7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector · 7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 527 70-AAA-bd spiti Lahul-Spiti district China (Tibet); India (Sikkim)

7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 525

7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector

édition princeps DU RÉPERTOIRE DE LA LINGUASPHÈRE 1999-2000

publiée en ligne et mise à jour dès novembre 2012

foundation edition THE LINGUASPHERE REGISTER 1999-2000 published online & updated from November 2012

This phylosector comprises 22 sets of languages spoken by communities in eastern Asia, from the Himalayas to

Manchuria (Heilongjiang), constituting the Sino-Tibetan (or Sino-Indian) continental affinity. See note on

nomenclature below.

70= TIBETIC phylozone 71= HIMALAYIC phylozone 72= GARIC phylozone 73= KUKIC phylozone 74= MIRIC phylozone 75= KACHINIC phylozone

76= RUNGIC phylozone 77= IRRAWADDIC phylozone 78= KARENIC phylozone 79= SINITIC phylozone

This continental affinity is composed of two major parts: the disparate Tibeto-Burman affinity (zones 70= to 77=),

spoken by relatively small communities (with the exception of 77=) in the Himalayas and adjacent regions; and the closely related Chinese languages of the Sinitic set and net (zone 79=), spoken in eastern Asia. The Karen languages of zone 78=, formerly considered part of the Tibeto-Burman grouping, are probably best regarded as a

third component of Sino-Tibetan affinity.

Zone 79=Sinitic includes the outer-language with the largest number of primary voices in the world, representing the most populous network of contiguous speech-communities at the end of the 20

th century ("Mainstream Chinese" or so-

called 'Mandarin', standardised under the name of Putonghua).

This phylosector is named 7=Sino-Indian (rather than Sino-Tibetan) to maintain the broad geographic nomenclature of all ten sectors of the linguasphere, composed of the names of continental or sub-continental entities. The future

nomenclature of the Sino-Tibetan affinity itself remains a matter for public debate and consensus, although it should be observed that languages from 8 of 10 zones in this phylosector are currently spoken in geographic India. More important, however, is the need for further geographic surveying and comparative analysis in this phylosector, which in Southeast Asia includes a number of geographically fragmented and interspersed speech communities.

Before consulting the following tables, please see Guide to the Register in Volume One

Les données supplémentaires ou améliorées sur les langues

et communautés traitées sous ce secteur seront accueillies ici : ré[email protected]

Additional or improved data on languages and

communities covered by this sector will be welcomed here : [email protected]

COLUMN 1 & 2 layers of reference codes and reference-names

COLUMN 3

other nomenclature and notes

COLUMNS 4 & 5

nation-states scale of (+ provinces) and speakers

70= TIBETIC phylozone

covers the "Tibetan" or Phöke+ Kinnauri set, part of the

"Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-

Indian") continental affinity; comprising 1 set of languages (= 25 outer languages) spoken by communities in Central Asia, on both sides of the Himalayas:

70-A PHÖKE+ KINNAURI

Bhutan; China; Nepal; adjacent

India; Pakistan: 6

70-A PHÖKE+ KINNAURI set

BODISH, "tibetan"+ kanauri

70-AA PHÖKE+ GURUNG* chain

from c.650: Tibetan scriptinter-relationships and ethnolinguistic nomenclature to be reviewed

70-AAA PHÖKE+ LADAKHI net

BHOTIA, bhote, tibate, huniya, kazi, lama, shalgno, dalai, xifan, hsifan, pohbetian, tebilian, "wider tibetan"

70-AAA-a Phöke Tibetan-"Proper", "inner" bhotia, "inner bodish"Tibetan script China (Tibet; Sichuan; Qinghai); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh; West Bengal; Sikkim; Uttar Pradesh; Himachal Pradesh; Jammu & Kashmir; migration> Karnataka); Pakistan

6

70-AAA-aa phöke-L. classical-tibetan, "classical" phöke, "classical" bhotia, including "archaic literary tibetan"… "later classical tibetan" Tibetan script

China (Tibet…)

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

page 526 The Linguasphere Register 1999 / 2000 edition

70-AAA-ab choni+ golog phöke-N., "non-tonal tibetan" Qinghai-S.+ Tibet-E.+ Yunnan-N. mountains

China-W. (Tibet; also Qinghai; Yunnan)

5

70-AAA-aba choni cone, chone, chona (Tibet)

70-AAA-abb golog ngolok, mgolog Golug (Tibet)

70-AAA-abc zhong-dian chong-tien (Tibet)

70-AAA-abd ambo ngambo, amdo (Tibet); also India

70-AAA-abe dpari dpalri, dparus (Tibet)

70-AAA-abf rebkong (Tibet)

70-AAA-abg banag banang, sbanag, panakha-panags Banag… (Tibet); India frontier

70-AAA-abh wayen (Tibet…)

70-AAA-abi horke (Tibet…)

70-AAA-abj blabrang (Tibet…)

70-AAA-ac utsang zang, phöke-C., part of "tonal tibetan" A China (Tibet); Nepal; Bhutan

70-AAA-aca utsang-F. "modern literary tibetan", "cultivated spoken tibetan" (Tibet…)

70-AAA-acb utsang-U. lhasa "city tibetan", dbus Lhasa… (Tibet: Lhasa )

70-AAA-acc utsang-V. "vehicular tibetan" (Tibet…)

70-AAA-acd panang panags, panakha Phu-Chu+ Sankosh confluence: Punakha (Tibet)

70-AAA-ace sotati-po (Tibet)

70-AAA-acf lhomi lhoket, shing-saapa Lhoma* (Tibet); Nepal

70-AAA-acg tseku (Tibet); Bhutan; Nepal

70-AAA-ach kyerung (Tibet)

70-AAA-aci kagate shuba, shyuba, kagate-bhotia, shigatse (Tibet)

70-AAA-acj olangchung-gola (Tibet)

70-AAA-ack naapa nawa-sherpa, naba, naapaa (Tibet)

70-AAA-acl helambu-sherpa helambu-sharpa (Tibet)

70-AAA-acm nyam-kat mnyam-skad (Tibet)

70-AAA-acn aba apa, ba, batang (Tibet); India frontier…

70-AAA-aco dartsemdo tatsienlu India frontier…

70-AAA-acp dru India frontier…

70-AAA-acq garhwal garhwal-bhotia, "tibetan" garhwali Garwhal district India (Uttar Pradesh)

70-AAA-acr jad dzad, tehri-garhwal-bhotia India frontier…

70-AAA-acs gtsang India frontier…

70-AAA-act hanniu India frontier…

70-AAA-acu bud-kat bod-skad (Tibet)

70-AAA-acv sangyas sangs-rgyas, "upper" kanawar bhotia (Tibet)

70-AAA-acw paraung paurong India frontier…

70-AAA-acx kumaun Kumaun, Kumaon hills India (Uttar Pradesh)

70-AAA-acy takpa dwags (Tibet); India frontier…

70-AAA-ad kham-atuence phöke-E., part of "tonal tibetan" China (Tibet) 5

70-AAA-ada kham khams, khams-yal, khams-bhotia, kam, chamdo Chamco* (Tibet)

70-AAA-adb nyarong niarong (Tibet)

70-AAA-adc atuence atuentse, ngan-shuen-kuan, an-shuen-kuan-nyarong, "tibetan"-SE. (Tibet); India frontier

70-AAA-add sdedge (Tibet)

70-AAA-ade mbathang (Tibet)

70-AAA-ae sherpa "mountain" phöke, sharpa, xiaerba, serwa; sharpa-bhotia, part of "tonal tibetan" #sherpa =«eastener»

Nepal; India (Sikkim; West Bengal) 4

70-AAA-aea sherpa-'nepal' Solu Khumbu district Nepal

70-AAA-aeb sherpa-'sikkim' (Sikkim)

70-AAA-aec sherpa-'bengal' (West Bengal) 4

70-AAA-af dolpo+ tichurong phöke-S., part of "tonal tibetan" Nepal 3

70-AAA-afa dolpo phöke-dolpa, dolpa 2 Nepal

70-AAA-afb tichurong ticherong Nepal

70-AAA-afc mugali mngari Nepal

70-AAA-afd mugali-kham Nepal

70-AAA-afe humla humla-bhotia, dangali-phöke Nepal

70-AAA-b Dzongkha+ Groma "Wider"-Tibetan-S., lho-ke, lho-ka, hloka, lho-skad, de-njong-ke, da-ndzong-ka #lho-ke, lho-ka = «southern language»

China-W. (Tibet); Nepal; Bhutan; India (Sikkim; also Arunchal Pradesh*)

4

70-AAA-ba jirel ziral, jiri Jiri valley transition < [70=] Phöke Nepal-E. 3

70-AAA-bb sikkim-bhotia sikkimese, sikami, sikkim de-njong-ke, sikkim lho-ke Sikkim-N.

mountains

India (Sikkim) 3

70-AAA-bc groma tromowa Chambi valley… Bhutan; China (Tibet); India (Sikkim)

70-AAA-bca 'upper'-groma (Tibet); Bhutan; (Sikkim)

70-AAA-bcb 'lower'-groma (Sikkim)…


70-AAA-bd spiti Lahul-Spiti district China (Tibet); India (Sikkim)

70-AAA-be tomo chumba, chumbi, chambi Chumba China (Tibet)…

70-AAA-bf dzongkha bhutanese, bhutan-bhotia, zongkhar, zonkar, jonkha, drukke, drukha, bhutan de-njong-ke, bhutan lho-ke

A Bhutan 5

70-AAA-bg tshalingpa tshali Bhutan 3

70-AAA-bh dagpakha part of dakpa, dukpa-bhotia Bhutan; China (Tibet) 3

70-AAA-bha dagpakha-S. Bhutan

70-AAA-bhb dagpakha-N. (Tibet)

70-AAA-bi padam #identity of ta-padam-teng in Bhutan and (adi-)padam in Arunachal

Pradesh to be confirmed

Bhutan; India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4*

70-AAA-bia ta-padam-teng Bhutan 3

70-AAA-bib adi-padam padam (Arunachal Pradesh) 3

70-AAA-bj laya-lingzhi "shepherds' bhutanese"-NW. Bhutan 2

70-AAA-bja laya Bhutan

70-AAA-bjb lingzhi Bhutan

70-AAA-bk adap dap, "bhutanese"-CS. Bhutan 3

70-AAA-bl sagtengpa* mira-sagtengpa, brokpa, part of dakpa, hutan Sakteng valley classification within this net to be confirmed

Bhutan 3

70-AAA-c Ladakhi+ Purik "Wider"-Tibetan-W. Pakistan (NWF); India (Jammu & Kashmir); China (Tibet)

5

70-AAA-ca ladakhi ladak, ladhakhi, ladwags Ladakh mountains… Indus upper valley

Tibetan script India (Jammu & Kashmir) 4

70-AAA-caa budhi Budhi (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cab bod-butun (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cac maryul (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cad hanu (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cae leh Leh (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-caf sham (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cb changthang Indus upper valley India (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cba byan-skat (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cbb rong Henis park environs: Rong (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cbc rapshu (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cbd stotpa (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-AAA-cc balti sbalti, sbalt, baltistani, baltistan bhotia Baltistan mountains Pakistan (NWF); India (Jammu & Kashmir)

5

70-AAA-cd purik burig, purig, purig-skad, purik-bhotia, purig-pa, purki Himalaya-W. mountains

(Kashmir) 5

70-AAA-ce zangskari zanskari, zaskari Zaskar mountains (Kashmir); China (Tibet) 4

70-AAA-d Larkye Gorka-N. district: Buri-gandalei valley Nepal 3

70-AAA-da larkye kutang-bhotia Nepal 3

70-AAA-e Loyu loya, mustang, dolpa 3 Dolpa district Nepal 4

70-AAA-ea lo mustang "proper", lo-montang; lo-pa, lo-ba community Manthang, Mustang

Nepal-CN.

70-AAA-eb seke Nepal-CN.

70-AAA-f Thudam-Bhotia* thudam Taplejung district Nepal (Mechi) 3*

70-AAA-fa thudam-bhotia thudam-bhote classification to be confirmed Nepal (Mechi) 3

70-AAA-g Sherdukpen India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam) 3

70-AAA-ga sherdukpen India (Arunachal Pradesh; Assam) 3

70-AAA-gaa sherdukpen-N. (Arunachal Pradesh)

70-AAA-gab sherdukpen-S. (Assam)

70-AAB GURUNG+ TAMANG net

"WIDER"-GURUNG

70-AAB-a Tamang+ Murmi Nepal; India (Sikkim; West Bengal; also migration> Uttar Pradesh)

5

70-AAB-aa murmi tamang-NW. Nuwakot-N. mountains Terai plains Nepal 5

70-AAB-aaa murmi-N. Nuwakot-N. mountains Nepal

70-AAB-aab murmi-S. Terai plains Nepal

70-AAB-ab tamang-SW. Nuwakot-S. mountains Terai plains Nepal-C. 5

70-AAB-ac tamang-E. Nepal-E.; India (Sikkim) 5

70-AAB-aca tamang-kathmandu Kathmandu>E. Nepal-E.

70-AAB-acb tamang-sikkim (Sikkim)

70-AAB-acc tamang-darjiling Darjiling & environs (West Bengal)

70-AAB-b Gurung-N.+ Manangba

Nepal 3

70-AAB-ba manangba manangi Manang district Nepal (Gandaki) 3

70-AAB-bb gurung-N. Nepal-C.


70-AAB-c Gurung-SW. Nepal 5

70-AAB-ca kaski-gurung gurung-W. Kaski district Nepal 4

70-AAB-cb syangja-gurung gurung-S. Syangja district Nepal 4

70-AAB-d Gurung-E. Nepal 4

70-AAB-da lanjung lamjung Nepal 4

70-AAB-daa daduwa Lanjung district: Daduwa & environs Nepal

70-AAB-dab gorkha Gorkha district Nepal

70-AAB-e Thakali+ Baragaunle MustangMustang valley Nepal 4

70-AAB-ea thakali Nepal-N. 3

70-AAB-eb baragaunle-1 Nepal-N. 3

70-AAB-ec baragaunle-2 Nepal-N. 3

70-AAB-f Ghale galle-gurung Nepal 4

70-AAB-fa ghale West Gorkha district Nepal 4

70-AAC BUMTHANGKHA+ MANGDIKHA net

KEBUMTAMP

70-AAC-a Bumthangkha+ Mangdikha

Bhutan; also China (Tibet) 5

70-AAC-aa mangdi-kha mandop Mangdi district: Tongsa environs Bhutan-C.

70-AAC-ab gungde-kha Bhutan-C.

70-AAC-ac khen-kha khen, keng Bhutan-C.

70-AAC-ad bumthang-kha bumthang, bhumtang, bhumtam, bumtang-kha Bumtang-Tang Bhutan-C. 5

70-AAC-ae tsamang-kha Kurto-NE. district Bhutan-C.

70-AAC-af kurtopa-kha Kurto district… Bhutan-C.

70-AAC-ag salabe-kha+ yangtsepa-kha

Yangtse… Tawang dsitricts… Tibet adjacent Bhutan-C.; also (Tibet)

70-AAC-aga salabe-kha Bhutan-C.…

70-AAC-agb yangtsepa-kha Yangtse district… Bhutan-C.…

70-AAD TSANGLA+ SHARCHAGPA net

70-AAD-a Sharchagpa Uchan script Bhutan 5

70-AAD-aa sharchagpa-kha sarchap-kha, sharchop-kha; shachop, sharchup person Tashigang… Dungsam districts

Bhutan-E. 5

70-AAD-ab monpa-kha Bhutan-E.

70-AAD-b Tsangla Bhutan; China (Tibet) 4

70-AAD-ba tsangla sangla Himalaya-E. mountains Bhutan; China (Tibet) 4

70-AAD-baa tsangla-bhutan Bhutan-E.

70-AAD-bab tsangla-tibet China (Tibet-S.)

70-AAE TARALIKHAM net KAIKE

70-AAE-a Tarali-kham Nepal (Kamali; Dhaulagiri) 3

70-AAE-aa tarali-kham kaike Nepal (Kamali; Dhaulagiri) 3

70-AAE-aaa dolpa Dolpa district (Karnali)

70-AAE-aab dhaulagiri below Dhaulagiri massif (Dhaulagiri)

70-AB KINNAURI+ THAMI chain

kanauri+ thami, himalayish

70-ABA KINNAURI+ LAHULI net

kanauri+ lahuli Devanagari script; Tibetan script

70-ABA-a Bunan+Thebor India (Himachal Pradesh; Jammu & Kashmir); China (Tibet)

3

70-ABA-aa bunan Bhaga lower valley… India-NW.; China (Tibet-W.) 3

70-ABA-aaa bunan-lahuli Bunan district (Himachal Pradesh) …

70-ABA-aab gahri (Himachal Pradesh) and/or (Tibet)

70-ABA-ab lippa India-NW.…

70-ABA-ac zangram India-NW.…

70-ABA-ad thebor India-NW.…

70-ABA-ae sumchu sumtsu Sumchum Gömpa India (Jammu & Kashmir)

70-ABA-af sungam India-NW.…

70-ABA-ag kanam India-NW.…

70-ABA-b Kinnauri+ Kanashi kanauri+ kanashi India; also China (Tibet) 4

70-ABA-ba kanashi India (Himachal Pradesh) 3

70-ABA-bb chitkhuli chitkuli, tsíhuli, tsitkhuli Sangla valley (Baspa river): Chitkul… Rakchham

India (Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-bc tukpa India (Himachal Pradesh)


70-ABA-bd kinnauri kanauri, kanawari, tibas-skad Kinnaur… Lahul-Spiti… Mahasu-N. districts

India (Himachal Pradesh); adjacent

China (Tibet) 4

70-ABA-bda kinnauri-V. "lower" kanauri, kinnaurayanuskad, "vehicular" kinnauri, "standard" kinnauri

(Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-bdb kinnauri-kalpa "upper" kanauri, harijan-kinnauri Kalpa environs (Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-bdc malhesti (Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-bdd minchhang* milchanang, minchhanang #or an alternative name for preceding

dialect (Malhesti)

(Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-c Chamba-Lahuli part of lahauli, lahuli India (Himachal Pradesh); Nepal 3

70-ABA-ca chamba Chamba district India (Himachal Pradesh) 3

70-ABA-cb manchati manchad India (Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-cc patni Patan Nepal; India (Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-d Tinan-Lahuli part of lahauli, lahuli India (Himachal Pradesh) 4

70-ABA-da tinan Tinan valley India (Himachal Pradesh) 4

70-ABA-db rangloi Rangloi valley India (Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABA-dc gondla Chenab valley: Gondla India (Himachal Pradesh)

70-ABB ALMORA net

70-ABB-a Almora Almora… India (Uttar Pradesh); Nepal (Makhakali)

3

70-ABB-aa rangkas India (Uttar Pradesh); Nepal (Makhakali)

2

70-ABB-ab darmiya darimiya India (Uttar Pradesh); perhaps also

Nepal (Makhakali) 3

70-ABB-ac chaudangsi tsaudangsi India (Uttar Pradesh); perhaps also Nepal (Makhakali)

3

70-ABB-ad byangsi Nepal (Makhakali) 3

70-ABC THAMI+ BARAAMU net

70-ABC-a Thami+ Baraamu Nepal (Awalia); China (Tibet) 4

70-ABC-aa thami Dolakha & environs Nepal (Janakpur); China (Tibet-S.) 4

70-ABC-ab baraamu barhamu, brahmu, bhramu Gorkha-N. district: Kumhali environs (Takhu…)

Nepal (Gandaki) 2

70-AC KUSANDA chain "tanahun hills" X

70-ACA KUSANDA net X

70-ACA-a Kusanda kusunda Tanahun hills: Kumhali environs Nepal 0

70-ACA-aa kusanda ¶extinct 1980's Nepal-W. 0

70-AD CHANTEL chain

70-ADA CHANTEL net

70-ADA-a Chentel-Magar Kali-Gandaki valley Nepal 3

70-ADA-aa chentel-magar chantel Nepal-C. 3


71= HIMALAYIC phylozone

covers the "East Himalayan+ Dhimal" grouping, part of the

"Tibeto-Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 3 sets of languages (= 48 outer languages) spoken by communities in Central Asia,

in the eastern Himalayan mountain-valleys and highlands:

71-A NEWARI+ DOLKHALI 71-B MAGAR+ LORONGKHA 71-C DHIMAL+TOTO

Nepal; India; Bhutan; Tibet 6

71-A NEWARI+ DOLKHALI set

"newaric"; part of "himalayan"-E.

71-AA NEWARI+ DOLKHALI chain

71-AAA NEWARI+ DOLKHALI net

71-AAA-a Newari+ Dolkhali Old-Nepalese Nepal; also India (Bihar) 5

71-AAA-aa newari newar, including shiv-margi, hindu-margi… buddha-margi Devanagari script

Nepal-C.; Nepal-E. 5

71-AAA-aaa newari-L. "archaic literary" newari Nepal…

71-AAA-aab newari-F. "modern literary" newari Nepal… 5

71-AAA-aac kathmandu newari-C. Kathmandu valley… Nepal (Bagmati)…

71-AAA-aad kirtipur Kirtipur Nepal (Bagmati)

71-AAA-aae totali Nepal (Bagmati)

71-AAA-aaf bhaktapur baktapur Bhaktapur Nepal (Bagmati)

71-AAA-ab dolkhali dolakha Dolakha Nepal (Janakpur)

71-AAA-ac pahri newar-pahari, sindhupalchok-pahari Sindhupalchok Nepal

71-B MAGAR+ LORONGKHA set

KIRANTI, including rai; part of "himalayan"-E. a complex continuum of mountain-valley idioms, presented from west to east; treatment of

idioms as inner-languages or dlalects is based on relative complexity of relationships within an outer-language; overall classification to be reviewed #kiranti and rai are overlapping cover-terms, used locally

with a variety of interpretations

71-BA MAGAR+ THULUNG chain

KIRANTI-WEST

71-BAA TAKALE+ GAMALE net

KHAM or to be treated as 2 or more nets

71-BAA-a Raute Achham+ Surkhet districts Nepal (Seti; Bheri) 2

71-BAA-aa raute ¶nomadic classification to be confirmed Nepal (Seti; Bheri) 2

71-BAA-b Sheshi Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3

71-BAA-ba sheshi sheshi-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3

71-BAA-c Gamale Rukum+ Rolpa districts: Gam Khola Nepal (Rapti) 4

71-BAA-ca gamale gamale-kham Nepal (Rapti) 4

71-BAA-d Nisi Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3

71-BAA-da nisi nisi-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3

71-BAA-e Takale Rukum+ Rolpa districts: Taka-Shera… with transhumance between

Dhaulagiri-W. massif (summer) and Rolpa-S. hills (winter)

Nepal (Rapti) 4

71-BAA-ea takale-A. "kham" proper, takale-kham, kham-magar, parbate Nepal (Rapti) 4

71-BAA-eb wali Nepal (Rapti)

71-BAA-f Maikoti Rukum+ Rolpa districts Nepal (Rapti) 3

71-BAA-fa maikoti maikoti-kham Nepal (Rapti) 3

71-BAB MAGAR+ RAJI net

71-BAB-a Raji Nepal (Bheri; Seti); also India 3

71-BAB-aa bardia Surkhet… Bardia districts Nepal (Bheri); India frontier

71-BAB-ab banke-kailali Banke-Kailali district Nepal (Seti)

71-BAB-b Magar-W. Nepal (Bheri; Rapti; Dhaulagiri; Lumbini; Gandaki)

5

71-BAB-ba magar-W. Pokhara>W. Nepal (Bheri; Rapti; Dhaulagiri; Lumbini; Gandaki)

5

71-BAB-c Magar-E. Baghmati upper valley>E. Nepal (Gandaki; Bagmati) 5

71-BAB-ca magar-E. magari, manggar Baghmati upper valley>E.… Nawalparasi hills Nepal (Gandaki; Bagmati) 5


71-BAC CHEPANG+ VAYU net

71-BAC-a Chepang+ Gharti Nepal (Narayani) 4

71-BAC-aa chepang tsepang Makwanpur-garhi & environs, Inner Terai foothills Nepal (Narayani) 4

71-BAC-aaa chepang-W. (Narayani)

71-BAC-aab chepang-E. (Narayani)

71-BAC-ab bujhel bujal, gharti Yangchok environs, Chimkesori mountain>S. Nepal (Narayani)

71-BAC-ac gharti-2 'slave' gharti Nepal (Narayani)

71-BAC-b Vayu bilingual < [59=] Nepali Nepal (Janakpur) 3

71-BAC-ba vayu wayu, hayu, wayo Ramechhap+ Sindhuli-garhi & environs, Sun-Kosi middle valley ; phonology, grammar and lexicon strongly influence < [59=] Nepali

Nepal (Janakpur) 3

71-BAC-baa murajor (Janakpur)

71-BAC-bab manedihi (Janakpur)

71-BAD BAHING+ SUNWAR net

71-BAD-a Bahing+ Sunwar Nepal (Sagarmatha; Janakpur) 4

71-BAD-aa bahing+ rokhung between Solu… Melung… Thatan rivers Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3

71-BAD-aaa bahing baing, bainge-rai, banenge, including rumdali (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-aab namber-sacha (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-aac rokhung (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-aad khaling-2 distinct from adjacent [71=] Khaling (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-aae dobo-lo (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-aaf proca-lo (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-ab sunwar sunuwar, sunbar, sunwari Everest massif>SW.: Ramechhap… Okhaldhunga-NW. districts dialects to be confirmed

Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4

71-BAD-aba mukhiya (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-abb kwoico-lo (Sagarmatha)

71-BAD-abc surel (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE THULUNG+ DUMI net

71-BAE-a Dumi+ Khaling Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4

71-BAE-aa khaling khalinge-rai, kalenge-rai, khaling-brat, khäl-bra Solu Khumbu district Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4

71-BAE-aaa khaling-A. (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-aab balurus (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-aac romlo (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-aad phuleli (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-ab dumi dumi-bo'o, dum-bro, ro'do-bro, lsi-rai, sotmali Khotang-N. district: Rawakhola-M. valley


71-BAE-aba dumi-A. (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-abb brasmi (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-abc kharbari (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-abd lamdija (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-abe makpa (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-ac koi koyu, kohi, koyi, koi-bo'o, koyu-bo' ¶excluding scattered speakers in

other areas of Nepal, known as koi but speaking only [59=] Nepali Khotang district


71-BAE-aca koi-A. (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-acb sungdel (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-acc behere (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-b Lingkhim* originally Dudkhosi valley; migrated to Ilam district: Sumbek panchayat (Yokpi)

Nepal (Sagarmatha) 1*

71-BAE-ba lingkhim limkhim, linkhim, lingkhim-rai ¶only 1 speaker reported in 1991 (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-c Thulung+ Lannachyo

Nepal; India (Bihar) 4

71-BAE-ca thulung thulunge-rai Everest massif Nepal (Sagarmatha) 4

71-BAE-caa solu-khumbu Solu Khumbu district (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-cab okhaldhunga Okhaldhunga district (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-cac thulung-bihar Ganges plain (Bihar)

71-BAE-cb lannachyo lancho* (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-d Tilung+ Choskule* ¶classification to be reviewed #possible relationship of name between

Tilung and neighbouring Thulung to be examined


71-BAE-da tilung tiling, tilling, tilung-blama Khotang-W. district: between Dudhkosi… Sunkhosi

Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-db choskule Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAE-dc dorunkecha Nepal (Sagarmatha)


71-BAF CHOURASE+ JERUNG net

71-BAF-a Chourase tsaurasya, chaurasia, chaurasya Dhankuta district Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3

71-BAF-aa umbule* chourase "proper" Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAF-ab bonu Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAF-ac ubu Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAF-b Jerung jero, jerum, jerunge, jero-mala, zero, zerum, zero-mala Melungkhola lower valley

3

71-BAF-ba jerung-A. jerung "proper" Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAF-bb madhavpur Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAF-bc balkhu-sisneri Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BAF-bd ratnawati sindhuli Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BB KULURING+ BANTAWA chain

KIRANTI-CENTRAL

71-BBA KULURING+ SANGPANG net

71-BBA-a Nachereng-ra nachhereng, natshereng, nacering-ra, nachering, nachering-tüm, mathsereng, nachhering, nasring Khotang district: Lidim Khola headwaters… Aiselukharke


71-BBA-aa bangdel-tüm bangdale, bangdile, including hachero, achero… hangkula Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3

71-BBA-ab dimali Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-ac parali Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-ad hedangba "pseudo" sangpang ¶nearly extinct Nepal (Sagarmatha) 1*

71-BBA-ae kharlali Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-af rakheli Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-b Kuluring+ Sotaring KulungSolukhumbu district Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi) 4

71-BBA-ba kulu-ring khulunge-rai, kulung, khulung, kholung with vehicular extension

eastwards

Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi) 4

71-BBA-bb pelmung* Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-bc maha-kulung Mahakulung Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-bd tamachchang Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-be pidisoi Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-bf chhapkoa Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-bg sota-ring sotang, sottaring Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-bh namlung Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-c Sangpang sampang, sampange-rai Bhojpur… Khotang districts: Dingla… Kharpa


71-BBA-ca tana Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-cb halumbung wakchali Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-cc samarung Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-cd bhalu Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-ce tongeccha Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-cf phali Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-cg khartamche Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBA-ch khotang Khotang Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBB MEOHANG+ SAAM net

71-BBB-a Meohang-W. newang-W., newange-rai-W., newahang-W., newahang-jimi-W., mewahang-W. Arun upper right-bank


71-BBB-aa bala balali Bala Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBB-ab bumdemba Sishuwakhola panchayat Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBB-b Meohang-E. newang-E., newange-rai-E., newahang-E., newahang-jimi-E., mewahang-E. Arun upper left-bank: Sankhuwasawa… Sunsari districts

Nepal (Koshi) 1*

71-BBB-ba sunsari Sunsari district: Bhaludhunga… Bishnupaduka panchayats Nepal (Koshi)

71-BBB-bb dibum dibung Mangtewa panchayat Nepal (Koshi)

71-BBB-bc mulgaon+ wangtang Yaphu panchayat Nepal (Koshi)

71-BBB-c Saam saam-rai, samakha, saama-kha Ilam district submerged < [59=] Nepali and [71=] Bantawa ¶only elderly speakers reported in 1990's

Nepal (Mechi) 3

71-BBB-ca bungla Nepal (Mechi)

71-BBB-cb sambya Nepal (Mechi)

71-BBC PONGYONG net

71-BBC-a Pongyong Ilam district: Kannyam panchayat (Ambikau) Nepal (Mechi) 1*

71-BBC-aa pongyong ponyon-kulung, sama-kulung, kulung-pun ¶nearly extinct Nepal (Mechi) 1*


71-BBD CHUKWA net

71-BBD-a Chukwa Bhojpur district: Kulung panchayat Nepal (Sagarmatha) 2*

71-BBD-aa chukwa-ring Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBD-ab pohing-kha* #or an alternative name for Chukwa Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBE BANTAWA+ CHAMLING net

71-BBE-a Waling* Nepal (Sagarmatha) 3

71-BBE-aa waling walung, walüng Bhojpur district: Khairang panchayat… Waleng* ¶probably extinct


71-BBE-b Chamling+ Lambichong*


71-BBE-ba chamling chamlinge-rai, camling, rodong Khotang district: Rawa valley Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBE-bb lambichong lambichhong, chhingtang, tshingtang Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBE-c Puma Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3

71-BBE-ca puma puma-pima, puma-la, puma-kala Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3

71-BBE-d Deosali Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3

71-BBE-da deosali Nepal (Sagarmatha*) 3

71-BBE-e Bantawa+ Amchoke bantawa-rai, bantaba, bontawa, bantawa yüng, bantawa-yong, batawa-dum Khotang… Bhojpur… Dhankuta-W. districts 20 or more idioms to be added to the following

Nepal (Sagarmatha; Koshi; Mechi) 4

71-BBE-ea amchoke amchauke Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBE-eaa sorung Sorung Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBE-eab saharaja Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBE-eb bantawa-W. Khotang… Bhojpur… districts Nepal (Sagarmatha)

71-BBE-ec dilpali bantawa-N. Nepal (Koshi*)

71-BBE-ed hangkhim bantawa-S. Nepal (Koshi*)

71-BBE-ee dhankuta bantawa-SE. Dhankuta-W. district Nepal (Koshi)

71-BBE-ef chhintang Nepal

71-BBE-eg rungchenbung Nepal

71-BBE-eh yangma Nepal

71-BBE-f Dungmali+ Khesang arthare+ khesang Nepal (Koshi) 3

71-BBE-fa dungmali dungmali-pük, dungmali-bantawa, dunmali, arthare, part of kiranti "proper" dialects to be confirmed Dhankuta district: Tamur valley

Nepal (Koshi) 3

71-BBE-faa chhinamkhang (Koshi)

71-BBE-fab hangbang (Koshi)

71-BBE-fac khandung (Koshi)

71-BBE-fad pungwai (Koshi)

71-BBE-fae roktulung (Koshi)

71-BBE-faf tuncha (Koshi)

71-BBE-fag waitpang (Koshi)

71-BBE-fb khesang khesange, part of arthare+ khesang Nepal (Koshi)

71-BBE-g Khambu* KIRANT Nepal (Mechi; perhaps also Koshi); also India (West Bengal)

4

71-BBE-ga pallo-kirant khambu "further-kirant" (Mechi)

71-BBE-gb majh khambu "middle-kirant" (Mechi)

71-BBE-gc wallo-kirant khambu "hither-kirant" (Mechi)

71-BBE-gd nolokh-kirant khambu-darjiling Darjiling India (West Bengal)

71-BC LORONGKHA+ MOINBA chain

KIRANTI-EAST

71-BCA LORONGKHA+ MOINBA net

71-BCA-a Lorongkha-N. lorong-N., lohorong-N., lohrung-N., sankhuwasawaEverest massif>SE.… Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district

Nepal (Koshi) 4

71-BCA-aa lorong-kha-nawa Nepal (Koshi) 4

71-BCA-ab biksit pidisoi, bikshi Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-ac balali Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-b Lorongkha-S. lorong-S., lohorong-S., lohrung-S., part of "pseudo" yakkha, part of

"pseudo" yamphu Dhankuta district: Bodhe… Maunabuduke… Rajarani panchayats

Nepal (Koshi) 3

71-BCA-ba lorong-kha-te Nepal (Koshi) 3

71-BCA-bb gess Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-c Yamphekha yamphe, part of "pseudo" yamphu Arun upper middle valley:

Sankhuwasawa-N. district (Makalu panchayat)

Nepal (Koshi) 3

71-BCA-ca newahang-yamphe-kha

Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-cb sibao-yamphe-kha Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-cc pa-o Nepal (Koshi)


71-BCA-d Yamphukha Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district Nepal (Koshi) 3*

71-BCA-da yamphu-kha yamphu, yamphu-rai, yanphu Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-e Yakkhaba Nepal; India (Sikkim) 4

71-BCA-ea yakkha-ba yakha, yakkhaba-cea, yakkhaba-sala, dewan-sala India (Sikkim) 4

71-BCA-eaa yakkaba-arun Arun upper middle valley: Sankhuwasawa district (Koshi)

71-BCA-eab yakkhaba-tamur Tamur valley: Dhankuta district (Terhathum) (Koshi)

71-BCA-eac yakkhaba-sikkim Ranjitt valley (Sikkim-W.)

71-BCA-eb lumba-yakkha yakkhaba-cea, lumba-yakha Dhankuta district: Lakhshmikhola environs

Nepal (Koshi) 3*

71-BCA-f Lambicholong Arun upper middle left-bank: Mugakhola… Sinuwakhola Nepal (Koshi) 2

71-BCA-fa lambicholong lambichong, lambitshong, part of "pseudo" yakkha, "pseudo" mugali Nepal (Koshi) 2

71-BCA-g Chhülüngrüng+ Chhintangrüng

Arun lower middle valley: Dhanguta district Nepal (Koshi) 3*

71-BCA-ga chhülüng-rüng chulung, chülüng, chhulung, chholong, chhilling Ankhisalla…

Chhintang panchayats

Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-gb chhintang-rüng chintang, chintang-rüng, chhintange, teli Chhintang… Sambhung… Pokhare… Ankhisalla panchayats

Nepal (Koshi) 2*

71-BCA-h Phangduwali Dhankuta district: Phangduwa (near Mugakhola headwaters) Nepal (Koshi) 2*

71-BCA-ha phangduwali phangduwali-poti Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-i Belhariya Dhankuta district: Belhara Nepal (Koshi) 2

71-BCA-ia belhariya "pseudo" athpariya Nepal (Koshi) 2

71-BCA-j Athpariya Tamur right-bank: between Dhankutakhola… Tangkhuwa tributaries

(Dhankuta district)

Nepal (Koshi) 3

71-BCA-ja athpariya athapre, athpare Nepal (Koshi) 3

71-BCA-k Yakthungpan Limbu, yakthungba-pan, limbu "proper", limbo, lumbu Limbu script

(from early 18th cent.); Devanagari script; Latin script Arun valley

eastwards

Nepal (Koshi; Mechi); Tibet; India (Sikkim; West Bengal); also Bhutan

5

71-BCA-ka tajeng-pan "common" limbu Nepal (Koshi; Mechi)…

71-BCA-kb mundum-ban "priestly" limbu, 'high' limbu Nepal (Koshi; Mechi)…

71-BCA-kc taplejunge+ phedappe

limbu-tamur Tamur valley: Taplejung… Nepal (Koshi; Mechi)

71-BCA-kca taplejunge taplejung, part of taplejunge+ tamorkholea Nepal

71-BCA-kcb tamorkholea part of taplejunge+ tamorkholea Nepal

71-BCA-kcc phedappe Nepal

71-BCA-kd panthare+ chaubise Nepal (Koshi and/or Mechi)

71-BCA-kda panthare pantharey, panchthare, panchthar, part of panthare+ yanggrokke Nepal

71-BCA-kdb yanggrokke part of panthare+ yanggrokke Nepal

71-BCA-l Chhathare Dhanguta district Nepal (Koshi) 3*

71-BCA-la chhathare chhathar, chhathar-limbu, chatthare, chhathare yathungba-pan Nepal (Koshi)

71-BCA-m Moinba monba, mompa, monpa 2, momba, menpa, memba, cuona-menba, (China) Tibet; India (Arunachal Pradesh)

4

71-BCA-ma moinba-N. Yarlung+ Zanbo valley: Medog… Nyinchi. Cona counties (China) Tibet-SE. 4

71-BCA-mb moinba-S. India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4

71-C DHIMAL+ TOTO set "dhimalic"

71-CA DHIMAL+ TOTO chain

71-CAA DHIMAL+ TOTO net

71-CAA-a Dhimal+ Toto Jhapa district: Terai-E. plains Nepal (Mechi); also India (West Bengal)

3

71-CAA-aa dhimal Nepal (Mechi); India frontier 3

71-CAA-aaa biratnagar Biratnagar environs (Mechi)

71-CAA-aab jhapa Jhapa & environs (Mechi)

71-CAA-ab toto Nepal (Mechi); also India (West Bengal)

3


72= GARIC phylozone

covers the Bodo+ Konyak grouping, part of the "Tibeto-

Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 2 sets of languages (= 23 outer

languages) spoken by communities in and around the Brahmaputra middle basin:

72-A BODO+ GARO 72-B KONYAK+ AO

India; Bangladesh; Burma 6

72-A BODO+ GARO set

72-AA BODO+ TRIPURA chain

72-AAA BODO+ DIMASA net

72-AAA-a Bodo India (Assam; West Bengal;

Nagaland; Meghalaya); also Nepal

6

72-AAA-aa bodo-A. boro, bodi, bara, boroni; including bodo-kachari apparently distinct

from kachari below India (Assam) 6

72-AAA-ab chote India (Assam and/or West Bengal)

72-AAA-ac mech mechi, meche, meci India (West Bengal)

72-AAA-b Dimasa+ Kachari including hajai India (Assam; also Nagaland); also

Burma 4

72-AAA-ba dimasa-A. dimasa "proper" India (Assam) 4

72-AAA-bb hariamba India (Assam)

72-AAA-bc kachari dimasa-kachari Cachar district… North Cachar hills India (Assam) 4

72-AAA-bca 'assam'-kachari India (Assam)

72-AAA-bcb 'burma'-kachari Burma-NW.; also India (Assam)

72-AAB TRIPURI net

72-AAB-a Tripuri tripura, tripra community India (Tripura; also Mizoram; Assam); Bangladesh

5

72-AAB-aa kok-borok tripuri, tripri, kak-barak India (Tripura…); Bangladesh-E. 5

72-AAB-aaa debbarma "royal" tripuri, "vehicular" tripuri (Tripura…)

72-AAB-aab jamatia (Tripura…)

72-AAB-aac noatia (Tripura…)

72-AAB-aad halam (Tripura; Assam)

72-AAB-aae usipi (Tripura…)

72-AAB-aaf mrung (Tripura…)

72-AAB-ab riang reang, kau-bru India (Tripura; Mizoram; Assam); Bangladesh-E.

5

72-AAC LALUNG net "lalungic"

72-AAC-a Lalung India (Assam; also Meghalaya) 4

72-AAC-aa lalung India (Assam; also Meghalaya) 4

72-AB DEORI chain

72-ABA DEORI net

72-ABA-a Deori Chutia, Chutiya… bilingual < [59=] Axamiya India (Assam; also Arunachal Pradesh)

4

72-ABA-aa deori deuri, drori, chutiya India (Assam; also Arunachal

Pradesh)

4

72-AC GARO+ RABHA chain

"garic"

72-ACA GARO+ RABHA net garrow

72-ACA-a Garo Bengali script India (Meghalaya; Assam; also

Tripura); Bangladesh 5

72-ACA-aa garo-F. "literary garo" Achick model India (Meghalaya; Assam)

72-ACA-ab achik achick Garo hills India (Meghalaya…) 5

72-ACA-ac abeng Mymensingh plains Bangladesh 4

72-ACA-aca abengya Bangladesh

72-ACA-acb ambeng Bangladesh

72-ACA-ad awe India (Meghalaya and/or Assam)

72-ACA-b Rabha+ Megam bilingual < [59=] Axamiya India (Assam; Meghalaya; also

West Bengal); Bangladesh 5

72-ACA-ba rabha rava Garo Hills India (Meghalaya; Assam) 5

72-ACA-baa maitaria (Meghalaya…)

72-ACA-bab rangdania (Meghalaya…)

72-ACA-bb kamrup Kamrup district India (Assam)

72-ACA-bc chisak India (Assam...); Bangladesh

72-ACA-bd ganching India (Assam...); Bangladesh


72-ACA-be mande India (Assam...); Bangladesh

72-ACA-bf matchi India (Assam...); Bangladesh

72-ACA-bg atong India (Assam...); Bangladesh

72-ACA-bh ruga India (Assam...); Bangladesh

72-ACA-bi dacca Dacca Bangladesh

72-ACA-bj megam migam Bangladesh

72-ACA-c Koch "garic" koch to be distinguished from the Koch dialects of [59=] Bangla in West Bengal

Bangladesh; India (Meghalaya; Assam)

4

72-ACA-ca koch-A. koch-E., koc, kocch, koce, koch-boli, konch Bangladesh; India (Meghalaya; Assam)

4

72-ACA-cb banai Banai Bangladesh

72-ACA-cc harigaya Bangladesh; India-NE.

72-ACA-cd satpariya satbaria Satbaria Bangladesh

72-ACA-ce tintekiya Bangladesh; India-NE.

72-ACA-cf wanang Bangladesh; India-NE.

72-B KONYAK+ AO set "konyakic", 'konyakic naga', part of 'naga' Latin script

72-BA KONYAK+ AO chain

72-BAA KONYAK+ WANCHO net

72-BAA-a Konyak kanyak, konyak-'naga' India (Nagaland); Burma frontier 5

72-BAA-aa tableng konyak "standard", konyak "vehicular" Wanching… Wakching… vehicular extension

India (Nagaland)

72-BAA-ab konyak-A. konyak "traditional" Mon district India (Nagaland-NE.); Burma frontier

5

72-BAA-aba angphang (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abb chang-nyu (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abc chen Chen (Nagaland-NE.); Burma frontier

72-BAA-abd chingkao+ chinglang (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abe choha (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abf gelekidoria (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abg hopao (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abh jakphang (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abi kongon (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abj longching+ longwa including longching longkhai longmein longwa (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abk mohung (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abl mon Mon (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abm mulung (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abn ngangching (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abo sang (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abp shanlang+ shengha including shanlang shengha sham-nyuyanga (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abq shu-nyuo (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abr sima (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abs sowa (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abt tabu (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abu tamkhung-nyuo Tamkhung (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abv tang (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abw tobu-nyuo (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-abx tolamlei-nyua (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-aby totok (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-b Wancho wancho-'naga' India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4

72-BAA-ba wancho (Arunachal Pradesh) 4

72-BAA-baa wancho-A. wancho "proper" (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAA-bab banpara banpara-'naga' (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAA-bac joboka (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAA-bad changnoi (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAA-bae bor-muthun bor-mutonia (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAA-baf horu-muthun (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAA-bag kulung-muthun mithan (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAA-c Phom+ Tamlu phom-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4

72-BAA-ca phom+ tamlu (Nagaland-NE.) 4

72-BAA-caa phom phon (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-cab tamlu tamlu-'naga' Tamlu (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-cac chingmengu (Nagaland-NE.)

72-BAA-cad yongyasha (Nagaland-NE.)


72-BAB CHANG net

72-BAB-a Chang India (Nagaland-CE.) 4

72-BAB-aa chang cham-'naga', mojung, machongrr, mochumi, mochungrr, changyanguh India (Nagaland-CE.) 4

72-BAC TASE net

72-BAC-a Tase tangsa, tangsa-'naga', tase-'naga' India (Arunachal Pradesh; also Assam); Burma-N.

4

72-BAC-aa tase-W. India-NE. (Arunachal Pradesh); Burma-N.

3

72-BAC-aaa tase-A. tangsa "proper", tasey (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aab rangpan (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aac chem-chang (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aad longphi lungphi (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aae yogli jugli (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aaf have havi (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aag khemsing kimsing (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aah lungchang (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aai lungri longri Lungri… (Arunachal Pradesh); Burma-N.

72-BAC-aaj moklum muklum (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aak mosang (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aal ponthai (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aam rongrang ronrang (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aan sangwal (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aao taipi Taipi Duidam (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aap tikhak (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-aaq sanke shangge, sangche, sankey (Arunachal Pradesh); also Burma-N.

72-BAC-aar yongkuk (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-ab tase-E. tangsa-E. Burma-N.; also India (Arunachal Pradesh)

3

72-BAC-aba gashan Burma-N.

72-BAC-abb hkaluk Hkalak Ga Burma-N.

72-BAC-abc saukrang Burm a-N.

72-BAC-abd langshin langchin Langchin Burma-N.

72-BAC-abe mawrang morang Burma-N.; (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-abf myimu Burma-N.

72-BAC-abg sangtai Burma-N.

72-BAC-abh tulim tonglim identity of tulim at Tulim in Burma and tonglim in Arunachal

Pradesh to be confirmed Tulim… Burma-N.; (Arunachal Pradesh)

72-BAC-abi longri Burma-N.

72-BAD MONSHANG+ MOYON net

72-BAD-a Monshang+ Moyon monsang+ moyon India (Manipur); also Burma (Sagaing)

3

72-BAD-aa monshang moshang, monsang, mushang, mawshang India (Manipur); Burma border 3

72-BAD-ab moyon mayon India (Manipur); Burma border 3

72-BAE NOCTE net

72-BAE-a Nocte nocte-'naga' India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 3

72-BAE-aa nocte Lakhimpur… Tirap districts India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 3

72-BAE-aaa borduria India-NE.

72-BAE-aab jaipuria India-NE.

72-BAE-aac paniduria India-NE.

72-BAE-aad mohongia India-NE.

72-BAE-aae namsangia India-NE.

72-BAF AO+ YIMCHUNGRU net

72-BAF-a Yimchungru yimchungru-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4

72-BAF-aa yimchungru-N. Tuensang district India-NE. (Nagaland-N.) 4

72-BAF-aaa tikhir (Nagaland-N.)

72-BAF-aab wai (Nagaland-N.)

72-BAF-aac chirr (Nagaland-N.)

72-BAF-aad tozhuma (Nagaland-N.)

72-BAF-ab yimchungru-S. Tuensang district India-NE. (Nagaland-N.) 4

72-BAF-aba yimchungru-A. yimchunger, yimchungre, yachum (Nagaland-N.)

72-BAF-abb minir (Nagaland-N.)

72-BAF-abc pherrongre (Nagaland-N.)


72-BAF-b Sangtam+ Pochuri chakhesang-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4

72-BAF-ba pochuri pochuri-'naga', pochury India (Nagaland-SE.) 4

72-BAF-bb sangtam sangtam-'naga', isachanure India (Nagaland-SE.) 4

72-BAF-bba lopho-mi (Nagaland-SE.)

72-BAF-bbb pirr sangtam-N. (Nagaland-SE.)

72-BAF-bbc phelongre (Nagaland-SE.)

72-BAF-bbd thuku-mi sangtam-C. (Nagaland-SE.)

72-BAF-bbe photsi-mi (Nagaland-SE.)

72-BAF-bbf purr sangtam-S. (Nagaland-SE.)

72-BAF-bc kizare kizare-'naga', sangtam 2 Meluri>N. India (Nagaland-SE.)

72-BAF-c Ao India-NE. (Nagaland) 5

72-BAF-ca ao aorr, uri (Nagaland) 5

72-BAF-caa pai-mi (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cab hatigoria (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cac nowgong (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cad mongsen-khari mongsen (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cae changki (Nagaland)

72-BAF-caf chongli chungli (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cag choli-mi (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cah dordar (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cai yacham (Nagaland)

72-BAF-caj longla (Nagaland)

72-BAF-cak tengsa distinction from [72=] Tase / Tengsa to be confirmed (Nagaland)

72-BAG MARING+ TANGKHUL net

72-BAG-a Maring maring-'naga' India (Manipur) 4

72-BAG-aa maring khoibu+ maring (Manipur-SE.) 4

72-BAG-aaa maring-A. (Manipur-SE.)

72-BAG-aab khoibu (Manipur-SE.)

72-BAG-b Tangkhul tangkhul-'naga' India (Manipur) 5

72-BAG-ba tangkhul tagkhul, thangkhulm (Manipur) 5

72-BAG-baa ukhrul central tangkhul (Manipur)

72-BAG-bab champhung (Manipur)

72-BAG-bac luhuppa luppa (Manipur)

72-BAG-bad somra (Manipur)

72-BAG-bae khunggoi khangoi (Manipur)

72-BAG-baf kupome (Manipur)

72-BAG-bag phadang (Manipur)

72-BAH CHOTHE net

72-BAH-a Chothe chothe-'naga' India (Manipur); also Burma (Sagaing)

3

72-BAH-aa chothe chote, chowte India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) frontier

3

72-BAI TARAO net

72-BAI-a Tarao tarao-'naga' India (Manipur) 2

72-BAI-aa tarao-A. tarao "proper" (Manipur-SE.)

72-BAI-ab tataotrong* (Manipur-SE.) 2

72-BAJ MELURI net

72-BAJ-a Meluri rengma-E., meluri-'naga' distinct from [73=] Rengma India (Nagaland) 3

72-BAJ-aa meluri (Nagaland) 3

72-BAJ-aaa meluri-A. meluory (Nagaland)

72-BAJ-aab anyo (Nagaland)


73= KUKIC phylozone

covers the "Kuki+ Naga" grouping, part of the "Tibeto-

Burman" affinity within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising 4 sets of languages (= 49 outer

languages) spoken by communities in the highlands around the middle Brahmaputra valley:

73-A LOTHA+ LIANGMAI 73-B MRUNG 73-C MIKIRI+MEITHEI 73-D THADO+FALAM

India; Burma; Bangladesh; also

Nepal; China 6

73-A LOTHA+ LIANGMAI set

'nagic', part of 'naga' Latin script

73-AA LOTHA+ NDRENG chain

73-AAA LOTHA+ NDRENG net

73-AAA-a Lotha+ Ndreng lotha-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4

73-AAA-aa lotha hlota, lutha (Nagaland) 4

73-AAA-ab chizi-ma (Nagaland)

73-AAA-ac choi-mi (Nagaland)

73-AAA-ad live (Nagaland)

73-AAA-ae miklir (Nagaland)

73-AAA-af tsindir (Nagaland)

73-AAA-ag tsontsu tsontsii (Nagaland)

73-AAA-ah ndreng (Nagaland)

73-AAA-ai kyong kyo, kyon, kyou (Nagaland)

73-AB RENGMA+ SEMASIMI chain

73-ABA RENGMA+ AZONYU net

73-ABA-a Rengma+ Azonyu part of 'naga' India (Nagaland; Assam) 4

73-ABA-aa reng-ma-A. Rengma Pathar (Nagaland; Assam)

73-ABA-ab mozhu-mi moiyui (Nagaland)

73-ABA-ac rengma-mon (Nagaland)

73-ABA-ad injang (Nagaland)

73-ABA-ae keteneneyu (Nagaland)

73-ABA-af azonyu nzonyu, unza, nzong, rengma-S. (Nagaland)

73-ABB SEMASIMI+ MAO net

73-ABB-a Semasimi+ Zumomi sema-'naga' India (Nagaland; also Assam) 5

73-ABB-aa se-masi-mi (Nagaland…)

73-ABB-ab dayang sema-W. Dayang valley (Nagaland…)

73-ABB-ac lazem (Nagaland…)

73-ABB-ad zhimo-mi (Nagaland…)

73-ABB-ae zumo-mi (Nagaland…)

73-ABB-b Mao+ Maikel mao-'naga' India (Manipur; also Nagaland) 4

73-ABB-ba mao (Manipur…)

73-ABB-bb pao-mata (Manipur…)

73-ABB-bc spowa-ma sopvo-ma, sopfo-mo (Manipur…)

73-ABB-bd maikel (Manipur…)

73-ABB-be me-mi (Manipur…)

73-ABB-c Angami+ Khezhama angami-'naga' India (Nagaland) 4

73-ABB-ca anga-mi India (Nagaland) 4

73-ABB-caa anga-mi-A. gna-mei, nga-mi (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cab tsogha-mi tsugu-mi (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cac monr (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cad tsanglo (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cae kohi-ma angami "standard" Kohima (Nagaland)

73-ABB-caf dzuna (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cag kehena (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cah khono-ma (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cai chakro-ma angami-W., chakru, chokri (Nagaland)

73-ABB-caj mi-ma (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cak nali (Nagaland)


73-ABB-cal mozo-me (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cam tengi-ma (Nagaland)

73-ABB-cb chokri-ma chokri-'naga', chakri-ma, chakru, angami-E., part of chakhesang-'naga' (Nagaland) 3

73-ABB-cc khezha-ma kheza-'naga', keza-mi, part of chakhesang-'naga' Kohima district (Nagaland-E.) 4

73-AC LIANGMAI+ RONGMAI chain

73-ACA LIANGMAI+ RONGMAI net

73-ACA-a Maram maram-'naga' India (Manipur) 3

73-ACA-aa maram Barak Valley India (Manipur) 3

73-ACA-b Liangmai India (Manipur; also Nagaland) 4

73-ACA-ba liang-mai liangmai-'naga', part of zelian Barak upper valley India (Manipur) 4

73-ACA-baa liang-mai-A. liang, liyang, lyeng-mai, liang-mei, lyang-may (Manipur)

73-ACA-bab kwoireng quoireng, koirng, koireng 2 (Manipur) 3

73-ACA-c Zemi+ Paren zemi-'naga', zeme-'naga', part of zelian Barak upper valley India (Assam; Manipur; Nagaland) 4

73-ACA-ca ze-mi jeme, zeme India (Assam)

73-ACA-caa kachcha kacha, kutcha community (Manipur)

73-ACA-cab meza-ma India-NE.

73-ACA-cac sangri-ma sengi-ma India-NE.

73-ACA-cad arung India-NE.

73-ACA-cae empui India-NE.

73-ACA-cb paren India-NE.

73-ACA-cc njauna India-NE.

73-ACA-d Mzieme mzie-me-'naga' India (Nagaland-SW.) 4

73-ACA-da mzie-me (Nagaland-SW.) 4

73-ACA-e Rongmai rongmai-'naga', rong-mei, maruong-mai, nruangh-mei, rong-mai India (Manipur; Nagaland; Assam) 4

73-ACA-ea songbu (Manipur; Nagaland) 4

73-ACA-eb puiron (Manipur; Nagaland) 4

73-ACA-eba puiron-A. impurion (Manipur; Nagaland)

73-ACA-ebb kabui kapwi, koboi, kubai (Manipur; Nagaland; Assam)

73-ACA-f Khoirao+ Thanggai khoirao-'naga' India (Manipur) 4

73-ACA-fa khoirao (Manipur)

73-ACA-fb kolya (Manipur)

73-ACA-fc mayang-khang miyang-khang (Manipur)

73-ACA-fd ngari (Manipur)

73-ACA-fe thanggal thangal (Manipur)

73-ACA-ff tukai-mi (Manipur)

73-AD KHIAMNGAN chain

73-ADA KHIAMNGAN net

73-ADA-a Khiamngan khiamngan-'naga' India (Nagaland); Burma (Sagaing) 4

73-ADA-aa khiamngan-W. Tuensang district (Nagaland) 4

73-ADA-aaa khiamngan-A. khiamngan "proper", khemungan, khienmungan, kemmungam, khiemnungan

(Nagaland)

73-ADA-aab kalokengnyu (Nagaland)

73-ADA-aac aoshedd (Nagaland)

73-ADA-ab khiamngan-E. Burma (Sagaing) 4

73-ADA-aba makware (Sagaing)

73-ADA-abb nokaw (Sagaing)

73-ADA-abc para (Sagaing)

73-ADA-abd ponyo (Sagaing)

73-ADA-abe welam (Sagaing)

73-B MRUNG set "mruic"

73-BA MRUNG chain

73-BAA MRUNG net

73-BAA-a Mrung Arakan+ Chin hills>W. Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India (Mizoram)

4

73-BAA-aa mrung muru, mru, mro Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India (Mizoram)

4

73-BAA-aaa mrung-A. Burma (Chin); Bangladesh; India (Mizoram)

73-BAA-aab niopreng Burma (Chin)*…


73-C MIKIRI+ MEITHEI set

73-CA MIKIRI+ MEITHEI chain

73-CAA MEITHEI+ BISHNUPURIYA net

73-CAA-a Meithei+ Bishnupuriya

comprises the Manipuri/Meithei "scheduled language" in India (as included in the 8

th schedule to the Constitution of India since 1992)

India (A Manipur; Assam; Tripura; Mehgalaya; Arunachal Pradesh;

Nagaland); Bangladesh; Burma

6

73-CAA-aa meithei meithe, meitei, mitei, manipuri; india-NE. "vehicular" (formerly)

Devanagari script; Bengali script India; Bangladesh; Burma (Chin)

73-CAA-aaa meithei-F. "literary" meithei, "literary" manipuri, manipur "standard" (Manipur; Assam; Tripura); Bangladesh; (Chin)

73-CAA-aab manipuri India (Manipur)

73-CAA-aac kathe kathi (Manipur…)

73-CAA-aad ponna (Manipur…)

73-CAA-ab bishnupuriya bishnupriya Bishnupur India (West Bengal)

73-CAB MIKIRI+ AMRI net

73-CAB-a Mikiri+ Amri Mikir… Rengma hills India (Nagaland; Arunachal Pradesh; Meghalaya; Manipur; Assam)

5

73-CAB-aa mikiri mikir India (Manipur; Assam…)

73-CAB-aaa mikiri-A. (Manipur; Assam…)

73-CAB-aab manchati (Manipur; Assam…)

73-CAB-aac karbi (Manipur; Assam; Meghalaya; Nagaland; Arunachal Pradesh)

73-CAB-ab amri India (Manipur; Assam…)

73-CAB-ac arleng India (Manipur; Assam…)

73-CAB-ad bhui India (Manipur; Assam…)

73-CAB-ae rhengkitang India (Manipur; Assam…)

73-D THADO+ FALAM set 'kuki+ chin'

73-DA THADO+ PAITE chain

'kuki+ chin'-N.

73-DAA THADO+ PAITE net wider zo-mi, wider zou

73-DAA-a Ral-te Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4

73-DAA-aa ral-te assumed distinct from [73=] Ral-te-2 (in Lushai+ Mizo net); to be

confirmed Burma (Sagaing); India (Assam; Mizoram; Manipur)

4

73-DAA-b Zo-mi Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4

73-DAA-ba zo-mi zou, zo, zorni, zo-me Chin+ Manipur Hills Burma (Sagaing); India (Manipur) 4

73-DAA-c Yo-te Burma (Chin and/or Sagaing) 3

73-DAA-ca yo-te yo, yos Burma (Chin and/or Sagaing) 3

73-DAA-d Tiddim tiddim-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin); India (Mizoram; Manipur)

5

73-DAA-da tiddim tedim Chin hills northward Burma (Chin); India (Mizoram; Manipur)

5

73-DAA-daa tiddim-A. tiddim "proper", chin-hills "vehicular" Burma (Chin); India

73-DAA-dab sok-te Burma (Chin)*…

73-DAA-dac kamhau kamhow, kamhao Burma (Chin)*…

73-DAA-e Thado+ Gangte thado-'chin' India (Manipur; Assam; Mizoram); Burma (Sagaing)

5

73-DAA-ea thado thadou, thado-ubiphei, thado-pao, kuki, kuki-thado (Manipur, Assam, Mizoram) 5

73-DAA-eb bai-te (Manipur)…

73-DAA-ec changsen jangshen (Manipur)…

73-DAA-ed kaokeep (Manipur)…

73-DAA-ee khongzai (Manipur)…

73-DAA-ef kipgen (Manipur)…

73-DAA-eg langiung (Manipur)…

73-DAA-eh sairang (Manipur)…

73-DAA-ei thangngen (Manipur)…

73-DAA-ej hawkip (Manipur)…

73-DAA-ek shithlou (Manipur)…

73-DAA-el singson shingsol (Manipur)…

73-DAA-em gang-te gan-te India (Assam; Manipur); Burma 4

73-DAA-ema gang-te-'assam' (Assam)

73-DAA-emb gang-te-'manipur' (Manipur)

73-DAA-emc gang-te-'burma' Burma (Sagaing)

73-DAA-en sim-te (Manipur-SW.) 3


73-DAA-f Paite+ Vuite paite-'chin' India (Manipur; Mizoram; Assam); Burma (Sagaing; Chin)

4

73-DAA-fa pai-te pai-te "proper", pai-the, par-te, hai-the India (Manipur; Mizoram; Assam) Burma-NW.

4

73-DAA-fb hai-te hai-the India-NE.; Burma-NW.

73-DAA-fc vui-te India-NE.; Burma-NW.

73-DAA-fd siyin siyang, sizang Burma-NW. 4

73-DB CHIRU chain 'kuki+ chin'-W.

73-DBA CHIRU net

73-DBA-a Chiru India-NE. (Assam; Manipur; Nagaland)

3

73-DBA-aa chiru-A. chhori India-NE. 3

73-DBA-ab koi-reng* India-NE.

73-DC LUSHAI+ LANGET chain

'kuki+ chin'-C.

73-DCA LUSHAI+ PANKHU net

73-DCA-a Lushai+ Mizo* lusai, lushei, lukhai, lushai+ mizo, "wider" mizo; including hmar… tlau… tlanglang Mizo hills>N. Latin script

India-NE. (A Mizoram; also

Tripura; Assam; Manipur); Burma; also migration to China*

4

73-DCA-aa lushai-F. "standard" lushai India (Mizoram; Tripura; Assam; Manipur)

73-DCA-ab mizo India (Tripura…); Burma (Chin)

73-DCA-ac fannai pannai India-NE.…

73-DCA-ad ngen-te India-NE.; Burma (Chin)

73-DCA-ae pang paang perhaps corresponding to, or transition < , [73=] Pankhu in

Burma

India-NE.…

73-DCA-af dulien dhulian-twang India (Mizoram); Burma (Chin)

73-DCA-ag lusago India-NE.…

73-DCA-ah sailau India-NE.…

73-DCA-ai hualngo whelngo India-NE.…

73-DCA-aj le India-NE.…

73-DCA-ak ral-te-2 assumed distinct from [73=] Ral-te (in Thado+ Paite net); to be

confirmed

India (Mizoram; Tripura)

73-DCA-b Hmar India (Assam; Manipur) 4

73-DCA-ba hmar hamar, mhar India (Assam; Manipur) 4

73-DCA-c Pankhu* perhaps corresponding to, or transition < , [73=] Lushai (Pang) in

India Burma (Chin) 3

73-DCA-ca pankhu pankho, panko Chin hills: Falam environs Burma (Chin) 3

73-DCB HAKA+ SHONSHE net

'chin'-C.+ "old chin-W. transitional"

73-DCB-a Haka+ Shonshe haka-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin); also Bangladesh; India (Mizoram)

4

73-DCB-aa haka baungshe Haka district: Chin hills Burma (Chin).…

73-DCB-ab lai lai-hawlh, pawai India (Mizoram)

73-DCB-ac klangklang thlantlang Burma (Chin).…

73-DCB-ad banjogi bandzhogi, bandzogi, zotung Zotung Burma (Chin).…

73-DCB-ae zokhua Zokhua Burma (Chin).…

73-DCB-af shonshe Burma (Chin).…

73-DCC BAWM net

73-DCC-a Bawm bawm-'chin' Bangladesh; India (Mizoram; Assam); Burma-NW.

3

73-DCC-aa bawm bawng, bawn, bom Falam district: Chin hills Bangladesh; India (Mizoram; Assam); Burma-NW.

3

73-DCD SENTHANG net

73-DCD-a Senthang senthang-'chin' Burma (Chin) 4

73-DCD-aa senthang hsemthang Chin hills Burma (Chin) 4

73-DCE TAWR net

73-DCE-a Tawr* tawr-'chin' Burma (Chin) 2

73-DCE-aa tawr torr Chin hills Burma (Chin) 2

73-DCF DARLONG net

73-DCF-a Darlong darlong-'chin' Bangladesh; India (Tripura) 3

73-DCF-aa darlong Bangladesh; India (Tripura) 3

73-DCG LANGET net

73-DCG-a Langet langet-'chin' India-NE. 3

73-DCG-aa langet India-NE. 3


73-DD FALAM+ KOM chain "old" 'kuki'

73-DDA LAMKANG+ MONSHANG net

73-DDA-a Lamkang lamkang-'naga' India (Manipur) 3

73-DDA-aa lamkang lamgang, hiroi-lamgang India (Manipur) 3

73-DDA-b Monshang+ Anal anal-'naga' India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing) 4

73-DDA-ba anal India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing)

73-DDA-bb namfau India (Manipur); Burma (Sagaing)

73-DDA-bc mulsom India (Manipur); Burma

73-DDA-bd moyon India (Manipur)… 2

73-DDA-be monshang India (Manipur)… 3

73-DDB KOM+ KOLHRENG net

73-DDB-a Kom+ Kolhreng India (Manipur) 3

73-DDB-aa kom kom-rem India (Manipur) 3

73-DDB-ab kolh-reng India (Manipur) 3

73-DDC PURUM+ AIMOL net "old" 'kuki'-C.

73-DDC-a Purum Burma (Sagaing or Chin) 2

73-DDC-aa purum puram Burma (Sagaing or Chin) 2

73-DDC-b Aimol+ Langrong India (Assam; Manipur) 2

73-DDC-ba aimol (Assam; Manipur) 2

73-DDC-bb langrong (Assam; Manipur)

73-DDD FALAM+ HRANGKHOL net

"old" 'kuki'-W.

73-DDD-a Hrangkhol+ Biete "old" 'kuki'-NW. India (Meghalaya; Mizoram); Burma-NW.

4

73-DDD-aa hrangkhol rangkhol, hrangkhawl, hrangkhwal India-NE.; Burma-NW. 3

73-DDD-ab hadem India-NE.…

73-DDD-ac biete bete, biate, baite India (Meghalaya; Mizoram) 4

73-DDD-b Falam+ Laizo "old" 'kuki'-SW. Chin hills (Falam district)… Chittagong lowlands Burma (Chin); India (Tripura; also

Assam); Bangladesh (Chittagong)

5

73-DDD-ba falam halam, fallam, hallam, halam-'chin', falam-'chin', hallam-'chin', tripura Chin hills: Falam district… Latin script

Burma (Chin); India (Tripura…)

73-DDD-bb zahao+ lyen-lyem Burma (Chin) 4

73-DDD-bba zahao zahau, yahow, zahau-shimhrin Burma (Chin)

73-DDD-bbb lyen-lyem Burma (Chin)

73-DDD-bc zanniat Burma (Chin) 4

73-DDD-bd tashon+ shunkla Burma (Chin) 3

73-DDD-bda tashon tashom Burma (Chin)

73-DDD-bdb shunkla sunkhla Burma (Chin)

73-DDD-be laizo laiso, laizao, laizo-shimhrin Burma (Chin) 4

73-DDD-bf khualshim kwelshin Burma (Chin) 3

73-DDD-bg lente lyente Burma (Chin) 3

73-DDD-bh chorei Burma (Chin); India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bi chari-chong India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bj kaipang kaipeng India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bk kalai India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bl khelma India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bm mursum molsom India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bn rupini India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bo shekasip India (Tripura)

73-DDD-bp luhuppa-S. luhupa, luhuppa 2 India (Tripura)

73-DDE VAIPHEI net

73-DDE-a Vaiphei vaiphei-'kuki' India (Assam; Manipur) 4

73-DDE-aa vaiphei vaipei, veiphei, bhaipei India (Assam; Manipur) 4

73-DDF KYAO net

73-DDF-a Kyao kyao-'kuki' India-NE. 3

73-DDF-aa kyao India-NE.


73-DE MARA+ NGAWN chain

'kuki+ chin'-S.

73-DEA KHUMIAWA+ KHAMI net

Latin script

73-DEA-a Khumiawa khumi-awa-'chin' Burma (Arakan) 4

73-DEA-aa khumi-awa-E. Arakan hills Burma (Arakan)

73-DEA-ab khumi-awa-W. Arakan coast Burma (Arakan)

73-DEA-b Khami+ Khumi khumi-'chin' Burma (Arakan; Chin); also

Bangladesh (Chittagong) 5

73-DEA-ba khumi khuni Burma (Arakan…) 4

73-DEA-bb khimi khweymi Burma (Arakan… 4

73-DEA-bc yindi yindu Burma (Arakan…) 4

73-DEA-bd khami kami Burma (Arakan…) 4

73-DEA-be ngala Burma (Arakan…) 4

73-DEA-bf matu matu-chin Burma (Arakan…) 4

73-DEB MARA+ TLONGSAI net

73-DEB-a Mara+ Tlongsai lakher, mara-'chin' India (Manipur; Mizoram); Burma (Sagaing; Chin)

4

73-DEB-aa mara maram, mira Lushai hills India (Manipur)

73-DEB-ab zao zou* India (Manipur)

73-DEB-ac tlongsai Burma-NW.; India (Manipur)

73-DEB-ad hlawthai hawthai Burma-NW.; India (Manipur)

73-DEB-ae sabeu Burma-NW.

73-DEC MÜN net

73-DEC-a Mün mun-'chin' Burma-NW. 4

73-DEC-aa mün 'chin-bok', 'tsin-bok', 'chin-me', 'chin-be' Burma-NW.

73-DED DAAI net

73-DED-a Daai daai-'chin', dau, m'kaang, "pseudo"-mün Burma (Chin) 4

73-DED-aa kanpetlat Kanpetlet & environs (Chin)

73-DED-ab paletwa Paletwa & environs (Chin-S.)

73-DED-ac matupi Matupi & environs (Chin-S.)

73-DEE ASHO net

73-DEE-a Asho* asho-'chin', sho, qin Chittagong.… Lushai+ Chin hills… Irrawaddy upper basin… Yunnan-W. highlands Burmese script

Burma; Bangladesh; India (Mizoram); China (Yunnan)

4

73-DEE-aa chittagong-asho Chittagong district Bangladesh-W. 3

73-DEE-ab shendu khyeng 2, khyen, khieng, shandu, sandu Lushai hills… Chittagong foothills

India-NE. (Mizoram); Bangladesh (Chittagong)

3

73-DEE-ac asho-A. ashu, shoa, ashö Burma-C. 4

73-DEE-ad sandoway Arakan coast Burma-C. (Arakan)

73-DEE-ae thayetmyo thayetmo Irrawaddy central valley: Thayetmyo Burma-C. (Magwe)

73-DEE-af minbu Irrawaddy central valley: Minthu Burma-C. (Magwe)

73-DEE-ag lemyo Burma-C.

73-DEE-ah khyang khyeng, kyang Burma-N.

73-DEE-ai saingbaun saingbaung-chin Irrawaddy upper basin Burma-N. (Sagaing…)

73-DEE-aj asho-yunnan perhaps including the following ethnic communities: behma… bupeng… busa… chama… chidi… duchi… eechi… longren… sharen… woma… Yunnan highlands

China (Yunnan-W.)

73-DEF CHITBON+ NG'MEN net

73-DEF-a Chitbon+ Ng'men chitbon-'chin', chinbon, sho 2 Burma (Chin) 4

73-DEF-aa chitbon Paletwa+ Seidoutia+ Yaw+ Kanpetlet & environs, Chin-S. hills Burma (Chin) 4

73-DEF-aaa chitbon-A. Burma (Chin)

73-DEF-aab chindwin chindwin-chin Burma (Chin)

73-DEF-aac ütbü chinbon, sho 2 Burma (Chin)

73-DEF-ab ng'men transition < [73=] Mün Burma (Chin)

73-DEG NGAWN net

73-DEG-a Ngawn ngawn-'chin' Latin script Burma (Chin) 4

73-DEG-aa ngawn ngorn Chin hills: Falam district Burma (Chin) 4


73-DF LEPCHA chain

73-DFA LEPCHA net

73-DFA-a Lepcha Lepcha script India (Sikkim; West Bengal); Bhutan; Nepal; also Bangladesh.

5

73-DFA-aa lepcha-llammu lapcha, rong, rong-ke, rong-pa, nun-pa India (Sikkim; West Bengal); Bhutan

5

73-DFA-aaa lepcha-L. "archaic literary" lepcha India (Sikkim; West Bengal); Bhutan

73-DFA-aab lepcha-F. "modern literary" lepcha India (Sikkim; West Bengal); Bhutan

73-DFA-aac lepcha-'sikkim' India (Sikkim)

73-DFA-aad lepcha-kalimpong Kalimpong environs India (West Bengal)

73-DFA-aae lepcha-'bhutan' West Bhutan lower valleys Bhutan

73-DFA-ab ilam-mu Ilam environs Nepal-E.

73-DFA-ac tamsang-mu India (Sikkim); Bhutan

73-DFA-ad rengjong-mu India (Sikkim); Bhutan


74= MIRIC phylozone covers the "Mirish" or Nisi+ Miri set, part of the "Tibeto-

Burman" affinity, within the "Sino-Tibetan" ("Sino-Indian") continental affinity; comprising a grouping of 1 set of languages (= 6 outer languages) spoken by communities in

the mountain-valleys and highlands north of the middle Brahmaputra:

74-A NISI+ MIRI

India; China (Tibet) 6

74-A NISI+ MIRI set "mirish"

74-AA NISI+ MIRI chain

74-AAA NISI+ APATANI net

74-AAA-a Nisi+ Apatani India (Arunachal Pradesh; also Assam)

5

74-AAA-aa nisi nissi, nishi, nishang, nyising, nissi+ dafla (Arunachal Pradesh) 4

74-AAA-aaa nisi-A. (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAA-aab dafla daphla (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAA-aac bangni (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAA-ab aka-lel aka, lel (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAA-ac apatani apa (Arunachal Pradesh) 4

74-AAA-ad tagen tagin (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAA-ae tanang adi-tangam* (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAA-af sulung* (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAB MIRI+ ADI net

74-AAB-a Miri arbor, ashing bilingual < [59=] Axamiya Latin script Brahmaputra upper plains & northern highlands

India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh); China (Tibet)

5

74-AAB-aa mishing (Arunachal Pradesh)…

74-AAB-ab miri-N. "hill" miri (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAB-ac miri-S. "plains" miri (Assam)

74-AAB-b Adi 'abor', adi-milang #'abor' (discontinued official name) =«unruly» including up to 6 further idioms

India (Arunachal Pradesh); China (Tibet)

5

74-AAB-ba adi-pasi India (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAB-bb adi-milang India (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAB-bc adi-minyong India (Arunachal Pradesh) 3

74-AAB-bd adi-galong adi-galo, galo, gallo, gallong India (Assam; Arunachal Pradesh) 4

74-AAC YANO* net "yanoic"

74-AAC-a Yano India (Arunachal Pradesh*) 3

74-AAC-aa yano India (Arunachal Pradesh*) 3

74-AAD LHO-BA* net

74-AAD-a Lho-ba India (Arunachal Pradesh); China (Tibet)

5

74-AAD-aa luo-ba lho-pa, hlopa, luoba, yidu India (Arunachal Pradesh); China (Tibet-SE.)

5

74-AAD-aaa luo-ba-W. (Arunachal Pradesh-NW.)

74-AAD-aab mailing Mailing county China (Tibet)

74-AAD-aac luozha Luozha county China (Tibet)

74-AAE DIGARU+ IDU net MISHMI

74-AAE-a Digaru+ Idu Mishmi hills India (Arunachal Pradesh) 4

74-AAE-aa digaru digaru-mishmi (Arunachal Pradesh) 4

74-AAE-aaa digaru-A. digaro (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-aab taraong taraon, taaon (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-aac taying (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-ab miju miju-mishmi (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-aba miju-A. miji, midu, midhi (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-abb kaman (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-abc sajalong (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-ac idu ida, idu-mishmi Sikang valley (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-aca chulikata (Arunachal Pradesh)

74-AAE-acb mithun (Arunachal Pradesh)

Documents

7=SINO-INDIAN phylosector · 7= SINO-INDIAN phylosector Observatoire Linguistique Linguasphere Observatory page 527 70-AAA-bd spiti Lahul-Spiti district China (Tibet); India (Sikkim)