9-1 GCSE Combined Science

Physics Y11 P1Revision knowledge organiser

Topic 1 – Energy pg 17-36

Topic 2- Electricity – pg 37-55

Topic 3- Matter – 56-63

Topic 4- Atomic Structure pg 64-75

Physics Revision – Energy Stores page 17

KEY WORDS:

Energy storeEnergy transfer

ThermalKinetic

Gravitationalpotential

ASSESSMENT:

When a system changes, energy is transferred.

A system is a _________ object or a _______ of objects you are looking at.

When this system __________, energy is transferred.

It can be transferred ______ or _____ _____ the system, between different ______ in the system or between different _______ of energy stores.

_________ systems are systems wgere no ______ or _______ can leave.

The net change in the total energy of a closed system is always ______.

Boiling a kettle

The water is a s______. Energy is _______ to the water from the heating element by ______ and into the water’s _______ energy store.

When energy is __________ to an object, the energy is _________ in one of the object’s ________ stores.

1) ________ energy stores2) ________ energy stores3) _________ ________ energy stores4) ________ ________ energy stores5) __________ energy stores6) _________ energy stores7) __________ energy stores8) _________ energy stores

Energy is never ______ up. It is just _________ between different ________ __________ and different objects.Energy can be transferred ___________ (by a force doing work), ___________ (work done by moving charges), by ___________ or by _____________ (e.g light and __________) .

Physics Revision – Work Done, Kinetic, gravitational and elastic energy stores page 18 -19

KEY WORDS

Work doneElastic

GravitationalKineticTransferEnergy store

ASSESSMENT:

What is work done?

Give an example:

Falling objects:When something is ________ from a height it is accelerated by ________. The ________ ________ does work.As it falls, energy from the object’s ________ ________ energy store is transferred into its ________ energy store.

When there is no ____ resistance:Energy ____ from g.p.e store = energy _______ in the k.e store.

Kinetic Energy StoreWrite down the equation and its units here:

Explain what kinetic energy store is here:

Gravitational Potential Energy storeWrite down the equation and units here:

What is the equation for Elastic Potential energy stores?

Objects have elastic potential stores if they are s_______ or s________. The more it is s_______ the more e.p.e store it will have.

Objects have a gravitational potential store if they are r_______ above the ground. The h_______ it is lifted, the m_____ g.p.e store it has.

Physics revision – Specific Heat Capacity page 20-21

KEY WORDS

ThermalTransferSpecific heat capacityJoules

ASSESSMENT:

Specific Heat Capacity is the amount of _________ needed to raise the t___________ of __kg of a substance by 1oC

How much energy is needed to heat 2.00kg of water from 10oC to 100oC. The S.H.C of water is 4200J/kgoC

Water can store a lot of energy in its thermal stores as it has a _______ specific heat capacity.

You need 4200J to warm up 1kg of _______ by 1oC but you only need 139J to warm up 1kg of Mercury by 1oC

Draw and label the apparatus required to find the S.H.C of a material

Draw a triangle to help you change the S.H.C equation around

Conservation of Energy, Power and Efficiency p 23 and 26

KEY WORDS:

Power

useful

wasted

Dissipated

Percentage

Efficiency

Power is the r_____ of energy transfer or the rate of doingw____.

Power is measured in ___________ (___)

One Watt = ___ joule of energy tranferred per s_________

Energy is ___________ conserved. Energy can be ________________ usefully,Stored or d______________ but can never be c___________ or d__________.

When energy is t__________ between stores, not all the energy is transferredu_______. Some energy is always d___________. This is sometimes called w________ energy.

e.g mobile phones _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Efficiency can be calculated two ways.

Efficiency = _____________________

Efficiency = _____________________

You can give your answer as a decimal or multiply it by 100 to get a p__________.

You can improve efficiency by i__________ objects, l____________ them or by making them more s______________.

Conduction, Convection and Insulation p24 and 25

KEY WORDS:Conduction

Convection

InsulationDensity

Two methods of energy transfer by heating are c_________ and c__________.Conduction occurs mainly in ___________ and is a process where v__________ particles transfer energy to neighbouring p_________.When an object is h_________, energy is transferred to the t_______ sore of the object. This is shared across the k_______ energy of the p__________ in the object.The particles in the part of the object being heated v________ more and c_________ with each other. These collisions cause energy t be transferred between particles’ k________ energy stores.This is c___________.

Reducing unwanted Energy transfers:

Lubrication: When something m_______ there will be frictional f_______ acting on it. This causes some of the energy to be d__________ to its t________ store. L_________ can reduce the f________ between two s__________. They are usually liquids like o___.

Insulation: To reduce unwanted energy transfers from your home you can:

Have thick w_____ made from a material with low t_______ c__________.Install c________ w_____ insulation which is two walls with an a____ g____. This reduces c________. The gap can be filled with f______ which reduces c________ in the wall cavity.Loft insulation is fibreglass w___ with air p______ which will reduce c___________ and c_________. D________-g_______ windows have an air gap between 2 sheets of g_______ to reduce c___________. D_________ excluders around doors and windows reduce c_____________.

Convection occurs only in l________ and g_______. Energy is transferred to the t________ store of the liquid or gas.As with conduction, this energy is shared across the k________ e_______ stores of the particles in the l______ or g____.Unlike solids, the particles in liquids and gases can m_______. When part of the liquid or gas is h_______, the p_______ move f______ and the space between them i_________. This causes the d_________ of this region to d_________. This region will then r______ above the c_______ region. The cooler region will then be heated., This is c___________.

Physics Revision – Energy Resources page 28

KEY WORDS: ResourceRenewableNon-renewableFossil fuelFuelEnvironment

What are energy resources used for?Renewable and Non-renewable Resources

Non- renewable means……………………………..........................……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………These were formed…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Examples:1.2.3. 4. Nuclear fuelDisadvantages of them are……………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………But they provide most of our………………

Renewable means…………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Examples:1. 5.2. 6.3. 7.4.

UseNon-Renewableexamples

Renewableexamples

Transport

Heating

Physics Revision – Energy Resources pages 29 to 34

Resource Advantages Disadvantages

Coal, Oil and Gas Reliable Non-renewableProduce CO2 a greenhouse gasOil and coal produce SO2 causing acid rain

W…….p………

S……..C……

G…………………….P…………

H……………………P………..

W………P……….

T………B…………..

B…. - f……..

Physics REVISION 2) ELECTRICITY - current pg 37-40

Label these circuit components: What is electrical current?

What makes a current flow?

What is the unit of potential difference?

What makes it harder for the current to flow?

Calculate the current in a bulb if there is a charge of 0.8C passes through the bulb in 0.4 seconds:Equation: 𝑄 = 𝐼𝑡

. KEY WORDS:Electric current

ElectronsCurrentAmperesSeconds

Coulombs (C)

SeriesPotential

differenceVolts (V)Parallel

ResistanceOhmic

conductor

Draw lines to match I-V characteristic graphs to the correct component and the correct description

The current through an ohmicconductor is ………….…………….. proportional to pd. Graph is a straight line.

Current only flows in ……… direction. Resistance is very ……………….. in the other direction.

As …………………………. increases, temperature increases, which makes resistance …………………………… .Less current can flow per pd so the graph becomes shallower.

Key formula on these graphsV =

How would you ensure you had accurate readings in your practical?

Physics Revision – 2) Electricity – Resistance (pg 38-39)

What is the formula linking potential difference, current and resistance?

The voltmeter reads 12V. What is the current through ammeter A? Show your working.

An Ohmic conductor is one with. . .

Give two examples of an Ohmic conductor.

At constant ___________, the current is __________ proportional to the potential _________ across it.

Two components that are non-Ohmic are. . .

When an electrical _________ flows through a filament lamp, it __________ energy to the __________ store. The _________ increases as the temperature increases.For a diode, the resistance depends on. . . . It only lets current flow in. . .

Required Practical – factors affecting resistance.

Label this diagram. In this diagram, we are investigating the effect of . . .

Ammeter•Measures ________.•Must go in _________.Voltmeter•Measures ________.•Must go in ________.

1. What is the independent variable (thing you are changing)?

2. What two things must you measure each time?

3. How will you calculate resistance?4. Draw a sketch of the graph you would

expect to get below:

How will you stop the wire getting too hot?

Physics Revision –2) Electricity – Circuit Devices and Sensing Circuits (pg 42-43)

1) describe what a sensing circuit is? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………2) In a sensing circuit, the potential difference of components in a parallel circuit will be the …………….

3) The potential difference is ……………….. out between components in a series sensing circuit. The bigger a components ………………, the ……… of the potential difference it takes.

4)

1) An LDR is a resistor that is dependent on ……………………

2) As you ………….. Light intensity, the resistance ………………….

Draw a graph representing this below: Hint: Light intensity goes on X axis and Resistance on the Y axis.

1) A Thermistor is a resistor which is dependent on ………………………

2) As you …………………. the temperature, the resistance ……………………….

3) Can you list 2 uses for a Thermistor?a) …………………. b)………………………….. 4) Can you draw a graph representing this below....

3) Can you list 3 uses for a LDR. a) b)c)

As you increase the temperature in the room, the thermistor will have ……….. share of the potential difference. What effect will this have on the fan and why?……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5)

Describe and explain the effect of increasing light intensity on the brightness of the bulb in the above circuit?…………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..

Physics:2) Electricity- Series circuits P44-45

KEY WORDSVoltmeterSeries circuitAmmeterResistorResistanceCurrent

ASSESSMENT:

Series circuits – All or Nothing

Cell potential differences add up

Series circuits – All or Nothing

Current is the same everywhere

Question: What will the current read if the ammeter is placed at position 1,2, and 3?

Resistance adds up

Question:Show how you would connect Ammeters and Voltmeters to measure the current and voltage in this circuit

Question:What do you notice about the individual voltages compared to the total voltage of the circuit?

How could you calculate the resistance of the components?

Recall Ohm’s law

Physics -2) Electricity Parallel Circuits and Resistance Practical p. 46-47

KEY WORDS:parallel circuit component resistance resistor series circuit potential difference junction current branch

Parallel CircuitsHow are components connected in a parallel circuit?

What happens if you remove or disconnect one component?

Give the main advantage of parallel circuits compared to series circuits.

Potential Difference and Current in Parallel Circuits

Potential Difference: (delete the incorrect statements)• In a parallel circuit all components get a share of the source pd / the full source pd.• Identical bulbs will be at the same /different brightness.

Current:• In parallel circuits the total current flowing around the circuit is equal to the _________ of all the currents through the separate components.•There are junctions where the current either _____ or ______. •The total current going into a junction is _____ ___the total current leaving it.•If two identical components are connected in parallel then the ____ current will flow through each current.

Resistors in ParallelIf you have two resistors in parallel the total resistance is greater than / less than the resistance of the smallest of the two resistors.

This is because…

Investigating Resistors in Series

Draw a diagram to show how you would investigate what happens when you add resistors in series.

How many resistors do you need to use?

What will you measure?

What will you calculate (include an equation)?

What graph will you plot?

Investigating Resistors in Parallel

Draw a diagram to show how you would investigate what happens when you add resistors in parallel.

What will you measure?

What will you calculate (include an equation)?

If you want to compare a series and parallel circuit, how will you make it a fair test?

Physics Revision 2 Electricity in the home p49, Power p50

KEY WORDS:

direct currentalternating

currentfrequency

live/neutral/ earth wire

oscilloscopesocketplugs

cablethree-pin plugelectric shock

energypower

efficiency

What do the letters stand for!

E=Pt

What is the difference between direct current and alternating current?

Why do we use alternating current for mains electricity?

How do we measure alternating current?

Z

In a standard 3-pin plug name these wires and give their coloursand usual potential differences:X:

Y:

Z:

How do the materials and design of the following plug parts improve their safety?Case

Fuse

How are electrical cables designed to be safe?

What happens if a potential difference of 230 V from the mains goes across a human body when they touch a live wire?

What problems could a large electric current cause?

Show that the energy transferred by a 2000 watt kettle in 3 minutes is 360000 J. Where does the energy transferred by the electric current go?

If this kettle only transfers 270000J of energy to the water, what is its efficiency? (p 26).

Physics Revision 2 More on Power p51

KEY WORDS:

Alpha radiation (𝛼)Beta radiation (𝛽)

Gamma radiation (𝛾)Atomic number

IsotopeMass number

Half-life

ASSESSMENT:

HowWhat is power? Watt is the unit of power?!

What is the formula that links, energy, electric charge and potential difference? What are the units?

A motor in a remote control car is attached to a 6V battery. Calculate the energy transferred when 200 C of electric charge passes through the circuit.

Properties of radiation:

Penetratingpower

Deflection by magnetic field

Deflection by electric field

Alpha radiation (𝛼)

Beta radiation (𝛽)

Gamma radiation (𝛾)

What is the formula that links power to current and potential difference.

Explain what is happening to the energy in the diagram below.

Physics Revision – 3) Matter – p56/57 Particle Model and Density

KEY WORDS:

Solid Liquid Gas State Random vibrate Energy Density

Write the equation for density and draw the triangle that will help you to rearrange it:

Explain what density means:

Draw the particles in each sate of matter:

Solid Liquid Gas

State Forcebetween particles

Arrangementof particles

Movement

Solids

Liquids

Gases

Finding the density of a solid

Explain the method:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Increasing k______e_____

Physics Revision – 3) Matter – p58 Change of state and Internal Energy

Label the arrows for changes of state:

What type of change is a change of state?

What happens to the number of particles during a change of state?

What happens to the mass during a change of state?

Internal Energy

What 2 sort of energy stores do particles in a system have?

Complete:

Internal = k___________ + p____________Energy energy store energy store

How do we increase the Kinetic energy store?

What two things can happen when the internal energy increases?

When does a change of state occur?

Keywords:boiling melting condensing evaporating freezing sublimating kinetic potential bonds

internal energy

Physics Revision – 3) Matter – p59 Specific Latent Heat

Write he equation for Specific Latent Heat and draw the triangle to help you rearrange it:

Give the units for each quantity

EmL

State in words what Specific Latent Heat means (see statement number 1 on page 59)

Explain the difference between Latent Heat of Fusion and Latent Heat of Vaporisation

Label the change of state diagrams:

Keywords:Melt boil condenseFreeze internal energyIntermolecular bondsSpecific latent heat of fusionSpecific latent heat of vaporisation

b_____p____

m_____P_____

Physics Revision – 3) Matter – p60 Particle motion in gases

Average energy in Kinetic stores is related to temperature:Summarise the 4 points:

1.The particles in a gas are...............

2. The temperature of a gas is...............

3. So as you increase the..............

4. This means that..............

Complete the sentences:

1. Particles are free to..........

2. As gas particles move at high speeds they....................into each other.When they collide with something they exert a ............................on it.

3. Pressure is the................................exerted per..............................

4. So in a sealed container the outward......................................is the total force exerted by.......................of the gas particles on a unit area of the..................................

Two factors that increase the Pressure:

•

•

Keywords:Collide net force pressureUnit area random average speedVolume

Physics Revision – 4) Atom – Models of the atom (pg 64-65)

KEY WORDS:

NucleusElectronProton

NeutronAlpha

Gold leaf

Timeline:

1804 Dalton

1897 Thompsondiscovered electrons

1909 Rutherforddiscovered the nucleus

1932Chadwick

1913 Bohr introduced energy levels to the model

Dalton agreed with Democritus. Atoms are t…… s………

Called the P.......... P……… Model.Atoms are spheres of p……….c……… with tiny n………..e……….. stuck in them.

Called the N………… Model. Most of the atom is e……….. sp………with a very tiny n……….. containing all of the p……………charge. He also suggested there were positive particles inside the nucleus which we call p…………...

Bohr discovered that electrons can only orbit at certain distances called e………….. l............. or shells.

Chadwick discovered what neutral particles in the nucleus called n…………….

Rutherford’s Experiment:What was fired at the foil? A………………P…………………What was the foil made of? G…..........What did they expect to happen?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………What actually happened and what did it tell them?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Physics Revision – 4) Atom – Atoms and Isotopes (pg 65-66)

Our current model of the atom: Nucleus contains p………….… and n…….…………

It contains most of the m………..

Its radius is …………… times smaller than the radius of the …………

The rest of the atom is mostly e………….… s……..…….

E…………….. whizz around the outside.

The radius of the atom is ………………….…m

Isotopes: Atoms of the same element can have different masses, the number of n…………………..can change.

Number of electrons = number of………………This is because……………………………………

……………………………...........................

Carbon-12 has:

….protons….neutrons….electrons

Carbon-13 has:

….protons….neutrons….electrons

Physics Revision – 4) Atom – Ionising Radiation (p66-67)

What do unstable isotopes do to become stable?

What does ionising radiation do to electrons?

Give 3 uses of radioactivity, and a brief description of how they work (uses of gamma on p115):

Type of radiation

What is it? How penetrating?low/medium/high

What stops it?

How ionisingis it?low/medium/high

What is its charge?

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

Keywords:AlphaBetaGammaIonisingPenetratingstable

Physics Revision – 4) Atom – Nuclear Equations and Half-Life (p68-70)

KEY WORDS:Atomic massAtomic numberRadioactive decayAlpha decayBeta decayActivityHalf-life

Nuclear equations:

Gamma rays are a way of getting rid of e.......... e............There is no change to the atomic mass or the atomic ............... It is written as

Half life:

Radioactivity is a totally r................p............Radiation is measured with a G...........-M.......... Tube and C................ Half-life is the time taken for.................................................................................................................................................................................................Find the half-life from the graph:

0-1

Activity is measured in B…………. (Bq) – one Bq is one d...........per s…….…..(or one count per second as on the axis here)

Physics Revision – 4) Atom – Irradiation and Contamination (p71-72)

IrradiationExplain what irradiation means:

Does the object being irradiated become radioactive?

Which two types of radiation are most harmful outside the body?

Why?

ContaminationExplain what contamination means:

Does the object being contaminated give out radiation?

Why is it dangerous?

How can we protect ourselves from contamination?

Which type of radiation is most dangerous inside the body?

Why?