7.5 x 11 Threelines - Assets - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/37637/index/9780521837637_index.pdf · Arang Formation, Natuna Sea 941 Araripe Basin, South

Index

abietane 543, 600abietene 547abietic acid 552, 596abiogenic methane see methaneabiotic origin of life 709abiotic oxidation 653abiotic synthesis 601abnormal pressure see overpressureAbo Formation, USA 813Abu Durba seep, Gulf of Suez 915accessory pigment see carotenoidaccommodation 837–8accretion disk hypothesis 709acenaphthene 644acetate 646, 656, 657acetogenic bacteria (acetogens) 656acetyl-CoA (acetyl-coenzyme A) 650, 654,

711acid gases (H2S and CO2) 649acidic catalysis 630acidic clay minerals 533acidophilicacid rain 746, 748Acinetobacter 652acritarchs 531, 588, 714, 716, 785actinomycete 716Actinpterygii 724activating hydrocarbons 650activation energy 814, 966active source rock 976acyclic isoprenoids see isoprenoidsadamantanes 699–700Adiyaman region, Turkey 915, 917Adriatic Basin 527, 535, 559, 613, 705,

977Adriatic Sea 630aerobic biodegradation 651, 652, 658aerobic degradation rate 650aerobic respiration 713Agathis 550Agbada Formation, Niger Delta 949–51Agelas 495age-related biomarkers 490–1, 493, 526,

541, 573, 588, 979, 980Aglaophyton 727Agrio Formation, Argentina 894–5

Akata Formation, Niger Delta 573,949–50, 951

Akilia Island, Greenland 712akinete 796Akkas Formation, Iraq 791Akkas well, Iraq 791Alagamar Formation, Brazil 846, 849Alagoas stage 835Alaska National Wildlife Refuge

(ANWR) 896Alberta Basin 968Alberta tar sands 658, 700Alberta Trough, Canada 832albertite 478Albinia Formation, Australia 770Albion-Scipio Field, Michigan 722Alcaligenes 652Alcanar Formation, Spain 947, 948Alexander the Great 934algae 524, 716, 725, 777algaenan 520, 777, 780, 928alginite 923, 928, 936Aliambata Well, Indonesia 529, 544alkadienes 517alkaline facies 923alkaline hydrolysis 539alkalinity 533alkane

alkyl-substituted 493–6branched (see isoalkane)degradation 651, 653, 659, 666,

669macrocyclic 520–1normal (see normal alkane)

alkatriene 517alkylated benzenes 665, 670–2alkylated monocyclic alkanes 667–8alkylation 582alkylbenzenes 599, 653, 654, 670,

672alkylbenzthiophenes 798alkylbiphenyls 665, 672alkylcyclohexanes 668, 669, 767alkyldibenzothiophenes 485, 798alkyldiphenylmethanes 665, 672alk-1-enylbenzenes 599

alkyl esters 974alkylnaphthalenes 599, 670alkylphenols 6702-alkylsteranes 532–33-alkylsteranes 532–3alkyl-substitued alkanes 493–6alkyltoluenes 600Allen Hills meteorite (ALH84001),

Antarctica 602, 980Allgau Formation, Germany 591Allison Guyot, Mid-Pacific Mountains

921alloxanthin (see carotenoid)alluvial facies 924Alpine Field, Alaska 826, 883Alps, Europe 737, 741Al Shomou Formation (see Athel

silicilyte)Altamont-Bluebell Field, Utah 479, 925,

927Alum Shale (Alunskieffer), Sweden 540,

720, 774, 777, 778Alunskieffer (see Alum Shale)Amadeus Basin, Australia 770, 783Amal well, Gulf of Suez 915Amazon Basin, South America 732, 802Amborella 739Amino acids 711, 726Ammonifex 497ammonites 740ammonoids 724, 732, 745amphibians 724, 731, 744Amposta Field, Spain 507, 520, 947amyrin 547amyrone 547Anadarko Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700, 806,

808, 809, 810anaerobic

activation 654biodegradation 653–6, 658, 667–8degradation rate 650methane oxidation 507, 509, 511,

656–7Ancestral Rocky Mountains 731, 809Andes, South America 735Andic cycle 894–5

1132

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Cambridge University Press0521837634 - The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Environment and Human History,Second EditionK. E. Peters, C. C. Walters and J. M. MoldowanIndexMore information

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Index 1133

angiosperms 491, 493, 547, 572–3, 577,597, 617, 697, 699, 724, 729, 730,736, 737, 738–9, 741, 942

Angola Basin, Africa 850, 935Anguille Formation, Gabon Basin 850anhydrite 487, 584, 946animals 716–19, 744

air-breathing 723anoxia 499, 500, 561, 725, 744, 748, 749,

750, 774, 814, 892anoxic see anoxiaanoxic carbonate 569Antarctica 740, 742Antares Field, Alaska 826, 827anteisoalkanes 493Antelope Shale, California 679Antes Shale see Utica ShaleAnthocerophyta (Hornworts) 726anthracene 834anthrasteroids 586anthraxolite 478antioxidant 500Antofagasta Province, Chile 688Antrim Shale, USA 803ANWR see Alaska National Wildlife

Refugeapatite 712apatite fission track 686, 752Apex Chert, Australia 712API gravity 619, 631, 641, 658, 659, 660,

662, 663, 666, 706, 707see also American Petroleum Institute

Appalachian Basin, USA 803, 805Appalachian Mountains, USA 731Apsheron Peninsula, South Caspian 648Apulian Block, Mediterranean 830, 831Apure Basin, South America 907, 908aquifer 702Aquifex 497Aquinet Ouernine (see Tanezzuft Shale)Arab D, Saudi Arabia 860, 864Arabian Basin 855, 859Arabian Plate 855Arabian Platform 859, 860, 861, 862Ara Group, Oman 526, 771Aramachay Formation, Peru 825Arang Formation, Natuna Sea 941Araripe Basin, South America 834Araucariaceae 550, 551, 596, 600arborinone 577archaea 497, 498, 499, 511, 599, 647, 656

lipids 503, 504–5, 506archaeal acids 505–6archaeal alcohols 505–6archaeal lipids 928archaebacteria see archaeaArchaefructus 572, 739

archaeocyathid 720, 747, 749Archaeoglobus 648Archaeopteris 728archaeopyle 714Archean Eon 711–14, 763Archean petroleum systems 755–64archenteron 717archeols 510, 511, 957, 961archosaurs 733Ardennes 723Ardjuna Basin, Indonesia 931Ardmore Basin, Oklahoma 604, 700Åre (Hitra) Formation, Norway 827–8argon 749, 750Arkoma Basin, USA 809armored fish 721Aroh well, Niger Delta 950aromatic derivatives of the fernane/

arborane series 592–3aromatic dinosteroids 490aromatic hopanoids 580aromatic hydrocarbon UCM see

unresolved complex mixturearomatic hydrocarbons (aromatics) 477,

594, 596aromatic pseudo-reactions 975aromatic steroids 665, 698–9, 798aromatization 582, 586, 612aromatization-isomerization (AI) diagram

968aromatized C31 8(14)-secohopanoid 588Arrhenius constants (see rate constants)Arrhenius equation 968Arrhenius plot 967Arthrobacter 681Arthropleura 731Arthur Creek Formation, Australia 774,

777aryl isoprenoids (trimethylbenzenes) 485,

593, 780, 781, 798, 801, 811Ashgill mass extinction 743, 749Asmari Limestone, Iran 929Aspen Shale, USA 900asphalt

Madagascar 680Malagasy 675, 685

asphaltenes 477, 479, 658asphaltite 907Asri Basin, Sumatra 939assemblage A 779, 780, 783, 784, 788assemblage B 779, 780, 788Assiniboine Member, Favel Formation,

Canada 903Asteroxylon 727Astrosclera 495Asuka-881458 see carbonaceous

chondrite

asymmetric carbon atom 556Athabasca heavy oil, Canada 475, 645Athabasca tar sand 544, 678Athel silicilyte (Al Shomou Formation)

771, 772atisane 490, 543, 551atisene 550Atlantic Ocean 736, 737, 738atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

(APCI) 603, 605Atoka limestone, USA 732atomic H/C 777atomic H/C vs. O/C see van Krevelen

diagramatomic S/C 563Austin Chalk, USA 882Austral Basin, Argentina 894authigenic carbonate 510automated data inquiry for oil spills see oil

spillsautoscale preprocessing 480autotroph 711Avalonia 722Avile Member, Argentina 895Azerbaijan 932Azile Formation, Gabon 849, 852

Bachaquero Field, Venezuela 911Bach Ho Field, Vietnam 648, 939, 940Bachu Uplift, China 785Bacillus 649, 652bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) 815,

946bacteriochlorophyll

a and b 499d 605, 606

bacteriohopanepolyols 552, 588bacteriohopanetetrol 552, 566bacterivorous ciliates 576Baghewala well, India 500, 530, 566, 567,

772Bahamas Basin, Florida 879Bahia Sul Basin, Brazil 847Baikalian tectonic event 768Bakken Shale, USA 477, 803–5Bakr Field, Saudi Arabia 864, 865Baku, South Caspian 934, 935balanced-fill lake 817, 837, 838, 840, 844,

845, 846, 858, 923Balcones Shale, Peru 930Balikpapan Formation, Mahakam Delta

950–7Balingian Delta, Borneo 942Baltica 715, 719, 720, 722, 723, 730Bambui Formation, Brazil 768Banded Iron Formation (BIF) 712, 714Banff Formation, Canada 803






1134 Index

bangiophyte 716Bangladesh Basin 920, 922Banuwati Shale, Sumatra 939Baragwanathia 727Baram Delta, Borneo 942Barents Sea, Norway 483, 648Barentsia 722Barinas Basin, Peru 908Barnett Shale, USA 813Barney Creek Formation, Australia 765,

766, 767Barreirinha Formation, South America

725, 802Barreirinhas Basin, South America 837barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) 756–7Barrow Arch, Alaska 826Barrow-Dampier Basin, Australia 874Barrow-Prudhoe oil family 826Barrow-Prudhoe oils 898Barrow Sub-basin, Australia 563, 875basement rocks 939basin and range, USA 929Baston Field, Texas 687Bata Formation, Jordan 791Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico 878,

879Baykit High, eastern Siberia 767Bazhenov Formation, western Siberia

619, 681, 736, 888Bazhenov-Neocomian(!) 755Beatrice Oil, North Sea 477, 522, 523,

525, 526, 527, 528, 561, 583, 584,794, 795, 884

Beaufort–Mackenzie Basin, Canada 580,959–60

Bedo Formation, Africa 791Be’eri Sulfur Mine, Israel 571, 572Beggiatoa 562, 715, 945Bekes Basin, Hungary 947Belait Formation, Brunei 943belemnites 740, 745Belle Fourche Formation, USA 901Belluno Trough, Italy 830, 831Belut Formation, Natuna Sea 941Bemidji, Minnesota 669Benakat Shale, Sumatra 939Benin Formation, Nigeria 949Ben Nevis Field, Newfoundland 888Ben Nevis Formation, Jeanne d’Arc Basin

686Benue Trough (Basin), Nigeria 579,

837benzene 650, 658

biodegradation 652, 654, 659benzo(a)pyrene 602benzocarbazole ratio 966benzocarbazoles 966

benzo(e)pyrene 746benzo[g,h,i]perylene 746benzohopanes 588, 798benzoic acids 702benzoperylene 602, 750benzopyrene 750benzothiophenes 485, 562, 672benzothiophenic acids 653benzoyl-CoA (benzoyl-coenzyme A)

654benzylsuccinate 654benzylsuccinic acids 702Bering Land Bridge 743Beryl Complex, North Sea 884Beta Field, California 563betulinic acid 580betulins 572, 580beyerane 490, 543–51beyerene 550bicadinane maturity index (BMI) 626

BMI-1 621, 622, 624, 627BMI-2 621, 624BMI-3 621–2, 624

bicadinanes 485, 547, 548, 549, 620, 621,622, 624, 739

bicadinanes/hopane 549bicadinane T/(bicadinane T + hopane)

549bicyclic diterpanes 541–7bicyclic sesquiterpanes 540–1, 542bicyclic terpanes 668–70BIF see Banded Iron FormationBig Horn Basin, Wyoming 815Bighorn Group, North America 805biocide 649biodegradation 535, 645–705

aerobic 658bitumen 702branched alkanes 665, 666–7coal 702anaerobic 658, 669effects on petroleum composition

658–64kerogen 702methane 656–7oil seeps 704–5parameters 664–705quasi-sequential 661, 664scale 660, 661, 672, 701, 703sterane versus hopane 685

biofilm 982biogenic CO2 664biological marker see biomarkersbiological oxygen demand (BOD) 725biomarker biodegradation scale 661–2,

664, 666, 670, 674biomarker kinetics 966

biomarker maturation index (BMAI)629–30

biomarkers (biological markers, molecularor chemical fossils) 476

age-related 490–3, 980extraterrestrial 980–2oldest indigenous 714Proterozoic rocks 765source-dependent 476taxon-specific 491

biomass 504–5, 725, 729, 730, 749, 764biomineralization 716biopolymer 517, 548bioremediation 662biosphere 647biosurfactant 646biotic see biogenicbiphenyl cyclization 975biphenyls 593, 673, 816, 817biphytane (bisphytane) 498, 504, 506,

507biphytanediol 506biphytanol 506birds 736Birdhead Formation, Australia 736Birkhead Formation, Australia 873, 874,

895bisabolene 58225,30-bisnorhopane 675, 677, 678, 680,

68928,30-bisnorhopane (BNH, 28,30-

dinorhopane) 485, 561–3, 581,611, 618–19, 678, 686, 945,960

29,30-bisnorhop-17α-hopane 562, 69124,28-bisnorlupane 581, 699bisnorlupane/hopane 58023,28-bisnorlupanes 48528,30-bisnorlupanes 580bisphytane see biphytaneBitter Springs, Australia 716, 770bitumen 477, 608bituminites 816bivalves 733Biyang Basin, China 575Blaa Mountain Group, Canada 825Black Band Unit, UK 738Black Rock Member, Falkland Islands

812Black Sea 508, 519, 594, 657black shale 770black shale facies see Green River

FormationBlack Warrior Basin, USA 809Blake Nose, DSDP Site 390, North

Atlantic 890Blanca Lila Formation, Argentina 946






Index 1135

Blankenship Member, Alaska 883Blueberry Debolt oils, Western Canada

Basin 610Blue Hill Shale, USA 901Blue Mountain Shale, Canada 788Buller Coal, New Zealand 573BNH see 28, 30-Bisnorhopane(BNH + TNH)/hopanes 618–19boat conformation 564, 569BOD see biological oxygen demandBOE see barrels of oil equivalentboghead coal 517, 597Bohai Basin, China 538, 540, 772, 926,

928, 965Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic 764bolide 764

impact 745–7, 749, 750Bolivar Coastal Fields, Venezuela 695Bombay Basin, India 741Bonaparte Gulf Basin 809Bonarelli Horizon, Europe 738Bone Spring Formation, USA 813Bonny Light oil 653Boreal Ocean 899, 901Borglum Formation, North Sea 885Borsk (Pilsk) Formation, Russia 941–2Boscan Field, Venezuela 603, 605botryals 495botryococcanes 484, 487, 490, 507,

516–18, 812, 930, 937botryococcenes 516, 517, 812Botryococcus 487, 493, 516–18, 520, 600,

721, 780, 784, 810, 812, 844, 853,895, 926, 936, 939, 945, 948

race A 496race B 812race L 519rubber 518

Boundary Creek Formation, Canada 959Bowen Basin, Australia 702brachiopods 724, 733, 747brackish 488, 489, 838Brainard Formation, USA 788branched alkane 666–7BraNobel 935Brazilian oils 856breccia 523, 527, 529, 574, 668, 830Brent Formation, North Sea 885Bridge Creek Limestone, USA 901,

903Bright Angel Shale, Arizona 771Brookian Sequence, Canada 959–60Brooks Range, Alaska 812Brora Beach, Scotland 523, 527, 529, 561,

574, 668Brora Coal, Scotland 574Browne Formation, Australia 770

Brown Limestone, Gulf of Suez 738, 915,916

Brown Shale see Pematang Brown ShaleBrunei oils 624Brushy Canyon Formation, USA 813,

814Bryophyta (mosses) 724, 725, 726, 727bryophyte see Bryophytabryozoans 720, 733BSR see bacterial sulfate reduction or

bottom-simulating reflectorBuah Formation, Oman 771, 772Buckner Anhydrite, Gulf of Mexico

877Bucomazi Formation, West Africa 575,

604, 841–2, 843, 844, 845, 853,858

Bunte Breccia, Germany 830Buracica Stage, 835Burgan Formation, Arabian Platform

867Burgan Rumaila High, Kuwait 863, 864burial history chart 751, 753butane 664butanoyloxyfucoxanthin see carotenoid

C27–C28–C29 distribution see ternarydiagram

C30 ent-isocopalane seetricyclohexaprenane

C30-sterane index 527–30C30 tetracyclic polyprenoids see

tetracyclic polyprenoidsCaballos Formation, Colombia 908Caballos Formation, South America 738Cabinda, Angola 853Cache Creek Formation, USA 733cadalene (1, 6-dimethyl-4-

isopropylnaphthalene) 582, 596,597, 624, 981

cadinanes 490, 547–9cadinene 548, 582cadinolcalamenene 981calamites see sphenopsidCalcaires en Palquettes Formation, Jura,

France 495calcite 479, 533

spurs 816Caledonian Mountains 723Cambay Basin, India 920Cambay Shale, India 920Cambrian explosion 718, 747Cambrian paleo-plate reconstruction

719Cambrian Period 719–20, 771Cambrian source rocks 774–7

camphene 981camphor 981Campins Basin, Spain 945Campos Basin, South America 835,

842–3, 846, 847, 852Candeias Field, Brazil 842Canning Basin, Australia 511Canol Shale, Canada 725canonical variable (CV) 499, 500, 569,

939Canyon Formation, USA 813Carapita Formation, Venezuela 942Caravaca, Spain 746carbocation 583carbohydrates 725carbonaceous chondrite 601, 711, 746,

750, 981carbonate

anhydrite 569clay ramp 861evaporite 555, 808oils 915

carbonate ramp intershelf system 861,862

carbonate rock 487, 499, 613, 629carbonate source rock see source rockcarbon cycle 724carbon dioxide (CO2) 919Carboniferous coals 729Carboniferous (Early) paleo-plate

reconstruction 730Carboniferous (Late) paleo-plate

reconstruction 731Carboniferous Period 730–2Carboniferous source rocks 776, 807–12carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) 510, 657, 749,

750carbonium ion see carbocationcarbon preference index (CPI) 490, 493,

641–2, 781, 783carboxylic acids 701carcinogen 602Cariaco Trench, Caribbean Sea 508, 518Carlile Shale, USA 901Carnarvon Basin, Australia 595, 597,

875Carneros oil, California 585, 616β-carotane (perhydro-β-carotene) 483,

485, 487, 521–4, 527, 593, 594,796, 817, 818, 921

carotene 483, 522, 523, 593, 594, 726carotenoid 521–4Carpathian Mountains, Europe 947Carpentaria Basin, Australia 905Carrizo Field, Peru 930, 932, 933Casablanca Field, Spain 947, 948casbene 541






1136 Index

Caspian basins 742Cassipore Basin, Brazil 847castaprenols 589catabolism 661, 670catagenesis 580, 608Catalan oil shale, Spain 945–6catalase 713Catatumbo Basin, Venezuela 907Cat Canyon Field, California 945, 946catechol 650, 652Catlin oil shale plant 931Cavone Field, Italy 824CDT (see Canyon Diablo Troilite)Ceara Basin, South America 837, 846,

847, 849cell-surface hydrophobicity 653cellulose 725, 726cembranoid diterpanes 538–40, 541,

542cembrene 541, 542Cenomanian-Turonian transgression and

oceanic anoxic event (OAE 2) 890,908, 909, 911

Central Atlantic Magmatic Province 748Central Atlantic Ocean 734, 735Central Basin Platform, USA 812Central Brooks Range, Alaska 826Central Colorado Trough, USA 810Central Graben, North Sea 884Centralian Superbasin, Australia 774Centralian Supergroup, Australia 770Central Saudi Arabian oils 631centroid clustering 480cephalopod 724, 736Cerdanya Basin, Spain 945Cerro Negro, Venezuela 668certainty of correlation 751Chacra Group, Peru 930chain elongation 655Chainman Shale, USA 732, 807chair conformation 564, 569Chaishiling Formation, China 871chalcocite 815chamaecydin 546Charales 724, 726Charco Bayo Field, Argentina 895, 896charcoal 750charge 475charophytes 724, 725–6Chattanooga Shale, USA 725, 803, 805Chaunlinggou Formation, China 714cheilanthanes see tricyclic terpanesChela Formation, Africa 841, 845chemical fossil see biomarkerchemical ionization (CI) see ionizationchemoautotroph 562chemocline 594, 749

chemometric analysis 479–82Cherokee Shale, USA 732Cherry Canyon Formation, USA 813chert 712, 716, 727, 771, 796, 909, 917Chiapas-Tabasco Basin 878Chicxulub Impact Crater, Yucatan 738,

745, 747, 883Chimney Rock Shale, Paradox Basin 810Chira Formation, Peru 930, 932Chloranthaceae 739Chlorella 777chlorite 479chlorobactane 593Chlorobactene 593Chlorobiaceae (green sulfur bacteria) 496,

593, 603, 604, 605, 606, 797, 801chlorococcalean algae 561chlorophycean algae 716, 928chlorophyll

chlorophyll a 499, 606, 726chlorophyll b 726chlorophyll c 603chlorophyll d 603, 604

Chlorophyta 561, 725chloroplast 7165α-cholestanol 5355α-cholest-5-en-3β-ol see cholesterolcholest-5-en-3β-ol 525cholesterol (5α-Cholest-5-en-3β-ol) 713Chonta Formation, Peru 561, 738, 907,

908C35 hopane index see hopaneschordate 717Chorhat Sandstone, India 718Chromatiaceae (purple sulfur bacteria)

593chromatography see gas or liquid

chromatographychromium isotope ratio 745chronostratigraphic unit 951chrysenes 479chrysophyte algae 527, 561Chuar Group, Arizona 530, 540, 576, 771cigarette smoke 602Cimmeria 735cladoxylate 728cladoxylophyte 728Clara Group, UK 720, 774Clarkia Formation, Idaho 547, 579clay 562, 629Clearfork Formation, USA 813Cleopatra 915climate 837, 841Clinograptus 722Clinograptus Shale, Europe 777cluster distance 481Cnidaria 717

coal 551, 811, 837, 870, 950, 955coalbed methane 902coal/resin source rock 499, 500coccolithophorid (coccolithophore) 526co-elution 613coenzyme Q see ubiquinoneCoetivy Island, Seychelles 873Cold Lake heavy oil, Canada 645, 667cold seep 497, 509, 510, 511Colechaetales 726Collingwood Member, Lindsey

Formation, Canada 779, 785collision-activated decomposition (CAD)

612Colorado Shale, USA 900Colpachucho Formation 801Columbus Basin, Venezuela 907Colville Basin, Alaska 812Colville Delta, Alaska 826comets 709compound-specific isotope analysis

(CSIA)correlation 476meteorites 981porphyrins 603

condensates 478Condor Oil Shale, Hillsborough Basin,

Australia 518configurational isomerization see

stereoisomerizationconformation 556, 564, 569Congo Basin, Africa 841, 935Congo Delta 850congressane see diamantaneconifers (Gymnosperms) 539, 544, 547,

551, 577, 592, 596, 597, 600, 728,729, 730, 731, 733, 736, 739

coniferophytes 578conifer resins 547conodont 744, 747contamination 599

bitumen and oil 964meteorite 602, 981–2rock 764

continental crust 709conversion factors 762Cook Inlet, Alaska 833–4Cooksonia 724, 727Cooper Basin, Australia 596, 702, 820,

821, 822, 874coorongite 517Copacabana Formation, South America

811copper 814, 816Coquinas Sequence 843coral 539cordaites see gymnosperms






Index 1137

Corg see total organic carbonCormorant Field, Australia 540Cormorant Field, UK 886Cornbrash Formation, UK 875coronene 602, 746, 750Corynebacterium 652cosmic rays 745cotyledon (seed leaf) 738CPI (see carbon preference index)cracking reactions 612Crenarchaeota 503, 505Cretaceous mass extinction see

Cretaceous–Tertiary boundaryCretaceous oceanic anoxic events 889–93Cretaceous Period 736–8Cretaceous paleo-plate reconstruction

737Cretaceous source rocks 823, 907Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary

602, 740–1, 745, 746, 747, 749,764, 883

Cretaceous-Tertiary paleo-platereconstruction 737

C-ring monoaromatic steroids seemonoaromatic steroids

crinoids 721critical moment 753, 754, 789crocetane 484, 502, 507–10, 511,

657crocetene 509crocodiles 736crustal stretching (β) 967β-cryptoxanthin see carotenoidCrytograptus Shale, Europe 723CSIA (see compound-specific isotope

analysis)C27Ts see TsC29Ts 552, 564, 565, 581, 617C29Ts/(C29 hopane + C29Ts) 617C30Ts 581, 613Cunaloo Member, Australia 875Cupressaceae 547, 550, 551, 600curcumene 981Curima Field, Brazil 846, 849Curtis Sea, Utah 834Curtisite 479Curua Group, Amazonas Basin 802cuticle 724, 725cutin 725, 727Cuu Long Basin, Vietnam 938, 939Cuyo Basin, Argentina 893cyanobacteria 494, 569, 712–14, 725, 781,

784cyanobacterial mats 493cycads 730, 733cyclicity of extinctions 747cyclization 582

cycloalkane (naphthene, cycloparaffin)650

cycloalkanoporphyrin (CAP) 604–5cyclohexane 651, 668cyclohexyl alkane 485cycloparaffin see cycloalkanecyclopentadecane 521cyclothem 731, 736p-cymene 582Cymric Field, California 646, 679, 680,

682, 683, 684Cytochrome 714Cytophaga 652

Dacrydium 550Dadas Formation, Turkey 791Daekhurin Formation see Pilenga

FormationDagong Field, China 628Damar Field, Sumatra 517Damborice Well, Czech Republic 538,

566, 586, 636, 637Dameigou Formation, China 871,

872dammar resin 548, 622Daqing Field, China 904, 905Dead Sea, Eastern Mediterranean 503,

512Dead Sea asphalt 672, 917Deadwood Sandstone, Williston Basin

789dealkylation 582Dean Formation, USA 813de-A-steroidal tricyclic terpanes 696Debolt Formation, Canada 807decarboxylation 582, 700Deccan Traps, India 748, 920Decorah Formation, USA 540, 765, 780,

781, 783Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP; later

called Ocean Drilling Program,ODP) 889, 921

Deer-Boar(.) hypothetical petroleumsystem 753, 754, 961–3

degraded aromatic diterpanes 596degradation index 909dehydration 5826,7-dehyroferruginol 546, 547dehydrogenation 582Delaware Basin, Texas 809, 810, 812,

813Delaware Mountain Group, USA 813Delle Phosphatic Member, Nevada 807delta log R 755demetallation 602demethylated D-ring aromatized 8,

14-secohopanes 693–5, 798

demethylated hopanes see 25-norhopanes,28,30-bisnorhopane, 25, 28,30-trisnorhopane

demethylated tricyclic terpanes 694,695

dendrogram, HCA 480, 481Dengying Formation, China 772Denver Basin, Colorado 478, 810deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin

(DPEP) 602deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 711, 715,

726Derdere Formation, Turkey 915des-A-triene 593des-E-hopane 55916-desmethylbotryococcane 484, 51610-desmethylhopanes see 25-norhopanesdesmethylhopanes 561desmethylsteranes 527desmethylsterolsDesulfosarcina 657Desulfosarcinales 657Desulfotomaculum 647Desulfovibrio 648deuterostomes 717Devonian–Carboniferous boundary see

Devonian–Mississppianboundary

Devonian mass extinction 743, 746Devonian-Mississippian boundary 747,

797–8, 799, 803Devonian paleo-plate reconstruction 723Devonian Period 723–5Devonian source rocks 776, 794–807Dezful Embayment, Iran 741, 855, 867,

928, 929Dhahaban Formation, Oman 526, 772,

775, 966Dhruma Formation, Saudi Arabia 860,

864Diacholestanes 537dia/(dia + regular) C-ring monoaromatic

steroids 584diadinoxanthin see carotenoiddiagenesis 580, 603, 608diahopanes (C29*–C34*) 564, 565,

69617α-diahopane/18α-30-norneohopane

(C30*/C29Ts) 563diamantane (Congressane) 700diaminopimelic acid (DAP) 720diamond anvil 649diamondoids 611

biodegradation 699diaromatic bicadinane ratios 624, 626diaromatic carotenoid 801diaromatic secobicadinane 620






1138 Index

diaromatic secobicadinane ratio (DSR)622, 623, 627

diaromatic 8(14)-secohopane 589diaromatic secotricadinane 620diaromatic tricadinane ratio (DTR-1,

DTR-2) 623, 627diaryl isoprenoids 593diasterane index see diasteranes/steranesdiasteranes (rearranged steranes) 485,

500, 662biodegradation 665, 675, 676C27 diasteranes 500C30 diasteranes 56120S/(20S + 20R) 631

diasteranes/steranes 483, 533–6, 617,630–1, 856

diasterenes 533, 535, 630diatomaceous 742, 942Diatomaceous Zone, South Caspian 932,

934diatomite 958diatoms 491, 492, 512, 513–16, 526, 538,

607, 725, 859, 917, 943dibenzo[a,h]fluorene 479dibenzofuran 816dibenzothiophenes 651, 672Dicellograptus 722Dicellograptus Shale, Scandanavia 777dicot see angiospermDicroidium 578, 733Dictyonema Shale, Estonia 777diesel 668diether lipids 497, 503–5, 506dihydro-ar-curcumene 582, 596, 670–1dihydrophytol 499Dillinger Ranch Field, Wyoming 814dimer 547dimethylalkane 493, 494dimethylbiphenyls 672, 97323,24-dimethylcholestane 48517α, 18-dimethyl-des-E-hopane 5722,6-Dimethylheptane 497dimethylnaphthalene ratio (DNR, DMN,

DBR, DPI) 625, 643–4, 671, 672,974

dimethylnaphthalenes 643, 670, 973, 9741,6-dimethylnaphthalene 596, 6241,8-dimethylnaphthalene 644

12,17-dimethyloctacosane 49713,16-dimethyloctacosane 494, 4971,7-dimethylphenanthrene (DMP) 582,

596dimethylxanthones 673Dinaric Alps, Europe 947Dingo Claystone, Australia 736, 821, 874,

875Dingo Gas Field, Australia 770

dinoflagellates 491, 526, 531, 561, 588,843, 859, 926

bloom 483, 487cysts (hystrichospheres) 491, 588, 714,

91928,30-dinorhopane (DNH) see 28,

30-bisnorhopanedinorlupanes 69724,25-dinorpentene 593dinosaurs 736, 737, 740, 744, 745dinostanol 531dinosteranes 483, 485, 490, 491, 528,

531–2, 588, 859dinosteranes/(dinosteranes +

3β-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes)787

dinosteroid 491dinosteroids/(dinosteroids +

3-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes)787

dinosterol 483, 531, 588dipentene see limonenediphenylmethane 673diphenylethane 673diploid see sporphytediploptene 509, 552diplopterol 552, 957, 960Dipterocarpaceae 547, 620, 621, 624, 942discriminant analysis 487, 983disproportionation 582diterpanes 543, 544Diyab Formation, United Arab Emirates

863, 864, 866DNA see deoxyribonucleic acidDoba Basin, Chad 837dodecane 654dodecylsuccinic acids 654Doig Formation, Canada 735, 825dolichols 498Dolni Lomna well, Czech Republic 538,

541, 566, 586, 636, 637dolomite 575, 772, 783, 788, 794, 824Domanik Basin, Russia 725Domanik Shale, Russia 798, 799–800Dong Ho, Vietnam 939Dongying Depression, China 926Dotternhausen Quarry, Germany 500,

829Douala Basin, Cameroon 502, 851Douglas Creek Formation, Uinta Basin

923DPEP see

deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrinDPEP/etio 635Drake, Colonel Edwin L. 934Draupne Shale, North Sea 736, 827, 885drepanophyte 727

drilling mud 479, 649, 671drimane 540–1, 542, 552, 597, 670Dry Piney Field, Wyoming 814Duchesne River Formation, USA 479Dukham Formation, United Arab

Emirates 863, 864Dunaliella 522Dun Caan Shale, Scotland 970Dunlin Formation, UK 885Duri Field, Sumatra 518, 519, 520, 936Duvernay Formation, Canada 725, 801,

802, 970Duwi Member, Middle East 915dysoxic see suboxic

Eagleford Formation, USA 881Eagle Mills Formation, Gulf of Mexico

877Early Proterozoic petroleum systems 764Early Toarcian anoxic event 829–30East Africian interior rift basins 853East Berlin Formation, Connecticut 616Eastern Drava Depression, Croatia 947East Greenland 810–11East Shetland Basin, UK 886East Texas Basin 880East Texas Field 881east Texas oil boom 688East-Zeit well, Gulf of Suez 915EASY%Ro 611echinoderms 717ectothermic (cold-blooded) 733Ediacara fauna 717, 718, 719, 747Ediacara Hills, Australia 716Eel River Basin, California 587, 618, 634effective source rock 608Egret Member, Rankin Formation,

Newfoundland 686, 736, 887,888–9

Egyhazaskeszo Crater, Hungary 948Eh 533, 604, 617, 630eigenvector 480

analysis see principal componentanalysis

Elko Formation, Nevada 526, 576, 929–30Elk Point Basin, Canada 796–7Ellesmerian(!) 825, 883electron

acceptor 646, 655donor (food) 646impact (EI) see ionization

Elenburger Formation, USA 813Elika Formation, Iran 861embryo 726Emeishan-Panjal Volcanics 748endosymbiotic hypothesis 715endothermic 735






Index 1139

Ene Basin, South America 812, 813Ene Formation, Peru 812, 813enhanced oil recovery 647Enteromorpha 513Enterophysalis 779Eocene–Oligocene boundary 747Eocene paleo-plate reconstruction 740eoembryophytic 727eotracheophytic 724, 727epicuticular wax 493Epiya well, Nigeria 855Equaluik oil, West Greenland 692equilibrium reactions 610Equisetum (horsetail) 728, 736Eromanga Basin, Australia 596, 820, 821,

873, 874, 895, 905Escabana Trough, Gorda Ridge, Pacific

Ocean 964Escherichia 720Espırito Santo Basin, South America 835ester decomposition 974, 975estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) 736,

738, 955Estonian oil shale 520ethane 664ether bond 504ether-bound lipids 496ether-bound methylated alkanes 496–7ethylbiphenyls 67224-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol 525ethylnaphthalene isomer ratio (ENR)

643–410-ethyl-2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane

511etioporphyrin 602ETR (extended tricyclic terpane ratio) see

tricycylic terpaneseudesmane 485, 540–1eukarya see eukaryoteeukaryote 713–6

oldest multicellular fossils 716Eumeralla Formation, Australia 904–5Euphorbiaceae 577euphotic zone see photic zoneeuphylloophytes 724Euramerica see LaurussiaEurasia 734, 735, 811Europa 716eustatic sea level rise 774eutracheophyte 724, 727euxinic 892evaporite 744, 845even-carbon preference see carbon

preference indexevents chart (timing-risk chart) 752, 754Excello Shale, USA 732exopolymer 713

exploratory data analysis (EDA) 480Exshaw Formation, Alberta 477, 725,

803–5, 808extended hopanes (see homohopanes)extended tricyclic terpane ratio (ETR) see

tricyclic terpanesextraterrestrial biomarkers 980–2Exuma Sound, Bahamas 713

Fahud Salt Basin, Oman 855, 859, 867Fairport Chalk Member, USA 901Falciferum zone 828, 829, 891Falkland Plateau, South America 837Farewell Formation, New Zealand 918farnesane 606farthest neighbor clustering 480fatty acids

C4–C14 701fermentation 498fernanes 577–8fernenes 577–8, 592, 593fernenol 577Fernie Formation, Canada 830, 832ferns 579, 724, 728, 729, 731, 733Ferrar Province, Gondwana 829ferrocenecarboxylic acid 670ferruginol 546, 547ficaprenols 589fichtelite 543–7field ionization (FI) see ionizationFilicopsida 728Filletino oil, Italy 568fingerprint 483

m/z 191 551–5m/z 239 586

First White Speckled Shale, Canada 902fish 724, 731Fish River Shale, Canada 960Fish Scales Zone, Canada 900fission tracks see apatite fission tracksflat spot 705fluid inclusions 580, 599, 650, 755, 763Flavobacterium 652flood basalt 735, 747, 748, 749, 829, 889,

891, 919, 920Florina Basin, Greece 551flowering plants see angiospermsflowers 738, 739fluorenes 702fluvial deltaic oils 549fluvial-lacustrine lithofacies 838, 844, 846Foinaven Complex, UK 574foraminifera (forams) 725, 731, 732, 921,

922, 957, 960forecasting efficiency 475, 476formation water 649Fortescue Group, Australia 714, 755

Forties Field, North Sea 884Fort Kent Thermal Project, Alberta 667Fort Worth Basin, Texas 809Frasnian–Famennian boundary 743, 748,

801free-base porphyrins 603free radical scavengers 713frequency factor 966freshwater 488, 489fritschiella 725Frontier Shale, USA 738, 901Fruitland Formation, USA 900, 902–4frustule 492fucoxanthin see carotenoidFulin Basin, China 522fullerenes 745, 746, 749, 750, 764fumarate 654–5

addition 654–5fungal hyphae 716fungus 595, 645fusulinids

Gabon Basin, Africa 835, 841, 847, 849Gadvan Formation, Khuzestan 866Galembo Member, Colombia 909Galena Group, USA 783, 788Gama well, Gulf of Suez 915gametophyte 726gamma-ray response 905gamma-ray zone, Alaska (GRZ) 826, 885,

895–8gammacerane 485, 554, 578, 591, 665,

697, 780, 801, 814, 818, 820, 885,921, 923

gammacerane index 501, 575–7gammacer-2-ene 575, 591gammacer-3β-ol see tetrahymanolGarau Formation, Lurestan 860, 865Garden Banks well, Gulf of Mexico 878,

879Garoupa Field, Brazil 843, 847gas chromatography/atomic emission

detection 670gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

see GCMSgas chromatography/mass

spectrometry/mass spectrometrysee GCMS/MS

gas hydrate 657, 749, 919, 960gas/liquid chromatography see gas

chromatographygas–oil ratio (GOR) 976gas petroleum systems 756–7gas–source rock correlation 752gastropod 737Gautier Formation, Venezuela 907GC see gas chromatography






1140 Index

GC/FID see gas chromatographyGC × GC see gas chromatographyGCMS 476GCMS/MS 476, 612, 613, 617, 626, 629,

630GDGT see gylcerol dialkyl glycerol

tetraethersGebel Zeit, Gulf of Suez 915Geiseltal lignites, Germany 547gene 717generation-accumulation efficiency

(GAE) 789, 809generation (conversion) parameters

608–9generative basins 751geochemical fossil see biomarkergeochemical log 840, 844, 846, 849, 853,

855, 872, 936, 950geochromatography 629, 964–6geographic extent 754geoporphyrin see porphyringeopressure 649–50Georgina Basin, Australia 770, 774, 777geranylgeranyl diphosphate 539, 541geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP)

550Ghaba Salt Basin, Oman 526, 771, 772Ghadames Basin, North Africa 790, 791,

798Ghakum Formation, Iran 861Ghareb Formation, Jordan 917–18Gharif Formation, Oman 772Ghawar Field, Saudi Arabia 645gibbane 550gibberellins 550Gigante Field, Colombia 913gigantopterids 572, 739gilsonite 478, 479, 522, 523, 577, 604gilsonite dikes 479ginkophyte (ginkos) 730, 733Gippsland Basin, Australia 540, 547, 551,

580, 613, 670, 672, 753, 916–17,918

GK well, South Sumatra Basin 626, 627glaciation 716, 732, 740, 744, 747–8, 768,

777glaciers 720, 731Glamo oil, Yugoslavia 568Glenwood Formation, USA 765, 783,

788global oceanic anoxic event see oceanic

anoxic eventglobal plume 770global sea level 744, 890global temperature 744global warming 748, 749, 889–93, 919Gloeocapso 779

Gloeocapsomorpha 492, 599, 721, 779–83,784, 785, 788

glossopterid 730Glossopteris 733glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers

(GDGTs) 503, 504Glyptostrobus 546, 547gnetales 739Golden Trend Field, USA 806, 808Goldwyrn Formation, Canning Basin 765Gomo Member, Candeias Formation,

Brazil 840, 841, 842Gondwana 715, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723,

730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 737,739, 747, 811, 872

GOR see gas–oil ratioGothic Shale, Paradox Basin 810Gotland, Sweden 777, 778Gotlandien Shale see Tanezzuft ShaleGotnia Basin, Middle East 855, 859, 863,

864, 865gracilicutes see Gram-negative bacteriagrahamite 478grain size 646Graminaeae (grasses) 577, 741Gram-negative bacteria 652Gram-positive bacteria 652Grand Canyon, Arizona 576Grande Coupure (Big Break) 740Graneros Shale, USA 900, 901, 902graphite 608, 712graptolites 721, 748graptolitic shale 722, 790–1grasses see graminaeaeGreat Basin, Nevada 807Greater Green River Basin, USA 921Greater Pangea 732, 733, 735, 825Greenhorn Cyclothem 900–1, 902Greenhorn Shale, USA 738, 901, 902,

903greenhouse 723, 749, 889, 891greenhouse gases 714Greenland–Scotland Ridge 740Green River(!) 926Green River Formation, USA 479, 502,

522, 523, 555, 575, 741, 921–5,927, 946, 978, 979

greenschist facies (memorphism) 764Green sulfur bacteria see ChlorobiaceaeGreen well, Iowa 783greigite 980Grenzbitumenzone Formation, Southern

Alps 824Grypania 714GRZ see gamma-ray zoneGuadalupian Series, Permian Basin 813Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California 964

Guelph-Salina Interval, Michigan Basin794

Gulf of Mexico 875–83, 899Gulf of Suez, Egypt 915, 916Gulf Stream 742Gulf of Thailand 939–41Gullfaks Field, North Sea 674Gumai Formation, South Sumatra Basin

627Gunflint Banded Iron Formation,

Ontario, Canada 714Gurpi Formation, Khuzestan 867Guttenberg Member, Decorah Formation

765, 780, 781, 783gymnosperm see conifersGymnospermopsida 578

Hadean Eon 709–11hafnium 711halite 503, 771halobacteria 483, 499halophile 647halophilic archaea 503halophilic bacteria see halobacteriaHalsea 514Haltenbanken Area, Norway 827–8Hamelin Pool, Australia 713Hamersley Group, Australia 714Hamilton Dome, Wyoming 532, 566, 814,

815Hangenberg Event 797Hanifa Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864,

865haploid see gametophyteHartford Basin, Connecticut 616, 824Hartland Shale, USA 901, 902Hassi Messaoud Field, Algeria 792Haupdolomit Formation, Northern Alps

824Haushi Sandstone, Oman 771Hawtah Well, Saudi Arabia 631HBI see highly branched isoprenoidsH/C see atomic H/CHCA see hierarchical cluster analysishead-to-head isoprenoids 484, 498Heathfield Well, Australia 906Heather Formation, North Sea 828,

885Heath Formation, USA 809Heath Formation, Peru 742, 930, 932,

933Heath-Tyler(!) 809heating rate 969, 970, 971, 975heat of formation 566Hebron Field, Newfoundland 686helium 745, 746, 749, 750Helmsdale Fault, Scotland 574






Index 1141

hematite 714hepatophyta (liverworts) 726herbaceous 733, 739, 814, 828, 845Hercynides Mountains, Europe 731Hermosa Group, USA 809–10heterosporous 728heterotroph 711hexacyclic polyprenoids 591hexadecane 656hexahydrobenzohopanes (hexacyclic

hopanoids) 485, 569, 570hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin see carotenoidHI see hydrogen indexHibernia Field, Newfoundland 887, 888,

889hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) 480higher-plant fingerprint (HPF) 597higher-plant input 594, 596, 599higher-plant input (HPI) parameter

596–7higher-plant parameter (HPP) 596–7higher plants 524, 596, 725, 728highly branched isoprenoids (HBI) 484,

512–16C25 HBI 513, 514, 515, 516, 917, 945,

958highly branched isoprenoid thiophenes

(HBIT) 515highly radioactive zone (HRZ) see

gamma-ray zonehigh-performance liquid chromatography

(HPLC) 605highstand systems tract (HST) 481, 482,

484, 862, 909, 910, 953, 955, 956high-temperature gas chromatography/

electron-impact massspectrometry (HTGC/EIMS)603

high-temperature gaschromatography/field ionizationmass spectrometry(HTGC/FIMS) 603

Himalayan Mountains 742, 743Himalayan orogenic collision 868Hoggar Mountains, Algeria 834Hollin Formation, Colombia 908hominid 742Homo 743homodrimane 542, 670homohopanes see hopaneshomohopanoic acids 568homolog 476homologous series see homologhomolytic scission 632C(14a)-homo-26-Nor-17a-hopanes 692homopregnane 485, 674, 676Hongyanchi Formation, China 818, 820

hopane isomerization [22S/(22S + 22R)]613–14, 626, 627, 635, 683, 684,966, 967, 968, 970

hopanes 552, 566, 567, 570, 572, 573, 581,613, 662, 692, 797, 927

biodegradation 665, 681, 682, 683C27 hopane II see TsC29/C30 571C30 hopane 621, 663, 666C31/C30 hopane 559, 569C35 hopanes 485, 814C35 homohopane index (C35 hopane

index) 500, 573, 574, 684, 781, 952C35S/C34S 571distributions 566, 568, 615, 687, 69117α,21α(H)-hopanes (αα-hopanes)

552, 55317α,21β(H)-hopanes (αα-hopanes)

555, 61417β,21α(H)-hopanes (βα-hopanes) see

moretanes17β,21β(H)-hopanes (ββ-hopanes)

614, 68822S and 22R 565, 613stability 614

C-10 hopanoic (hopanoid) acids 678, 689hopanoic (hopanoid) acids 688, 702, 703hop-17(21)-enes 614hopenes 830�2-hopenepolyol 571Horneiophyton 727Horn Valley Siltstone, Australia 779, 783hornworts see Anthocerophytahorses 741horsetail see Equisetumhot shale 790, 791HPLC see high-performance liquid

chromatographyHuab Formation, South Africa 812Hue Shale, Alaska 825, 826, 896–8Hue-Thompson(!) 896Humble, Texas 688huminite 953hump see unresolved complex mixtureHuqf Formation, Oman 530, 771–2, 7732-hydroarchaeol 511hydrocarbon activation 654hydrocarbon machine 751hydrogen exchange 630hydrogen index (HI) 567hydrogen index vs. oxygen index see van

Krevelen diagram, modifiedhydrogen iodide (HI) 504, 506hydrogen peroxide 713hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 604, 646, 649, 815hydrolysis

alkaline 539

hydrothermal silicification 755hydrothermal vent 711hydrous pyrolysis 615, 630, 966, 969, 970,

971, 975, 976, 977, 978, 979hydroxyarcheols 510hydroxyl radicals 713hydroxytriterpenoids 547hypercarnia 748hypersaline 489, 499, 501, 503, 512, 575,

576, 615, 628, 629, 808, 810, 812,814, 817, 820, 845, 850, 917, 923

source rock 616, 641, 923hyperthermophile 648hyperthermophilic archaea 649hypothetical(.) 752hystrichospheres see dinoflagellate cysts

Iabe-Landana Source Rock, Angola 850,853, 854, 936

Iapetus Ocean 719, 721, 722, 774Ice Age 720, 748Icebox Member, Williston Basin 765ichnofossil see trace fossilIcypachi Member, Peru 825ichthyosaurs 737, 740Ichtyol Shales, Swiss Alps 824Illinois Basin, USA 788–9, 798Illizi Basin, North Africa 798illite 533immature 608Imperial Shale, Canada 725independent petroliferous systems 751India 737, 740influx of sediment, water 837–8inner ramp 861Inoceramus Shale, South America 738insects 724, 731, 733, 737Interior Basin, Gabon 898Internal Zone, Betic Cordillera, Spain

957intershelf basins 861Ionian Basin, Greece 830, 831ionization

chemical ionization (CI) 587, 603field ionization (FI) 587

ionizing chamber see sourceiosene see phyllocladaneIquiri Formation, Bolivia 801Irati Formation, Brazil 812, 819–20Iremeken Formation, eastern Siberia 768,

769iridium 745, 746, 750Irkutsk region, eastern Sibera 767iron–nickel sulfides 711iron-reducing bacteria 654, 655isoalkane 493, 650isoarborinol 577, 592, 593






1142 Index

isoarborinone 575isocadalene (1,6-3-isopropylnaphthalene)

623, 624isocadalene/(isocadalene + cadalene)

623–4, 626, 627isochamaecydin 546isodihydro-ar-curcumene 670–1isoheptane ratio see K1

isohexyl alkylaromatics 599–600, 601, 602isomerization 582, 612isoparaffin see isoalkaneisopentadecane (2-methylpentadecane)

497isopimarane 543, 544, 545, 547isoprenoid/n-alkane ratio 641isoprenoids 764, 816

acyclic 506–7, 517, 665acyclic (>C20) 498–9C13–C20 regular 502C21+ regular 503C25 regular 508

3-isopropylalkanes 49624-isopropylcholestanes 490, 491, 530,

749, 77124-isopropylcholestanes/n-

propylcholestanes 7876-isopropyl-1-isohexyl-2-

methylnaphthalene (ip-iHMN)596, 597

isorenieratane 485, 523, 591, 593–413C-rich 593, 903

isorenieratene 485, 593, 595, 901, 903Isthmus of Panama 742Isua, Greenland 712Izhara Formation, Qatar 860, 863

Jamison Formation 766Japan Trench, Pacific Ocean 519Jatoba Basin, South America 834Jeanne d-Arc Basin, Canada 617, 685–6,

887, 888Jenam Formation, Bangladesh 920Jet Rock, Yorkshire, UK 830, 892Jianghan Basin, China 531, 946Jilh Formation, Abu Dhabi 861Jingjingzigou (Jingingzigou,

Zingjingzigou) Formation, China817, 818, 819, 820, 946

Jiquia Stage 835Jubaila Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864Junggar (Zhungeer) Basin, China 522,

674, 695, 696, 732, 817, 819, 820,870, 871, 946

Jura-Bresse Basin, Europe 735Jurassic-Cretaceous highstand 774Jurassic (Early) paleo-plate

reconstruction 734

Jurassic (Late) paleo-plate reconstruction735

Jurassic Period 735–6Jurassic source rocks 823Jusepin Field, Maturin Basin, Venezuela

696

K1 (Mango parameter) 667Kaapvaal Craton, Australia 712, 763–4Kaimiro Formation, New Zealand 919Kalavryta Basin, GreeceKalol Formation, India 920Kalubik well, Alaska 883Kamovsk Arch, Eastern Siberia 767Kant-LaPlace hypothesis see accretion

disk hypothesisKap Stewart Formation, Greenland 828Kapuni coals, New Zealand 918–19Karababa Formation, Turkey 915Karabogaz Formation, Turkey 915Karalian shungite, Russia 764Karamay Black Hill Field, China 819Karamay Field, China 817, 818Karoo Basin, South Africa 812Karoo-Ferra basalts 748, 919Karoo Formation, South Africa and

Madagascar 763, 830Karoo Province, Gondwana 829Karun Field, Iran 929Kashaf Formation 861Katia well, Italy 568, 976, 977Kattegat, Denmark/Sweden 509kaurane 490, 543–51, 820kaurene 550Kaveakak Field, Alaska 883Kavearak Point Field, Alaska 883Kavearak Well, Milne Field, Alaska 557Kawaruppu, Hokkaido, Japan 750Kazakhstania 723Kazhdumi Formation, Khuzestan 738,

859, 860, 867, 868Keel Field, Michigan Basin 786Keg River Formation, Canada 796–7, 798Kelamayi Field, China 522, 695, 696kerogen assemblage A and B see

assemblage A or Bkerogen 499, 500, 502, 539, 608, 713, 749,

764, 777, 819, 972see also type I, II, IIS, II/III, III,

IVKhazdumi Formation see Kazhdumi

FormationKhmer Trough, Gulf of Thailand 941Khuzestan, Iran 855, 859, 863, 928Khuzestan Basin see Dezful EmbaymentKimberlella 718Kimmeridge Bay Field, UK 875

Kimmeridge Clay (Kimmeridge)Formation, North Sea 496, 525,527, 583, 619, 736, 827, 884–8,889

Bitumen extracts 526, 528, 562, 584,588, 594, 611, 619

Oil 611Kimmeridgian transgressive shales 884–9kinetic fractionation 977kinetic model for biomarker maturation

972kinetic parameters 845, 966Kingak-Blankenship Interval, Alaska 826,

883–4, 898Kingak Formation, Alaska 557, 825, 826,

883, 885, 896, 897Kiowa-Skull Creek cyclothem 900Kisalfold Basin, Hungary 947Kishenehn Formation, North America

579, 930, 934Kissenda Formation, Gabon 844, 848,

898–9K-nearest neighbor (KNN) 482, 955KNN see K-nearest neighborknown(!) 752Knox Dolomite, USA 788KOH see potassium hydroxideKorea Bay Basin, Yellow Sea 635Kossen Marl Formation, Hungary 947Koviktinskoye Field, Eastern Siberia 767Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle 606Kreyenhagen Formation, California

water 701Krishna-Goodavari Basin, India 741Kugmallit Sequence, Canada 960kukersite 765, 779, 783–4Kuma Formation, South Caspian 932Kuna-Lisburne Interval, Alaska 812Kuparuk Field, Alaska 826, 883Kupferschiefer Formation, Germany 501,

566, 577, 593, 605, 733, 811,814–17

Kurra Chine Formation, Iran 861Kutei Basin, Kalimantan 742, 950, 953Kwagunt Formation, Utah 771Kwanza Basin, Angola 835, 841,

854Kyalla Member, Australia 766

LaClede Bed (Lower Laney Member),Wyoming 923, 924

labdane 543, 544, 550, 600labyrinthodont see amphibianlacustrine 487, 521, 560, 577, 837–45

oils 561, 578, 856, 904Laffan Formation, Southern Gulf Basin

860, 867






Index 1143

Lagoa Feia Formation, Brazil 842–3, 846,847, 853

Lahat (Lemat) Formation, Sumatra 939Lake Gosiute, USA 921Lake Nyos, Cameroon 748lakes 487Lake Songliao, China 528Lake Thetis, Australia 720Lake Turkana, Kenya 853Lake Uinta, USA 921Lake Valencia, Venezuela 577Lake Vostok, Antarctica 716Lakhanda Group, Siberia 716Lalla Rookh Formation, Australia 755La Luna Formation, Venezuela 529, 549,

643, 738, 907–11, 942La Luna-Misoa(!) 909–11lamalginite 864Lameignere Quarry, Orthez, France 590laminae 713lamination 488Landana Formation see Iabe-Landana

source rockland plants 578, 721, 723, 724, 725–30lanosterol 14α-demethylase 714Laramide Uplift 921Late Ashgill event see Ashgill mass

extinctionLate Paleocene thermal maximum 919Late Proterozoic (Neoproterozoic)

petroleum systems 768–72Late Proterozoic paleo-plate

reconstruction 715latex 547laticifers 547Latrobe Formation, Australia 738,

916–17, 918Laurasia 735Laurentia 715, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723,

725, 730Laurineae 739Laurussia 723, 730Lava Basin, Greece 551leaching see solubilizationlead ore 825leaves see megaphyllaLeduc Reef, Canada 801legumes 726Leigh Creek Coalfield, Australia 578Lemmaphyllum 579lemurs 741Leonard Shale, USA 733, 813Leonard-Wolfcamp units, USA 812, 813Lepidodendron 579, 729lexane 523Leyte oil, Philippines 622LiAlH4 see lithium aluminum hydride

Liaohoe Basin, China 634Liaoning Province, China 739Lias Shale, Europe 968Libros Basin, Spain 945lichens 726light hydrocarbons

C2–C6 664light oils 478lignin 725, 727lignite 547, 613, 926limestone 495limnic (lacustrine) coal 551limonene 582limonite 479Lincoln Shale, USA 901, 902Lindsey Formation, Canada 785Linyi Basin, China 616, 968lipids 725Locker Shale, Australia 821–2, 875liquid chromatography/mass

spectrometry (LCMS) 603lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) 504,

506lithology 646Little Plains Basin, Hungary 947littoral facies 924liverwort see non-vascular plantLlanos Basin, South America 907loadings plot 482Lodgepole Formation, USA 803, 804Logbaba Gas Field, Cameroon 851Loma Chimico Shale, Costa Rica 516,

917, 919Loma Montosa Formation, Argentina 894Lombardy Basin, Italy 831Lorca Basin, Spain 957–8Los Angeles Basin, California 563Los Molles Formation, Argentina 893Los Monos Shale, South America 796Louanne Salt, Gulf of Mexico 735, 877Loufika outcrop, Congo 675, 691Louise well, Mahakam Delta 950, 953Lower Congo Basin, West Africa 841,

850Lower Kittanning coal, USA 970Lower Magdalena Basin, Colombia 907lowstand systems tract 481, 482, 574, 749,

862, 909, 953, 955, 956Lubna well, Czech Republic 538, 541,

566, 586, 636, 637Lucaogou Formation, China 817, 818,

820Lucina Formation, Gabon 898Luman Tongue, Washakie Basin 921, 923,

924lupane 574, 575, 580, 581, 582, 697, 960lupanoid ketones 697

lup-20(29)-ene 580lupeol 580lurestan, Iran 855, 859, 863, 865, 928lutein see carotenoidlycopadiene 517, 520Lycopodium (club moss) 579lycopa-14(E), 18(E)-diene see

lycopadienelycopane 498, 507, 518–20, 524lycopene 519, 520, 524lycophyte (club mosses) see lycopsidslycopsids (lycopsida) 724, 727, 728, 729,

731, 733, 811

Maceio Formation, Brazil 846Machareti Formation, South America 796Mackenzie Delta, Canada 580, 742Mackenzie Mountains, Canada 716Mackeral Field, Australia 918Macrocyclic alkanes 485, 520–1Macroseeps 704Madbi Formation, Yemen 863Madison Group, USA 805Madre de Dios Basin, Bolivia 801, 811,

813Madrin Formation, east Siberia 768Mae Sot Basin, Thailand 959Magwa Field, Kuwait 863, 864magnetite 980, 981magnoliidae 739Mahakam Delta, Borneo 481, 482, 613,

942, 953, 955Mahogany Member see Green River

FormationMajaer Depression, China 785Makassar Slope, Kalimantan 481, 482,

953malabaricatrienes 556Malay-Tho Chu Basin, Vietnam 938, 939maleimides 485, 605–6Malembo Formation, West Africa 853,

935, 936Malm carbonates, Bavaria 501, 518Malongo West Field, Congo Basin 843Malossa Field, Italy 824MA(I)/MA(I + II) see monoaromatic

steroidsmammals 736, 737, 741Mancos Shale, USA 901Mandal Formation, North Sea 885Mandan, North Dakota 668Mangahewa Formation, New Zealand 919manganese 655Manicouagan impact crater, Quebec 746,

747Maniguin Island, Visayan Sea,

Philippines 518, 519






1144 Index

Manilla Embayment, Gulf of Mexico 877Mannville-Grosmont reservoirs, Alberta,

Canada 477Maoming Shale, China 516, 518, 519,

926Maqna Formation, Red Sea Basin 946Maquoketa Shale, USA 779, 788–9Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela 907, 911Maranon Basin, South America 811, 812,

813, 907, 908Marathon Orogeny 809Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela 489Maranon Basin, Peru 667, 825Mara well, Canada 685, 686Marco Polo 934Mardin Group, Turkey 915marine coal 551marine oils 561, 856marine organic matter 524, 527marine reptiles 736, 740, 744, 745Marmoul Field, Oman 771, 773Marraat oil, west Greenland 581, 582Marrat Formation, Saudi Arabia 860, 864Mars 716, 980Marrat Shale, Oman 736marsupial see mammalMartian bacteria 602, 980Marun Field, United Arab Emirates 867,

868mass extinction 559, 721, 724, 733, 737,

743–9, 797, 801, 919MA-steroid see monoaromatic steroidsmature 608Maturin Basin, Venezuela 696, 907, 942Mattoon Formation, Illinois 551Maui Field, New Zealand 544, 547, 919Mauritanide Mountains, North America

731maximum flooding surface (MFS) 790,

831, 894, 908, 909, 956Maykop Series, South Caspian 931–5Mazalij well, Saudi Arabia 631McArthur Basin, Australia 719, 765,

767McArthur Group, Australia 765–6, 767McArthur River well, Cook Inlet 834McKittrick Field, California 616McMinn Formation, Australia 765, 766,

767Meade Peak Member, USA 733, 814Meganeura 731megaphylla (true leaves) 728Melania Formation, Gabon 844, 848,

898–9Melke Formation, Norway 828meiosis 726Mereenie Field, Australia 783

Meren well, Niger Delta 951Meride Limestones, Italy 822mesohaline 501, 824Mesoproterozic petroleum systems see

Middle Proterozoic petroleumsystems

Mesostigma 725Mesozoic source rocks 820–918Mesozoic source rocks, Arabian Platform

823, 855–68jurassic 862–4Lower Cretaceous 865–7Middle Cretaceous 867Upper Cretaceous 867–8

Mesozoic source rocks, Gulf of Mexico876

Mesozoic source rocks, South Atlanticmargins 834–48, 858, 908

lacustrine 837–45, 849marine carbonates 847marine shales 852transitional carbonates 845–7

Messel Shale, Germany 494, 496, 497,504, 518, 577, 589, 590, 591, 593,603, 605, 635, 926–8

metalloporphyrin see porphyrinmetastable reaction monitoring see

MRM/GCMSmetaxylene see xylenemetazoa 713, 718, 720methane 714, 763

biodegradation 656–7, 664hydrate 829, 892, 919, 960–1methane monooxygenase 656

methane-oxidizing bacteria 572methanogen 498, 503, 509, 512, 656methanogenic archaea 507, 508, 509methanogenic bacteria see methanogenmethanogenic biomass 504–5Methanosarcina 508Methanosarcinales 657methanotroph 656, 688, 960methanotrophic archaea 509methanotrophic bacteria 571methyladamantane/adamantane 700methyladamantane/nC11 700methylalkanes 764methylbicadinanes 549, 621, 622methylbiphenyls 672methylcyclopentadecane 521methyldiamantanes 700methyldibenzothiophenes 672methyldiphenylmethanes 6722-methyldocosane 484methylfluorenes 702, 9732α-methylhopane index 571, 781methylhopanes 569–71, 781

2-methylhopanes 485, 494, 5712α-methylhopanes 569, 7143-methylhopanes 569, 5713β-methylhopanes 485, 571methylnaphthalenes 643, 670methylnaphthalene isomer ratios (MNR)

643–4Methylococcus 531, 571methylphenanthrene index (MPI-1)

642–3MPI-1 vs. Ro 642

methylphenanthrene ratio (PP-1) 974methylphenanthrenes 582, 596, 642, 643,

672, 973, 974methylsteranes 534, 6742α-methylsteranes 7634-methylsteranes 485, 487, 528, 530–2,

533, 5614-methylsterols 531, 927methylthioacetate 7114α-methyltriaromatic steroid 591methyltrimethyltridecylchroman

(MTTC) 500–1methylxanthones 673Metula 695Mexia-Talco Fault Zone, Texas 877Miandoum Field, Chad 542Michigan Basin, USA 794, 803,

975microbial gas 509microbial mat 494

see also cyanobacterial matmicrofossils 712, 713, 714, 764, 765microphylla (spines) 727microseeps 704microsphere 711microtektites 746microtubules 726Mid-Atlantic Ridge 647mid-chain monomethylalkanes

(X-compounds) 484, 493, 767,771, 772

Mid-Cretaceous anoxic event 749Middle Green River Formation, Uinta

Basin 923Middle Magdalena Basin, Colombia 549,

907, 908, 909Middle Proterozoic (Mesoproterozoic)

petroleum systems 764–8Midland Basin, USA 812, 813mid-ramp 861Midway Formation, Gulf of Mexico 882migrated oil 477Migration 616, 629

distance 966Mikkelsen Bay State well, Alaska 898Milankovitch 824






Index 1145

Miller–Urey experiment 711Milligans Formation, Bonaparte Gulf

Basin 809Milne Point Field, Alaska 883Minagish Formation, Gotnia Basin 860,

866Minas Field, Sumatra 517, 518, 519, 520,

936, 937Minnelusa Shale, USA 811Miocene paleo-plate reconstruction 741Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Period see

carboniferous periodMississippi Canyon Well, Gulf of Mexico

881mitosis 726mixed oils 561, 685MNR see methylnaphthalene ratioMoho see Mohorovicic discontinuityM-2 oil, Danish North Sea 553Mokattam Shale see Tanezzuft ShaleMolasse Basin, Europe 699molecular clock 717molecular dynamics (MD) 966molecular fossil see biological markermolecular mechanics 556, 557, 565, 617,

629, 684, 695molybdate 654monazite 755monoaromatic hopanoid parameter 634–5monoaromatic polyprenoids 589–91monoaromatic steroids (MA-steroids)

583, 584, 585, 631, 632MA(I)/MA(I C II) 632–3[TA/(MA C TA)] see steroid

aromatizationmonocot see angiospermmonoethylalkane 900monomethylalkane 493, 494–6, 767, 900monooxygenases 650, 651, 652, 653monotreme see mammalMonte Prena, Italy 976, 977Monterey Formation, California 505,

519, 540, 562, 568, 609, 615, 618,679, 742, 944, 945

bacterial mats 562biogenic silica 944lithofacies 563oils 475, 559, 562, 568, 603, 619, 628,

641, 646, 680, 706, 707, 708, 946,977, 978

Phosphatic Member 971, 978, 979Siliceous Member 971, 978water 701

montmorillonite 533, 535, 965Montney Formation, Canada 825Moravia, Czech Republic 538, 587Moraxella 705

Moray Firth, UK 477, 523, 884, 885Moreno Formation, California 509moretanes 552, 614, 616, 621

22S/(22S C 22R) 614moretanes/hopanes 614–15

mosasaurs 740Moschopotamos Basin, Greece 551Mosquito Creek Formation, Australia 755Moura coals, Australia 702–4Mount Cap Formation, Canada 780Mount Holland Shale, UK 738Mowry Shale, USA 738, 900, 901MPI see methylphenanthrene indexMRM/GCMS 476, 528, 530, 612Msimbati, Tanzania 688MTTC see

methyltrimethyltridecylchromanmud volcano 497, 933Mukluk well, Alaska 475Mulhouse Basin, Alsace, France 604,

605Multidimensional chromatography see

gas chromatographymultiple ion detection (MID) see selected

ion monitoringmultivariate statistics 479Murchison meteorite 602, 981murein 720Muribeca Formation, Brazil 846Murta Formation, Australia 874, 895Murzuq Basin, Libya 791Muskeg Member, Keg River Formation,

Canada 796Myanmar oils 622Mycobacterium 652m/z 191 see terpanesm/z 217 see steranes

Nahr Umr Formation, Arabia 738Nahrum Shale, Arabia 738Najmah Formation, Kuwait 860, 863,

864, 866Nam Con Son 938, 939naphthalenes 651, 652, 672, 817naphthene see cycloalkanenaphthenic acids 701naphthenoaromatic

acids 701Naples Beach, California 562Napo Formation, South America 738,

907, 911, 912nappe 742Narragansett Bay, Rhode IslandNarrows Gaben, Queensland, Australia

928Narryer Gneiss, Australia 711NaSCH3 see sodium methane thiolate

Natih Formation, Oman 860, 861, 862,867, 870

National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska(NPRA) 883, 896

Natuna Sea rift basins 939–41Navay Formation, South America 907,

908nC29 alkane 750nearest neighbor clustering 480negative correlation 477Neiber Dome, Wyoming 585Nemcicky well, Czech Republic 538Nematothallus 726Nemesis 747Neogene Period 741–218-neohopane

C27 see TsC29 see C29TsC30 see C30Ts

Neoproterozoic Eon 715–19, 771Neoproterozoic petroleum sytems see

Late Proterozoic petroleumsystems

neoxanthin see carotenoidNesson Anticline, Williston Basin 806Neuquen Basin, Argentina 893, 894–5,

896neurotoxin 919New Idria, California 479New Albany-Chesterian(!) 798New Albany Shale, USA 609, 636, 725,

798Newark Basin, North America 968Newark Supergroup, North America 824Newporte impact crater, Williston Basin

789Niagaran pinnacle-reefs, Michigan Basin

794nickel 663nickel ion 604nickel sulfide 604Niger Delta, Nigeria 573, 618, 742, 837,

851, 875, 949, 951, 952Niland Tongue, Wasatch Formation 921,

924Niobrara cyclothem, USA 901Niobrara Formation, USA 901, 903nitrate

-reducing anaerobes 653-reducing bacteria 654

nitrogen 641, 663fixation 726

Niuzhuang South Slope, China 965Nkalagu Formation, Gabon 738N’Komi Rift, Gabon 898Nobel family 935Nobel Prize 935






1146 Index

Nocardia 652, 653Nocardioides 681nomenclature (structural)

terpanes 695Nonesuch Shale, Michigan 610, 766non-marine oil 528non-vascular land plant see Bryophytanorcholestanes 538, 540

biodegradation 67421/(21 + 27) norcholestane ratio 631C24/(C24 + C27)21-norcholestanes 53924-norcholestanes 490, 492, 537–8, 85927-norcholestanes 560

Nordegg Formation, Canada 477, 832–324-nordiacholestane ratio [24/(24 + 27)]

541, 78724-nordiacholestanes 490, 491, 492,

537–827-nordiacholestanes 560Nordlinger Ries crater, Germany 539, 83025-norhomohopane 20S 574, 675, 697norhopanes

α,β-norhopane 555, 662β,α-norhopane 689norhopane (C29 norhopane) 485, 675,

80015-norhopane ratio 684–525-norhopanes (10-desmethylhopanes)

674, 675–85, 692, 70525, 28-norhopanes 69228-norhopanes 689, 69230-norhopane/hopane 56930-norhopanes 570, 571, 676, 680, 690

norisopimarane 543, 544norkaurane 54324-norlupane 580, 699norlupanes 69718α-30-norneohopane see C29Tsnormal alkane (n-Alkane, n-Paraffin) 484,

493, 650, 668, 725, 750, 816biodegradation 651, 653, 654, 659,

664–5envelope 641, 659, 667, 669

Norphlet Formation, Gulf of Mexico 877norphyllocladane 54317-nortetracyclic diterpane 550North Caspian Basin see Pricaspian BasinNorth Equatorial Current 742Northern Arabian Basin 855Northern Permian Basin 814North Falkland Basin, South America

834, 841North Pacific Gyre 519North Pole 712North Sea

oils 619

North Slope, Alaska 477, 827, 883, 897Norwegian-Danish Basin 885Northwest Peciko Well, Mahakam Delta

952, 95325-nor-triene 593novaculite 798, 806NPRA see National Petroleum Reserve in

AlaskaNSO compounds (resins) 477, 479, 658Nubian Plate 861Nubian Shelf 867Nubian Shield 855, 861nucleotide 711nutrients 646Nyalau Formation, Sarawak 942nymphaeales (water lilies) 739

OAE see oceanic anoxic eventOcal Section, Upper Magdalena Valley

910oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 505, 719, 829,

889–93, 908, 919Oceanic oil, California 616octadecahydro-isorenieratene 594odd-carbon preference see carbon

preference indexodd-to-even predominance (OEP) 493,

635, 641–2, 783OEP see odd-to-even predominanceOfficer Basin, Australia 770, 780Oficina Basin 942Oil City Field, California 509oil–oil correlation 477–9, 482, 976–9oil sample see sample quality, selection,

storageOil Shale Member, Dead Sea Graben 917oil shales 945–6, 958oil–source rock correlation 475–7, 752,

754, 976–9oil spills

biodegradation 662oil-to-oil correlation see oil–oil correlation

oil-to-source rock correlation seeoil–source rock correlation

oil window (oil-generative window) 608,612

oil–water contact (OWC) 646oil–water partitioning 966okenone 593Oklahoma Basin, USA 809oldest free-flowing oil 710, 766oldest giant oil field 710oldest oil 710Old Red continent see LaurussiaOld Red Sandstone, Scotland 794–618α/(18α + 18β)-oleananes 617–18

oleanane 485, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492,529, 538, 547, 554, 573, 580, 600,621, 665, 675, 684, 696, 697, 698,699, 725, 730, 739, 947

oleanane/hopane see oleanane indexoleanane index [(Oleanane/(Oleanane +

Hopane)] 527, 541, 549, 572–5,617–18

18α-olean-12-ene 697, 699olean-12-ene 697, 699oleanenes 618olefin 964olefinic biomarkers 698olnellids 747Olpad Formation, India 920Oman Salt Basin 771, 859onoceranes 579–80, 930Ontong-Java Plateau basalts, Pacific

Ocean 919Onverwacht Group, South Africa 712,

713Ooraminna well, Australia 770Oort Cloud 745, 747optical activity 589optical rotation 593Oquirrh Basin, Nevada 807Ora Field, Libya 914Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico 875Orcadian Basin, Scotland 794, 983Ordovician mass extinction 743Ordovician paleo-plate reconstruction

721Ordovician Period 721–2Ordovician–Silurian boundary 746Ordovician source rocks 776, 777–90,

983organic acids 700–2organic carbon see total organic carbonorganic matter

depositional environment 487lacustrine 489, 560marine 489, 524, 527marine versus lacustrine 569marine versus terrigenous 488–90,

527mineralogy 487non-marine 524terrigenous 489, 524, 580type 487

organic productivity see productivityorganophosphorus insecticides 645Orgueil meteorite see carbonaceous

chondriteOriente Basin, South America 813, 907,

908, 911, 912Orinoco Heavy Oil (Tar) Belt, Venezuela

645, 658, 942






Index 1147

ortho-substituted cyclization reacations973

orthoxylene see xyleneOseberg Field oil, Norwegian North Sea

692, 693osmium isotope ratio 745ostracodes 591Ostracode Zone, Alberta 591Otuk Formation 825, 883Otway Basin, Australia 904–5, 906Ouachita (Marathon) Mountains, USA

731, 779Ouachita orogeny 809Ouldburra Formation, Australia 780outer ramp 861overburden 754overfilled lake 817, 818, 837, 838, 840,

844, 845, 846, 921overmature see postmatureoverpressure 479, 953Overthrust Belt, Wyoming 616Oxford Clay, UK 874–5oxic 499, 567oxic–anoxic interface 562oxidation 816, 817β-oxidation 650, 655oxidative degradation 817oxidation–reduction reaction see redoxoxygen

free 713–15, 716, 747oxygen isotopes 922oxygen-minimum zone 790, 950oxygen-producing cyanobacteria 569

Pabdeh Formation, Iran 741, 928–9Pachuta Creek Field, Alabama 877Pacific Ocean 735, 737PAH see polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbonsPAL see Present atmospheric levelPalegreda Formation, Peru 930Paleocene–Eocene boundary 740paleoclimate 597Paleogene Period 740–1paleoheat flow 969paleolatitude 524Paleozoic Eon 771, 776Palm Valley gas field, Australia 783Palo Duro Basin, Texas 809Panca well, Mahakam Delta 953, 955Pando well, Bolivia 811Pangea 731, 732, 734, 736, 740, 749, 824Pannonian Basin, Europe 947–9Pannotia 715, 719Panthalassa 732Panthalassic Ocean 715, 719, 721, 722,

730, 731, 732, 734, 735

Parachute Creek Member 923Paradox Basin, USA 809–10paraffin, normal see Alkaneparaffin dirt 687–9n-paraffins see alkaneParalic Basin, Europe 811Paralic marine shale source rock 499,

500Para-Maranhao Basin, Brazil 847Parana basalts, South America 748Parana Basin, South America 812,

819–20parasequence 925paraxylene see xylenePardonet Formation, Canada 825Parka 726Pasco Field, Australia 875Pasenhor 915Patchawarra Formation, Australia 820Pattani Basin, Gulf of Thailand 940Pavlova 531PCA see principal component analysisPeace River heavy oil, Canada 645Pearl River Mouth Basin, China 741Pearsall Group, East Texas 880peat 811pebble–GRZ–Torok Interval, Alaska 826,

883, 895–898pebble shale unit, Alaska 738, 826,

897Pediastrum 853Peedee Belemnite see PBDPelycosaurs 733Pematang Brown Shale, Sumatra 518,

741, 935–39Pennsylvanian coals, Southern Gas Basin

811Pennsylvanian lacustrine rocks, East

Greenland 810–811Pennsylvanian-Permian Shales, North

America 809pentacyclic terpanes 662pentacyclic triterpenoids 552pentane 6642,6,10,15,19-pentamethylicosane

(PMI) 484, 498, 505, 507–10, 511,512

pentakishomohopane 680pepidoglycan see mureinperhydro-β-carotane see β-carotaneperidinin see carotenoidPerintis well, Mahakam Delta 953, 956periodic extinction 747permeability 646Permian coals 702Permian Basin, USA 806, 812, 813Permian extinction 743, 749

Permian paleo-place reconstruction 732Permian Period 732–3Permian source rocks 776, 812–20Permian–Triassic boundary 746, 749,

764Pertatatak Formation, Australia 770Perth Basin, Australia 511, 548Pertica 728perylene 594–6Petapahan Field, Sumatra 517Peterborough Member, UK 874petroleum 608

system namesystem processesvolumes (production and reserves) 755

petroleum systems 752, 756–7folio sheet 753, 754modeling see thermal modelingnomenclature 751–5non-US 762, 763

pH 533, 604, 617, 649Phacoides oil, California 616Phaeophyta 726Phanerozoic Era 719–50Phanerozoic petroleum systems 774–961phenanthrene parameter (PP-1 and

PP-1modified) 643phenanthrenes 643, 651, 670, 672, 817phenolic hydrocarbons 650phenylalkanes (linear alkylbenzenes) 598,

599, 600Phoenix well, Alaska 826Phosphatic Member see Monterey

FormationPhosphoria Formation, USA 628, 649,

686, 700, 733, 749, 814, 815, 972photic zone

anoxia 593, 901photoinhibition 522photosynthesis 713

anoxygenicoxygenic 714

photosynthetic bacteria 576photosystems I and II 713phthalic acids 817phyllocladane 485, 490, 543–51, 600, 820phytane (Ph) 499, 507–8, 543, 591, 657,

666, 668, 981phytane/nC18 502, 641, 666, 674phytanic acid 701phytenic acid 499phytol 499phytyl side chain 499Piceance Creek Basin, USA 479picene 479Piedra Redonda well, Peru 932Pierre Shale, USA 902






1148 Index

Pilbara Craton, Australia 530, 712, 714,755–63

Pilenga Formation, Russia 941–2Pilsk Formation see Borsk Formationpimarane 543, 544, 545, 550, 600pimaric acid 546Pimenteriras Formation, South America

725Pimienta Formation, Gulf of Mexico 878Pimienta-Tamabra(!) 878Pinaceae 551Pinda Formation, Angola 853, 935Pindinga Formation, Nigeria 579Pinnacle reefs, Western Canada Basin 475Pipeline Shale, USA 813Piper oil, North Sea 525, 526, 527, 528,

562, 583, 584, 611, 619piston (seabottom) cores 704, 705placental see mammalplacoderm 724planetesimals 709plate tectonics 712, 764, 836Plattville Formation, USA 781, 783play 751Pleistocene paleo-plate reconstruction

742Plenus Marl, Europe 738plesiosaurs 740Pleurosigma 515PMI see 2,6,10,15,

19-PentamethylicosanePMP see porphyrin maturity parameterpod of active source rock 753Podocarpaceae 547, 550, 551, 600podocarpane 543, 600Podocarpus 550Point Clairette Formation, Gabon Basin

850Point Pleasant Formation, North America

779, 785Point Thomson, Alaska 896Poker Chip Shale, Canada 830polar compound 658pollen 573, 725, 739pollination 739pollution 507polycadalene 623polycadinenes 547, 548, 619, 620polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH,

PNA) 479, 595, 600–2, 670–2biodegradation 665Cretaceous-Tertiary 750Martian 980pyrogenic (pyrosynthetic) 602

polyester 645polyisoprenols 556polymethylsiloxane 627

polymethylsqualanes 484, 487, 518, 937polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons see

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonspolyprenoid sulfides 561polysporangia 726, 727polysulfides 520Ponta do Tubarao Member, Brazil 846Popigai impact crater, Russia 747Porifera 491, 530, 717porosity 646porphyrins 602–5, 664, 928

biodegradation 665, 700distributions 604V/(V + Ni) 603–4

porphyrin maturity parameter (PMP)628, 635–6

Port Gentil Ocean Field, Gabon 852Port Sussex Formation, Falkland Islands

812Posidonienschiefer, Europe 830Posidonia Shale, Europe 830, 831positive correlation 477postmature 608Post-Neocomian interval, Alaska 826potassium hydroxide 701potential source rock 608, 976Potiguar Basin, South America 834, 837,

846, 847Po Valley, Italy 822Powder River Basin, Wyoming 811PP-1 or PP-1modified see phenanthrene

parameterprasinophyte algae 790, 802prasinoxanthin see carotenoidPrecambrian organic matter 493Precambrian oils and source rocks 495,

763, 771Precambrian-Cambrian 710, 717, 719Pre-Caspian Basin see Pricaspian Basinprediction of physical properties 705, 706pregnane 485, 674, 676prehnite-pumpellyite facies 755pre-rift facies 837present atmospheric level of oxygen

(PAL) 713, 714preservation 725, 754, 798pressure 649–50Pricaspian Basin, Kazakhstan 807primary migration 965Prince William Sound, Alaska 705principal component 480principal component analysis (PCA,

eigenvector analysis) 478, 480–2,983

Prinos Field, Greece 554pristane (Pr) 499, 501, 513, 657, 666, 668,

972, 973, 981

pristane formation index (PFI) 972, 975pristane/nC17 641, 659, 666, 705, 706pristane/phytane, pristane/(pristane +

phytane) 484, 499–502, 562, 575,781

pristene 499prist-1-ene 500, 501, 972productivity 798Progreso Basin, South America 907, 930progymnosperm 728prokaryotes (bacteria) 712, 713, 766propane 66424-n-propylcholestanes 485, 527, 529,

530, 537, 56924-n-propylcholesterols 52724-propyldiacholestane ratio 56124-propyldiacholestanes 561prospect 751proteins 711, 725proteobacteria 657, 716Proterozoic Eon 714–19, 763proto-continents 712Proto-Mediterranean 741Protosalviania 726Proto-South Atlantic Ocean 735–6,

847protostomes 717Prototaxites 726prototracheophytes 724, 727Proto-Zagros 861protozoa 576Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska 477, 563, 616,

812, 826, 883, 896prymnesiophyte algae 531pseudo-biomarker 501Pseudofagus 579pseudohomologous series 498, 514, 516,

524, 532, 552, 556, 564, 565, 615,691

Pseudomonas 652, 653psilophytes see vascular plantpsilophyton 728psychrophilic 503, 505, 506pteridosperms (seed ferns) 578, 596, 729,

733pterosaur 745PTV see injectionPucara Group, Peru 825Pueblo, Colorado 902Puente Formation Schist-Conglomerate,

California 563Puertollano oil shale, Spain 693Pujamana Member, Colombia 909Purana basins, India 768purple sulfur bacteria see ChromatiaceaePutamayo Basin, South America 907pycnocline 829, 875






Index 1149

Pyrenees 741pyrite 815pyrobitumen 764, 816

nodules 755, 763Pyrodictium 647Pyrolobus 647pyrolysis/gas chromatography (py/GC)

828, 871, 906pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass

spectrometry (py/GCMS) 479pyrolyzate 664pyrrhotite 980

Qaidam Basin, China 538, 544, 613, 871,872, 946

Q compounds 591Qingshankou Formation, China 738,

904Q oils, Oman 526, 772, 774, 775, 966Quaidam Basin, China 871quantum structure–activity relationship

(QSAR) 684Quaternary Period 742–3Queen Formation, USA 813Quenguela Field, Angola 854Querecual Formation, South America 942quinones 655, 701Quiriquire Field, Venezuela 696Qunituco Formation, Argentina 893, 894Qusaiba Member, Qalibah Formation,

Saudi Arabia 631, 723, 791, 793

Rabi Kounga Field, Gabon 848racemic 972, 973radiogenic immobilization 755radiolysis 698Raghib well, Saudi Arabia 793Ragusa Basin, Sicily 827Rakopi Formation, New Zealand 919Raney nickel 512, 520, 568, 594, 689, 690rank see thermal maturityRann Formation, United Arab Emirates

791Ras Fanar well, Gulf of Suez 915Rastrites Shale, Sweden 723Ratawai Shale, Iraq 867rate constants 967, 968, 970, 971Ravnefjeld Formation, Greenland 818Ravni Kotari oil, Yugoslavia 554, 568Raya Formation, South America 908Ray Formation, South America 738Raymond Field, Williston Basin 782rearranged hopanes see diahopanesrearranged sterane see diasteranesrearrangement 582recent sediments 504–5, 512, 518, 704Reconcavo Basin, Brazil 840, 841

recovery see estimated ultimate recoveryRed Band fraction 498red beds 714Redondo Shale, Peru 930redox potential (oxidoreduction potential)

499, 566, 603Red River Formation, USA 765, 782, 789,

804red tide 919Redwater Reef Field, Canada 802reflectance see vitrinite reflectanceregression 747, 749regressive marine facies 837Reindeer Supersequence, Canada 960Renqui Field, China 772reproduction 711, 716, 725reptiles 732, 733reservoir rock 475, 608reservoir temperature 646, 647, 648,

659resinite 542, 573resorcinol 784

lipids 780retene 544, 582, 596, 597, 602, 750retention time 556Retort Shale Member, USA 814reversed tricarboxylic acid cycle 606reverse methanogenesis see anaerobic

methane oxidationRhaetogonyaulax 531Rhenish Mountains 723Rhine Basin, Germany 566Rhizobium 726rhizoid 727Rhizolenia 514–15Rhodoccoccus 652Rhynie Chert, Scotland 727, 796rhyniophyte 724, 727ribonucleic acid (RNA) 711ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 648, 657, 726ribozyme 711Ribesalbes Basin, Spain 945RIC see reconstructed ion

chromatogramRichards Sequence, Canada 960Rimbey-Meadowbrook Trend, Canada

966rimuane 543, 544, 545Rincon Formation, California 562, 944ring-opening 582Rinkabeena Formation, Australia 770Rio da Serra Brazilian stage 834Riphean shales, eastern Siberia 766–8risk for oil biodegradation 650Riva di Solto Shale, Italy 822RNA see ribonucleic acidRNA enzymes see ribozymes

RNA-world 711Ro see vitrinite reflectanceRoberts Mountains, Nevada 789rock sample see sample quality, selection,

storageRocky Mountains, USA 735rodents 741Rodda Formation, Australia 770Rodinia 715root nodule 726Roper Groups Shale, Australia 765–6,

767rosane 543, 544, 545Rothschild family 935Rotliegendes Group, Europe 814Rough range oil, Australia 600Rovesti Oil, Italy 568Rozel Point, Utah 512, 515, 520rRNA see ribosomal RNARub al Khali Basin, Middle East 855Rubiales Field, Llanos Basin, Colombia

555Rubielos de Mora Basin, Spain 945Rudeis Formation, Gulf of Suez 915rudists 740, 745Ruhr District, Germany 551Rundle Group, Canada 807Rundle oil shale, Australia 928Rundle-type oil shale see lacositeRutaceae 577ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) 568

Saanich Inlet, British Columbia 596Saar District, Germany 551Sabah Delta, Borneo 942Sabhka 487, 584, 880saddle dolomite 816Sadlerochit Formation, Alaska 826Sag River Formation, Alaska 826Sag River oil, Alaska 556, 557Saint-Cecile, Camargue, France 580Sakhalin Island, Russia 695, 742, 941–2Salada Member, Colombia 909Salado Formation, New Mexico 649Salina A-1 carbonates, USA 794Salina Basin, Gulf of Mexico 878, 879saline 488, 838, 839, 850salinity 488–9, 501, 646, 649, 972

stratification 576, 814, 817salt diapir 649Salym Field, West Siberia 889San Andres Formation, USA 813San Cristobal Formation, Peru 930Sandakan Delta, Borneo 942sandstone breccia 527, 574, 668Sangerhausen Basin, Germany 816San Joaquin Basin, California 479, 742






1150 Index

San Jorge Basin, Argentina 894San Juan Basin, New Mexico 834, 902,

904Sanmiguelia 739Santa Barbara Basin, California 715, 957,

960Santa Barbara Channel, California 641Santa Barbara-Ventura Basin, California

562, 945Santa Cruz-Tarija Province, South

America 796Santa Maria Basin, California 510, 606,

619, 628, 641, 705, 706, 707, 945,946, 977, 978

Santa Maria oil, Italy 570Santa Monica Basin, California 576Santos Basin, South America 835,

852Santos well, Middle Magdalena Basin,

Colombia 549Sao Francisco Basin, Brazil 768sapropel 741Sarcinochrysidales 527Sarcopterygii 724sargasterol see fucosterolSargelu Formation, Iran 736, 863,

866Sarriah Member, Safiq Formation, Oman

791Sassendalen Group, North Atlantic

825saturate/aromatic ratio 641saturated hydrocarbons (saturates) 477saturated hydrocarbon UCM see

unresolved complex mixturesauropods 736Sava Depression, Croatia 947Sayindere Formation, Turkey 915Sayyala Field, Oman 774, 775S/C see atomic S/CScales Formation, USA 788scanning transmission X-ray microscopy

(STXM) 727scan run see scan analysisSchei Point Group, Canada 825Schistes Carton, Europe 830–2, 833scores plot 481, 482Scotian Shelf, Canada 968scuticociliates 576Sdom Formation, Israel 503, 512,

518sea-bottom cores 704, 705sea grass 489sea level see global sea levelseal rock (cap rock) 7548, 14-secohopanes 600, 692–3, 79717, 21-secohopanes 552, 559, 572

secondary migration 965secondary porosity 700secondary processes 478Second White Speckled (Second White

Specks) Shale, Canada 901sedimentation rate

Pennsylvanian-Permian, USA 810Sedlec well, Czech Republic 538seed coat 739seed ferns see pteridospermsseed leaf see cotyledonseed plants see vascular plantsseeds 729, 738seep oil 537, 706selected ion monitoring (SIM, multiple

ion detection, MID) 221, 611selected ion recording (SIR) see selected

ion monitoringSenonian Limestone, Dead Sea see

Ghareb Formationsequence stratigraphy 483, 803, 862,

909Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil 835, 846,

847Serpiano oil shale, Switzerland 603serratanes 578–9, 691Seychelles Microplate 872–4Shahejie Formation, China 522, 579, 772,

926, 928Sharawra Formation, Qatar 791Shark Bay, Australia 713sharks 731, 736Sharon Springs Member, USA 902Shengli Field, China 610, 647Shilaif Formation, Southern Gulf Basin

860, 867, 869Shinjo Basin, Japan 513shocked quartz 745, 746Shoemaker–Levy 9 comet 745Shu’aiba Formation, Southern Gulf

Basin 772, 860, 867Shublik Formation, Alaska 556, 557, 735,

825, 827, 896, 897Shublik-Otuk oils 883, 885Shublik-Otuk source rocks 898shungite see Karalian shungiteShuntar Formation, East Siberia 768Shuram Formation, Oman 771, 772Shushufindi-Aguarico Field, Ecuador

912Sibang Limestone, Gabon Basin 849Siberia 715, 719, 723Siberian Craton 767Siberian Traps 748Sichuan Basin, China 772side-chain scission 632siderite 714

Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA 735Sigillaria 729Siglia paraffin dirt, Chile 688sigma bond see covalent bondsignal-to-noise 527silica 714silicalite see ZSM-5silled basin 790Silurian paleo-plate reconstruction 722Silurian Period 722–3Silurian–Devonian highstand 774Silurian source rocks 776, 790–4SIM see selected ion monitoringSIMCA see soft independent modeling of

class analogysimonellite 596, 597, 834Simpson Group, USA 765, 783, 812,

813Simpson-Ellenburger(.), USA 789simulated distillation see distillationsinister see S configurationSirte Basin, Libya 914–15Sirte Formation, Libya 738, 914–15Sisi well, Mahakam Delta 952, 953, 955,

956Sisquoc Formation, California 562Skull Creek Shale, USA 738, 900Slave Craton, Canada 711Slavonija-Srijem Depression, Croatia 948slime molds 716Smackover Formation, Gulf of Mexico

735, 877smoke 602Smoking Hills Formation, Canada 959Smoky Hill Member, USA 901, 903snowball Earth 768sodium methane thiolate 504soft independent modeling of class

analogy (SIMCA) 482solanesol 589solar flare 745solar system 709solid bitumens 478–9solubilization 613, 964–5solvent-split injection see injectionSomerset Island, Canada 716Song Hong Basin, Vietman 938, 939Songliao Basin, China 904, 905soot 602, 745, 750sour crude see sulfur-rich oilSour Lake Field, Texas 687source input and depositional

environment 982–3source potential index (SPI) 872

Gulf of Mexico, Upper Jurassic 879source-related biomarker parameters 476,

478, 483–90, 606






Index 1151

source rocks 475, 608, 647, 763carbonate 569, 571, 588, 616, 630, 641,

744, 771, 776, 851carbonate versus clastic 533carbonate versus shale 487–8character from oil composition 487–90evaporitic 588, 850gas-prone 752marine carbonate 536marine deltaic 490, 536marine shale 536marl 569oil-prone 752

South American basins 907South Atlantic 835, 836, 858, 859South Barrow wells, Alaska 812South Belridge Field, California 686, 689,

691Southern Gas Basin, Europe 811Southern Gulf Basin (Rub Al Khali

Basin) 859South Florida Basin, USA 555Southern Permian Basin, Europe 814South Mekong Basin, Vietnam 940South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia 573,

624South Terekheveskaya Field, Russia

800South Timbalier Field, Gulf of Mexico

647space-filled projection see structural

notationSparta Formation, Gulf of Mexico

882Spechts Ferry Member, Decorah

Formation 780, 781, 783speculative(?) 752Spekk Formation, Norway 827spermatophyte 726sphenophyte see sphenopsidssphenopsids (sphenopsida) 724, 728, 729,

731, 733Spindletop, Texas 687split injection see injectionsplitless injection see injectionsponges see poriferasporangia 727spore coloration index see thermal

alteration indexspores 721, 724, 725, 726, 727sporophyte 726sporopollenin 725, 727Sprayberry Formation, Texas 813Sprendlinger Horst, Germany 926squalane (2, 6, 10, 15, 19,

23-hexamethyltetracosane) 484,498, 507, 512

squalene 498, 506, 507, 509, 511–12, 552,713

squalene-hopene cyclase (squalenecyclase) 591

stable carbon isotope ratiosC29 n-alkane 746carbonates 816, 817, 829, 890,

891forams 921, 922, 957oils 977, 978organic carbon 829, 892, 902wood 892

Standard Light Antarctic Precipitationsee SLAP

Statfjord Formation, North Sea 828steam flooding 689sterane isomerization, ββ/(ββ + αα)

628–629, 634, 662, 706, 970, 978sterane isomerization, 20S/(20S + 20R)

566, 622, 625–8, 634, 674, 965,966, 967, 968, 969

C30 sterane index 527–30steranes 714, 763

biodegradation 537, 665, 674–5C27 662, 772C28/C29 490, 526–7C29 607, 771, 818C29 ααα 20S 625C29 αββ 662C30 sterane index 574C30 steranesfingerprint 611

steranes/hopanes 524steranes/hopanes (regular

steranes/17α-hopanes) 524steranes/triterpanes 524�2-sterenes 533sterenes 830sterilization 648, 702sterols 483, 533, 583, 714stereoisomerization 611steroid

aromatization [TA/(MA + TA) 627,631–2, 705, 706, 966, 967, 968,970, 972

ketones 653stick projection see structural notationstigmastanes (24-ethylcholestanes) 611,

768Stirling Range Formation, Australia 718Stockinford Shales, UK 774stomata 725, 727stonewart 725STP see standard temperature and

pressurestratification (stratified water) 575, 576stratified water 820, 845, 899

Stratigraphic-39 well, Saudi Arabia 631Strawn Formation, USA 813Strelly Pool Chert, Australia 712Streppenosa Formation, Sicily 827stretophyta 725stromatolites 569, 712, 713, 714, 720stromatoporid 530strontium isotopes 749, 890Sublett Basin, USA 814sublittoral facies 924suboxic 567, 721success ratio 753, 822, 874Sudbury Impact Crater, Ontario 747Sudr Formation, Middle East 915Suerte well, Middle Magdalena Basin,

Colombia 549sugiol 546, 547Suket Shales, India 716Sulaiy Formation, Iraq 860, 866sulfate 657, 705

reducing bacteria 509, 604, 653, 654,655, 656, 705

sulfones 653sulfur 488, 500, 573, 629, 641, 663,

707sulfur isotopes 749, 816, 817

sulfur-rich oils 563Sumatra 931, 935–39Sunda Basin, Sumatra 939Sunfish well, Cook Inlet 834Sunniland Field, Florida 880Sunniland Formation, Florida 879–80supercritical fluid extraction 981supercritical fluid chromatography/mass

spectrometry (SFC/MS) 603supernova 745, 749superoxide anions 713superoxide dimutase 713superplumes 768supralittoral facies 924surfactant 599Surma Basin, Bangladesh 547Svanbergfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen

716Sverdrup Basin, Canada 825Swanson River Field, Cook Inlet 554sweet crude see low-sulfur oilSydney Basin, Australia 812Sylvan Shale, USA 722, 777symbiont 726Synapsida 733synrift facies 837syntrophic consortia 509–11, 656, 657syntrophic metabolism 656

Tabei Uplift, China 785, 787table of hydrocarbon accumulations 752






1152 Index

tabulates 721Tagrifet Formation 915T-branched alkanes 493, 494–6TAI see thermal alteration indexTalang Akar Formation, Sumatra 627,

931, 939, 976Talara Basin, Peru 907, 930, 932, 933Talc-Stevensitic Sequence 842TA/(MA + TA) see monoaromatic

steroid aromatizationTambora Field, Mahakam Delta 951, 953,

954, 955Tampen Spur, North Sea 648Tampico-Misantla Basin, Gulf of Mexico

878tandem mass spectrometry 605

see also GCMS/MSTanezzuft Shale, North Africa 723, 791,

792Tanf Formation, Syria 791Tanzanian paraffin dirt 688–9Taoudenni Basin, Mauritania 720Tapeats Sandstone, Arizona 771Tarafaya Basin, Morocco 913–14Tarakan Delta, Borneo 942Taranaki Basin, New Zealand 544, 550,

597, 918–19taraxastanes 580, 581taraxerenes 618tar ball 873Tarim Basin, China 785, 787, 870,

871Tarn Field, Alaska 826, 898Tarraco oil, Spain 507, 520Tarragona Basin, Spain 947, 948tar sands 658Tasmanite oil shale, Tasmania 591Tasmanites 552, 556, 557, 796Taxodiaceae 547, 551taxodione acetate 546Taxodium 546, 547taxon-specific biomarkers 491, 492Tazhong Uplift, China 785, 787TBR see trimethylnaphthalene ratioTCI see transmittance color indexTEHRGC see thermal extraction

high-reolustion gaschromatogram

tektite 745telalginite 779, 784, 785, 895teleost fish 737Tempisque Basin, Costa Rica 917Tent Island Formation, Canada 960Termit Basin, Africa 837Terang-Sirasun Field, Indonesia

509terminal addition 655

ternary diagram (C27–C28–C29) 410–7.1diasteranes 536C-ring monoaromatic steroids 583–4,

978, 979steranes 476, 483, 485, 525–6, 536, 871,

978, 979triaromatic steroids 586–8

terpane m/z 191 fingerprint 551–5, 611,697, 797, 880

terrane 720Terra Nova Field, Newfoundland 888terrigenous/aquatic ratios (TAR) 493terrigenous oils 490, 939terrigenous organic matter 499, 580terrestrial impact craters 747Tertiary source rocks 918–60Tethys Sea (Ocean) 732, 733, 734, 735,

737, 740, 741, 901, 932, 947tetracorals 721tetracyclic diterpanes 549–51tetracyclic polyprenoids (TPP) 487,

560–1tetracyclic terpanes 552, 927C24 tetracyclic terpane 485C24 tetracyclic terpane ratios 559–60tetrad spore 727Tetraedon 927tetraether lipids 497, 503–5, 5065,6,7,8-tetrahydrocadalene 981tetrahymanol (gammaceran-3β-ol) 575–6,

591Tetrahymena 576tetrakishomohopanes 8081,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene 8012,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane see

phytane2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosane (TMI) 505,

5111,2,5,6-tetramethylnaphthalene (TeMN)

5821,3,6,7-tetramethylnaphthalene (1, 3, 6,

7-TeMN) 596, 597tetramethylnaphthalene ratio (TeBR) 671,

672tetramethylnaphthalenes 6702,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane see

pristanetetramethylsqualane 518, 5191,1,7,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydrophenanthrene591

1,1,5,6-tetramethyltetralin 596Thamama Group, Southern Gulf Basin

860, 867therapod 737therapsids 733, 735thermal gradient 650

thermal maturity 535, 608–9criteria for biomarker parameters

609–10thermal maturity-dependent biomarker

ratios 478, 612thermal stress parameters 608–9thermoacidophilic archaeaThermoanaerobacter 648thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR)

608, 815, 825Thermodesulfobacterium 648thermophile 647thermophilic 599

eubacteria 497Thermodesulfobacterium 497Thermoplasma 599Thermopolis Member 900thermospray 603Thermotoga 648thin-layer chromatography/flame

ionization detection (TLC/FID)see iatroscan

Thiobacillus 562Thiomargarita 562Thiomicrospira 562Thioploca 562Thiothrix 562Thompson B-F diagram see B-F diagramthorite 755thorium/uranium 719thylakoid membrane 726Tibet Plateau 871TIC see reconstructed ion chromatogramtillite 716Timan-Pechora Basin, Russia 799, 800timing-risk chart see events chartTithonian source rocksTLC see thin-layer chromatographyTMI see 2,6,15,19-tetramethylicosaneTm (C27 17α-22,29,30-trisnorhopane or

17α-trisnorhopane) 555, 565, 581,616, 617, 686–7

Tmax 627vs. PMP 635

TNH see 25, 28, 30-trisnorhopaneTNH/(TNH + hopanes) 619TNR see trimethylnaphthalene ratioTNS see 25,28,30-trinorhopaneToarcian Shale, Europe 532, 535, 584,

617, 628, 828–30, 831, 972Toarcian Shale, Madagascar 831tobacco 539Toca Formation, Africa 841TOC see total organic carbontocopherols 500, 501Todilto Formation, New Mexico 834toluene 653, 654, 658, 659, 828






Index 1153

TOM see total organic matterTomachi Formation, Bolivia 725, 801–2Toolachee Formation, Australia 820,

821Toolebuc Formation, Australia 738,

905–7torbanites 495, 517, 518, 520, 521, 597,

812Torok Shale, U.S.A. 738, 826, 895, 897Torok-Nanushuk(.) 897total acid number (TAN) 700–2total ion chromatogram see reconstructed

ion chromatogramtotal organic carbon (TOC, Corg)

Agrio Formation 894–5Bakken Formation, North America

804, 805Bazhenov Formation, West Siberia

536, 540, 889Black Sea sediments 496Greenhorn Cyclothem 902Jet Rock 892Monterey Formation 945Paris Basin, Liassic 831Tyumen Formation, West Siberia 536Vaca Muerta 893

total petroleum system 751TAPH see total polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbonsTPP see tetracyclic polyprenoidstrace fossils (ichnofossils) 717, 718tracheid 727tracheophytes 724, 726Trafras Group, Brazil 768training set 482Trans-Brazilian Shear 834transgression 748, 774, 777, 790, 864,

899, 905, 908transgressive marine facies 837,

851transgressive systems tract (TST) 481,

482, 484, 862, 909, 910, 956, 957transpiration 725trap 754Traralgon Formation, Australia 917Trenton-Black River Formation,

Michigan 722, 783, 785, 786Trenton Group, North America 765,

784–5Trento Plateau, Italy 830triaromatic dinosteroids 588triaromatic (TA) steroids 586, 587, 632

C26/C28S vs. C27/C28R 586C26 20S/(20S + 20R) 634TA(I)/TA(I + II) 633–420S/(20S + 20R) 634

Triassic Black Shale, Italy 593

Triassic carbonatesArabian Platform 824Swiss Alps 824

Triassic–Jurassic boundary 744, 746,747

Triassic mass extinction 743Triassic mudrocks, Barents Sea 483, 615,

822Triassic paleo-plate reconstruction 734Triassic Period 733–5Triassic rift sequences, North America

824–5Triassic source rocks 823, 825tricadinanes 547, 548tricyclic biphytane 506tricyclic diterpanes 541–7, 552tricyclics/17α-hopanes 556, 615–16tricyclic terpanes (cheilanthanes) 485,

552, 555–8, 591, 615, 662, 694,695, 696, 826, 927

age 490extended tricyclic terpane ratio (ETR)

558–9, 749C22/C21 558C23 tricyclic terpane/hopane 556C24/C23 558C26/C25 487, 558, 559, 569

tricyclohexaprenane 555, 556tricyclohexaprenol 552, 556, 557tricyclooctaprenol 5563,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid see gallic

acidtrilete spore 727trilobites 720, 721, 733, 745, 747trimerophyte 727trimethylalkanes 493trimethylbiphenyls 6724,23,24-trimethylcholesterols 588trimethylchromans 4852,6,10-trimethyldodecane (see farnesane)2,6,10-trimethyl-7-(3-methylbutyl)-

dodecane 502trimethylnaphthalenes 597–9, 644, 670,

973, 9741,2,5-trimethylnaphthalene (TMN) 582,

596, 5971,2,7-trimethylnaphthalene 5971,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene 596trimethylnaphthalene depositional

environment (TDE) ratios 597trimethylnaphthalene ratio (TNR-1,

TBR, TP-1) 644, 671, 672, 9742,6,10-trimethylpentadecane see

norpristanetrinitrotoluene (TNT) 64517β-trinorhopane 688triple quadrupole mass spectrometer 612

triple-sector mass spectrometer see triplequadrupole mass spectrometer

tripolblast bilateralians 718Tripoli Unit, Spain 957–817α-trisnorhopane see Tm17α-22,29,30-trisnorhopane see Tm18α-trisnorhopane II see Ts22,29,30-trisnor-17β-hopane 61625,28,30-trisnorhopane (TNH) 485,

561–3, 618–19, 678, 686, 687, 69418α-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane see TsTrombetas Formation, South America

723Ts (C27Ts or 18α-22,29,

30-trisnorneohopane) 552, 553,555, 565, 581, 616, 686–7

TSF see total scanning fluorescenceTs/hopane 617Ts/Tm see Ts/(Ts + Tm)Ts/(Ts + Tm) 616–17, 618, 686, 687tsunami 745Tucano-Reconcavo Basin, South America

834Tuna well, Australia 547, 624Tunu well, Mahakam Delta 481, 952, 953,

955turbidites 851Turkmenistan 932Turpan Basin, China 870, 871Turpan-Hami Basin, ChinaTuscaloosa Formation, USA 881Tuwaiq/Hanifa-Arab Petroleum System

755Tuwaiq Mountain Formation, Saudi

Arabia 864, 865Tuxedni Group, Alaska 833–4two-dimensional GC see gas

chromatographytwo-dimensional NMR see nuclear

magnetic resonanceTynec well, Austria 538, 541, 566, 586type I 725type IS 946type II 563, 725type IIS 563, 879, 885type II/III 563type III 567, 642, 725, 730, 851type curve see stable carbon isotope

type-curveTyrannosaurus 737Tyumen Formation, West Siberia 573,

574

Ucayali Basin, Peru 811, 812, 813,825

UCM see unresolved complex mixtureUgut well, West Siberia 889






1154 Index

Uinta Basin, Utah 479, 523, 675, 921,926, 927

Uinta Formation, USA 479ultralaminae 928Umbrian Basin, Italy 830, 831Umiat-Simpson Oils 898Umir Formation, Colombia 549underfilled lake 817, 837, 838, 839, 840,

844, 846, 858underground leakage see oil spillsUNESCO see United Nations

Educational Scientific andCultural Organization

uniformitarianism 745United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization(UNESCO) 928

unresolved complex mixture (UCM) 659,667, 668

Upanema Member, Brazil 846Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia 907,

908, 910, 911, 913Upper Zakum Field, United Arab

Emirates 864, 866upwelling 492, 516, 721, 722, 789, 790,

798, 814, 825Peru 519, 930

Ural Mountains 723Ural Trough 740uraninite 714, 755uranium 777, 905urea adduction 494ursanes 580, 697urs-12-ene 697, 699U-Shale Formation, Oman 771US-Y molecular sieve see ultrastable-YUtica Shale, USA 722, 723, 777, 779,

785–8

Vaalbara Supercontinent 712Vaca Muerta Formation, Argentina 893,

894, 896vanadium 663vanadyl ion 604Van-Egan well, West Siberia 682, 683Van Krevelen diagram

modified 831, 870, 882, 934vaporizing injection see injectionVargner Ice Age 716Varkeszo crater, Hungary 948varve 834vascular land plants see tracheophytesvascular system (tracheids) 725Vedreshev Formation, East Siberia

768Velkerri Formation, Australia 765, 766,

767

Verkhne-Chonskaya Field, EasternSiberia 767

Vermelha Formation, West Africa 853Vermilion Field, Louisiana 965Victorian brown coals (Traralgon

Formation) 917Vienna Basin, Austria 538, 947Vienna PDB see VPDBVienna Standard Mean Ocean Water see

VSMOWVietnam 938, 939Viking Graben, North Sea 648, 814, 884Villafortuna-Gaggiano Complex, Italy

824Villahermosa Area, Gulf of Mexico 879Ville Perdue Field, Paris Basin, France

833Villeta Formation, Colombia 738, 907,

911, 913Vindhyan Basin, India 768Vinini Shale, USA 722, 777, 779, 789–90violaxanthin see carotenoidVisayan Basin, Philippines 624, 626viscosity 659, 660, 662, 663vitamin C 713vitamin E 713vitrinite 573, 727vitrinite reflectance (Ro in oil, Rr random,

or Rm mean) 609, 613, 618, 627,642, 727, 753, 816, 822, 893,894–5, 924

versus biomarker ratios 612versus dimethylnaphthalene ratio

(DNR) 643versus methylnaphthalene ratio

(MNR) 643versus methylphenanthrene index

(MPI) 642volcanism 748Voltziales 551, 730Vredefort impact structure, Kaapvaal 747

Wabasca heavy oil, Canada 645Walcott Member, Kwagunt Formation,

Utah 771Walvis Bay, West Africa 519, 595Wancoocha Field, Australia 821Warrawoona Group, Australia 712, 713,

755Washakie Basin, USA 921Wasia Group, Arabian Platform 867Wastach Formation, USA 479, 921Watchet, North Somerset, UK 531water injection 649water washing 658, 670, 702weathering 725, 798Weiyuan gas field, China 772

Wessex Basin, UK 648West Belayim Field, Egypt 916Western Canada Basin 477, 591, 645, 801,

807–9, 832–3Western Interior Seaway 899–904West Greenland 580West Tevlin Field, Russia 888whales 74Whitby Mudstone Formation, Port

Mulgrave area, Yorkshire, UK 892Whitehill Formation, South Africa 812White Pine, Michigan 610, 766White Tiger Field, Vietnam see Bach Ho

FieldWilcox Formation, Gulf of Mexico 882Wilkins Peak Member, USA 923, 924,

946Williston Basin, North America 789,

796–7, 803, 806, 809Wingayongo Seep, Tanzania 689, 690Winnipeg Formation, North America

765, 783, 789, 805Winnipegosis Formation, North America

796–7, 804, 808Wiriagar Well, Indonesia 529, 544wire-frame projection see structural

notationWitwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa

763Womble Shale, USA 779Woodbine Formation, East Texas 881Woodford Shale, USA 725, 803, 805–6,

807, 808, 812, 813Woodleigh Impact Crater, Australia 746,

747wood tar see pitchWumishan Formation, China 772

Xanthomonas 652xanthones 672–4xanthophyll 522X-compounds see mid-chain

monomethylalkanesXiaomeigou Formation, China 871Xinjiang Uygur, China 869–71, 872xylenes 653, 659

Yalco Formation, Australia 765Yanshan Fold Belt, China 772Yeoman Formation, Williston Basin

765Yunnan Province, China 764Yurubchen-Tokhom Field, Eastern

Siberia 710, 719, 767, 769

Zagros-Mesopotamia region 755, 763Zagros Mountains, Iran 741, 859






Index 1155

Zakum Field, United Arab Emirates 867,869

Zala Basin, Hungary 947Zaonezhskaya Formation, Karalia, Russia

764Zdanice well, Czech Republic 538, 541,

566, 586, 636, 637zeaxanthin see carotenoid

Zechstein Basin, GermanyZechstein Formation, Germany

814–17Zeitz Formation, Germany 547Zhungeer Basin, China see Junggar

Basinzigzag projection see structural

notation

zinc ore 825Zingjingzigou Formation see

Jingjingzigou Formationzircon 711Zostera 489zosterophyllophyte 727ZSM-5 494zygote 726






Documents

7.5 x 11 Threelines - Assets - Cambridge University Pressassets.cambridge.org/97805218/37637/index/9780521837637_index.pdf · Arang Formation, Natuna Sea 941 Araripe Basin, South