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InternetExchangePoints AcloserlookatthedifferencesbetweencontinentalEuropeandtherest
oftheworld.
Stephanie Silvius
Amsterdam, January 2011
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TableofContents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................4
1 Euro-IX............................................................................................................................5
2 Theresearch.................................................................................................................63 Transit,peeringandIXPs.........................................................................................73.1 HowtheInternetworks.................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ........73.2 AutonomousSystems(AS)................ ................. .................. .................. .................. .....73.3 Tierhierarchy.................. .................. ................. .................. .................. .................. ........93.4 Transitvs.peering........................................................................................................10 3.5 WhatisanIXP?..............................................................................................................10
3.5.1 ThepurposeofanIXP..........................................................................................................113.5.2 ConnectingtoanIXP............................................................................................................12
4 AbriefhistoryofIXPs.............................................................................................134.1 Europe..............................................................................................................................13
4.1.1 WesternEurope....................................................... ............................................................. ..134.1.2 NorthernEurope....................................................................................................................144.1.3 CentralEurope........................................................................................................................144.1.4 SouthernEurope....................................................................................................................154.1.5 EasternEurope.......................................................................................................................15
4.2 NorthAmerica................................................................................................................16 4.3 Asia....................................................................................................................................17
4.3.1 China............................................................................................................................................174.3.2 Japan............................................................................................................................................194.3.3 India.............................................................................................................................................194.3.4 Nepal............................................................................................................................................20
4.4 LatinAmerica.................................................................................................................20 4.4.1 Brazil...........................................................................................................................................204.4.2 Argentina...................................................................................................................................21
4.5 Africa.................................................................................................................................22
5 IXPmodels..................................................................................................................245.1 Commercialvs.non-commercial.............................................................................24
5.1.1 Neutrality..................................................................................................................................245.1.2 Ownershipandmanagement........................................................... .................................245.1.3 Fees..............................................................................................................................................255.1.4 Scopeofactivities..................................................................................................................255.1.5 Peeringagreementsandpolicies....................................................................................26
5.2 Europe..............................................................................................................................29 5.3 NorthAmerica................................................................................................................29 5.4 Asia....................................................................................................................................30 5.5 LatinAmerica.................................................................................................................30 5.6 Africa.................................................................................................................................31
6 Currentdevelopmentsandtrends.....................................................................326.1 IXPparticipantsPointofView..................................................................................32 6.2 Trends...............................................................................................................................33
6.2.1 Japan............................................................................................................................................34
7 Differences.................................................................................................................357.1 Connectedparties.........................................................................................................35 7.2 Influenceincumbents..................................................................................................36 7.3 NorthAmericanvs.EuropeanIXPs.........................................................................36
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7.4 DifferenceinASNsinEuropevs.US........................................................................37
8 Conclusion..................................................................................................................39
Glossaryofterms............................................................................................................40
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................41
Bibliography.....................................................................................................................42
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Abstract
ThisdocumentdescribestheresearchthathasbeendonebetweenAugust2010
andJanuary2011fortheEuropeanInternetExchangePointassociation.Euro-IXgathersresourcesabouttheEuropeanIXPscenetobeabletomakefuture
predictionsandimprovetheIXPcommunity.TheresearchstartedatlookingintothedifferencesbetweenIXPsintheUSandEurope,howeverthissoondeveloped
intolookingatthedifferencesbetweenIXPsaroundtheworld,asitwasthought
thattheinitialresearchwouldbeeitherverylimitedorhadtobetoothoroughfortheavailabletime.Bylookingattheentireworldabetterunderstandingof
theglobalIXPscenewouldbegainedwhichwouldalsobeofuseforEuro-IX,
sincetheyhavemembersfromoutsideofEurope.
ProperknowledgewasneededonthepurposeandworkingsofIXPsandthiswasgainedrapidly.AfterthisabriefhistoryonIXPsinallcontinentswasmadeto
understandtheirhistoryandcurrentsituationalittle.AfterthisthedifferencesbetweenIXPsweremappedandlocatedineachcontinent.Asafollowupcurrenttrendsanddevelopmentswerelookedinto,whichledtobeingabletomake
somefuturepredictions.
Afterdoingtheresearch,itcanbesaidthatit’sverydifficulttocomparethe
differentIXPstoeachother,sincetheyaresimplytoodifferent.OverthenextcoupleofyearswecanseemoreIXPsbeingestablishedinLatinAmerica,Africa
and(partsof)Asia,wherecurrentlythereareveryfewIXPspresent.TheseIXPs
willprobablybeofanon-profitnature,whileinthefuturemorecommercialIXPsmightalsoshowup.InNorthAmericacommercialIXPsaredominant,whilein
Europetherearemorenon-profitIXPsbutthenumberofcommercialIXPsisincreasingandislikelytocontinuetoexpandoverthenextcoupleofyears.
InNorthAmericatheconnectionbetweennetworksaremainlyprivateinterconnections,whileinEuropepublicpeeringismorecommon.European
IXPsarelikelytooffermoreservicestowardstheirparticipants,whichmight
alsobethecaseforthenowless-developedregions.MorepeeringrelationshipswillbeestablishedwiththeAsianIXPscene,thoughthiswillprobablybeaslow
developmentduetothehightransitpricesinAsia.
Itcanbesaidwithsomecertainty,thatalargeincreaseinexchangedbandwidthwillbeseenoverthenextcoupleofyears,whichwillleadtoaneedofIXPplatformupgradingtokeepupwiththisdemand.
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1 Euro-IX
InMay2001EuropeanInternetExchangePoints(IXP)inEuropedecidedthere
wasneedtocombinetheirresourcestostrengthen,developandimprovetheIXPcommunity.ThisledtotheformationoftheEuropeanInternetExchange
Association(Euro-IX).ThisdevelopmentandimprovementoftheIXPcommunityisachievedbythecoordinationoftechnicalstandards,thedevelopmentof
commonprocedures,sharingideas,knowledgeandsharingpublicstatisticsand
informationbetweenIXPs.TohelpaccomplishthisEuro-IXorganisesbiannualtwo-daylongmeetingsthatallEuro-IXmemberscanattend.Theyalsoprovide
mailinglistsandon-lineresources.
Euro-IXcurrentlyhas56affiliatedIXPsfrom37countriesaroundtheworldand
islocatedinAmsterdam,TheNetherlands.
ThereisinterestinhavingaclearerunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenthecontinentsasthiscanhelpgiveabetteroverviewofthecurrentsituationofIXPsanddevelopmentsaroundtheworld.Oneofthequestionsthathavebeen
raisedforsometimenow,iswhythereisalargedifferencebetweentheamount
ofuniqueASNsatIXPsinEuropecomparedtotheamountconnectedtoNorthAmericanIXPs,whilethetotalnumberofadvertisedASNsonbothcontinentsis
quitesimilar.Thisisoneofthequestionsthathavebeenexaminedinthisresearchandanattempttoanswerthisquestionwillbemade.
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2 Theresearch
TheEuropeanInternetExchangeAssociation(Euro-IX)hasbeengatheringdata
aboutIXPs,thepartiesconnectedtothemandinfrastructuretoexchangethetrafficforalmost10yearsnow.Thishasallowedthemtoproducereportsonthe
currentdevelopmentsandtrends,whichtheynowwanttousetoproducemoreinsightsintotrendsthathavebeenoccurringandworkonfuturepredictions.
Euro-IXisinterestinginusagetrendsthatareoccurringinotherregionsthan
EuropeandhowthesecomparetoEurope.WhattheIXPslooklikeintheUS,iftherearedifferencesinthewaythatInternettrafficishandled,ifAsianISPsare
aslikelytomakeuseofIXPsasthoseinEuropeandiffuturepredictionsin
differentregionslooksimilar.
Euro-IXhopestogainabetterpictureofthedifferencesbetweentheEuropeanandUSpeeringecosystems,whathasandstilldoesinfluencetheamountof
organizationsthatarepresentatpublicpeeringpointsonbothcontinents,what
makesEuropeanIXPs,relativelyspeakingmorepopularthantheircounterpartsintheUS?Withabetterunderstandingofthesepeeringecosystemswehopeto
betterunderstandandpredictthefutureoftheglobalpeeringscene.Ithastobe
deliveredinadocumentdescribingtheresultsandoutcomes.Euro-IXwishestohavebetterinsightsintrendsoccurringaroundIXPs,notonlyinEuropebutalso
intheUS.Tobeabletodothis,betterinsightsareneededofthepastandcurrentsituationonthiscontinent,whatdifferencesthereareandhowtheycompareto
eachother.
ItisassumedthatthemaindifferenceinIXPecosystemsbetweenEuropeandthe
USisthatintheUSmajorpeeringpointsareinfactrunbycolocationoperatorswiththegoalofmakingaprofitviaofferingcollocationspaceratherthansimply
servingthecommunityandthishasadirectaffectontheamountofASNsseenin
theUS.
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3 Transit,peeringandIXPs
Internetisavailableallovertheworld,buthowdoyoureachawebsitethatis
locatedonadifferentcontinent?Wheredoesthetrafficgowhenyoumakeaninformationrequestandhowdoesitreachitsdestination?Allofthisisdoneby
InternetServiceProviders(ISPs)whoeitherpeerorbuytransitandisassistedbyInternetExchangePoints(IXPs).Thischapterexplainsthebasicsofhow
Internettrafficistransportedovertheworld.
3.1 HowtheInternetworks
Thedefinitionof‘TheInternet’fromDictionary.com[1]: “avastcomputernetworklinkingsmallercomputernetworksworldwide(usuallyprec.bythe).TheInternetincludes
commercial,educational,governmental,andothernetworks,allofwhichusethesameset
ofcommunicationsprotocols.”
WhenyouaresittingbehindyourcomputerandareconnectedtotheInternet,
youcantypeinaURLinyourwebbrowsertorequestawebpage,hitenterandalmostinstantlytherequestedwebpageappearsonyourscreen!Orwhenyou
messageafriendwithachatclient,yourmessageappearsalmostimmediatelyonhisscreenandhecanevenmessageyouback.What’shappeningbehindthe
scenesiswhatwecallthemagicoftheInternet .
Themomentyouhitenter,yourrequestorthemessageyouwanttosend,istransportedtoyourISP.ThisisthecompanythatyoubuyyourInternetaccess
from.AsacustomerofanISP,youarepartoftheISPs’network.Whenyourequestawebpage,itwillbetransportedtoyourISP,fromwhichitwillbe
transportedtoothernetworks(‘TheInternet’).Beforeyourrequestreachesits
destinationitprobablywentthroughalotofdifferentnetworks(dependingonwhereyourrequestisdestined).Allofthesenetworksthatyourrequestmay
travelthrougharecalledAutonomousSystems.OneAutonomousSystemmaybe
madeupofsmallernetworks,butthisisnotalwaysthecase.AlloftheseAutonomousSystemsconnectingtogethermaketheInternet,aswe
knowittoday.
3.2 AutonomousSystems(AS)
Throughouttheworldtherearenetworksthatareusedtodistributetrafficto
andfromothernetworks.ThesenetworksarecalledAutonomousSystems(AS)[3].EveryAShasauniqueAutonomousSystemNumber(ASN),whichisusedto
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identifythenetwork.IngeneralISPsandcontentprovidershavetheirown
uniqueASN,whichisusedtoidentifytheirnetworktosetupBGP[2]sessions.Thismakesitpossibleforothernetworkstoconnecttothemandexchange
traffic.HavinganASNisalsoarequirementofconnectingtoanInternetExchangePoint(IXP).
Figure2isanexampleofhowdifferentASesareconnectedtooneIXPwithpeeringrelationshipstoanotherAS.Therulesofwhotopeerwith,usingtheIXP,
reallydependsontheIXPspeeringrules.Somewantalltheirparticipantstopeer
witheverybody,whileothersleavetheoptionofwhotopeerwithuptotheparticipantsthemselves.Settingupa(peering)relationshipwithanotherISP(or
contentprovider)isusuallyenteredintotodecreasethecostsforinterconnection.Furthermore,thenumberofAShopsthatarerequiredforthe
traffictotraverseandreachitsdestinationcanbereduced.IngeneralIXPsdon’t
interferewiththerelationshipsthatarecreatedbetweentheirparticipants.
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3.3 Tierhierarchy
WhileingeneralInternetServiceProviders(ISPs)offerInternetaccesstotheir
customers(home-usersorbusinesses),thereisadifferenceinthe‘status’ofanISP.The‘status’ofanISPiscalledaTier.Whilethereisnoofficialdefinitionof
whatexactlyaTier1ISPactuallyis,itisgenerallythoughtofasanISPthatcan
reachanyothernetworkontheInternetwithoutthepurchaseoftransitoranyotherformofpayingsettlements.ThismeansTier1ISPsonlypeerwithother
Tier1ISPsandrequireallotherISPstopaytransittothemfortransportingtheirtrafficandmakethemaccessibletotherestoftheInternet.
Tier2ISPsareusuallyregionalInternetServiceProviders,theytendtopeermostoftheirtrafficwithothernetworks.Whentrafficcannotreachits
destinationviapeering,theISPwillhavetopurchasetransitfromanUpstream
ServiceProvider(Tier1ISP)togainconnectivitytoothernetworks.
ATier3ISPisusuallyknownasalocalInternetServiceProviderthatsolelypurchasetransitfromothernetworkstomakeconnectivityfortheircustomers
available.TheyeitherbuytransitfromtheirUpstreamServiceProvider,which
canbeeitheraTier1oraTier2ISP,ortheypeerwithothernetworks.
Figure3showsaTier1toTier3hierarchy.
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3.4 Transitvs.peering
TrafficcanbetransportedovertheInternetintwoways:overtransitlinesorvia
peering.Transitisusedbetweentwoparties,usuallyfromanISPtoanUpstreamServiceProvider(usuallyTier1orTier2)totransportthetrafficviaapaid
agreement.TheISPundercontracthastopayfortrafficthatgoesoverthelinein
bothdirections,sobothincomingaswellasoutgoingtraffic.TheISPpaystheUpstreamServiceProvidertotransportthetrafficfurthertoitsfinaldestination
andtohaveabetterconnectivitytotheInternet.
Peeringisknownasawaytotransporttrafficbetweentwonetworksfor‘free’,
howeverinsomecases‘paid’peeringisalsopractised.Whentwopartiespeerandtheyhaveanequivalentamountoftrafficexchanged,thereisusuallyno
paymentinvolved.Whenthetrafficratiosaren’talike‘paid’peeringcanbean
alternative,thenetworkreceivingmostincomingtrafficwillgenerallyreceivepayment.Apartfromthecostsforpeering(eitherfreeorpaid),thenetwork
infrastructurebetweenthetwopartiesneedstobemaintainedaswell,usuallybothpartiesareresponsibleformaintainingtheinfrastructure.Apeering
relationshipisverycommonandusefulbetweentwopartiesthatsendalotof
traffictoeachother,iftheyweretopaytransititcouldpotentiallycostalotmoremoneyandtheconnectedpartythathastopaydoesn’thavethatmuchinfluence
onforexample,lineupgradesorswitches(whichtheyrequirewhentheygrowrapidly).
Therearetwodifferenttypesofpeering:publicandprivatepeering.Whenthree
ormorepartiesdecidetopeerpubliclytheywillconnecttoasinglepoint(switch).ThispublicpointofinterconnectionisalsocalledanInternetExchange
Point.Privatepeeringhappenswhentwonetworksdecidetointerconnect
directlywitheachother.Thisisusuallydoneatdatacenters(alsoknownascarrierhotels),whereadirectconnectioncanbeprovisionedbetweentwo
participants,bothlocatedinthesamebuilding.Thisrequiresaphysicalcabletobelaidbetweenthetwoports/switches/networkstomakeprivatepeering
possible.Mostofthetrafficthatgoesbetweenthelargestnetworksis
accomplishedviaprivatepeering.
3.5 WhatisanIXP?
IXPisanacronymforInterneteXchangePoint,whichisaphysicalpointwhereInternettrafficcanbeexchanged.Thiscanbesomethingassimpleasaswitchin
abasement,toalargenetworkspanningmultipledatacenters,withpower
backupandcoolingsystems.AnIXPprovidesthephysicalinfrastructurewhereISPs,universities,incumbents(Telco’s),contentprovidersandmanymore
entitiescanconnecttoeachother,bysettingupa(peering)relationshiptoexchangetraffic.
Thewordweusenowadaystodescribethephysicalpointofinterconnectionhaschangedovertheyears.Intheverybeginningwhenthefirstscientificnetworks
werebeingcreated,theycalledtheseinterconnectionpointsNetworkAccessPoint(NAP).LaterthischangedtobeingaMetropolitanAreaNetwork(MAE)
whenIXPsbecamecommercialandinthepresentdaysweknowit,particularlyinEurope,asanInternetExchangePoint(IXP).However,theyallmeanthesame
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thing:aphysicalpointwheredifferentnetworkscanexchangetrafficwitheach
other.
InFigure4youcanseedifferentpartiesconnectedtoaswitchatanIXP.WhentheIXPisnon-profitthepartiesconnectedtotheIXParegenerallyreferredtoas
members.However,whentheIXPiscommercial,itsparticipantsarereferredtoascustomers.InthispaperwerefertothepartiesconnectedtotheIXPasparticipants,irrespectiveofwhethertheIXPisnon-profitorcommercial.
3.5.1 ThepurposeofanIXP
TheideaofanIXPwasstartedasawayofkeepinglocalInternettrafficlocal.Thismeans,notusinginternational(transit)linestoreachadestinationinthesame
regionaswheretherequestoriginallycamefrom.IXPswereintroducedsothatallpartieswillingtoparticipatecouldconnectatone(local)point,exchange
traffic,savemoneyanddecreaseRoundTripTimes(RTT).UsinganIXPalsoresultedinbetternetworkperformanceandQoS(QualityofService).
InternationallinesarealwaysavailabletouseincaseanIXPhappenstofail,so
theend-userwon’tnoticemuchintermsofperformanceshouldthisoccur.WhencustomersofanISPenjoytheirInternetexperience,theyaregenerallywillingto
paymorefortheirconnectivityandspeed.Moneypaidbycustomerscanbe
investedintheinfrastructureandservicestothecustomersandnotsimplyininternationaltransitcosts.Thisisgoodforthelocaleconomy.Withfewercosts
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4 AbriefhistoryofIXPsInthissectionabriefintroductionwillbegiventocoverthehistoryandthe
presentdaysituationofIXPSinregionsaroundtheworld.
4.1 Europe
ManyofthefirstInternetconnectionsinEuropewereinitiatedbyacademic-andresearch-networks[4]orbytelecomoperators.Togethertheygatheredtocreate
onelocalpointofinterconnection,whichresultedinIXPs.IntheearlydaysofInternetExchangesinEurope,therewaslesscompetitionbetweenISPs,because
thebiggesttelecommunicationsoperator(Telco’s)keptthecostsoftransport,bothfortransitasfortransatlantic,veryhigh.Mostofthetrafficaroundthistime
wasdestinedforAmerica,becauseallcontentwasavailablethere.ThelocalISPs
wereforcedtoworktogethertoreducethecostsfortransportingtraffictoNorthAmerica.AfterafewyearsmorecontentbecameavailableinEurope,because
therewasmorelocalinterestandthisstartedtoplayapartinthedevelopment.
Theavailabilityoflocalcontentchangedthetrafficflow.MoretrafficstayedwithintheEuropeanbordersandlesstrafficwentoverseas,thismostlikely
playedanimportantroleinformingtheinterconnectionlandscape.TheveryfirstEuropeanIXPswereestablishedin1993.Thiswasaroundthetimewhen
Internetaccessbecamemorereadilyavailabletothehomeusersandmore
trafficstartedbeingexchanged.Moretraffichadalocaldestination,whichresultedintheneedforalocalexchange.Peeringhelpedtokeeptheend-user’s
costslow,thetransitandtransportcostswerehighwhileatthesametimethe
ISPsstayedcompetitivetowardsNorthAmericanbasedproviders.Today,theInternetpenetration[5]inEuropeis58.4%,andmakesup24.2%oftheInternet
usersworldwide.
4.1.1 WesternEurope
InthisdocumentwedefineWesternEuropeas:Belgium,France,theNetherlands,
LuxembourgandtheUnitedKingdom.
TheveryfirstInternetExchangesinWesternEuropewereestablishedin1994.
TheseIXPswerenamedLINX(LondonInternetExchange)andAMS-IX(AmsterdamInternetExchange).Today,theybothhavemorethan300
connectedmembersfromdiverselocationsaroundtheworld,withtrafficpeaksofover1.1TbpsatAMS-IX[6]andmorethan700GbpsatLINX[7].Thereare
approximately30IXPsspreadacrossWesternEurope.WhenlookingattheIXPs
inFrance,youcanseethatalmostalltheirIXPsarelocatedinandaroundParis,withtherecentcreationofFrance-IXsupportedbyAkamai,JaguarNetwork,Neo
TelecomsandInterxioninthehopeofgainingbetterconnectivityaroundFrance.
TheInternetpenetration[5]inWesternEuropeis2ndhighestinEurope,UnitedKingdomhas82.5%,theNetherlandswith88.6%,Belgium77.8%,Luxembourg
85.3%andFrance68.9%.
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penetrations[4]isbetween58.4%and75.3%(Germanynotincluded).It’s
interestingtoseethatthecountrywiththelowestInternetpenetration(Polandwithjust58.4%)hasoneofthebiggesttrafficexchangingIXPsinCentralEurope,
whileSlovakia;withtheirIXPexchanginglesstraffic(about40Gbps)hasanInternetpenetrationof74.3%.
4.1.4 SouthernEurope
InthisdocumentwedefineSouthernEuropeas:Albania,BosniaandHerzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,Greece,Macedonian,Italy,Portugal,SerbiaandSpain.
MostoftheSouthernEuropeanIXPswereestablishedaroundthelate1990’s.In1997ESPANIX(Spain’sInternetNeutralExchangePoint)wasestablishedin
MadridconnectingthemostimportantSpanishtelecomoperatorsandare
currentlyoneofthelargestIXPsintheSouthernEuropeanregion.OthercountrieswithnotableamountsoftrafficattheirIXPsareBulgaria,Italyand
Greece.TheInternetpenetration[4]inSouthernEuropeissignificantlylower
comparedtothatoftheNorthernandWesternEuropeanregions,hereitliesbetween40%and65%,whileBosniaHerzegovinaatjust31.2%.
4.1.5 EasternEurope
InthisdocumentwedefineEasternEuropeas:Belarus,Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania,
Moldova,Romania,RussiaandUkraine.
MosttheIXPsinEasternEuropewereestablishedaround2000and2001.When
lookingatallthecountriesinthisregion,youcanseethatthetrafficexchangedinUkraineandRussiaaretremendouslyhighcomparedtotheothercountries,
wheremostofthetimethetrafficisbetween1Gbpsand10Gbps.TheUA-IX
(UkrainianInternetExchange)exchangesabout220GbpsatitspeakandtheMSK-IX(MoscowInternetExchange)haspeaktrafficofaround400Gbps.It’s
interestingtoseethatquiteafewEasternEuropeantelecomoperatorsandbusinessesconnecttoDE-CIXinGermanytogetmoreroutestotherestofthe
Internet.ThisisprobablyduetoGermany’sgeographicalproximitytothe
EasternEuropeanregion.
TheInternetpenetration[4]inEasternEuropeiscomparativelylowertothatof
otherEuropeanregions,howeverit’sgrowingrapidly,thusthepenetrationwillpotentiallybeevenhigherinthenextcoupleofyears.Estonia,Latviaand
LithuaniahavethehighestInternetpenetrationwith75.1%,67.8%and59.3%respectively.InBelarusthisfigureis46.2%,Moldavia30.0%andRomania
35.5%.It’sinterestingtonotethattheInternetpenetrationissomewhatlowerin
Russiawithjust42.8%andUkrainewith33.7%,whiletheamounttrafficattheirIXPsissubstantiallyhigherthanothercountriesinnotonlytheregionbutthe
wholeofEurope.
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4.2 NorthAmerica
TheNorthAmericanhistoryofInternetissometimesreferredtoas‘the’
beginningoftheInternet.PeopleoftenseemtorefertothehistoryofARPANETandNSFNET[9].ThereasonforthisprobablybeingthatNorthAmericaisseen
asoneofthefirst
countrieswithInternetaccess.Thehistoryof
NorthAmericagoessomethinglikethis:
Inthelate1960stheUS
DepartmentofDefense’sAdvancedResearch
ProjectAgency(ARPA)
wasunsatisfiedhowthemanyresearch
institutionsanduniversitiesusedlocated
aroundthecountry,were
unabletoeasilyexchangeresultsofresearchwith
eachother.Thiswasduetothefactthatall
institutionsand
universitiesusedtheirowncustomizedcomputers,who Figure5.2showstheNorthAmericanstates
fittherequirementsfortheirownthathaveoneormultipleIXPs.Theredstate
research.Tomaketheexchange (NewYork)hasbeencalculatedtohavemoreofresultseasier,ARPAwanted than6IXPs.Thegreenstate(California)was
anetworkthatcouldeasily countedtohaveabove10IXPs.connectallthedifferentcomputer
systemstoeachother,sothatexchanginginformationwouldbealotfasterand
easier.ThisnetworkwaseventuallydevelopedandnamedARPANET.
Inthelate1980’sanewnetworkreplacedtheARPANET,becauseitcouldn’t
sufficetheneedsanddemandsoftheresearchersandmanyuniversitiesanymore.ThenewnetworkwassponsoredbytheNationalScienceFoundation
(NSF)andcomprisedoffiveNorthAmerica.TogethertheyformedtheNSFNETBackbone,basicallyformingaspinefortheInternet.In1989FederalInternet
Exchanges(FIX)werebuiltontheEastandWestCoast(FIXEastandFIXWest).
SoonafterthisthefirstCommercialInternetExchange(CIX)wasbuiltontheWestCoastofNorthAmerica,duetothefactthatthepeopleinchargeofthe
FIXesweretroubledaboutconnectingcommercialnetworkstotheNSFNET,theywantedtokeepthetwooftheseseparate.In1992MetropolitanFiberSystems
(MFS)builtthefirstMetropolitanArea(MAE)networktheWashingtonDCarea.
Thisquicklygrewintoaplacewheremanydifferent(commercial)networkswereabletointerconnectwitheachother.
Beforethe1990stheInternetwasmainlyusedforresearchpurposes.However,
thischangedwhenemailpenetratedintothegeneralcommunity.MoreandmorebusinessesandorganizationssawthebenefitoftheInternetanddecidedto
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connecttothenetwork.ThisbecameaburdenfortheNSFNET,asthereweretoo
manypeoplewhilenotenoughcapacitytohandleallthistraffic.Toensureconnectivitytoallconnectedcompaniesandorganizationsthe
NationalScienceFoundationawardedcontractstofourNetworkAccessPoints(NAP).DifferentcompaniesspreadacrossNorthAmericaranalltheseNAPs.The
companiesthatreceivedthesecontractswere:ThePacificBellNAPinSanJose(California),theAmeritechNAPinChicago(Illinois),theSprintNAPinPennsauken(NewJersey)andthealreadyexistingMAEEast,operatedbyMCI
WorldCominVienna(Virginia).Inthecomingyearstheamountoftrafficstarted
toreduce,becauselargernetworksdecidedtosetupaprivateinterconnectionandthesmallernetworkswerelimitedtoregionalpublicinterconnections
Today,approximately90InternetExchangesarelocatedinNorthAmericaand
mostofthemareoperatedasacommercialservice.ThesecommercialInternet
Exchangeshaven’tbeenconfinedtowithintheAmericanborders,buthavereachedouttoEuropeandAsiaaswell.Non-commercialInternetExchangescan
alsobefoundinNorthAmerica,howevernumbersarefarless.HowmuchIXP
trafficisbeingexchangedwithinthisregionisalittleunclear,asmanyoftheIXPsdonotpubliclydisplaythesestatistics.About5%oftheworld’spopulation
islocatedinNorthAmericawithanInternetpenetration[5]ofover75%.TheUSmakesupabout13%ofthetotalnumberofInternetusersintheworld.
4.3 Asia
ThereisalargedifferencebetweenthecountrieswithinAsiawiththeirlevelofInternetaccessandconnectivity.ForinstancecountrieslikeChinaandJapanare
moredevelopedthancountrieslikeVietnam,Indonesia,NepalandIndia,where
theInternetpenetrationissignificantlylower.Whenyoulookatthepopulationstatistics[5]fromAsia,youcanseethat56.0%oftheworldpopulationislocated
inAsia.OfthetotalAsianpopulation,only21.5%hasaccesstoInternet.Inthelast10yearstheInternetgrowthhasincreasedtremendously,andthisseemsto
beacontinuingtrend.About42.0%ofthetotalInternetUsersintheworldare
locatedinAsia.ThiswouldsuggestthatalotoftrafficisgoingthroughtheAsianregions.
4.3.1 China
OneoftheveryfirstInternetlinks(64kbps)inHongKongwasin1991bytheChineseUniversityofHongKong(CUHK)[10].However,backinthosedaysit
wasstillunderBritishrule.AyearlaterallhighereducationalinstitutionsinHongKongwerelinkedtoeachotheroverthislink.TheycalledthisnetworkHARNET(HongKongAcademicandResearchNETwork).
In1994whenafewsmallISPswereestablishedtheInternetonthenon-academicsidestartedtogrowwhileservingmostlyindividualsubscribers.
TherealgrowthofInternetstartedin1995asmoreandmorecompaniesstarted
toseetheimportanceoftheInternet.Thiscausedamajorimpactontheavailabilityoflocalcontentandintra-HongKongcommunicationbecamemoreof
anecessity.HoweveralargenumberofISPsstillhadtorelyonotherISPsthathadalocalpresencetocompletetheredotransitforthem.
ThismassivegrowthofInternetcausedaneedforabetternetwork
infrastructuresoastolowerthecostsofoperations.ItwasnotveryeffectiveforISPstoroutetheirintra-HongKongtrafficoverseas,becausethelinkswere
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4.3.4 Nepal
TheInternetmarketinNepal[13]isgrowingrapidly.Withlessthan1percentof
Nepal’spopulationusingtheInternetin2005,thisnumberisgrowingfast.AcompetitivemarketbetweenISPsandlowpricestoInternetaccessarethecause
ofthis.Rightnow31privateISPsofferInternettobusinessesandhome-users,
butonlytwoofthemdominatethemarketwithatotalshareofover70%.TheseISPsareWorldLinkandNepalTelecom.AnimportantsourcetoInternetaccess
fortheNepalesearecybercafés,itisbelievedtohaveoneofthehighestconcentrationofcybercafésintheworld.TheKathmanduValleyregionhasa
higherpenetrationofInternetaccess,becauseit’smoredevelopedwhilebeing
hardtogainaccesstothemountainregionswherelowincomespopulationscanbefound.TheNepaliWirelessNetworkingProjectisrunninganinitiativeto
makeInternetaccesspossibleintheruralpopulatedmountainregions.In2002thefirstInternetExchangewasestablishedinNepal,callednpIX.
Currentlytheyhavepeaktrafficofover100Mbpswith17connectedISPs,
includingthetwomostdominateISPs.NepalhasanInternetpenetration[5]of2.2%,andmakeupabout0.1%ofthetotalusersinAsia.
4.4 LatinAmerica
TheInternetpenetrationinLatinAmericaamongstitspopulationis39.5%.They
hold8.0%ofthetotalInternetusersintheworld.Howeverinthepast10years,
therehasbeenagiganticgrowth,inusers,soInternetisbecomingmoreandmorecommoninthisregion.OfalltheLatinAmericancountries,Brazilisbyfar
thelargestoftheInternetuserswithsome48.5%ofthecontinent’stotalandtheInternetuserpenetrationisataround37.8%.Thesecondbiggestcontributorto
InternetusageinLatinAmericaisArgentina,with17%followedbyColombiawith13.7%.However,theInternetpenetrationamongstthepopulationissignificantlyhigherinArgentina,comparedtoBrazil,with64.4%andColumbia
with48.7%respectively.
4.4.1 Brazil
In1962aresearchfoundationwasestablishedintheSaoPauloregioninBrazil,whichwasgiventhenameFAPESP(ResearchFoundationSaoPaulo)[14].In
1988theANSP(AcademicNetworkSaoPaulo)wascreatedasanacademic
networkbyFAPESP,whichwouldbethefirstBraziliannetworktobeintegrated
withtheInternetin1991andconnecteduniversitiesandresearchinstituteswithoneanother.TheANSPoperated‘NAPdoBrasil’,in2004Terremarkand
FAPESPdecidedtoworktogetherbylettingTerremarkoperatetheNAP,thiswouldbenefitbothpartiesconcernedandthegeneraldevelopmentofInternetin
Brazil.BesidesFAPESPanInternetSteeringCommittee(CGI.br)wascreatedinMay
1995,withtheaimofpromotingandimprovingtheparticipationofthesociety
towardstheimplementation,managementandusageoftheInternet.Oneoftheexecutivearms(CenterofStudyandResearchinNetworkTechnologyand
Operations,CEPTRO)oftheInternetSteeringCommitteeisresponsibleforprojectsandservicesthatareaimedtoimprovethequalityofInternetinBrazil.
OneoftheirprojectswasthecreationofPTTMetro,whicharetheBrazilian
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InternetExchangePoints,
locatedinallofthemajorBraziliancities.Thisprojectwas
startedin2004.ThemostimportantfeaturesofthePTT
Metroaretobeneutralandindependentfromcommercialsuppliersandofferhighquality
service.Todaytheyhavesome
14IXPswithanaggregatedpeaktrafficofmorethan30Gbpsand
morethan200participants.TheInternetSteeringCommitteeis
responsibleforoperatingand
managingtheBrazilianInternetbackbone.
4.4.2 Argentina
In1989anassociationwas
formedby:ISPs,Datacenters,Solutions&Contentproviders
andmanyotherentities.This
associationwasnamedCABASEandcreatedNAPdeCABASEin
1997.ThepurposeofNAPde
CABASEwastoprovideaplacewhereallInternetplayers Figure5.4showstheLatinAmerican
couldpeerefficiently.Therewerea countriesthathaveoneormoreIXPs.fewthingstobeconsideredbeforethis Thewhitecountrieshavenoknown
couldbeaccomplished.Thelocation IXPsoperatingwithinthem.
ofthesitewasveryimportant.ItwaseventuallydecidedtolocateitinDowntownBuenosAires,thelargestandmost
importantcityinArgentinaandhasmanyInternetplayers.ThedecisionofthelocationwasalsobasedonthenetworkavailabilityforaccessingNAPde
CABASE.ThenextconsiderationwasthemodeloftheNAP.Itwasdecidedtouse
acooperativeandself-governedmodel.Anycostorinvestmentwouldbe
distributedamongstthemembersofNAPdeCABASE.Operatingagreementsaswellasproceduresaredevelopedandvotedonbythemembers.Eachmember
hastherightofonevote,regardlessofitssize.
NAPdeCABASEisalsocarrierneutral,soeventodaythesiteandinfrastructurearenotownedbyanyoftheirmember,whichminimizestheriskofbeing
affectedbyproblemsofamember.TheNAPhasspecialagreementsforeither
non-carrierornon-ISPmembers.Theycanonlyconnectiftheirbusinessesdon’taffectanyofthecurrentISPsorcarriersthatareconnected.Theaveragenumber
ofmembersconnectedtoNAPdeCABASEis35.SincethebeginningoftheNAP
multilateralpeeringwastheonlypeeringagreementspossibilitymadeavailable,butsincetwoyearsago,bilateralagreementshavebeenpermitted,butnot
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activelypromoted.InNovember2010NAPdeCABASEoperatedthefirst
regionalNAPintheNeuquénProvince,startingwith7members.IthasaconnectiontotheNAPinDowntownBuenosAireswithaccesstoallthe
membersandtrafficthere,withthesameconditionsastheirmembers.ThiscreatesahugecostimprovementfortheArgentinaregion.Plansforother
regionalNAPshavealsobeenmade,howevernofurtherdetailshavecometohand.AfterthedeploymentofthefirstNAPdeCABASEagrowthinlocalhosting,contentande-commerceserviceswasseen,thisresultedinmorelocalcontent
becomingavailable.
4.5 Africa
InthelastcoupleofyearstheInternetusageinAfricahasgrowntremendously,
tosuchanextentthatthecurrentnetworkcapacitycan’tkeepupwiththedemand,whichactuallyledtofallingbehindontheirgrowth.Rightnowthey
couldbeconsideredasbeingalmost10yearsbehindonEuropeandNorthAmerica,howeverthisdifferenceonlylookssettogrowbiggerandbiggerover
thenextcoupleofyears.Inthelastcoupleofyearstheexistingconnectivitywas
mainlyoversatellites.Thisisveryexpensive,usuallyslowandsensitivetotrafficcongestion.
DependingonthepartoftheAfrican[15]regionthatyouarelookingat,the
growth,stateofInternetconnectivityandaccessisverydiverse.Somecountriesarewelldeveloped,whileothersareverypoorlydeveloped.Thismakesitvery
hardtoconnectallthecountriestoeachotherandprovidebetterInternetconnectivityandaccesswithintheAfricanregions.Oneofthemainreasonsfor
thepoorgrowthispoorinfrastructureandveryfragileend-to-endconnectivity
(forexample,connectivityfromthelocalISPtothehome-user),thisisincreasedbyalackofadequatenetworkbackuproutes,incasethepowergoesdownora
cableisbroken.OtherdisadvantagesforAfricaarelackofpower,highimporttaxes(togetroutersandswitchesintothecountry),lackofproperskilled
technicalstaff(theytendtoleavetomoredevelopedregionslikeNorthAmerica
orEurope,oncetheyareskilled),corruptionandmonopolies.InternationalcompaniesandorganizationshavestartedprojectstodeployproperInternet
connectivitytoalargernumberofpeoplethroughouttheregion.
Today,mostoftheAfricantrafficisroutedthroughEuropeorNorthAmericaevenifthedestinationoftherequestiswithinAfricanborders.Someofthe
trafficevenneedstogothroughbothEuropeandNorthAmericatothengoback
totheAfricanregion.HighinternationalbandwidthpricesarethebiggestcontributortoAfricanISPs,alotofthetrafficgoesoversatellitelinks,because
fibrelinksarelimitedandexpensivetodeploy.HightrafficcostsandthepoorconnectivitycanbeimprovedbybuildingregionalandnationalIXPs,thisalso
reducestheusageofinternationaltrafficlines.
ThefewcountriesinAfricathatdohaveaccesstointernationalfibredon’tfeelthebenefitsofusingthis,becausetheyarestillchargedatmonopolylevelprices
bystateownedoperators,whichstilldominatemostofAfricaandinmanyotherdevelopingregions,sosatellitelinksareusedinstead.Thisisbeginningto
changeasmanycountriesrevisetheircompetitionframeworksasexclusivities,
grantedtoincumbents,cometoanend.In2003therewere10countriesofthe53intheregionthathadanIXP,in2006thisnumberhadrisento16countries.
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TodaythetotalnumberofIXPsinAfricais18andthisnumberlookstogrow
further.Asmoreandmoreroutesstabilise,morecustomerswillsubscribetoISPs
services.IntimethiswillresultinbetterQoSwithawiderimpactonthedeploymentofinfrastructureintheregions.Localpeoplearedemandingbetter
connectivityandtheISPshavenochoicebuttoinvest,soastomakemoremoney.Thisisgoodforthelocaleconomy.TodayfibrecablesarebeingdeployedrightacrossAfrica,howeverthisisalong
processwherealotcangowrong,suchassabotageonlandlinesthatare,either
brokenorstolen,whichkeepstheincumbentsfromdeployingfaster.Sometrytosolvethisbyproviding
wirelessaccesstotheirusers,butthishasother
implications,whichareout
ofthescopeofthisresearch.Inthenextcoupleofyears
theInternetconnectivity
shouldhaveimprovedfromwhereitistodayandit
shouldbemoreaccessibletoeverybody.
Atthismomentsome14%ofthetotalworldpopulation
[5]islocatedinAfrica,butonly10%ofthetotalAfrican
populationhasaccesstoInternet.Thismeansthereisalotofpotentialtogrowand
createlocalInternet
connectivitytohomeuserscomparedtothatofany
otherregionintheworld.
Figure5.5showstheAfricancountriesthathaveanIXP.Thewhitecountriesdonot
haveanIXP.SomeoftheAfricancountrieshavemorethan1IXP,howeverthisislimitedtojusttwocountries,EgyptenSouthAfrica.
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5 IXPmodelsThereareapproximately300IXPs[16]aroundtheworld,howeverthereare
quiteanumberofdifferencesbetweentheseIXPs.NoIXPisthesame,theymay
lookquiteabitalike,butthingswillprobablybejustabitdifferentineachcase.ThissectionwilltakealookatthedifferencesbetweentheIXPmodels[16].
5.1 Commercialvs.non-commercial
AkeyfactortodifferentiatinganIXPiswhetheritiscommercialornot-for-profit.WhenanIXPiscommercialitsmaingoalistomakeaprofitandmore
oftenthannot,operatedbythesamecolocationcompanythathousesthem.OneoftheadvantagesofacommercialIXPisthattheyhavetheabilitytocharge
strategicdifferentialpricing,toattractmorecustomerstoconnecttothem.They
alsotendtoapproachtheirpricingbasedonwhatthemarketcanwithstand.DecisionsaboutthecommercialIXParemadebythecommercialIXoperatorand
notbythepartiesconnectedtothem.CommercialIXPsalsotendtocompetewith
eachotherinsteadofcooperating.ISPs,contentprovidersandotherpartiesconnectedtoacommercialIXarecalledcustomers,whileforanon-commercial
IXPthesesameparticipantsareusuallyknownasmembers.WhenanIXPisnon-commercial,alsoknownas“non-profit”(or“not-for-profit”)
themembersconnectedtotheIXPgenerallyhaveaninfluenceonthedecisions
thatmayaffectthefutureoftheIXP.Non-commercialIXPswereestablishedwiththeaimofassistingISPstosavecostsandtoimprovetheend-user’sInternet
connectivityspeed,insteadofbeingpurelyset-uptomakeaprofitandthisis
possiblywhathashelpedtheseIXPsbecomesosuccessful.
5.1.1 NeutralityTheneutralityofanIXPcanbeseenasanimportantfactorofitssuccessfulness.
Somethinkit’sthekeyfactor,whileothersseeitasimportant,butnot
necessarilythemainfactor.ThereisnoofficialdefinitionoftheneutralityofanIXP,thishastobedecidedbytheIXPitself.Forinstance,itcandecidetobe
carrierneutral,butnotcolocationneutralorpossiblybothcarrierandcolocation
neutral.Oristheneutralityseenasonlyorganizational?Thereisnorightorwrongwhenyouaretalkingabouttheneutrality,becauseitreallydependson
whatyouseeasbeingneutralforanIXP.Otherwaystostay‘neutral’arenotinterferingwithyourcustomersormembers,
howeveritmaybenecessarytoestablishrulesforyourcustomersor
membershipbaseandinformthemofwhattheycanandcannotdo.WhentheIXPdecidestoimplementorchangeitservices,doyoulistentoyourmembersor
doyoustay‘neutral’.Allofthismakesthedefinitionoftheneutralityhardto
define.
5.1.2 Ownershipandmanagement
WhenyoulookatthedifferencesinownershipofIXPsaroundtheworldyoucan
findquitesomedifferencesinthebodiesrunningthem.ThebodyoftheIXPisa
veryimportantfactor.ItdecideswhomakesthedecisionsabouttheIXPandhow
thesedecisionsaremade.FromanhistoricpointofviewthemostcommonbodyiswhenanacademicinstitutionownstheIXP.Thisiswheretheideaoriginally
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camefrom,howeversometimestheownershipdevelopsintoamoreformalbody
overtheyears.WhenthisdevelopmentoccursitusuallyleadstoanIXPbecomingAssociationbased.WhereaBoardhasbeencreatedwhomakemajor
decisionsaboutthefutureoftheIXP.ItisverycommonthatthemembersofanassociationbasedIXPhavevotingpowersandhassomekindofinfluenceonthe
futureoftheirIXP.Anothercommonbodyisthebusinessunit.ThistypeofIXPsaimstomakeaprofitandusuallyprovidethecollocationspaceifthedecisionsmadebytheIXP
managementareaimedatmakingprofitwhichtheygenerallydobysellingas
muchrackspaceaspossibleandtendtosettheirpricesbasedonthemarket.
5.1.3 Fees
TherearealotofdifferencesbetweenfeesatIXPs.SomeIXPsevenclaimtobecompletelyfree,meaningthattheydonotchargeaportconnectionfeehowever
theystillmayrequiretheparticipantstopayforrackspaceandlocaltransportto
theIXP.Ingeneral,thisisdonebyveryfewIXPstoday.DependingonwhetheranIXPiscommercialornon-commercialmayalsoinfluencethelevelofthefees.
UsuallywhenanIXPisnon-commercialyouseeamonthlyfeeyouhavetopayforaccesstoyourport,sometimesyoualsohavetopayaconnectionor
establishmentfee.ThisisallreallydifferentperIXP.WhenlookingatcommercialIXPs,youcanseealotofdifferencesinpricingaswell.Oneofthereasonsforthis
isthatmostofthecommercialIXPscandotheirpricingbasedonthemarket.
Thismakesthemmoreflexibleinaway.SomeIXPswantyoutopayaone-timefee,andamonthlyfeeforyourport.Somegivetheportawayforfree,because
youarerequiredtorentrackspaceinoneoftheircolocationfacilities,or
dependentoncertainservicestheyoffer.AveryimportantfactorwhenlookingatthepricingbetweenIXPsiswhether
theyhavevolunteersworkingforthem,ortheyareproperlystaffed.Whenyouwanttobesureofsupport,thedecisionisusuallymadetochoosefordedicated
personnel.Itisalsoimportanttolookattheequipmentinthiscase,usuallywhen
anIXPisranbyvolunteers,theequipmentisusuallyfundedbydonationsfromcompanies,organizationsandindividuals,whileastaffedIXPprobablyhasmore
budgetforequipment.Whichmeanstheyarelessdependantonthirdparties.
5.1.4 Scopeofactivities
WhichservicesanIXPofferstoitsparticipantsisreallydependentonthescopeoftheiractivities.TheseactivitiesweredecideduponwhentheIXPstarted,or
whena‘Wewillseewhereitgoesfromthere’mentalitydidn’tworkanymore.
WhatexactlyisofferedbyanIXPisyetagaindependantonwhetheritiscommercialornon-commercial.CommercialIXPsusuallyprovidetheir
customerswithcolocation,hosting,security,customersupport,SLA’setc.All
theseservicesarealsousedtomakemoreprofit.Evenwhenlookingatnon-commercialIXPsthescopeofactivitiesalsotendsto
differsomewhat,fromjustofferingportstofullcustomersupport,SLA’sandrackspace.
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5.1.5 Peeringagreementsandpolicies
Peeringcanbeachievedondifferent‘levels’,itcanbeimplementedinatechnical
way,oritcanalsobeimplementedinanon-technicalway,basedonthepeeringpoliciesfromconnectedIXPparticipants.Whenit’sbasedonthepeeringpolicies
oftheIXPparticipant,ithasnothingtodowiththeIXPitself,becauseit’spurely
anagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatconnecttotheIXPanddescribeshowtheywanttoexchangethetrafficandunderwhichconditionsthishastobe
done.
Therearetwowaystoimplementpeeringonatechnicalbasis.Thiscaneitherbe
doneviaprivatepeeringorthroughpublicpeeringwherethetrafficgoesoveranIXP.Adefinitionofbothcanbefoundinthetablebelow.
Privatepeering Physicaldirectconnectionbetweenonlytwoparties
Publicpeering(overIXP) Physicalconnectiontoamedium,managedbyathirdparty,through
whichmultiplepartiesareconnected
andapproachable
Table6.1:Differentwaystoimplementtechnicalpeering.
Theotherpossibilityofimplementingpeeringisinanon-technicalway,whereagreementsaremadebetweentwoormoreparties.Everyconnectedpartytoan
IXPhasaspecificpeeringpolicy,inwhichitdefineshowtheywanttoexchange
trafficandunderwhichconditions.Thedifferentpeeringpoliciesaredescribedinthetablebelow.Everyconnectedpartycanhaveoneofthesepolicies,based
ontheirbusinessmodelandpeeringconditions.Thispeeringpolicymaydifferperregion.ForexamplethelocalincumbentinacountryinEuropecanchooseto
havearestrictivepeeringpolicyinEurope,howeverwhenthisincumbent
expandsitbusinesstoadifferentregion,forexampleNorthAmerica,itmaydecidetohaveanopenpeeringpolicyasthismaymakemorefinancialsense.
TheconnectedpartiesatIXPsinNorthAmericamightbemoreinterestingtopeerwiththantheconnectedpartiesattheIXPinitshomecountry,wherethey
feelitwilldecreasetheirbusiness.
Policy Definition
OpenPeering Generallywillingtopeerwithanyone,withnoorfewprerequisites.
SelectivePeering Generallywillingtopeer,howevertherearesome
prerequisites,oncemetthisgenerallyleadstopeering.
RestrictivePeering Generallynotwillingtopeerextremelydifficulttomeetprerequisiteswithhighpossibilityofdenialoncetheyare
met.
NoPeering Nointentiontopeer.Trafficisexchangedviatransitagreements
Table6.2:PeeringpoliciesforIXPparticipants.
Theimplementationofthepeeringpoliciescanbedoneinanumberofdifferentways.Thishappensonanon-technicalwayandismoreagreementbasedonthe
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5.4 Asia
TheAsianPacificregionisusuallythoughtofasaclosedcommunitywhereinterconnectingishardtomaintainandsetup.Thismaybetrue,howeverit’s
slowlybecomingeasiertointerconnectinAsia.Oneofthebiggestproblemsthe
Asianmarketisstrugglingwithistheartificiallyhighpriceoftransit,transatlanticcostsandinterconnectingcostsatIXPs.MostofthedominantISPs
stillthink:‘foryoutogetmoreroutestotheInternetyouhavetobuytransitfromme’.Thisisonlypartlytrue.ItworksfortheISPs,howeveritdoesn’thelp
achievegettingbetterconnectivityinthecountrynortheregion.Theideaof
peeringdoesnotinterestthem,eitherduetothefactthattheydon’tknowthebenefitsofconnectingatanIXPorareafraidoflosingbusiness.Thiskeepsthe
pricesofInternettrafficveryhighforsmallerISPsandoverseascompanies.
CreatinganIXPwouldbeeasy,howeveralotofpartiesdon’tseethebenefitfromdoingthis,becauseofthetremendoushighpricesofconnectingtoanIXP.
Asiaisalsotroubledwithalotofregulatedtelecoms.Pricesinde-regulatedregionsaregenerallylowerthanregulatedregions.ManycountriesinAsiaare
dependantonneighbouringcountriesfortransitconnectivity.Anotherproblem
inAsiaareculturedifferences,Tohelpsolvealloftheabovementionedproblemsitsimportantforallinvolvedpartiestoparticipateinsuchforumsas
APNIC,SANOGandApricot.Thishelpstocreateabetterunderstandingofthe
conceptofIXPsandpeering,butalsogivespeopletheopportunitytoexchangeideasandtalkaboutproblemswithmoreexperiencedpeoplefromalloverthe
world.It’salsoagoodsourceforfuturecustomersandpeeringrelations.Bothcommercialasnon-profitIXPscanbefoundthroughoutAsia.However,
mostofthemorecommercialIXPscanbefoundinwealthierregions,likeChina,
JapanandAustralia,whilelessdevelopedregionslikeIndia,NepalandthePhilippinestendtohavemorenon-profitIXPs.
5.5 LatinAmerica
MostoftheIXPsinLatinAmericaareofanon-profitnature.TheownershipoftheIXPvariesfromgovernmenttoassociationbasedtoanorganizationof
telecomoperators.Mostcountriesareheavilyregulatedbytheirgovernments.
Theseregulationsmakeitharderforcompanies(outsideofLatinAmerica)toconnecttoanIXP,orforlocalbusinesstoconnecttoanIXPinadifferentcountry.
Thisholdsbacktheregionfrommakingfasterprogress.AlmosteverycountryinLatinAmericahasanIXP,BrazilhasalargenumberofIXPsandarealloperated
byCGI.br.InArgentinaNAPdeCABASEoperatestheIXP.SomeIXPsinLatinAmericaforcealltheirparticipantstopeerwitheachotherto
encouragetrafficontheirplatform,whileotherleavethisoptiontotheirparticipants.Whenpeeringisforced,(international)companiestendtobeless
willingtopeerattheseIXPs.ThegrowthoftheLatinAmericanInternet
ecosystemwillmostprobablygrowfaster,onceoneormoreinternationalcompanieshaveestablishedthemselvesinthisregionandareinterestingtopeer
with,thiswillattractevenmoreinternationalbusinesses.Thiswillalsomakeit
easiertoexpandtootherneighboringcountries;whichhelpstheirInternetecosystemsgrowevenfurther.CurrentlylargeproportionsoftheLatinAmerican
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culturalneedsandmore.Allofthismakesitalotharderforacompanytoexpand
toanewcountry.AscanbeseeninFigure7.2(MapoftheU.S.stateswithanIXP),therearealarge
numberofstatesthathavenoIXPsatall.Thismeansthatthephysicallocationbetweencities(inthestates)thatalreadyhaveanIXP(theoneswithoutare
probablylessinterestingforacompanytoestablishthemselvesanddobusiness)canbequitelarge,especiallycomparedtoEurope,wheremostofthelargercitieshaveatleastoneIXP.Thismakesitmoreattractiveforcompaniesor
organizationstoexpandtodifferentcountries.Thecostsoffibrewillprobablybe
lessexpensive,becausethedistancebetweentwocitiesisrelativelyclose,comparedwiththoseintheU.S.Thismakesitmoreexpensiveforcompaniesto
reachouttoanIXP,letalonemultipleIXPs.Especiallyforsmallercompaniesit’scheapertobuytransitinsteadofconnectingtoanIXP.TheaddedvalueoftheIXP
won’tbringenoughrewardtotheirbusiness.Whentwocompaniesdodecideto
exchangetrafficinthesamedatacenter,thisisusuallydoneviacrossconnects,becausetheportpricesaremoreexpensivethanthephysicalcablelaidbetween
theirtwonetworks(thiscableisusuallyjustwithinthedatacenteritself,sonot
soexpensivecomparedtorentingaportattheIXP).Largequantitiesoftrafficgoingbetweentwonetworksoftenmakesacrossconnectsmoreoftenandmore
financiallyinteresting,butofferingtheIXPservicecanactasagreatdrawcard.
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Acknowledgements
Specialthankstoeverybodywhotooktimeintoansweringmy,oftenmany
(annoying)questions,requestsande-mailsingeneral.Youhaveallbeenveryuseful!Icouldwritedownalistofallpeoplewhohavehelpedmeouthere,with
theriskofforgettingnamesormakingpeopleupsetiftheydonotwishtobenamed.
Peoplefromthefollowingcompanies,organizationsandForumshavecontributedtothisdocument:
- 17thEuro-IXForumattendees- NANOG50attendeeswhowerewillingtosharetheirbusinesscards
- DiversenumberofpeopleparticipatingintheAsianIXPscene- Akamai
- Amazon- APNIC- Equinix
- HurricaneElectric
- IPLAN- JPIX
- JPNAP- LACNIC
- Limelight
- PhoenixNAP- RipeNCC
- Telx- Yahoo
OfcoursealsoallthepeoplethatIforgottomentionabove.Allyourhelphasbeenverymuchappreciated!
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[15] W. Stucke, Challenges facing ISPs in Africa: a view from an African ISP.
2008, http://www.afrispa.org/dpages/Powerpoint/Challenges%20facings
%20ISPs%20in%20Africa.ppt
[16] EuropeanInternetExchangeAssociation,Euro-IX,http://www.euro-
ix.net/(seenotebelow)
[17] S.Radovcic,EuropeanInternetExchangeAssociation2010ReportonEuropeanIXPs,2010http://www.euro-ix.net/resources/reports/euro-
ix_report_2010.pdf
[18] B.Norton,JapanInternetPeeringEcosystem,2005http://peering.drpeeri
ng.net/white-papers/Ecosystems/Japan-Peering-Ecosystem.php
[19] MinistryofInternalAffairsandCommunications,Understandingofthe
totalInternettrafficinourcountry,2010http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_ content/000080807.pdf(Japanese)
[20] G.Huston,DistributionReports,ASResourceAllocations,2010
http://resources.potaroo.net/iso3166/archive/
Note: Some statistics from Euro-IX are only accessible with login credentials.
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3
2009
Country
Unique
ASNs
Allocated
ASNs
Advertised
ASNs
% ASNs at
IXPs
Austria 111 335 274 40.51%
Belgium 62 146 122 50.82%Croatia 15 75 64 23.44%
Cyprus 6 54 39 15.38%
Czech Republic 93 396 275 33.82%
Denmark 50 187 134 37.31%
Estonia 18 28 23 78.26%
Finland 28 143 114 24.56%
France 234 602 442 52.94%
Germany 470 1259 963 48.81%
Greece 15 145 105 14.29%
Hungary 47 196 148 31.76%
Iceland 15 29 27 55.56%Ireland 47 105 83 56.63%
Italy 135 578 464 29.09%
Latvia 158 207 157 100.64%
Luxembourg 16 29 24 66.67%
Malta 0 23 17 0.00%
Netherlands 447 458 340 131.47%
Norway 72 151 101 71.29%
Poland 110 1035 884 12.44%
Portugal 20 64 54 37.04%
Romania 69 1192 883 7.81%
Russia 400 2918 2435 16.43%Slovakia 47 79 63 74.60%
Slovenia 16 176 150 10.67%
Spain 60 324 253 23.72%
Sweden 102 421 300 34.00%
Switzerland 159 450 345 46.09%
Ukraine 161 1551 1173 13.73%
United Kingdom 493 1760 1263 39.03%
Total 3676 15116 11719 41.25%
8/3/2019 894 Ixp Research PDF
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/894-ixp-research-pdf 47/48
8/3/2019 894 Ixp Research PDF
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/894-ixp-research-pdf 48/48
Growth2007-2010
Country
Unique
ASNs
Allocated
ASNs
Advertised
ASNs
% ASNs at
IXPs
Austria 21.11% 18.12% 18.78% 1.97%
Belgium -16.46% 35.34% 42.70% -41.45%Croatia 0.00% 50.00% 60.98% -37.88%
Cyprus 0.00% 29.79% 39.29% -20.51%
Czech Republic 38.89% 386.13% 304.35% -65.65%
Denmark 0.00% 48.59% 58.76% -12.99%
Estonia 5.88% 56.52% 55.00% -31.69%
Finland 15.38% 30.58% 39.33% -17.18%
France 19.09% 38.48% 47.72% -19.38%
Germany 61.64% 12.30% 16.30% 38.98%
Greece -20.00% 6.38% 2.15% -21.68%
Hungary 10.64% 13.14% 32.77% -16.67%
Iceland 7.14% 59.09% 82.35% -41.24%Ireland 72.73% 40.74% 50.91% 14.46%
Italy 85.39% 23.90% 28.61% 44.15%
Latvia 42.37% 44.00% 42.98% -0.43%
Luxembourg 84.62% 94.44% 100.00% -7.69%
Malta 0.00% 4.17% -25.00% 0.00%
Netherlands 52.97% 26.77% 31.72% 16.13%
Norway 17.46% 52.83% 58.57% -25.93%
Poland 142.19% 63.44% 55.78% 55.46%
Portugal 5.26% 8.47% 37.50% -23.44%
Romania 112.20% 1.54% -14.46% 148.06%
Russia 125.73% 76.38% 83.56% 22.97%Slovakia 20.45% 37.70% 50.00% -19.70%
Slovenia 6.67% 85.45% 82.42% -23.53%
Spain 26.92% 40.78% 45.26% -12.63%
Sweden 41.46% 29.91% 39.66% 1.29%
Switzerland 50.45% 49.59% 39.78% 7.63%
Ukraine 114.81% 64.44% 57.86% 36.08%
United Kingdom 24.82% 28.77% 33.64% -6.60%
Total 37.74% 50.25% 51.59% -1.91%
Note:Statisticsfromthecountriesindicatedingreenwerenotpresentfor
certainyears,thiscountsfor:Cyprus,Denmark,MaltaandSlovenia.Thecalculationshavebeenmadefromthefirstyeardatawasavailableforthat
specificcountry.