembaga dalam kurun waktu tertentu.


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What is a Budget?

• A budget is a road map of where you want to go and how you expect to get there.

• Budgets are used for:1. Board Oversight

2. Goal Focus

3. Financial Control


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KARAKTERISTIK DAN FUNGSI ANGGARAN

1. Karakteristik Anggaran1) Sisi penerimaan (debit)

a) Penerimaan yang bersumber dari Pemerintah

b) Penerimaan yang bersumber dari masyarakat (termasuk orang tua murid)

c) Penerimaan yang bersumber dari pihak lain.

2) Sisi Pengeluaran (Credit)a) Recurrement Expenditure, yaitu pengeluaran rutin

yang bersifat berulang-ulang setiap tahun, seperti gaji dll

b) Capital Expenditure, yaitu pengeluaran untuk barang-barang yang tahan lama, seperti gedung, lab, dll

2. Fungsi Anggaran


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Function and Purpose of BudgetsFunction of Budget

• Main Functions : Alat untuk perencanaan dan pengendalian serta alat bantu bagi manajemen dalam mengarahkan suatu lembaga menempatkan organisasi dalam posisi yang kuat atau lemah

Second Fucntions :

• Sebagai tolak ukur keberhasilan organisasi dalam mencapai sasaran yang telah ditetapkan.


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PURPOSE OF BUDGETS• Planning

• Communication

• Motivation

• Control and Evaluation

Manfaat Budget :

1. Sebagai alat penaksir

2. Sebagai alat otorisasi pengeluaran dana

3. Sebagai alat efisiensi


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The Importance of Budgeting

• The more clear, accurate, and well-thought-out budgets are in the beginning, the more likely you will be able to:

1. Adjust plans, activities, and spending as needed

2. Spend money cost-effectively

3. Reach the specific goals you have set

4. Strengthen internal control system


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Seven Keys to Effective Budgeting

1. Know your organization’s mission

2. Evaluate existing and potential programs

3. Assign responsibilities

4. Keep the process simple and realistic

5. Get your budget approved

6. Keep score

7. Review and revise as needed


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Developing the Budgeting Calendar

• The Five Steps1. List major budget development tasks2. Establish overall time frames and

specific deadlines3. Identify those responsible for each

task4. Seek review and comment from board

and staff5. Revise and distribute the final

budgeting calendar


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THE BUDGET PROCESS

Budget Expenses

Determine Programs and Activities

Budget Revenues

Assemble Draft Budget

Review and Modify Draft Budget

Present Budget Draft for Board Approval

Monitor and Amend Budget


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Step One: Determine programs and activities

As beginning steps in the budget process:• The board has the responsibility to review the

organization’s mission statement and its specific goals and activities for achieving the mission.

• The board should create a statement of strategic program and service priorities to guide resource and allocation decisions during the budget process.

• The Executive Director should arrange and staff any early strategic planning sessions with the board.


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Step One: Determine programs and activities

(cont)Once the mission statement has been reviewed

and strategic direction has been developed:• The ED working with the board has the

responsibility for evaluating current programs, assessing needs for new programs or services, and developing long-range financial forecasts and operating plans.

• The Program Managers should provide information on current program needs and the costs and effects of reducing or expanding their individual operations.


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Step Two: Budget expenses & revenues

After determining current program and activity needs, we are now ready to budget for the upcoming fiscal year’s revenues and expenses. The first step in this process is for the board to establish general budget policies, such as:– Requirements for a balanced budget.

– Decisions about salary increases, hiring, layoffs, new programs, capital projects, and major fundraising efforts or capital campaigns.


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Step Two: Budget expenses & revenues (cont)

Once general budget policies have been established,the ED working with the CFO should do the following:

• establish draft budget guidelines by setting expense and income targets for the organization as a whole or for specific departments or programs

• establish guidelines or formats for the budget document itself

Additionally, the ED should prepare options and recommendations to guide budget development and the CFO should create a budget development calendar to ensure deadlines are met


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After the CFO has developed the budget calendar, he or she has the following responsibilities:

• communicating budgeting policy and procedures to managers and line staff

• establishing the format for draft budgets• collaborating in setting expense and income

targets in line with strategic plan for programs or units

• developing income and expense forecasts based on reviews of external, economic and competitive trends


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Once the departmental and program managers receive the budget calendar, budget policies and procedures, and draft budget format from the CFO, they can now develop draft budgets for their areas.


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Step Three: Assemble draft budget

• Once departmental and program manager’s draft budgets have been developed and submitted to the CFO, the CFO should evaluate draft budgets for accuracy, reasonableness, adherence to guidelines, and anticipated resources.

• The CFO should then assemble an organization-wide draft budget to present to Executive Director for review.


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Step Four: Review and modify draft budget

Once the organization-wide draft budget has been submitted to the ED:

• First, the ED should review the draft budget and make resource allocation decisions.

• Afterwards, the CFO should discuss draft budget with the ED.

• Then, the CFO should write recommendations for reducing, increasing, or allocating requested resources.

• Lastly, the CFO should prepare the budget document once the E.D.’s budget decisions are made and may help present it to the board.


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Step Five: Present budget draft for board approval

• After the organization-wide draft budget has been reviewed and modified, the ED should present the recommended budget to the board, explaining its provisions and possible consequences, and answering board questions.

• Additionally, the ED with the help of the board should create review committees to study the budget proposed by staff and recommend modifications to the full board.

• Finally, the board should formally review and approve the budget.


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Step Six: Monitor and amend budget

• Once the budget has been approved, the ED is responsible for working with the CFO to:– Communicate the approved budget to

management and line staff so they clearly understand it.

– Regularly perform financial monitoring to compare actual income and expenses to those budgeted and determine causes for variances, if any.


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Step Six: Monitor and amend budget (cont)

Additionally as part of the financial monitoring function, the departmental and program managers should monitor income and expenses, and help develop and implement corrective action plans for their specific areas of responsibility.


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• Other Possible Participants• Clerical support staff

• Consultants and outside specialists

• Client surveys and volunteers


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Budgeting Do’s and Don’ts• Qualities of an effective budget.

1. Realistic – An unrealistic budget is not an effective tool.

2. Consistent – The budget must be consistent with the organization’s long-term objective.

3. Flexible – The budget must be monitored and amended if conditions are not as expected.


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BUDGETING TECHNIQUES

REVIEW


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The purposes of budgets include which of the following?

a. Control

b. Planning

c. Evaluation

d. Motivation

e. All of the above

Answer: E. All of the above


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True or False

Specific strategies should be in place for meeting only long-range goals.

Answer: False. Strategies should be in place for meeting long-range and short-range goals.


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All of the following are responsibilities of departmental managers EXCEPT:

a. Collaborating with the CFO in reviewing draft budget

b. Providing information on current program costs

c. Establishing the format for draft budgets

d. Developing draft budgets for their departments

Answer: C. The CFO should establish the format for draft budgets.


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True or FalseIn the planning phase of developing a budget,

you compare results to your plan and investigate any variances.

Answer: False. In the planning phase you identify goals, resources, and expected results. In the control and evaluation phase, you compare actual results with expected results and investigate variances.


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All of the following are responsibilities of the Board EXCEPT:

a. Developing budgeting policies

b. Communicating budgeting policies to line staff

c. Developing the organization’s mission statement

d. Creating a statement of strategic program

Answer: B. The CFO should communicate the budgeting policies and procedures to managers and line staff.


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In addition to presenting an organization’s annual plan presented in

dollars, a budget may also be used for the following:

a. To convey a plan to the organization

b. To establish an oversight of the organization’s operations

c. To ensure resources are used as intended

d. A and B

e. All of the above

Answer: E. All of the above


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In order for an organization to maintain its focus on its mission, its budget should have

which quality?

a. Consistency

b. Flexibility

c. Realistic

d. Simplicity

Answer: A. Consistency. The budget must be consistent with the organization’s long-term objective to maintain its focus on its mission.


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True or FalseThe budget does not help control finances by setting practical limits on the amount that can be spent on specific programs and activities.

Answer: False


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True or FalseFinancial control involves ensuring that

program and activity costs are consistent with revenue.

Answer: True


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All of the following are responsibilities of the Executive Director in the budgeting process

EXCEPT:

a. Formally reviewing and approving the budget

b. Preparing recommendations to guide budget development

c. Arranging and staffing early strategic planning sessions

d. Making resource allocation decisions

Answer: A. The board formally reviews and approves the budget.


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Special Budgeting Considerations for Non-

Profits• Financial Goals

• Multiple funding sources or cycles

• Driving Factors – Types of Budgets1. Expenditure Budget

2. Revenue Budget


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Determining Break-EvenFixed Costs

Fixed Costs

Fixed costs, also referred to as indirect costs, do not vary in total amount

as the quantity of output changes.

Incremental fixed costs are caused when the output goes beyond the

maximum capacity limit.


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Determining Break-EvenFixed Costs

Example of fixed costs:

1. Administrative salaries

2. Depreciation

3. Insurance

4. Property Taxes

5. Rent


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Determining Break EvenFixed Costs

Cost $1,000

Activity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2550

75

100

125

150200


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Determining Break-EvenVariable Costs

Variable costs are sometimes referred to as direct costs. Variable costs are fixed per unit of output but vary in total as output changes (i.e. 1 activity $25k, 2 activities $50k, 3 activities $75k etc.).


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Determining Break-EvenVariable Costs

Examples of variable costs:

1. Direct labor

2. Direct materials

3. Employee travel

4. Equipment


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Determining Break EvenVariable Costs

Cost $1,000

Activity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2550

75

100

125

150200


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Determining Break Even100 % Capacity

Determining optimum point

The basic rule on break-even is to determine the optimum point (Minimum per unit costs at maximum capacity).


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Cost $1,000

Activity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2550

75

100

125

Fixed Cost.

Total Cost.

Cost per Activity

Optimal Point

150200

Break-even = $30,000 per Activity

$37,500

$33,330

$31,250

$30,000


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The 80% rule

A rule of thumb to guide you on the expected cost per activity is done using the 80% rule.

The optimum point should be the minimum costs at 80% capacity.


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Benefits to 80% capacity:

1. Lower employee burnout

2. Increased per unit revenue above 80%

3. Reduction in expected cost overruns


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Cost $1,000

Activity

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2550

75

100

125

Fixed Cost.

Total Cost.

Cost per Activity

Optimal Point

150200

Break-even = $31,250 per Activity

$37,500

$33,330

$31,250


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BUDGET CONSIDERATIONS

• Have a Revenue Contingency Plan

What if a major revenue source is eliminated ?

Be ready to cover the unexpected.

Always be flexible and conservative.

• Budget Special Events

Determine the reason for the event.

Remember the financial goals.

Remember the rules.


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REFERENCES• “Budget Building for Nonprofits.” by the

American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.

• “Planning and Budgeting.” by the Legislative Budget Board and Governor’s Office of Budget and Planning.

• “Basic Nonprofit Accounting.” by Mary Bird Bowman & Company.

• “The Budget Process” by Cheryl A. Hartfield, CPA and Winford L. Pascall, CPA.

• “Production/Operations Management” by William J. Stevenson


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Questions

Should you have any questions regarding any information on this presentation, please contact the following TCADA staff at 800-832-9623

Edward Gonzales – ext. 6627 Mike Kober – ext. 6994John Walker – ext. 6958Paul Harris – ext. 6978


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