75= covers t KACHINIC 5 phylozonelinguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE... · 2012. 11. 20. · 7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 547

75= KACHINIC phylozone

covers the "Kachin+ Luish" or Jingpho+ Kado grouping, part

of the "Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 2 sets of

languages (= 3 outer languages) spoken by communities in continental Southeast Asia, between the middle Brahmaputra and the middle Mekong basins:

75-A JINGPHO+ TAMAN 75-B KADO+ GANAAN

Burma; China; India; Laos 5

75-A JINGPHO+ TAMAN set

"WIDER"-KACHIN

75-AA JINGPHO+ TAMAN chain

75-AAA JINGPHO+ DZILI net

75-AAA-a Jingpho+ Dzili Latin script (Yunnan) Dai-Jingpo autonomous county… Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan); also India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam)

5

75-AAA-aa jing-pho jing-po, kachin "proper", ching-paw, jingh-paw, ching-po, marip, dashanhua

Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan); also India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam)

5

75-AAA-aaa jingh-paw "burma" jingpho (Kachin)

75-AAA-aab jing-pho-V. "vehicular burma" jingpho (Kachin)

75-AAA-aac sing-pho "assam" jingpho, singpo; including dowaniya community (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam) 2

75-AAA-aad enkun "standard china" jinghpo, part of "china" jingpho (Yunnan)

75-AAA-aae shidan part of "china" jingpho Yingjiang county (Yunnan)

75-AAA-ab hka-ku hka-hku China (Yunnan)

75-AAA-ac kauri hkauri, gauri China (Yunnan)

75-AAA-ad dzili jili China (Yunnan)

75-AAB TAMAN net

75-AAB-a Taman Burma 4

75-AAB-aa taman Burma-NW. 4

75-B KADO+ GANAAN set LUISH

75-BA KADO+ GANAAN chain

75-BAA KADO+ GANAAN net

75-BAA-a Kado+ Ganaan China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan); also Laos

5

75-BAA-aa kado kadu, katu, kato, kudo, gadu Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan); also Laos-N.

5

75-BAA-aaa kado-A. Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan)…

75-BAA-aab asak sak (Shan) and/or (Yunnan)

75-BAA-aac thet that (Shan) and/or (Yunnan)

75-BAA-aad mawteik (Shan) and/or (Yunnan)

75-BAA-aae puteik (Shan) and/or (Yunnan)

75-BAA-aaf woni (Shan) and/or (Yunnan)

75-BAA-ab ganaan ganan China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan) 4

75-BAA-ac andro China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)

75-BAA-ad sengmai China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)

75-BAA-ae chakpa China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)

75-BAA-af phayeng China (Yunnan) and/or (Shan)

page 548 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

76= RUNGIC phylozone

covers the "Rung" reference area, part of the "Tibeto-Burman"

affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 9 outer languages) spoken by communities in continental Southeast Asia,

between the upper Brahmaputra and upper Salween basins:

76-A NUNG+ NORRA 76-B JIARONG 76-C QIANG+ DZORGAI 76-D P'UMI

China; Burma; India 5

76-A NUNG+ NORRA set NUNGISH

76-AA NUNG+ NORRA chain

76-AAA NUNG+ RAWANG* net

nung+ rawang, ganung+ rawang, hka-nung, kha-nung, ganung an

extended continuum of progressively divergent idioms, treated provisionally as 2 outer-languages

76-AAA-a Nung+ Tulung* China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin; Shan)

4

76-AAA-aa nung anung, anoong, nong, anu, nu, noutzu, nusu, lu, lutzu, lutze Nu-jang… Salween valleys list of dialects to be completed (up to 16)

China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin; Shan)

3

76-AAA-aaa nung-A. (Yunnan); (Kachin; Shan)

76-AAA-aab khupang Salween valley: Chunpang (Shan; Yunnan frontier)

76-AAA-aac kwingsang (Kachin and/or Shan)

76-AAA-aad khanung (Kachin and/or Shan)

76-AAA-aae fuchye (Kachin and/or Shan)

76-AAA-aaf cholo (Kachin and/or Shan)

76-AAA-aag gwaza (Kachin and/or Shan)

76-AAA-aah miko (Kachin)

76-AAA-ab tulung trung, drung, dulung, dulong ¶speakers divided ethnically between Drung and Nung communities ("nationalities")

China (Yunnan) 3

76-AAA-ac kwinpang kwingsang transition < [76=] Rawang China (Yunnan)…

76-AAA-b Rawang* Ch'opa, in [79=] Hanyu (Chinese): kiu-tze, chiu-tse, qui-ze, in [77=] Lisu-W.: ch'opa; including krangku including up to 100 idioms (to be

ascertained), in a continuum with [76=] Nung+ Tulung Latin script

Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan; also Tibet); India (Arunachal Pradesh)

5

76-AAA-ba mut-wang rawang-C., including "literary" rawang list of dialects to be confirmed

and extended, and perhaps to be partially re-allocated among the other three inner-languages of the Rawang outer-language

Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan; Tibet); India (Arunachal Pradesh)

76-AAA-baa krangku (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bab agu (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bac hpungsi (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bad htisel-wang (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bae matwanly (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-baf melam (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bag metu (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bah tamalu damalo (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bai tukiumu (Yunnan)

76-AAA-baj serhta (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bak wadamkong watamkaung Watamkaung (Kachin)

76-AAA-bal wahke (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bam taron (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-ban zithung (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bao kunglang kunlang (Arunachal Pradesh)

76-AAA-bb longmi lungmi (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAA-bc serwang (Tibet) frontier; Burma

76-AAA-bd tangsarr (Kachin) and/or (Yunnan)

76-AAB NORRA+ LAMA net

76-AAB-a Norra+ Lama Burma (Kachin); China (Tibet) 4

76-AAB-aa norra nora, nurra, noza Burma (Kachin); China (Tibet) frontier

4

76-AAB-ab byabe Burma (Kachin)

76-AAB-ac kizolo Burma (Kachin)

76-AAB-ad lama Burma (Kachin); China (Tibet) 3


76-B JIARONG set

76-BA JIARONG chain #indigenous names for component languages to be ascertained

76-BAA JIARONG-NORTHEAST net

76-BAA-a Jiarong-N. jarong-N., jyarung-N., gyarong-N., gyarung-N., chiarong-N. Ma'erkang, Barkam county: Ribu… Caotang… Mu'erzi

China (Sichuan) 5

76-BAA-aa pati China (Sichuan)

76-BAA-ab wassu China (Sichuan)

76-BAA-ac suomo China (Sichuan)

76-BAA-b Jiarong-E. Li… Wenchuan… Xiaojin, Zainiha… Ma'erkang, Barkam… Jinchuan, Quqên counties

China (Sichuan) 5

76-BAA-ba jiarong-E. jarong-E., jyarung-E., gyarong-E., gyarung-E., chiarong-E. China (Sichuan) 5

76-BAB JIARONG-WEST net

76-BAB-a Jiarong-W. Jinchuan, Quqên counties… Danba, Rongshag… Daofu, Dawu

counties

China (Sichuan) 5

76-BAB-aa jiarong-W. jarong-W., jyarung-W., gyarong-W., gyarung-W., chiarong-W. China (Sichuan) 5

76-C QIANG+ DZORGAI set

"wider" qiang, "dzorgaish", part of qiang+ p'umi grouping

76-CA QIANG+ DZORGAI chain

76-CAA QIANG+ DZORGAI net

76-CAA-a Qiang+ Dzorgai "wider" qiang China (Sichuan) 5

76-CAA-aa mawo "non-tonal" qiang, qiang-N., ch'iang-N., jiang-N. Heishuihe basin China (Sichuan) 4

76-CAA-ab taoping "tonal" qiang, qiang-S., ch'iang-S., jiang-S. Minjiang basin: Songpan (Zhenjiangguan)… Wenchuan+ Li… Beichuan counties

China (Sichuan) 4

76-CAA-ac lofuchai China (Sichuan)

76-CAA-ad wagsod China (Sichuan)

76-CAA-ae dzorgai China (Sichuan)

76-CAA-af kortse China (Sichuan)

76-CAA-ag pingfang China (Sichuan)

76-CAA-ah thochu thouju*, ersu* China (Sichuan)

76-D P'UMI set PRIMMI, part of qiang+ p'umi grouping

76-DA P'UMI chain

76-DAA P'UMI net pumi, primmi, pruumi, p'ömi, ch'rame, taoba, including jing-hua

76-DAA-a P'umi-N. Muli… Yanyuan… Kulong… also Ninglang counties China (Sichuan; also Yunnan); Myanmar*

4

76-DAA-aa p'umi-N. including 5 idioms; perhaps also including reclassified [77=] Muli (at present classified under [77=] Hsifan)

China (Sichuan; also Yunnan); Myanmar*

4

76-DAA-b P'umi-S. Lanping… Weixi… Yongsheng… Lijiang… also Ninglang counties China (Yunnan) 4

76-DAA-ba p'umi-S. including 5 idioms China (Yunnan) 4


77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone

covers the "Burmese+ Lolo" or Bama+ Nasö grouping, part of

the "Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 3 sets of languages (= 27 outer languages) spoken by communities in continental

Southeast Asia, centered on the Irrawaddy river and its tributaries:

77-A BAMA+ LAWNG 77-B NASÖ+ AKHA 77-C BAI+ DALI*

Burma; China; Laos; Thailand 7

77-A BAMA+ LAWNG set "WIDER"-BURMESE, "burmish", "burman"

77-AA BAMA+ LAWNG chain

77-AAA BAMA+ LAWNG net

77-AAA-a Bama+ Arakan "burmese"-S. influence < [46=] Mon Burmese script Burma; Bangladesh; also

migration> India (Andaman & Nicobar)

7

77-AAA-aa bama burmese-C., bama-chaka; including literary, formal myan, myen, mian influence < [59=] Pali

Burma

77-AAA-aaa myan-L. "pre-modern literary burmese" Burma

77-AAA-aab myan-F. "modern literary burmese", "standard burmese" Burma

77-AAA-aac bama-G. yangon "colloquial", rangoon "colloquial", "generalised burmese" Yangon, Rangoon… with vehicular extension throughout Burma

Burma

77-AAA-aad irrawaddy-S. "lower" irrawaddy Irrawaddy lower valley Burma (Pegu)

77-AAA-aae irrawady-N. "upper" irrawaddy, mandalay Irrawaddy upper valley: Mandalay Burma (Mandalay…)

77-AAA-ab arakan+ maghi "arakanese", "burmese"-W. Arakan Yoma highlands… plus 19th cent.

migration> Chittagong lowlands

Burma-SW.; migration>

Bangladesh (Chittagong) 5

77-AAA-aba arakan Arakan Yoma highlands Burma (Arakan)

77-AAA-abb rakhaing rakhain, rakhine, yakhaing, yakan Burma-SW.

77-AAA-abc maghi maghi-magh, morma, marma, mash, mogh, bomang, "bangladesh

burmese"

Bangladesh (Chittagong)

77-AAA-ac intha inntha, inle Inle lake Burma (Shan) 5

77-AAA-ad toru+ danu taruw influence < [47=] Shan Burma (Tenasserim) 5

77-AAA-ada taungnyo taungyo Taungnyo mountains (Tenasserim-N.) 2

77-AAA-adb toru taruw (Tenasserim-N.)

77-AAA-adc danu (Tenasserim-N.)

77-AAA-ae tavoya "tavoyan", tavoy, tawe, dawai, dawé Heinze Chaung cost… Tavoy valley… Tavoy, Dawei coast… Bodaungseik coast

Burma (Tenasserim)

77-AAA-af palaw Palaw coast (Tenasserim-S.)

77-AAA-ag baik beik, myeik, "wider" mergui Pasul… Mergui… Burma-S. (Tenasserim)

77-AAA-aga mergui "merguese" Mergui coast (Tenasserim-S.)

77-AAA-agb tenasserim Tenasserim town & valley (Tenasserim-S.)

77-AAA-agc lenya Lenya… Kadin coast (Tenasserim-S.)

77-AAA-ah yangbye yanbe, yangye, yanbye, yabein Burma 5

77-AAA-ai chaungtha* #chaung-tha=«people of the valley» Burma 5

77-AAA-b Hpon+ Megyaw* part of "burmese"-N. Burma (Kachin; also Shan adjacent); China (Yunnan)

3

77-AAA-ba hpon+ megyaw hpön, phun, phön, phon, phu, aphu, jing-po 2 Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan)

77-AAA-baa hpon-A. (Kachin)

77-AAA-bab megyaw (Kachin)

77-AAA-bac samong (Kachin)

77-AAA-bad "china"-jingpo-2 part of "pseudo"-jingpo distinct from [75=] Jingpho (Yunnan)

77-AAA-c Achang+ Maingtha part of "burmese"-N. China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin) frontier

4

77-AAA-ca achang Dehong Dai autonomous prefecture: Tengchong… Lianghe… to

Burmese frontier (enclaves)

China (Yunnan) 4

77-AAA-caa achang-A. ahchan, achung, atsang, acang, ach'ang (Yunnan)

77-AAA-cab ngachang ngac'ang, ngacang, ngatsang, ngo-chang (Yunnan)

77-AAA-cb maingtha mönghsa, "burma" achang Burma (Kachin) 3

77-AAA-d Lawng+ Lashi Maru, mulu, malu, matu; part of "burmese"-N. Burma (Kachin); China (Yunnan) 5

77-AAA-da lawng Burma (Kachin); also China (Yunnan)

5

77-AAA-daa lawng-waw laungaw, lang, lawng, lang-wa (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dab dago'-lawng-bit (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dac lawng-hsu lansu (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dad zagaran-mran (Kachin)…


77-AAA-dae gawan-naw' (Kachin)…

77-AAA-daf hlo'lan (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dag laking (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dah wa-khawk (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dai diso (Kachin)…

77-AAA-db lashi lashi-maru, part of "pseudo"-jingpo Burma (Kachin); also China

(Yunnan)

4

77-AAA-dba lashi-kwaw lasi, letsi, lechi, leqi, lachi-kwaw, lashi, ac'ye (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dbb cha-shan (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dc zaiwa+ polo atsi, atsi-maru, atzi, szi, atshi, aci, azi, part of "pseudo"-jingpo bilingual < [75=] Jingpho

China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin) 4

77-AAA-dca zaiwa tsaiwa, tsaiva Luxi county: Longzhun… (Yunnan); (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dcb langwa (Yunnan); (Kachin)…

77-AAA-dcc polo (Yunnan); (Kachin)…

77-B NASÖ+ AKHA* set "WIDER"-YI, "wider" 'lolo', 'loloish'

77-BA NASÖ+ THONGHO* notional chain

"NARROW"-YI, nyi, gni, i, ichia, manchia, mantzu; including socially

(but not linguistically) distinct "black" yi (no-su, of 'free'-status)… "white" yi (of former 'serf' status) #Yi is a generic term in [79=] Han-yu, now accepted also by speakers of all or some of the languages

concerned notional chain, based on application of the name Yi traditional Yi syllabic script(s), used for ritual texts

77-BAA THONGHO+ LIANGSHAN* net

sichuan-yi, yi-N., "independent" yi, 'lolo'-N.

77-BAA-a Thongho+ Liangshan

Dau He valley: Ebian Yi autonomous county… Liangshan ("Cool Mountain") range… with expansion (often as slave-raiders) into

Guizhou (Bijie… Qianxi… Guiyang) component idioms to be confirmed and located

China (Sichuan; also Tibet; Yunnan; Guizhou)

6

77-BAA-aa thongho China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-ab paki-shan China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-ac kang-siang-ying China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-ad kiao-kio China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-ae nee China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-af laichau China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-ag tudza China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-ah nuoku China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-ai liang-shan Liangshan range China (Sichuan…)

77-BAA-aj p'ou-la China (Sichuan…)

77-BAB DIAN-DONGBEI* net part of yi-E., 'lolo'-N. 5

77-BAB-a Dian-Dongbei China (Yunnan)

77-BAB-aa dian-dongbei China (Yunnan)

77-BAC DIAN-QIAN+ PAN* net

part of yi-E. China (Yunnan; Guizhou; Guangxi); perhaps also Vietnam

5

77-BAC-a Dian-Qian+ Pan Weining Yi-Hui-Miao autonomous county… Dafang autonomous county… Hezhang county… Pan county… Baise county

China (Yunnan; Guizhou; Guangxi)

77-BAC-aa dian-qian China (Yunnan; Guizhou; Guangxi)

77-BAC-ab pan Pan county: Pan-Xian… China (Guizhou)

77-BAD DONGSHAN+ DAYAO* notional net

yi-C.+ yi-W. notional net, pending further data bilingual < [79=] Han-yu

5

77-BAD-a Dongshan+ Xishan yi-W. including Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefecture*… China (Yunnan)

77-BAD-aa dong-shan Dongshan (location near Cheng-Hai lake to be confirmed) China (Yunnan)

77-BAD-ab xi-shan Xishan (Kunming>W. or an identical place-name elsewhere?) China (Yunnan)

77-BAD-b Dayao+ Nanhua yi-C. Dali Bai… Chuxiong Yi autonomous prefectures… Simao district

China (Yunnan) 5

77-BAD-ba da-yao China (Yunnan)

77-BAD-bb nan-hua China (Yunnan)

77-BAE NASÖ+ AXI* notional net

yi-S.+ yi-SE. notional net, pending further data

77-BAE-a Nasö+ Luquan China (Yunnan) 4

77-BAE-aa nasö shui-nosu, nosu, nasu including Kunming: Hetaojing («Walnut-

Basket») village China (Yunnan) 3

77-BAE-aaa ko-p'u kopu (Yunnan)

77-BAE-aab ulu (Yunnan)

77-BAE-aac weining (Yunnan)

77-BAE-ab luquan Luquan county (Yunnan)


77-BAE-b Axi+ Lolopho* yi-SE. Qujing district… Honghe Hani-Yi autonomous prefecture… Wenshan Zhuang-Miao autonomous prefecture…

China (Yunnan) 5

77-BAE-ba chökö China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-bb axi ahi, mile Kunming>SE.: Lunan Yi autonomous county… Mile county China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-bc sani yi-liang Kunming>E.: Yiliang county China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-bd awu China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-be axhebo China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-bf huami* China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-bg wenxi* China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-bh lolopho China (Yunnan)

77-BAE-bi phupha China (Yunnan)

77-BB NAXI+ LISU* chain

77-BBA NAXI net

77-BBA-a Naxi nahsi, nasi, nakhi, 'moso', 'mosso', 'mussoh' Jinsha, Yangtze upper valley: Lijiang Naxi autonomous county… Weixi… Zhongdian… also

scattered in Sichuan (Yanyuan; Yanbian; Muli counties)… also in Tibet (Mangkang county) Naxi pictographic proto-writing; Naxi syllabic script

China (Yunnan; Sichuan; also Tibet)

5

77-BBA-aa naxi-W. "standard" naxi within Yangtze loop: Lijiang Naxi autonomous county (Dayan…)

(Yunnan)

77-BBA-ab naxi-E. inclusion of the following dialects to be confirmed (Yunnan; Sichuan)

77-BBA-aba lichiang* (Yunnan and/or Sichuan)

77-BBA-abb lapao* (Yunnan and/or Sichuan)

77-BBA-abc lutien* (Yunnan and/or Sichuan)

77-BBA-abd lomi* (Yunnan and/or Sichuan)

77-BBB LISU+ TAKU net

77-BBB-a Lisu+ Taku China (Yunnan; Sichuan); Burma (Upper Shan; Wa…); Thailand-N.; Laos frontier

5

77-BBB-aa lisu 'lisu-S.', 'lisu-C.', lissu, lisaw, li-shaw, li-hsaw, lu-tzu, lesuo, li, lishu, leisu, leshuoopa, loisu, luizu, lusu Fraser's syllabic script; Wang

Renbo's syllabic script; Latin script (Yunnan) Salween, Nu… Mekong, Lancang valleys: Gongshan Drung-Nu autonomous county… Fugong… Luku; Jiang, Yangtze upper right-bank enclaves; (Yunnan+ Kachin frontier) Taiping headwaters; (Shan) Möng Hawm… Möng Si; (Thailand-N.) Ping headwaters… Kok valley enclaves; Ping+ Wang confluence>W.…

China (Yunnan); Burma (Kachin; Shan: Upper Shan, Wa); migration

>Thailand-N.

5

77-BBB-aaa yao-yen yaw-yen, yaw-yin, yeh-jen, yaw-gin (Yunnan)

77-BBB-aab chung (Yunnan)

77-BBB-aac cheli chedi (Yunnan)

77-BBB-aad khae (Yunnan)

77-BBB-aae lip'o (Yunnan)

77-BBB-aaf hua-lisu hwa-lisu, "flowery" lisu (Shan)…

77-BBB-aag pai-lisu "white" lisu (Shan)…

77-BBB-aah lu-shi-lisu (Shan)…

77-BBB-aai tangsir (Shan)…

77-BBB-aaj hkwin-hpang (Shan)…

77-BBB-ab taku lisu-E., lisu-taku, he-lisu, "black" lisu Pollard's syllabic script China (Yunnan)

77-BBB-ac jino jinuo, youle Youle mountains Laos+ Burma frontier; China (Yunnan)

4

77-BBC SAMEI* net provisional classification; perhaps to br reclassfied with [77=] Nasö+

Thongho (Yi)

77-BBC-a Samei China (Yunnan) 2

77-BBC-aa samei China (Yunnan) 2

77-BC AKHA+ PHUNOI chain

77-BCA AKHA+ LAHU net

77-BCA-a Akha+ Kaduo* Hani, hanhi, haw between Yuan… Nanpan valleys: Honghe Hani-Yi autonomous prefecture… Mojiang Hani autonomous county… Jiangcheng Hani-Yi autonomous county…

China (Yunnan…); Burma (Kengtung Shan); Thailand; also Vietnam

6

77-BCA-aa menghua mehua, menghwa, mengwa Dali>S. China (Yunnan)…

77-BCA-ab asong Burma (Kengtung Shan-E.)…

77-BCA-ac akha+ phusang Mekong middle valley… (scattered enclaves) Latin script Burma (Kengtung Shan-E.); China (Yunnan…); Thailand-N.; Laos-N.; also Vietnam

5

77-BCA-aca akha ako, aka, ko, ekaw, kaw, ak'a, kha-ko, ekwa, ikho, ikor Burma (Kengtung Shan-E.)… 5

77-BCA-acb chaecung China (Yunnan…)…

77-BCA-acc luma China (Yunnan…)…

77-BCA-acd nu-guei nu-quay China (Yunnan…)…


77-BCA-ace buli China (Yunnan…)…

77-BCA-acf mucchi China (Yunnan…)…

77-BCA-acg oma China (Yunnan…)…

77-BCA-ach o'pa China (Yunnan…)…

77-BCA-aci phusang China (Yunnan…)…

77-BCA-ad phana phana', pana', bana' China frontier; Laos-N. 3

77-BCA-ae kaduo kado Mong-ou-tay China frontier Laos-N.; China (Yunnan) frontier 3

77-BCA-af pudu putu China

77-BCA-ag sansu Burma-E.; China (Yunnan)

77-BCA-ah mahei mahe, mabe Burma-E.; China (Yunnan)

77-BCA-ai biyo bio, biyua China (Yunnan) 5

77-BCA-aj honi* woni, uni, ho, ouni, aini, yani Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous

prefecture China (Yunnan) 5

77-BCA-ak sang-kong* Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture China (Yunnan) 3

77-BCA-b Lahu scattered enclaves from Dawang range (Mae Klong headwaters) to

Wuliangshan range (Lishehe valley) ¶severely affected by cross-frontier movement of refugees in late 20

th cent. Pinyin Latin script

Thailand; Laos; Burma (Shan); China (Yunnan)

5

77-BCA-ba lahu-A. lahuna, laku, lohei, kaixien, namen, mussar, mussuh, musso, moso 2, muhso

China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan); Thailand-N.

5

77-BCA-bb kutsung "yellow" lahu, shi, lahu-shi, kucong, kui, kwi China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan); also Thailand-N.

4

77-BCA-bc na "black" lahu, musseh-dam, lahu-N., lohei, loheirn #na=«black» China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan);

Thailand-N.

77-BCA-bd nyi "red" lahu, musseh-daeng, luhishi, luhushi, lahu-S. China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan); Thailand-N.

77-BCA-be shehleh China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan)

77-BCA-bf laopang laopa China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan)

77-BCA-bg laba China (Yunnan); Burma (Shan)

77-BCB PHUNOI+ BISU net

77-BCB-a Phunoi Laos; Thailand 4

77-BCB-aa phunoi-A. 'kha-punoi', côông Phong-saly environs Laos-C.; also Thailand 4

77-BCB-ab 'black'-khoany Laos-C.

77-BCB-ac 'white'-khoany Laos-C.

77-BCB-ad mung Laos-C.

77-BCB-ae hwethom Laos-C.

77-BCB-af khaskhong Laos-C.

77-BCB-b Bisu+ Mpi Thailand; Laos; Burma 3

77-BCB-ba bisu mbisu Thailand (Chiangrai-SW.; Lampang-N.)

2

77-BCB-bb mpi mpi-mi Phrae Phayao Thailand 3

77-BCB-bc pyen Kha river Laos frontier; Burma (Shan) 2

77-BCC SILA net

77-BCC-a Sila Laos 4

77-BCC-aa sila Muong-hai>N. Laos-N. 4

77-BCD LOPI net

77-BCD-a Lopi Burma (Shan); also China (Yunnan)*

4

77-BCD-aa lopi Burma (Shan)… 4

77-BD HSIFAN chain part of 'declining lolo', 'residual lolo'

77-BDA HSIFAN net

77-BDA-a Hsifan "wider" hsifan Burma; also China (Sichuan)* 4

77-BDA-aa hsifan-A. hsifan "proper" Burma

77-BDA-ab manyak Burma

77-BDA-ac horpa Burma

77-BDA-ad menia Burma

77-BDA-ae muli* or to be classified with [76=] P'umi Burma; also China (Sichuan)*

77-BE UGONG chain part of 'declining lolo', 'residual lolo'

77-BEA UGONG net

77-BEA-a Ugong Kanchanaburi… Uthai-thani… Suphanaburi bilingual < [47=] Thai Thailand 3

77-BEA-aa ugong lawa 2 Thailand 3

77-BEA-aaa 'ugong ugong Thailand

77-BEA-aab kok-chiang Thailand

77-BEA-aac suphanaburi Suphanaburi Thailand


77-BF NU+ ZAUZOU chain

77-BFA NU+ ZAUZOU net "pseudo" nung, nung 2 distinct from [76=] Nung

77-BFA-a Nu Nu Jiang Lisu autonomous prefecture: Nu… Lancang valleys China (Yunnan) 3

77-BFA-aa nu anu, noutzu, nutzu, lutze, lu, lutzu; kiutze; nu-su community China (Yunnan) 3

77-BFA-aaa nu-NW. Nu valley: Bijiang… Fugong>N. (Yunnan)

77-BFA-aab nu-SE. Lancang valley (Yunnan)

77-BFA-b Zauzou China (Yunnan) 3

77-BFA-ba zauzou China (Yunnan) 3

77-BG TUJIA-NORTH* chain

provisional classification

77-BGA TUJIA-NORTH net

77-BGA-a Tujia-N. Yingjiang… Yanhe counties: Yongshun… China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou) 5*

77-BGA-aa tujia-N. tuchia-N., pitsikha-N. China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou)

77-BH TUJIA-SOUTH* chain provisional classification

77-BHA TUJIA-SOUTH net

77-BHA-a Tujia-S. Jishou environs China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou) 3

77-BHA-aa tujia-S. tuchia-S., pitsikha-S. China (Hunan; Hubei; Guizhou)

77-C BAI+ DALI* set provisional classification as sinicised 'Loloish'-related set

77-CA BAI+ DALI chain

77-CAA BAI+ DALI net

77-CAA-a Bai+ Dali ; hybrid outer-language, heavily influence < [79=] Han-yu China (Yunnan) 5

77-CAA-aa bai pai, minkia, minjia, minchia; including eryuan… labbu… nama… leme Dali-Bai autonomous prefecture: Dali plain, between Lancang Jinsha, Yangtze rivers

China (Yunnan) 5

77-CAA-aaa heqing bai-C., heqing-jianchuan, hoking-jianchuan (Yunnan)

77-CAA-aab kowan (Yunnan)

77-CAA-aac 'mountain'-minchia "mountain" bai (Yunnan)

77-CAA-ab lanbi bijiang-lanping, lanping-bijiang China (Yunnan)

77-CAA-ac dali tali, tali-xaingyun China (Yunnan)


78= KARENIC phylozone

covers the "Karen" or Pwo+ Sgaw set, part of the "Sino-

Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 12 outer languages) spoken by communities

in central Southeast Asia:

78-A PWO + SGAW

The Karen set constitutes an independent component of the "Sino-Tibetan" affinity, and is no longer considered part of the intermediate "Tibeto-Burman" affinity.

Burma; Thailand 6

78-A PWO+ SGAW set karen Burmese script

78-AA PWO+ SGAW chain kayin, yang

78-AAA PWO+PA'O net

78-AAA-a Pa'o Burma (Shan; Kayan; Kawthoolei; Tenasserim); Thailand

5

78-AAA-aa pa'o pa-u, taungthu, "black" karen, pa'o-karen Burma (Shan; Kayan; Kawthoolei; Tenasserim); Thailand

5

78-AAA-aaa pa'o-N. Burma (Shan-SW.…)

78-AAA-aab pa'o-S. Burma (Tenasserim-C.…)

78-AAA-aac pa'o-E. Thailand enclave Thailand

78-AAA-b Pwo+ Phlong Burma; Thailand 6

78-AAA-ba pwo pho, talaing-kayin,"white" karen, "plains" karen, pwo-karen Burma; Thailand

78-AAA-baa pwo-F. "literary pwo" Burma; Thailand

78-AAA-bab mae-sarieng Mae-Sarieng Thailand-N

78-AAA-bac hod hot Mae-Sarieng environs Thailand-N.

78-AAA-bad mae-ngaw Salween river Thailand-N.

78-AAA-bae omkoi Thailand

78-AAA-baf mae-sot Thailand

78-AAA-bag ubong Thailand

78-AAA-bah chiang-rai Chiang-Rai Thailand-N.

78-AAA-bai mae-sai Mae-Sai Thailand-N.

78-AAA-baj mutheit* Thailand or Burma

78-AAA-bak shu* Thailand or Burma

78-AAA-bb leke Burma; Thailand

78-AAA-bc phlong phlon, pholong, hpalone Burma; Thailand

78-AAA-bd pwo-hua-hin hua-hin-pwo Hua Hin Thailand

78-AAA-be pwo-kanchana-buri pwo-uthai-thani Bangkok>N.: Kanchana Buri Thailand-C.

78-AAA-bf pwo-phrae phrae, prae Phrae Thailand-CN.

78-AAB SGAW+ BWE net

78-AAB-a Brek Kantarawady+ Kyèbogi mountains Burma (Kayan) 4

78-AAB-aa brek brec, brek-karen Burma (Kayan) 4

78-AAB-b Bwe-W. part of bwe-karen Burma 4

78-AAB-ba geba kaba, karenbyu, kayinbyu, "white" karen 3 Burma (Kayan-N.; Mobyè) 4

78-AAB-bb blimaw Burma

78-AAB-c Bwe-C. part of bwe-karen Burma; Thailand 4

78-AAB-ca bghai bwe, baghi, bghe, bwe-karen, "red" karen Burma; Thailand 4

78-AAB-caa kyébogi Kyébogi Burma (Kayan)

78-AAB-cab bghai-thailand Thailand enclave Thailand

78-AAB-cb gekho gek'o, gheko, ghekhol, ghekhu, keku, kekhong, kekaungdu Yamethin Toungoo

Burma (Mobyè) 4

78-AAB-d Bwe-E. part of bwe-karen Burma; Thailand 4

78-AAB-da pa-daung padaung-karen, kayam Burma; Thailand 4

78-AAB-daa pa-daung-mobyè Phekon Burma (Mobyè)

78-AAB-dab pa-daung-thailand Thailand enclave Thailand

78-AAB-db lahta lahta-karen Mobye district Burma (Shan)

78-AAB-e Kayah+ Yinbaw Burma; Thailand 5

78-AAB-ea kayah kayinni, kayin, karennyi, kayay, "red" karen 2, "hills" karen 2, kayah-karen

Burma; Thailand 5

78-AAB-eb yinbaw yinbaw-karen Burma 3

78-AAB-eba plateau-yinbaw Shan plateau: Mobye district Burma (Shan)

78-AAB-ebb bawlakhè Bawlakhè Burma (Kayan)


78-AAB-f Sgaw+ Paku Burma (Kayan); Thailand 6

78-AAB-fa sgaw sgau, yang khao, "white" karen 2, "plains" karen 2, sgaw-karen Irrawaddy delta… Tanen-taung-gyi mountains

Burma (Kayan); Thailand 6

78-AAB-faa pa-ganyaw pwakanyaw, kanyaw (Kayan); Thailand

78-AAB-fab pa-napu (Kayan)…

78-AAB-fac pa-lakhi palachi, palaychi (Kayan)…

78-AAB-fb pa-ku Taungoo>E. (Kayan)… 3

78-AAB-fba pa-ku-A. paku, pagu (Kayan)…

78-AAB-fbb bilichi (Kayan)…

78-AAB-fbc dermuha (Kayan)…

78-AAB-fbd mopwa monebwa, monnepwa (Kayan)…

78-AAB-fbe thalwepwe (Kayan)…

78-AAB-g Manumanaw Burma (Kayan) 3

78-AAB-ga manumanaw monu, manumanaw-karen Burma (Kayan) 3

78-AAB-h Yintale Bawlakhe district Burma (Kayan) 3

78-AAB-ha yintale yintalet, yintale-karen Burma (Kayan) 3

78-AAB-i Zayein Mobye… Phekon Burma (Shan) 3

78-AAB-ia zayein zayein-karen Burma (Shan-S.) 3

78-AAB-iaa zayein-A. Burma (Shan-S.)

78-AAB-iab khaungtou gaungto Burma (Shan-S.)

78-AAB-j Wewaw Burma 3

78-AAB-ja wewaw wewaw-karen Burma 3


79= SINITIC phylozone

covers the "Chinese" or Han-Yu set, part of the "Sino-Tibetan"

("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 16 outer languages) spoken by communities

throughout East Asia, centered on the Huang-He ("Yellow River") and Yangtze basins:

79-A HAN-YU

including 3 arterial languages: Putonghua (Mandarin); Wu;

Yue (Cantonese)

The English term "dialect" has in the past been used inappropriately to describe the major components of "Wider

Chinese", which are here classified as a net of 16 outer-languages, divided into 69 inner-languages (and subsequently into 429 "dialects", in the Register's usage of that term and on

the basis of presently limited knowledge).

Although degrees of spoken inter-intelligibility vary greatly within each outer-language, and are generally low among

outer-languages, communication within China is facilitated by a common writing system and by the universal teaching of Putonghua (the standard form of "Mainstream Chinese" or so-

called 'Mandarin') as the language of national education.

Mainstream Chinese, or Putonghua in the wider sense, is the language with the largest number of primary speakers in the

world, serving as the official national language of the most populous nation-state. At the end of the 20

th century, the title

of "most spoken language in the world" can be taken to

alternate between Mainstream Chinese and English within each 24-hour cycle, depending on whether China is "asleep" or "awake". Mainstream Chinese is one of two languages in

the world to have reached an estimated total of one billion primary plus alternate voices by the end of the 2

nd millennium.

Bangladesh; Bhutan; Burma; India; Japan; Laos; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; Malaysia; Nepal; North Korea; Pakistan; Singapore; South Korea; Thailand; Vietnam; plus worldwide diaspora, including:

Australia; Brazil; Brunei; Canada; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Fiji; France; French Guiana; French Polynesia; Guam; Guatemala; Guyana; Indonesia; Jamaica; Kazakhstan; Kirghizstan; Madagascar; Mauritius; Mexico; Mongolia; Mozambique; Nauru; Netherlands; New Zealand / Aotearoa; Panama; Papua New Guinea; Paraguay; Peru;

Philippines; Portugal; Réunion; Samoa; Seychelles; South Africa; Surinam; Trinidad; United Kingdom; USA; Vanuatu; Venezuela

9

79-A HAN-YU set "WIDER"-CHINESE, "sinitic"

79-AA HAN-YU chain

79-AAA HAN-YU net #in language-names below, -hua =«language»

79-AAA-a Wen-li Classical-Chinese written from c.–1800 in Chinese script China; Korea; Vietnam (former

Annam); Japan…

79-AAA-aa wen-li wen-yen, veng-yi, "high" wenli, "classical+ pre-classical literary chinese"; including "pre-classical literary chinese" (from c.–1800)… "classical literary chinese" (from c.200):

China…

79-AAA-b Pu-tong-hua Mainstream-Chinese, han-yu-N., pei, bei, bai, "wider" mandarin, "chinese"-N. #putong-hua, potin-hua, p'u-t'ung-hua =«commonly understood language». This term has become established in 20th

century communist China to describe the official northern Chinese language (hitherto known in English as Mandarin) which is the national language of education and administration in China. The term

Putonghua is applied here in a wider sense to describe the northern Chinese language in general, i.e Northern Han-yu (replacing the wider use in English of the term Mandarin)

A China (Mainland; Taiwan; Macao; Hong Kong); A Singapore; Malaysia (peninsula); A United Nations; migration>North Korea, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Guam, Australia, Brazil, Paraguay

9

79-AAA-ba guan-hua Mandarin "Proper", kuan-hua =«official's language», traditional "imperial mandarin", "post-classical literary chinese", "vernacular literary chinese", part of "low" wenli from c 650: Chinese script

China

79-AAA-bb bei-jing-hua modern popular pei-ching-hua, bei-hua, pei-hua, bai-hua; hua-yu; han-yu "proper"; including guan-hua 2, kuan-hua 2 = "standard & near-standard chinese", "beijing mandarin", "modern literary chinese", part

of "low wenli" #beijing-hua, peiching-hua =«Peking language»; bei-hua, pei-hua =«north language»; bai-hua = «plain language»

China 8

79-AAA-bba guo-yu kuo-yü, biaozhun-yu, "pre-communist standard chinese"+ taiwan "standard chinese" Chinese script: Bai-hua popular literary model; pre-communist Sino-Latin script, Zhu-yin, Chu-yin phonetic script #kuo-yü =«national language»; biaozhun-yu = «standard language»,

China

79-AAA-bbb hua-yu singapore "standard chinese" Chinese script Singapore

79-AAA-bbc pu-tong-hua-F. potin-hua, p'u-t'ung-hua, "official chinese", "communist standard chinese" Chinese script: Putonghua popular literary model; communist Sino-Latin script, Pinyin, Pinyin-wenzi (= «sounds spelling»)

China

79-AAA-bbd pu-tong-hua-V. po-tin-hua "vehicular", p'u-t'ung-hua "vehicular", "vehicular chinese", "vehicular mandarin"; formerly dazhong-yu including translingual voices in [79=] Jin, [79=] Xiang, [79=] Wu, [79=] Gan, [79=] Min, [79=] Hakka, [79=] Yue, [79=] Pinghua, and bilingual voices in [44=] Mongolian, [44=] Manchu, [44=] Tungus, [45=] Korean, [46=] Mon-Khmer, [47=] Tai, [48=] Miao+Yao, [58=] Tajik, [70=] Tibetan #dazhong-yu = «mass language»

China (including migration>

Xinjiang); migration> Singapore; Korea; Malaysia; Indonesia; Guam island (Agana City); Australia (Sydney); Brazil (São Paulo); Paraguay (Asunción)


79-AAA-bbe bei-jing-hua-F. peking "cultivated urban" (Beijing)

79-AAA-bbf bei-jing-hua-U. peking "popular urban", "inner" bei-jing-hua (Beijing)

79-AAA-bbg jing-shi part of "outer" bei-jing-hua Peking City periphery (Beijing-shi-S.)

79-AAA-bbh huai-cheng part of "outer" bei-jing-hua Langfang Bai-he river Luan-he upper river Dolonnur

(Beijing-shi-N.; Hebei-C.; Hebei-N.; Neimenggu Zizhiqu-SE.)

79-AAA-bbi chao-feng part of "outer" bei-jing-hua transition < [79=] Dong-bei Daling-he upper basin Yin-he+ Xibo-he basin Hexigten Banner

(Liaoning-W.; Neimenggu Zizhiqu-SE.)

79-AAA-bc dong-bei-hua "mandarin"-NE., manchurian "settlers' mandarin", northeast "mixed chinese"

China-NE. 7

79-AAA-bca chang-jin part of ha-fu Xiliao-he river Changchun Baicheng+ Ulanhot (Liaoning-NW.; Neimenggu Zizhiqu-SE.; Jilin-W.)

4

79-AAA-bcb zhao-fu part of ha-fu Songhua-jiang middle river (Jilin-N.; Heilongjiang-S.)

79-AAA-bcc tong-xi part of ji-shen (Liaoning-E.; Jilin-S.)

79-AAA-bcd yan-ji part of ji-shen Yanji (Jilin-E.)

79-AAA-bce jiao-ning part of ji-shen (Jilin-NE.; Heilongjiang-SE.)

79-AAA-bcf jia-fu part of hei-song (Heilongjiang-E.)

79-AAA-bcg nen-ke part of hei-song Hulan-he+ Tongken-he rivers Nen-jiang basin

Heilong-jiang upper right-bank tributaries Hailar-he basin

(Heilongjiang; Neimenggu Zizhiqu-NW.)

79-AAA-bch zhan-hua part of hei-song ¶spoken by former frontier garrison Zhaozhou>N. (Heilongjiang-NW.; Heilongjiang-SW.)

79-AAA-bd jiao-liao-hua jiaoliao "mandarin" Outer Bohai Sea coasts China (Heilongjiang-E.; Liaoning-S.)

7

79-AAA-bda qing-zhou qing-lai, qing-dao (Heilongjiang-E.)

79-AAA-bdb deng-zhou deng-lian, yantai Shandong-bandao-E. peninsula Liaodong-bandao peninsula Hulin enclave Ertun enclave

(Heilongjiang-E.)

79-AAA-bdc gai-huan Liaodong bay Yingkou+ Xiuyan Kuandian+ Huanren (Liaoning-S.)

79-AAA-be ji-lu-hua jilu "mandarin", beifang "mandarin", "great-wall"-E., Hebei+ Shandong river-plains

China (Hebei; Shandong) 7

79-AAA-bea fu-long part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Qinglong+ Qinhuangdao

(Hebei)

79-AAA-beb luan-chang part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Luan-he delta (Hebei)

79-AAA-bec ji-zun part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Luan-he middle

river: Qianxi-Qian'an Dou-he river: Tangshan Tiyun-he basin: Nighe+ Ji-xian+ Zunhua Liu-he upper river: Xinglong

(Shandong)

79-AAA-bed tian-jin part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" "Grand Canal": Tientsin, Tianjin city Hai-he river-mouth

(Tianjin)

79-AAA-bee ding-ba part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Juma-he basin Tang-he+ Zhulong-he basin "Grand Canal": Yongqing+ Jinghai+ Daicheng environs

(Hebei)

79-AAA-bef lai-fu part of bao-tang, part of jilu+ beijing "transitional" Huliu-he upper river: Guangling+ Yu-xian Juma-he upper river: Lai-yuan Dasha-he upper river: Fuping+ Quyang

(Shandong)

79-AAA-beg huang-le part of chang-hui Ziya-he confluence: Suning+ Xian-xian "Grand Canal": Botou+ Cangzou Majia-he lower river Huang-he delta: Zhanhua

(Shandong)

79-AAA-beh yang-shou part of chang-hui Huang-he left-bank: Binzhou+ Yangxin Huang-he

right-bank: Boxing+ Kenli Mi-he river: Shouguang+ Weifang (Shandong)

79-AAA-bei zhang-huan part of chang-hui Huang-he delta: Lijin Zhanghuan upstream: Zouping+ Huantai

(Shandong)

79-AAA-bej ju-zhao part of chang-hui, jilu+ jiaoliao "transitional" Ju-xian+ Rizhao (Shandong)

79-AAA-bek zhao-shen part of shi-ji inter-riverine Dasha-he+ Huaisha-he, Jingxing+ Shijiazhuang+ Wuqiang,

(Hebei)

79-AAA-bel xing-heng part of shi-ji Fuyang-he middle river: Xingtai+ Hengshui (Hebei)

79-AAA-bem liao-tai part of shi-ji, jilu+ zhongyuan "transitional" Linqing+ Jinan+ Xintai "Grand Canal": Dezhou+ Linqing+ Liaocheng Huang-he lower river: Jinan+ Pingyin Boshan+ Lushan+ Yishan hills Dawan-he upper basin: Tai'an+ Laiwu+ Xintai Dongwen-he river: Mengyin+ Yinan

(Shandong)

79-AAA-bf zhong-yuan-hua zhongyuan "mandarin" Huang-he+ Wei-he rivers China (Shandong; Jiangsu westward)

8

79-AAA-bfa zhongyuan+ jilu transition < [79=] Jilu "Grand Canal": Dongping Pingyi (Shandong-C.)

79-AAA-bfb cailu-NE. part of cai-lu "Grand Canal": Zhaoyang-hu lake (Shandong-S.)

79-AAA-bfc zheng-cao-N. Huang-he lower river: Zhengzhou Puyang Heze (Henan-N.; Shandong-S.)

79-AAA-bfd zheng-cao-E. "Grand Canal": Zaozhuang Ganyu Zuqian (Shandong-S.; Jiangsu-N.)

79-AAA-bfe zheng-cao-C. Shangqiu Fuyang Suzhou (Henan-E.; Anhui-NW.)

79-AAA-bff zheng-cao-W. Nanyang Xuchang (Henan-SW.)

79-AAA-bfg xin-beng Xinyang+ Jinzhai+ Huoqiu Bengbu+ Sixian (Henan-SE.; Anhui-W.)

79-AAA-bfh cailu-SW. part of cai-lu Fugou+ Runan+ Huaibin Yingshang (Henan-CE.; Jiangsu-W. )

79-AAA-bfi luoxu-E. part of luo-xu Xiayi+ Feng-xian+ Xuzhou+ Huaibei (Henan-E.; Anhui-N.; Jiangsu-NW.)

79-AAA-bfj luoxu-C. part of luo-xu Lankao+ Cao-xian Taikang Yanling (Henan-CE. )

79-AAA-bfk luoxu-W. part of luo-xu Luo-he+ Yi-he basin (Inner Henan-NW. )

79-AAA-bfl hai-zhou xie-zhou, part of fen-he Huang-he river-bend, including Qin-he upper river (Anze) Yicheng Puxian+ Xiangning hills Sushui-he lower river (Yuncheng+ Yongji) Huang-he right-bank (Lingbao+ Sanmenxia)

(Shaanxi-SW.; Henan-NW. adjacent)


79-AAA-bfm ping-yang Fenhe middle river (Fenxi+ Linfen) Qinshui Sushui-he upper river (Wenxi)

(Shaanxi-SW. )

79-AAA-bfn jiang-zhou part of fen-he lower river (Fenhe Jishan+ Houma) Zhongtiao-E. highlands (Yuanqu)

(Shaanxi-SW. )

79-AAA-bfo guan-zhong Wei-he+ Luo-he confluence (Dali+ Huayin) Huang-he right-bank (Hancheng) Yichuan+ Heyang hills Luo-he lower basin

Tongchuan Jing-he+ Wei-he confluence (Xianyang+ Weinan) Qinling-shan-E. highlands Dan Jiang upper river Chenggu+ Yang-xian; also Jingyuan enclave (Ningxia-Huizu far-south)

(Shaanxi-W. )

79-AAA-bfp qin-long Middle Han-shui basin (Zhashui+ Ankang+ Baihe) Yan-he+ Luo-he lower rivers (Yan'an) Bayushan highlands (Dingbian) Huan-jiang

river (Huan-xian+ Qingyang) Qingshui-he upper river (Ningxia-Huizu-SE.) Pingliang Baoji Huang-he upper river Jingtai+ Jingyuan… Xining valley Laji-shan mountains Dunhuang

(Shaanxi; Gansu; Qinghai-E.)

79-AAA-bfq long-zhong Hulu-he upper river (Haiyuan+ Xiji, Ningxia-Huizu-SW.) Zuli-he

upper river (Huining) Wei-he+ Hulu-he confluence (Zhuanglang+ Tianshui) Qinling-shan-W. highlands (Tongren+ Kangle) Xiqing-shan-W. foothills Ledu valley Datong valley

(Gansu; Qinghai-E. )

79-AAA-bfr nan-jiang zhong-yuan "settlers"-N. Hotan (Xinjiang-S.) Artux+ Kashi (Xinjiang-E.) Aksu+ Yining+ Korla (Xinjiang-N.)

(Xinjiang)

79-AAA-bfs zhong-yuan-'settlers'-S. ¶spoken by settlers from Henan (Anhui-E.; Zhejiang-NW.)

79-AAA-bg lan-yin-hua lanyin "mandarin", "great wall" China (Gansu; Xinjiang) 6

79-AAA-bga yin-wu Huang-he upper river (Ningxia Huizu): Shizuishan+ Yinchuan+ Zhongwei

(Ningxia Huizu)

79-AAA-bgb jin-cheng Huang-he+ Zhuanglang-he confluence: Yongdeng+ Lanzhou (Gansu)

79-AAA-bgc he-xi Gansu-NW. corridor: Anxi+ Jiyayuguan+ Jinchang+ Wuwei (Gansu)

79-AAA-bgd bei-jiang-N. Karamay-Fuyun Wenquan Shihezi Bosten-hu lake (Xinjiang-N. )

79-AAA-bh xinan-guan-hua "mandarin"-SW., "upper-yangtze mandarin" China (Hubei; Hunan; Sichuan; Hubei; Anhui; Zhejiang; Shaanxi; Yunnan; Guizhou); also Burma

8

79-AAA-bha wu-tian transition < jiang-huai "mandarin" Chang-jiang lakes (Wuchang Wuhan+ Tianmen) Hunan right-bank enclave (Linxiang-N. county)

(Hubei-S. )

79-AAA-bhb e-bei Han-shui river: Shiyan+ Suizhou Qianjiang; plus settlers in Anhui & Zhejiang

(Hubei-C.; settlements in Anhui-S.; Zhejiang-NW.)

79-AAA-bhc chang-he Li-shui river (Jinshi+ Cili) Yuan-jiang east river (Changde) (Hunan; Hubei border)

79-AAA-bhd chengyu-C. part of cheng-yu Chang-jiang upper river: Chang-jiang Hubei left-

bank (Yichang+ Jingmen) Chang-jiang right-bank (Enshi-Fuling) Chang-jiang Sichuan left-bank Wanxian+ Dianjiang Chongqing, Chungking city Tua-jiang middle river (Chengdu+ Yongchuan) Fu+ Jialing+ Qu-jiang basin (Nanchong+ Daxian) Micang+ Daba-shan mountains; plus Shaanxi enclaves (Liuba+ Shiquan)

(Sichuan-E.; Hubei-W.; also

Shaanxi enclaves)

79-AAA-bhe chengyu-SE. part of cheng-yu Sichuan-S. mountains: Litang-he upper river (Yanyuan) Jinsha, Yangtze+ Yalong-jiang river-bend (Dukou+ Dechang+ Huidong)

(Sichuan-S.)

79-AAA-bhf minjiang-C. part of guan-chi Chang-jiang upper river: left-bank+ Min-jiang river right-bank upstream from Jiangjin

(Sichuan-S. )

79-AAA-bhg minjiang-N. part of guan-chi Yanting+ Shehong enclave (Sichuan)

79-AAA-bhh minjiang-E. part of guan-chi Wuchuan+ Yinjiang enclave (Guizhou)

79-AAA-bhi minjiang-SW. part of guan-chi Xichang enclave (Sichuan-S.)

79-AAA-bhj renfu-NE. part of guan-chi Neijiang+ Zigong (Sichuan-CE.)

79-AAA-bhk renfu-S. part of guan-chi Yanjin (Sichuan-SW.)

79-AAA-bhl renfu-W. part of guan-chi Mianning (Sichuan-SW.)

79-AAA-bhm ya-mian part of guan-chi Ya'an+ Baoxing valley Dadu-he middle valley (Sichuan-SW. )

79-AAA-bhn li-chuan part of guan-chi Yunnan-NW. mountains: Lijlang Jianchuan Yunlong Eryuan Binchuan Lishe-he upper river (Dali)

(Yunnan-NW.)

79-AAA-bho bao-lu part of dian-xi Yunnan-NW. mountains Burma frontier Daying-jiang valley (Yingjiang ) Tengchong+ Luxi highlands (Nu-jiang valley: Changputong to Lushu) Burma enclave (Khugaung, Nmai-hka middle river) Nu-jiang valley (Luku downstream to Burma frontier) Burma enclave (Salween river-bend, west of Liangshan mountain) Lanchang-jiang upper valley (Weixi+ Shuijing) Lanchang-jiang right bank (Baoshan+ Yun-xian) Laobie-shan highlands (Zhenkang+ Yongde) Nanding-he valley

(Yunnan-NW.); Burma enclaves

79-AAA-bhp yao-li part of dian-xi Yunnan-NW. mountains: Lanchang-jiang upper valley (Chinese Mekong: Dêqên to Weixi) Lanchang-jiang left-bank (Yongping to Yanglie) Zhongdian Maer-shan mountains Xiangyun+ Yongren

(Yunnan-NW.)

79-AAA-bhq kun-gui Kungui-NW. (Yongsheng) Lanchang-jiang lower valley Babian-jiang valley West Yuan-jiang valley Lüzhi-jiang valley Chuxiong+ Yuanmou valley Dian-chi lake (Kunming+ Jinning) Fuxian-hu lake Luliang+ Qujing valley Niulan-jiang valley Ningnan valley Zhaotong highlands Xuanwei left-bank highlands Nanpan-jiang lower river Beipan-jiang Anshun+ Guiyang highlands Ziyun foothills

(Yunnan; Guizhou-SW. )

79-AAA-bhr qian-bei Weixin highlands Zhonghe+ Weining highlands Lupanshui valley Liuchong-he Bijie+ Dading highlands Zheng'an valley Wu-jiang upper river Songtao+ Tongren Huaihua

(Guizhou; Yunnan-NE.; Hunan-

NE.)


79-AAA-bhs qian-nan Miao-ling highlands (Duyun+ Kaili) Hongshui-he upper river Dushan+ Libo

(Guizhou)

79-AAA-bht cen-jiang Wu-ling-S. highlands: Qingshui-jiang middle river (Liping+ Rongjiang) Tongdao Jing-xian valley

(Guizhou-SE.; Hunan-SW.)

79-AAA-bhu gui-liu Tuoniang-jiang river Napo-Jingxi highlands river You-jiang upper river Hongshui-he lower river Hongshui-he river Long-jiang river Rong-jiang Liuzhou+ Wuxuan Luoqing-jiang river

Gui-jiang, He-xian

(Guangxi-N.)

79-AAA-bhv xiang-nan Xiao-shui river Xintian Chenzhou (Hunan-S.)

79-AAA-bi jiang-huai "lower+ middle yangtze mandarin" Chang-jiang, Yangtze lower & middle river

China (Hubei; Jiangxi; Anhui; Jiangsu)

79-AAA-bia huang-xiao-W. part of huang-xiao Zhuxi Zhushan enclave (Hubei-W. )

79-AAA-bib huang-xiao-NE. part of huang-xiao, "left-bank" huang-xiao Chang-jiang, Yangtze middle river: Yingshan Xiaogan Macheng Yingshan Huanggang Huangmei

(Hubei-E.)

79-AAA-bic huang-xiao-SE. part of huang-xiao, "right-bank" huang-xiao Chang-jiang, Yangtze middle river: Ezhou town & lakes Jiujiang riverine lakes & islands

between Wangjiang & Hukou

(Hubei-E.; Jiangxi-N.; Anhui-SW.)

79-AAA-bid hong-chao-N. part of hong-chao, "left-bank" hong-chao "Grand Canal", Chang-jiang lower river: Lu'an Anqing Chaohu Hefei Huainan Chuzhou Yangzhou Huaiyin Shuyang Lianyungang Binhai Yancheng

(Anhui-C.; Jiangsu-C.)

79-AAA-bie hong-chao-S. part of hong-chao, "right-bank" hong-chao "Grand Canal", Chang-jiang lower river: Zhenjiang Nanjing, Nanking city Ma'anshan Wuhu Nanyi-hu lake Langxi+ Xuancheng Xikou Tianmu-shan mountains Nanling+ Qingjiang right-bank & islands (Wuhu to

Shengjin-hu lake)

(Anhui-SE.; Jiangsu-SW.; Zhejiang border)

79-AAA-bif tairu Chang-jiang-N. estuary: Taixing Taizhou Dongtai Nantong (Jiangsu-E.)

79-AAA-bj nanping-hua nanping "mandarin" Nanping city China (Fujian-C.) 6

79-AAA-bk jun-hua hainan "mandarin" Hainan-W. island China (Guangdong) 4

79-AAA-bka changcheng Changcheng (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-bkb dongfang Dongfang (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-bl hui-zu hui, xui, hyatad, dzhun-yan, dungan, tungan, "persianised mandarin", "muslim mandarin"

China (Xinjiang); Mongolia; Kirghizstan; Kazakhstan; also Uzbekistan

5

79-AAA-bla hui-F. "literary" hui, gansu model Cyrillic script (Xinjiang); Mongolia

79-AAA-blb shensi "kazakhstan muslim mandarin" Kazakhstan

79-AAA-blc gansu "kirghizstan muslim mandarin" Frunze… Kara-su Kirghizstan

79-AAA-bld yage Kirghizstan

79-AAA-ble khoton chotan, hoton, xoton, "mongolia muslim mandarin" Mongolia

79-AAA-blf xinjiang-hui (Xinjiang)

79-AAA-bm 'judeo-mandarin' "hebraicised mandarin" Kaifeng city China (Henan) 2

79-AAA-c Jin China (Shaanxi; Neimenggu; Zizhiqu; Hebei)

7

79-AAA-ca jin-hua "great wall"-C. Huang-he middle river China (Shaanxi-N.; Neimenggu; Zizhiqu; Hebei-W.)

7

79-AAA-caa zhi-yan transition < [79=] Putonghua Luo-he basin Yan-he upper river Qingjian-he lower river

(Shaanxi)

79-AAA-cab xingxi-S. part of lüliang Daning+ Xi-xian valley Jiaokou highlands Shilou+ Yonghe

(Shaanxi)

79-AAA-cac fen-zhou part of lüliang Huang-he right-bank (Qingjian Jia-xian+ Wubu) Sanchuan-he river Lin-xian Luliang-shan highlands Fenyang

(Shaanxi)

79-AAA-cad xingxi-N. part of lüliang Xiang-xian Lan-xian Jingle (Shaanxi)

79-AAA-cae wutai-S. part of wutai Jingbian Qingjian-he upper river Middle river Wuding-he

(Shaanxi)

79-AAA-caf wutai-C. part of wutai river Kuye-he (Shenmu) Huang-he left-bank Luya-shan mountains Pianguan+ Dai-xian "Great Wall" Huto-he upper river Wutai-shan mountains

(Shaanxi)

79-AAA-cag wutai-NW. "up-river" wutai Huang-he river settlements (Linhe to Wuhai) (Neimenggu; Zizhiqu) 3

79-AAA-cah dabao-NW. part of dabao, "up-river" dabao Mu-us desert fringes Dongsheng+ Uxin Banner Huang-he river settlements "Great Wall" to Linhe

(Neimenggu; Zizhiqu)

79-AAA-cai dabao-SE. part of dabao Yangquan+ Xiyang Heshun+ Zuoquan (Shaanxi)

79-AAA-caj zhanghu-NE. part of zhang-hu Sangan-he+ Yang-he lower basin (Huailai + Zhuolu) Yang-he upper river Zhangjiakou Zhangbei Bai-he

upper river Guyuan+ Kangbao Zizhiqu

(Hebei-NW.; Neimenggu; Zizhiqu-SE.)

79-AAA-cak zhanghu-E. part of zhang-hu Hutuo-he middle river Zhanhuang (Hebei-E.)

79-AAA-cal bing-zhou Xizhou-shan mountains Taiyuan+ Yuci+ Qingxu environs Pingyao+ Lingshi valley

(Shaanxi)

79-AAA-cam shang-dang Huo-shan mountains Zhuozhang-he upper river Shangdang-C. (Changzhi+ Pingshun) Taihang-shan mountains Gaoping

(Shaanxi)

79-AAA-can ci-zhang part of han-xin Fuyang-he upper river Qingzhang-he lower river Lin-xian

(Hebei-SE.; Henan-N.)

79-AAA-cao huo-ji han-xin Anyang + Hebi Wei-he lower river Jiaozuo Qin-he lower river

(Henan-N.)


79-AAA-d Wu China (Anhui; Jiangsu; Shanghai; Zhejiang; Jiangxi)

7

79-AAA-da hui-hua part of hui transition < [79=] Putonghua (Anhui-S.; Zhejiang-W.; Jiangxi-E.) 6

79-AAA-daa jing-zhan sanxi+ jingde (Anhui…)

79-AAA-dab ji-she Jinsha Jixi Tangkou Xin'an-jiang river (Shexian+ Jiekou) (Zhejiang…)

79-AAA-dac yan-zhou Xin'an-jiang reservoir Fuchun-jiang reservoir (Zhejiang…)

79-AAA-dad xiu-yi Yi-xian Tunxi Wucheng Fufeng Qinghua Wuyuan (Anhui…Jiangxi)

79-AAA-dae qi-de Qimen Jinggongqiao Yaoli Fuliang (Jiangxi)

79-AAA-db tai-hu wu-N., "mandarinised" wu, kiang-che, tang-yang, #known as «head of

Wu tail of Chuu» "Grand Canal" waterway

China (Anhui; Jiangsu; Shanghai; Zhejiang)

7

79-AAA-dba pi-ling including "remnant-wu" tai-hu (Lang-xi county) Yangtze-N. estuary (Jinsha+ Lüsi Jingjiang) Shazhou Changzhou Danyang Jintan Yixing Liyang

(Anhui-E.; Jiangsu)

79-AAA-dbb su-hu-jia including shanqhae, "shanghainese" Yangtze-N. estuary (Halmen+ Qidong) Chongming-dao island Changxing-dao island Heng-sha island Changshu Wuxi Suzhou, Soochow city Shanghai city Nanhui Jiaxing

(Jiangsu-S.; Shanghai; Zhejiang-N.)

79-AAA-dbc tiao-xi including "remnant"-wu tai-hu (Guangde county) Changxing Huzhou Yuhang Dongtiao-xi river Xiaofeng

(Zhejiang-N.; Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-dbd hang-zhou comprising 2 idioms Hang-zhou, Hangchow city (Zhejiang-N.)

79-AAA-dbe lin-shao Changhua Lin'an Fuyang Tonglu Zhuji Xiaoshan Shaoxing Shangyu Cixi Xinchang

(Zhejiang)

79-AAA-dbf yong-jiang-'mainland' part of yong-jiang Yong-jiang lower river (Ningbo-Zhenhai) Yong-jiang upper river Ninghai+ Chalu Xiangshan bay

(Zhejiang)

79-AAA-dbg yong-jiang-'insular' part of yong-jiang Yong-jiang offshore islands: Niutou-shan island Tantou-shan island Jiu-shan island Zhoushan-qundao archipelago Shengsi-qundao archipelago

(Zhejiang)

79-AAA-dc tai-gao part of "remnant"-wu-W., xuan-zhou China (Anhui) 4

79-AAA-dca tai-gao-N. Shijiu-hu lakes Gucheng-hu (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-dcb tai-gao-SE. Jialu Meicun (Anhui+ Zhejiang border)

79-AAA-dcc tai-gao-SW. Huangshan (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-dd tong-jing part of "remnant"-wu-W., xuan-zhou China (Anhui) 6

79-AAA-dda tongling Tongling (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ddb fanchang Fanchang (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ddc shuiyang Shuiyang-jiang river (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ddd qingyi Qingyi-jiang river (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-dde hui-shui Hui-Shui lower river (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ddf shu-xi Shu-xi river (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ddg qidu Qidu (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ddh maijie Meijie (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ddi dunchang+ maya Dunshang+ Maya (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-de shi-ling part of "remnant"-wu-W., xuan-zhou China (Anhui) 5

79-AAA-dea shi-dai Shidai (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-deb qing-yang Qingyang-SE. county (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-dec jing-xian Jingxian-SW. county (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-ded huang-shan Huangshan-NW. county (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-dee gui-chi Guichi-S. county (Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-df wu-zhou part of wu-S. China (Zhejiang) 6

79-AAA-dfa lanxi Lanxi (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dfb jinhua Jinhua (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dfc pujiang Pujiang (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dfd yiwu Yiwu (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dfe dongyang Dongyang (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dff pan'an Pan'an (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dfg wuyi-shui Wuyi-shui river (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dfh niutou-shan Niutou-shan highlands (Zhejiang-C.)

79-AAA-dg tai-zhou part of wu-S. Zhejiang coast China (Zhejiang) 6

79-AAA-dga xian-ju Yong'an-xi river: Xianju (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dgb tian-tai Shifeng-shi river: Tiantai (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dgc san-men Sanmen (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dgd lin-hai Linhai (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dge huang-yan Huangyan (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dgf jiao-jiang Jiaojiang (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dgg wen-ling Wenling (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dgh yu-huan Yuhuan (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dgi tai-zhou+ ou-jiang "mixed insular" wu Tai-zhou+ Ou-jiang offshore isles: Pishan+ Dalushan islands Taizhou+ Xiadachen islands Zhujia-jian island Shengsi-quindao islands

(Zhejiang-S.)


79-AAA-dh qing-jiang+ ou-jiang part of wu-S. transition < [79=] Min-bei Zhejiang-S. coast & islands China (Zhejiang) 6

79-AAA-dha qingjiang Qingjiang (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dhb yueqing Yueqing (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dhc yong-jia Nan-xi river: Yongjia (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dhd wenzhou Wenzhou (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dhe wencheng Wencheng (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dhf pingyang-2 Pingyang (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dhg pumen Pumen (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-dhh ou-jiang Ou-jiang offshore isles Luxi-dao island Damen-dao island Niyu-shan-W. island Dongtou-shan-W. island Beiji-shan island

(Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-di chu-qu part of wu-S. transition < [79=] Min-bei China (Fujian; Jiangxi) 6

79-AAA-dia long-qu long-qu "rural" Majin-xi river (Kaihua) Changshan-gang river Xin-jiang upper river Qu-jiang middle river Jiangshan-gang river Wuxi-gang river Zhengzhuang mountains Songxin-xi river Longquan-xi upper river Baishan-zu-W. mountains Qingyuan Pucheng

(Fujian-SW.)

79-AAA-dib long-qu-U. long-qu "urban", "taihu-ised" chuqu Quzhou city Shangrao city (Jiangxi-E.)

79-AAA-dic chu-zhou Xao-xi river Xuanping Da-xi river (Lishui-Qingtian) Longquan-xi lower river Xiao-xi river Baishan-zu-E. mountains Taishun

(Fujian-SW.)

79-AAA-e Xiang Hunanese China (Hunan; Guangxi) 7

79-AAA-ea xiang hsiang China (Hunan; Guangxi) 7

79-AAA-eaa chang-yi Zi-shui lower river (Yiyang) Xiang-jiang lower east river (Changsha) Xiang-jiang middle east river (Xiangtan+ Zhuzhou)

Xiang-jiang upper east river (Hengyang) Hongjiang

(Hunan)

79-AAA-eab lou-shao xiang-C., 'old' xiang Shuangfeng+ Loudi Zi-shui upper river Fuyi-shui river as far as Ziyuan Xiang-jiang upper west river (Guanzhou) Guan-jiang river (Wenshi)

(Hunan)

79-AAA-eac ji-xu xiang-NW. Yuanling Xupu+ Shenxi Jishou (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-f Gan China (Anhui; Jiangxi; Fujian; Hunan; Hubei)

7

79-AAA-fa gan kan China (Anhui; Jiangxi; Fujian; Hunan; Hubei)

7

79-AAA-faa huai-ye shanbei Dabie-shan-S. mountains Yuexi+ Yuantan Gaohebu "South" Qian-shui river Wan-shui river Chang-he lower river (Huanggang+ Taihu) Chang-he upper river (Longwan+ Hetupu) Lake district (Long+ Daguan+ Po+ Wuchang-hu) Chang-jiang right-bank Yinjiahui+ Dongzhi+ Zhaotan environs

(Anhui-SE.)

79-AAA-fab ying-yi Chang-jiang right-bank (Langxigang+ Pengze) Chang-jiang lower river Le'an-jiang lower river Xin-jiang river

(Jiangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-fac fu-guang Fu-he basin (Fuzhou+ Nanfeng) Taining (Jiangxi-E.; Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-fad chang-jing Nanchang Yongxiu Xiu-shui river Pingjiang highlands between

Mufu & Jiuling-shan mountains

(Jiangxi-N.; Hunan-E.)

79-AAA-fae da-tong Yangxin Xianning Puqi (Hubei-S.; Hunan-NE.)

79-AAA-faf yi-liu Gan-jiang middle river Pingxiang+ Yichun Jin-jiang river (Jiangxi-W.)

79-AAA-fag ji-cha Gan-jiang+ He-shui upper basin Chaling

79-AAA-fah lei-zi Lei-shui river Chongling-shui river (Hunan-SE.)

79-AAA-fai dong-sui (Hunan-W. enclave)

79-AAA-g Hakka+ Ting-Zhou kejia+ ding-zhou China (Mainland; Taiwan); Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia

7

79-AAA-ga hakka hokka, kejia, ke, kek, kechia China (Jiangxi; Fujian-W.; Guangdong-E.)

7

79-AAA-gaa hakka-F. "literary" hakka Meixian model: Chinese script; also Latin script China…

79-AAA-gab tong-gu Jiuling-shan mountains (enclave) (Jiangxi; Hunan-E.)

79-AAA-gac yu-gui Wugong-shan-C. mountains Luoxiao-shan mountains Dayuling mountains Zhang-shui river Shangyou-shui river Sui-jiang river Gan-jiang upper river Ping+ Mei+ Tao-jiang lower basin

(Jiangxi; Hunan-E.)

79-AAA-gad ning-long Ningdu+ Shicheng highlands: Gu+ Ping+ Mei+ Qin-jiang upper rivers Huichang+ Ruijin highlands: Gong+ Mian-shui rivers Lian-jiang river Dingnan+ Xunwu-shui rivers Tao-jiang upper river Jiulian-shan-E. mountains

(Jiangxi-SE.)

79-AAA-gae yue-bei Wu-shui+ Zhen-shui rivers Lian-jiang upper river Wengjiang river Jiulian-shan-W. mountains

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-gaf shao-nan part of yue-tai Zhen-shui lower river Bei-jiang valley Lian-jiang

lower river (Guangdong)

79-AAA-gag xinhui-N. part of yue-tai Xinfeng-shui river (Guangdong)

79-AAA-gah yue-zhong Dingnan-shui river Dong-jiang river (Guangdong)

79-AAA-gai hui-zhou huizhou-hakka Huizhou city (Guangdong)

79-AAA-gaj bendi hui-zhou "transitional" Huizhou city transition < [79=] Yue-C. (Cantonese)

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-gak xinhui-S. part of yue-tai Xijiang river Hakka coast (Daya+ Honghai-wan bays) Lianhua-shan-S. mountains

(Guangdong)


79-AAA-gal xing-hua xingning, wuhua, part of yue-tai Lianhua-shan-N. mountains Xingning-jiang (Xingning) river Mei-jiang upper river (Wuhua upstream) Zijin hills Han-jiang upper river

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-gam jia-ying meixian, meixien, meihsien, meishan, hakka "standard", part of yue-tai Meixian city

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-gan hakka-SW.

hakka "southwest enclaves", including jiulong (at Kowloon) He-jiang

river Kowloon "New Territories" Mong-cai>W. (Vietnam frontier) (Guangxi; Guangdong); Vietnam adjacent

79-AAA-gao hakka-NW. Tongjiang+ Bazhong Dianjiang>W. Tuo+ Min+ upper rivers Fu-jiang Yalong-jiang valley Xichang>E.

(Sichuan)

79-AAA-gap hakka-taiwan taiwan "insular" hakka, tao-yuan, "insular" yue-tai Taiwan island: Xinzhu+ Miaoli Nanzi-Xi middle river Taiwan-SW. foothills

China-Taiwan

79-AAA-gaq hakka-hainan hainan "insular" hakka Hainan island: Limuling foothills Nandu-jiang middle river

(Hainan)

79-AAA-gar hakka-'émigré' Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia; India (Calcutta); Australia (Darwin); Samoa; French Polynesia (Tahiti); USA (Hawaii); Panama; Jamaica; Trinidad; Surinam; Guyana; French Guiana; South Africa; Mozambique; Mauritius; Seychelles

79-AAA-gb ting-zhou tingchow, minxi-hakka, hakka-E. transition < [79=] Min-bei China (Fujian; also Guangdong)

79-AAA-gba ming-xi (Fujian)

79-AAA-gbb jiulong-xi Jiulong-xi upper river (Fujian)

79-AAA-gbc huo-xi Huo-xi upper river (Fujian)

79-AAA-gbd han-jiang Han-jiang upper basin (Fujian)

79-AAA-gbe boping-ling Boping-ling-W. highlands (Fujian)

79-AAA-gbf she-hua ¶variety of Hakka spoken by She community (former speakers of [48=] She)

(Fujian; Guangdong) 5

79-AAA-gbg sanrao* "undetermined" hakka (Fujian; Guangdong boundary)

79-AAA-gbh pitou+ hepo* "undetermined" hakka Lianhua-shan mountains south-slope (Guangdong-SE.)

79-AAA-h Min-bei+ Min-zhong "inland" min, part of min-NE. China (Fujian) 6

79-AAA-ha min-bei #min-bei =«north min» Jian-xi basin between Shan-mo & Donggon-shan mountains

China (Fujian-N.) 6

79-AAA-haa jianyang+ huangkeng Jianyang+ Huangkeng valley (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-hab chongyang-xi Chongyang-xi river (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-hac nanpu-xi Nanpu-xi river (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-had song-xi Dong-xi, Song-xi river (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-hae zhenghe Zhenghe (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-haf jian-xi Jian-xi river (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-hag jin-xi Jin-xi lower river (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-hah min-jiang Min-jiang upper river (Fujian-N.)

79-AAA-hb min-zhong Sha-xi river China (Fujian-C.) 5

79-AAA-hba shaxian Shaxian (Fujian-C.)

79-AAA-hbb sanming Sanming (Fujian-C.)

79-AAA-hbc yong'an Yong'an (Fujian-C.)

79-AAA-i Min-dong+ Pu-xian "coastal" min, part of min-NE. China; China-Taiwan; Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia; Philippines; Brunei.

7

79-AAA-ia man-hua "border" min-N. China (Zhejiang extreme south) 5

79-AAA-iaa qingcao'ai-W. Qingcao'ai-W. mountain (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-iab qingcao'ai-E. Qingcao'ai-E. mountain (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-iac sixitou Sixitou-S. (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-iad yishan Yishan coast (Zhejiang-S.)

79-AAA-ib min-dong-N. fu-ning #min-dong(-N.) =(north)«east Min» Chang-xi+ Mu-shui basin & adjacent China Sea coast

China (Fujian) 6

79-AAA-iba shouning Shouning (Fujian-NE.)

79-AAA-ibb zhouning Zhouning (Fujian-NE.)

79-AAA-ibc fu'an Fu'an (Fujian-NE.)

79-AAA-ibd zherong Zherong (Fujian-NE.)

79-AAA-ibe xiapu Xiapu (Fujian-NE.)

79-AAA-ibf fuding Fuding (Fujian-NE.)

79-AAA-ic min-dong-S. hou-guan, "wider" fuzhou, "wider" foochow", "foochaw" min #min-dong (-S.) = (south)«east Min» Min-jiang lower basin & adjacent Taiwan Strait coast

China (Fujian) 6

79-AAA-ica pingnan Pingnan (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icb ningde Ningde (Fujian-E.)


79-AAA-icc luoyuan Luoyuan (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icd lianjiang-N. Lianjiang (Fujian) (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-ice fuzhou Fuzhou, "Foochow'" city (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icf minhou Minhou (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icg minqing Minqing (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-ich gutian Gutian (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-ici youxi Youxi (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icj daiyun-shan Daiyun-Shan mountains (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-ick yongtai Yongtai (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icl changle Changle (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icm fuqing Fuqing (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-icn pingtan Pingtan, Haitan islands (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-ico matsu ma-zuMatsu islands (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-id pu-xian hinghua-min, xinghua-min Mulan-xi basin & adjacent Taiwan Strait coast

China (Fujian) 6

79-AAA-ida xianyou Xianyou, 'Hsienyu' (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-idb putian Putian (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-idc pinghai-wan Pinghai-wan bay: Nanri+ Meizhou-dao offshore islands (Fujian-E.)

79-AAA-j Min-nan Fujianese, min-S., "fukkienese", "fukienese" #min-nan =«south Min» Fujian coast Guangdong coast Taiwan island

China (Zhejiang; Fujian; Guangdong); China-Taiwan

7

79-AAA-ja datian-min datian Xinqiao-he+ Jun-xi headwaters (Fujian-C.)

79-AAA-jaa datian Datian (Fujian-C.)

79-AAA-jab wenjiangban Wenjiangban (Fujian-C.)

79-AAA-jb quan-zhang-N. quan-zhang "outliers", "outlying" min China (Zhejiang; Fujian)

79-AAA-jba cangnan+ qianqi Cangnan Qianqi (Zhejiang; Fujian border)

79-AAA-jbb quan-zhang-NE. Fujian-NE. coast (Fujian-NE.)

79-AAA-jc quan-zhang-CN. dehua min, dazi-xi Dazi-xi headwaters, Dehua China (Fujian)

79-AAA-jd quan-zhang-CE. quanzhou min Dong+ Xi-xi basin & adjacent Taiwan Strait coast China (Fujian)

79-AAA-jda hui'an Hui'an (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jdb quanzhou Quanzhou (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jdc jinjiang Jinjiang (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jdd nan'an Nan'an (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jde anxi Anxi (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jdf xi-xi Xi-xi upper river (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-je quan-zhang-C. amoy-min China (Fujian); also migration by

sea

7

79-AAA-jea jinmen-dao Jinmen-tao, Chinmen-tao, Quemoy island (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jeb xiamen Xiamen, Amoy city prestige idiom (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jec longhai Longhai (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jed zhangzhou Zhangzhou (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jee pinghe Pinghe (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jef nanjing Nanjing (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jeg changtai Changtai (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jeh hua'an Hua'an (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jei zhangping Zhangping (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jej longyan Longyan (Fujian-SE.)

79-AAA-jek min-nan-'émigré'* ; relationships with other metropolitan idioms of Min-nan to be

established, including convergence with [79=] Quan-zhang-Taiwan and [79=] Chao-shan

migration> Thailand; Laos; Burma; Singapore; Malaysia (Mainland; Sabah); Indonesia (Sumatra; Kalimantan; Bali; Flores; Sumba; Timor-W.; Sulawesi); Philippines; Japan (Osaka city)

7

79-AAA-jf quan-zhang-CS. yunxiao min Hutou+ Zhao'an-xi rivers China (Fujian)

79-AAA-jfa zhangpu Zhangpu (Fujian-S.)

79-AAA-jfb yunxiao Yunxiao (Fujian-S.)

79-AAA-jfc dongshan Dongshan (Fujian-S.)

79-AAA-jfd zhao'an Zhao'an (Fujian-S.)

79-AAA-jg quan-zhang-penghu part of "insular" quan-zhang, pescadores min P'enghu-liedao, Pescadores archipelago

China (Fujian)

79-AAA-jh quan-zhang-taiwan taiwanese, part of "insular" quan-zhang, taiwan min China-Taiwan 7

79-AAA-jha tai-bei t'aipei "urban", tai-bei "urban" Taibei, T'aipei (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhb tan-shui t'aipei "rural", tai-bei "rural" Taipei periphery, Tan-shui estuary &

environs

(Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhc jilong Keelong (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhd yilan Ilan (Taiwan)


79-AAA-jhe taizhong Taichung (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhf nantou (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhg yunlin (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhh jiayi Chiayi (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhi tainan (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhj gaoxiong Kaohsiung (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhk pingdong (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhl taidong Taitung (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhm hualian Hualien (Taiwan)

79-AAA-jhn chunyang-shanmo Chunyang-shanmo mountains (Taiwan)

79-AAA-ji chao-shan swatoese, chao-zhou, teo-chiu, tiu-chiu, teo-chow, techu, tae-ciw, "swatow" min, Han delta & adjacent coastal plain between Lianhua-shan mountains & China Sea coast

China (Guangdong) 7

79-AAA-jia nan'ao Nan'ao-dao island (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jib raoping Raoping (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jic chaozhou Chaozhou, Teochiu city (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jid jieyang Jieyang (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jie chenghai Chenghai (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jif shantou Shantou, "Swatow" city (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jig chaoyang Chaoyang (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jih puning Puning (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jii huilai Huilai (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jij lufeng Lufeng (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jik haifeng Haifeng (Guangdong-NE.)

79-AAA-jj lei-zhou lei-zhou min Leizhou-bandao peninsula & adjacent coast China (Guangdong)

79-AAA-jja haikang leizhou "standard" Leichang township (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjb longmen Longmen (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjc dongli Dongli (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjd xuwen Xuwen (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jje wushi Wushi (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjf jianghong Jianghong (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjg beipo Beipo (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjh suixi Suixi (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jji dong-shan Dong-shan island (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjj naozhou Naozhou-dao island (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-jjk dianbai Shuidong coastal enclave (Guangdong-SW.)

79-AAA-k Qiong-wen Hainanese, hainan min, qiongwen-hua, wen-chang Hainan island China (Guangdong) 6

79-AAA-ka changgan "hainanese"-W. China (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kaa danxian Danxian-S. highlands (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kab changjiang Dongfang Changjiang (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kb yaxian "hainanese"-SW. China (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kba yinggeha Yinggeha (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kbb yachengzhen Yachengzhen (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kbc yaxian-A. Yaxian, Sanya (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kc wanning "hainanese"-SE. China (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kca lingshui Lingshui (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kcb wanning-A. Wanning (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kd wenchang wenshang, "hainanese"-NE. China (Guangdong)

79-AAA-kda qionghai Qionghai (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kdb wenchang-A. Wenchang (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-ke fu-cheng "hainanese"-N. China (Guangdong)

79-AAA-kea tunchang Tunchang (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-keb chengmai Chengmai (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-kec ding'an Ding'an (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-ked haikou Haikou, Hoihow city (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-l Shao-jiang Min-"Transitional" China (Fujian) 5

79-AAA-la shao-jiang min+ gan+ hakka transitional Wui-shanmo-C. mountains Futon-xi basin Jin-xi middle river

China (Fujian) 5

79-AAA-laa guangze Guangze (Fujian-NW.)

79-AAA-lab shaowu Shaowu (Fujian-NW.)

79-AAA-lac jiangle Jiangle (Fujian-NW.)

79-AAA-lad shunchang Shunchang (Fujian-NW.)


79-AAA-m Yue net "tai-ised chinese", part of "wider" yue China-S. (Guangdong; Hong Kong, Macau; Guangxi); migration> {Pacific; Indian Ocean; Australasia; Americas; Africa; Europe}

7

79-AAA-ma yue-C. guang-fou, guangzhou-hai, "wider cantonese", "china-S. counterstream chinese" Pearl river estuary & delta (Guangzhou, Canton; Hong-Kong; Macau) & hinterland; Xi+ Bei-jiang lower basin Chinese script; Latin script

China-S.; migration> Malaysia; Singapore; Indonesia

7

79-AAA-maa yue-F. "formal cantonese", "cultivated cantonese" Sanyi model China-S.…

79-AAA-mab guang-zhou "canton urban chinese" Guangzhou, Canton city (Guangzhou)

79-AAA-mac xiang-gang heung-gong, "hong-kong cantonese" Hong-Kong, Heung-Gong Kau-loong, Kowloon

(Hong-Kong)

79-AAA-mad aomen "macao cantonese" Ou-moon, Aomen, Macau, Macao city (Macau)

79-AAA-mae san-yi sham-yap, nanhai+ shunte Pearl River west-bank: Foshan+ Panyu+ Shunde

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-maf shi-qi sek-kei, shi-ch'i Pearl River west-bank: Zhongshan (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mag dong-guan tung-kwoon, tung-kuan, tung-kun, Pearl River east-bank: Dongguan (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mah shen-zhen sham-chan Pearl River east-bank (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mai jiu-long Pearl River east-bank: Kau-loong, Jiulong, Kowloon & hinterland, "New Territories"

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-maj dahao Pearl River estuary: Dahao-dao island (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mak xi-jiang-NE. sai-gong, "up-river cantonese"-W. Xi-jiang river & tributaries: Gaoming Zhaoqing Xinxing Yunfu Wuzhou enclave

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-mal bei-jiang bak-gong, "up-river cantonese"-N. Bei-jiang river & tributaries:

Sanshui Fogang Shitan Hanguang enclave Yingde enclave Qujiang enclave Shaoguan enclave Lechang enclave

(Guangdong)

79-AAA-mam liuxi-he "up-river cantonese" Liuxi-he basin: Hua-xian Conghua Liangkou (Guangdong)

79-AAA-man zeng-jiang "up-river cantonese"-E. Zeng-jiang: Zengcheng Longmen (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mao cantonese-'émigré'* provisional listing Australia; Vietnam; Malaysia (Peninsula); Japan (Kobe, Yokohama); Réunion; Madagascar; Guam; Nauru; Vanuatu; Fiji; Papua New Guinea; Australia; New Zealand / Aotearoa; Canada (British Colombia; Alberta); USA (Hawaii; California; Washington; Texas; New England); Mexico; Cuba; Guatemala; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia; Peru; Venezuela; South Africa; Mozambique; England (London); Netherlands; France; Portugal

79-AAA-mb si-yi szui, sze-yap, sei-yap = «four towns», taishan+ xinhui+ kaiping+ enping, part of "peripheral" yue Tan-jiang basin & adjacent coast

China (Guangdong) 6

79-AAA-mba jiangmen transition < [79=] Yue-C. Heshan+ Jiangmen+ Doumen (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mbb xinhui Xinhui, Hsinhui (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mbc taishan Taishan, Hoisan (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mbd kaiping Kaiping (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mbe enping Enping (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mbf dasha Dasha (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mbg shenjing+ chixi Shenjing+ Chixi coast (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mbh shangchuan+ xiachuan Shangchuan+ Xiachuan-dao islands (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mc gao-yang kao-lei, part of "peripheral" yue Moyang+ Jian-jiang basins China (Guangdong) 6

79-AAA-mca dongping Dongping coast (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcb zhapa Zhapa peninsula (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcc zhigong Zhigong (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcd yangjiang Moyang-jiang lower river: Yangjiang (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mce yangchun Moyang-jiang upper river: Yangchun (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcf sanjia Sanjia mountains & hinterland (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcg xinyi Jian-jiang upper river: Xinyi (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mch gaozhou Jian-jiang middle river: Gaozhou (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mci maoming Maoming (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcj wuchuan Jian-jiang lower river (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mck huazhou Huazhou (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcl baoxu Baoxu (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcm lianjiang-S. Lianjiang (Guangdong) (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcn bohe Bohe coastal enclave (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mco zhanjiang+ chikan Zhanjiang+ Chikan coastal enclave (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcp leizhou-NW. part of gaoyang minority: Leizhou-bandao-NW. peninsula (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcq leizhou-S. part of gaoyang minority: Leizhou-bandao-S. peninsula (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mcr anpu Anpu coastal enclave (Guangdong)


79-AAA-md wu-hua part of "peripheral" yue Jian-jiang estuary, Huangpo China (Guangdong-SW.) 6

79-AAA-me gou-lou part of "peripheral" yue, kuei-nan Sui+ upper Xi+ Xun+ Nanliu-jiang

rivers China (Guangdong-W.; Guangxi-E.)

6

79-AAA-mea lian-jiang-N. Lian-jiang upper tributaries (Guangdong-NW. enclaves)

79-AAA-meb he-jiang-N. He-jiang upper river: Shanmatang-ding to Lianshan (Guangdong; Guangxi; Hunan meeting-point)

79-AAA-mec lian-jiang-M. Lian-jiang middle river: Yangshan Hanguang enclave (Guangdong)

79-AAA-med sui-jiang Sui-jiang river & tributaries: Sihui Guangning Huaiji (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mee xi-jiang-SW. Xi-jiang upper river: Deqing+ Yunan+ Fengkai (Guangdong)

79-AAA-mef luoding Luoding-jiang river (Guangdong)

79-AAA-meg he-jiang-M. He-jiang middle river: Xindu (Guangxi)

79-AAA-meh maijang Gui-jiang lower river: Maijang (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mei xun-jiang Xun-jiang river: Teng-xian (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mej cenxi Yichang-jiang river: Cenxi (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mek beiliu Beiliu-jiang river: Rong-xian+ Beiliu (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mel yu-jiang Yu-jiang lower river (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mem nanliu-jiang Nanliu-jiang upper river: Yulin Bobai (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mf qin-lian part of "peripheral" yue, chien-lien Qinzhou+ Beihai coast &

hinterland China (Guangxi) 6

79-AAA-mfa qinzhou Qinzhou (Guangxi-S.)

79-AAA-mfb beihai Beihai (Guangxi-S.)

79-AAA-mfc lingshan Lingshan (Guangxi-S.)

79-AAA-mg yong-xun part of "peripheral" yue Yu+ You+ Zuo-jiang basin enclaves China (Guangxi) 6

79-AAA-mga guiping Guiping enclave (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mgb pingguo Pingguo enclave (Guangxi)

79-AAA-mgc zuo-jiang-W. Zuo-jiang upper river: Daxin enclaves Longzhu enclaves Pingxiang enclaves

(Guangxi)

79-AAA-n Zhangzhou+ Mai hainan yue, part of "peripheral" yue Hainan island China (Guangdong) 4

79-AAA-na zhangzhou-hua dan-zhou Hainan-NW. island China (Guangdong) 4

79-AAA-naa dan-zhou Dan county (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-nab nanluo Nanluo (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-nb mai-hua mai fisherfolk Hainan-S. island China (Guangdong)

79-AAA-nba sanya Sanya (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-nbb yinggehai yinggehai boat-community (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-nbc mai-S. Hainan-S. offshore-islands (Guangdong: Hainan)

79-AAA-o Ping-hua China (Guangxi) 6

79-AAA-oa gui-bei gui-N., part of ping-hua China (Guangxi) 6

79-AAA-oaa guilin Guilin enclave (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oab luoqing-jiang Luoqing-jiang basin (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oac fu-shui+ li-jiang Fu-shui+ Li-jiang middle basin (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oad luzhai Luzhai enclave (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oae yangshi Yangshup enclave (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oaf he-xian He-xian enclave (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oag yuantou Yuantou (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oah siqin-jiang Siqin-jiang upper river (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oai he-jiang He-jiang upper river (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-oaj xindu He-jiang middle river (Guangxi-NE.)

79-AAA-ob gui-nan gui-S., part of ping-hua China (Guangxi) 6

79-AAA-oba rong'an Rong'an (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obb sanfang Sanfang (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obc rongshui-miao (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obd liucheng Liucheng (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obe long+ rong-jiang Long+ Rong-jiang confluence downstream to Liuzhou (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obf long-jiang-NW. Long-jiang upper river: Yishan to Desheng (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obg hongshui-he Hongshui-he lower river: Laibin+ Qidong Zouxu (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obh heng-xian Heng-Xian (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obi nanning Nanning city (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obj wuming-he Wuming-he river (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obk you-jiang You-jiang lower river (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obl zuo-jiang Zuo-jiang lower river (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obm bachi-jiang Bachi-jiang river (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obn xiaodong Xiaodong (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obo ming enclaves on Ming+ Zuo-jiang rivers (Guangxi-CW.)

79-AAA-obp bo'ai-he You-jiang upper river + Bo'ai-he river: Pinguo to Yunnan boundary (Guangxi-CW.)


79-AAA-p Tu-hua-S.* (undetermined) "south-china chinese" #tu-hua=«local, native speech» notional outer-language; classification to be revised

China (Guizhou; Hunan; Guangxi; Guangdong)

6

79-AAA-pa miao-hanyu-W. "chinese-speaking miao"-W. China (Guizhou) 4

79-AAA-paa pu'an Pu'an (Guizhou-W.)

79-AAA-pab qinglong Qinglong (Guizhou-W.)

79-AAA-pb miao-hanyu-N. "chinese-speaking miao"-N.Tianzhu China (Guizhou-E.) 4

79-AAA-pc miao-hanyu-E. "chinese-speaking miao"-E. China (Hunan; Guangxi) 5

79-AAA-pca suining Suining (Hunan-SW.)

79-AAA-pcb chengbu Chengbu (Hunan; Guangxi)

79-AAA-pcc ziyuan Ziyuan (Hunan; Guangxi)

79-AAA-pcd longsheng Longsheng (Guangxi-N.)

79-AAA-pd xiang-hua xiang, waxiang-hua Yuanling hinterland China (Hunan) 5

79-AAA-pda you-shui You-shui middle river (Hunan-NW.)

79-AAA-pdb guzhang Guzhang hills (Hunan-NW.)

79-AAA-pdc wu-shui Wu-shui middle river (Hunan-NW.)

79-AAA-pdd yuan-jiang Yuan-jiang middle river (Hunan-NW.)

79-AAA-pde chenxi Chenxi hills (Hunan-NW.)

79-AAA-pe daoxian-hua daoxian, part of 'xiangnan tuhua' (Hunan-S.) 4

79-AAA-pf jiangyong-hua jiangyong, part of 'xiangnan tuhua' (Hunan-S.)

79-AAA-pg jiang-hua jiang, part of 'xiangnan tuhua' (Hunan-S.) 4

79-AAA-ph shaozhou-hua shaozhou China (Guangdong)

79-AAA-pha lianxian Lianxian (Guangdong-N.)

79-AAA-phb liannan Liannan (Guangdong-N.)

79-AAA-phc lechang Lechang (Guangdong-N.)

79-AAA-phd ruyuan Ruyuan (Guangdong-N.)

79-AAA-phe qujiang Qujiang (Guangdong-N.)

79-AAA-phf shaoguan Shaoguan (Guangdong-N.)

79-AAA-phg renhua Renhua (Guangdong-N.)

79-AAA-phh nanxiong Nanxiong (Guangdong-N.)

Documents

75= covers t KACHINIC 5 phylozonelinguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE... · 2012. 11. 20. · 7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory