66th - aurora.auburn.edu

66thand

67th

Use of Management Units in An Eco-nomic Research Program. (J. H. Black-stone.) - As a basis for testing the eco-nomic feasibility of applying researchresults on Alabama farms, several man-agement units have been established onselected Substations of the AgriculturalExperiment Station in various parts ofthe State. All units are self containedwith respect to land, labor, basic ma-chinery and equipment, livestock, andother major capital items.

Results of several years' operationsof these management units indicate thatthe application of recommendationsfrom crop and related research are notdifficult to make and that the responseis normally greatest for the first year ofproduction following adoption. Apply-ing recommendations from livestockand related research is more difficultand response is more difficult to obtain,particularly during the first few yearsfollowing adoption.

Management units in operation dur-ing 1956 varied in size from 30 to 195acres. With one exception, all units hadboth cash crop and livestock enter-prises. Major livestock enterprises in-cluded dairying, beef, swine, sheep,and poultry. Cash receipts in 1956 va-

ried from $6,500 to $10,150. In allcases, cash receipts were sufficientlyhigh to cover cash expenses, inventorydecreases, depreciation, and family andoperator labor costs, and to provide areasonable return on capital invest-ments. Capital investments in 1956 va-ried from $12,000 to $86,000. Net in-comes on these units plus farm-producedproducts used in households providedfamily living standards higher thanthose obtainable from non-farm em-ployment in these particular areas.

Financing Dairy Production AdjustmentsIn the Tennessee Valley Area of Alabama.(Sidney C. Bell and Ben T. Lanham,Jr.) -The primary objective of thisstudy was to determine capital require-ments and credit needs of farmers shift-ing from cash crops to dairying in theTennessee Valley Area of Alabama. Thesample region studied consisted of sur-vey areas selected at random in Madi-son, Lawrence, and Lauderdale coun-ties.

Results of budgeting with 1955 pricesand costs and based on an analysis ofthe survey records indicated that thedairy system, with annual milk produe-

ANNUAL REPORTSAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONof the ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

January 1, 1955-December 31, 1956

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

4 ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

tion of 7,000 pounds per cow, was moreprofitable than the cash-crop systemwith normal yields. The budgeted dairysystem indicated an increase of $3,192in net returns. Initial cost of the change-over from cash crops to daiying in-volved a capital expenditure of $17,825that could be recovered within a periodof 5.4 years by applying the entire in-crease of $3,192 in net returns eachyear. If farmers used their own capitalin making this change, the increase innet return would yield an annual rateof return of 18.4 per cent on their ad-ditional investment. Farmers with suf-ficient security could obtain a 100 percent loan and repay this loan with 6per cent interest in 6.8 years, or theycould obtain a 50 per cent loan andrepay it in 3.1 years.

Cooperative Cotton Gins in Alabamawith an Analysis of Ginning Rates andMarketing Margins for 1955. (R. S.Glover and Morris White.) -Ginningrates at cooperative cotton gins in Ala-gama ranged from $0.65 to $1.10 perhundredweight of seed cotton in thefall of 1955. Costs and returns datafrom these gins were not adequate topermit calculation of net profits on in-dividual gin activities. However, reve-nue from three activities was calculatedas a percentage of gross profits. Thethree activities were ginning and re-lated services, marketing of cottonseed,and marketing of baled or seed cotton.The percentage of gross profits ac-counted for by each was 73.7, 21.8,and 4.5, respectively. Among individualgins, the range in proportion of grossprofits derived from the three activi-ties were from 65 to 94 per cent forginning and related services, 2 to 29per cent for marketing cottonseed, andfrom 0 to 9 per cent for marketingbaled or seed cotton.

Marketing Facilities and Handling ofTruck Crops in Alabama. (Edward E.Kern, Jr.) - Marketing facilities estab-

lished in certain areas of Alabama havenot been sufficient for expansion ormaintenance of several important com-mercially-produced truck crops. Withthe exception of tomatoes and water-melons, over two 8-year periods, 1940-47 and 1948-55, the acreages of sixother commercially-produced vegetablesin the State have shown declines rang-ing from 6 per cent for cucumbers to63 per cent for sweetpotatoes. Overa 17-year period, 1939-55, average va-riation in prices of Alabama-producedvegetables was 38 per cent, or slightlyabove that of competing states. Pricerisks, in terms of variation coefficients,have been wider in Alabama than incompeting states for beans, cucumbers,watermelons, potatoes, and strawber-ries, and less for cabbage and tomatoes.

The term market facility is not sy-nonymous with a dependable market.Inability of management to successfullydeal with farmers and the unwillingnessof producers to support marketing fa-cilities, primarily as a result of the"pool method" of settling accounts,contributed to the inability of severalpublic-supported facilities to amortizetheir debts at reasonable rates. If fu-ture markets appear feasible in theState, they should be based on the fol-lowing criteria: Economic need in spe-cific production areas; strong leader-ship; concentrated volume of specifictruck crops at specific points; educa-tional programs aimed at year-roundinterest in the facilities; compulsorygrading and inspection of produce;adequate market information; modestbeginning with room for expansion offacilities; and payments in cash to pro-ducers.

Improving Usefulness of Livestock Mar-keting Information. (R. 0. Russell, Jr.and M. J. Danner.) - Studies of rela-tionships between grades and pricesreceived at Alabama auctions revealwide variations. These may be because

66th and 67th ANNUAL REPORTS 5

either buyers or sellers do not knowthe prevailing prices in other markets.Therefore, this study was begun to de-termine availability and adequacy oflivestock market news.

Fifty per cent of the auction opera-tors and livestock dealers from whichschedules were obtained neither re-ceived market news reports nor sup-plied market news information.

The Federal State Market News Serv-ice reports 15 weekly auction sales aswell as daily terminal market coverage.Terminal market information is releasedtwice daily over leased wire. Auctionmarket, Chicago, and Nashville reportsare released twice weekly in mimeo-graphed form to a mailing list of 200,

of which 50 per cent are farmers. Theseauction reports are also supplied di-rectly to 65 newspapers and 62 radiostations.

Of the 23 daily newspapers servingAlabama, 17 carry some form of live-stock market news. Schedules receivedfrom 76 of the 117 weekly newspapersin Alabama indicated that only 31 ofthese papers carry market news.

More than 80 per cent of the farmersinterviewed depended on radio as theirprincipal source of livestock marketnews. Daily newspapers were the nextmost important source. Most farmersbelieved that these sources of informa-tion were of assistance in estimatingthe value of their livestock.

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Engineering Phases of Supplemental Ir-rigation. (H. Bouwer and F. A. Kum-mer in cooperation with USDA-ARS.)-A surface irrigation project was in-stalled and evaluated at the UpperCoastal Plain Substation. Results showthat high degrees of efficiency and uni-formity of water application can beobtained with this type irrigation. Anew method for evaluating surface ir-rigation systems without soil moisturedeterminations was developed.

A dead-lateral, rectangular, sprinkler-irrigation layout with alleys in tallcrops to facilitate pipe moving re-quired 1.5 man-hours per acre per ir-rigation at the Agricultural Engineer-ing Farm Unit. Labor requirementwith laterals equipped with plastic-hose

branches was 1.0 man-hour per acreper irrigation. In addition to reducing-labor requirements, branched lateralsoffered several other advantages, suchas possibility of increased equipmentutilization, reduction in human effort

for moving sprinklers, reduced numberof valve tees, and improved trafficabil-ity in alleys. A tripod for mounting

the sprinklers was developed.Subirrigation with perforated under-

ground tubing has several attractivefeatures from an engineering stand-point. Results from a field study atThorsby, however, show that spacingbetween the pipe lines had to be ap-proximately 10 feet and that efficiency

was as low as 5 per cent.

Mechanization of Cotton Harvesting.(T. E. Corley, C. M. Stokes, and F. A.Kummer.) - During 1955 and 1956,additional data were obtained regardingthe evaluation of machines and methodsfor mechanical cotton harvesting and ofmechanical harvester performance inrelation to plant characteristics. Thedata show that efficiency of the spindlepicker was affected more by plant con-ditions that are influenced by the wea-ther than by any other factor. Low


yields of knotty and hard-lock bollscaused by drought resulted in low (85per cent) picker efficiency, whereashigh yields of sound bolls grown withample moisture resulted in high (95per cent) picker efficiency. Of the va-rieties tested, storm resistance appearsto be one of the most important charac-teristics to consider in choosing a cottonfor machine harvesting. Varieties show-ing storm resistance have less weatherloss and still give high machine effi-ciency. Methods of weed control hadno effect on yield and picker harvestingefficiency. However, rotary hoeing andchemical control required 40 per centand 95 per cent less hoeing, respec-tively, than the hand hoed check. Re-sults from plant spacing tests show thata stand can safely vary from 20,000 to60,000 plants per acre without mate-rially affecting yield or spindle pickerefficiency.

Use of Sod Seeder. (L. Brown, L. A.Smith, and C. M. Stokes.)-Studiesmade with commercial sod-seeders in-dicated these machines were unsatis-factory under many conditions.

Applicator feet spaced less than 16inches apart caused excessive damageto established sod. It is important toapply the same amount of seed and fer-tilizer per acre regardless of drill spac-ing.

The competition of established sodwith a planted crop is an important fac-tor in establishing sod-seeded crops.Unless means are used in controllingthe crops that are growing on theplanted area, they will seriously hinderthe sod-planted crops during dry pe-riods. Time of planting sod-seededcrops is important, since the old cropon the field tends to compete with theplanted crop for moisture and plantnutrients. Sod-seeded crops planted 15days before frost are normally not af-fected by competition from the estab-lished crops on the area.

Interplanter for Use in Interpanting inRow Planted Crops and Sod Fields. (J. 0.Helms and C. M. Stokes.)- There areno interplanters suitable to use withtractors for interplanting row crops inPiedmont Area. Therefore, a row inter-planter was developed for farm trac-tors. The machine is capable of apply-ing both seed and fertilizer to the cropthat is interplanted between the rowsof growing crops. The experimentalplanter performs satisfactorily as a sod-planter. It is rugged and satisfactoryfor use under adverse conditions.

Attic Space Ventilation and Insulation.(Walter Grub.)-The control of ceil-ing panel temperatures was studiedduring hot weather by using variousattic space ventilation and ceiling insu-lation treatments. The ventilation sys-tems consisted of gable end louvers,ridge louver, flue ventilator, attic ex-haust fan, and a completely closed at-tic. Insulation treatments varied fromno insulation to 3 inches applied on thetop surface of the ceiling. The closedattic produced the highest ceiling paneltemperatures, while the attic exhaustfan produced the lowest. Ceiling insu-lation decreased the differential in tem-peratures between the various ventila-tion systems from 17 degrees when noinsulation was used to 6 degrees when3 inches of insulation was applied;

The ridge louver, the flue ventilator,and the gable end louvers causedmarked decreases of ceiling tempera-tures in comparison to the closed attic.However, they were not as effective asthe exhaust fan, since they were moredependent upon such factors as windvelocity and direction.

Feed Grinding and Mixing. (C. A. Rolloand F. A. Kummer.) - Tests were con-ducted to determine the most feasibleway to obtain a continuous flow of cot-tonseed meal from a holding bin orhopper when the cottonseed meal isbeing used as a concentrate in dairy


feed. Test results show that some me-chanical means of agitating cottonseedmeal must be provided to ensure a con-tinuous flow of meal. An electric vi-brator installed on the outside of thebin or hopper was found to give satis-factory results.

Forage Harvest and Storage. C. A.Rollo and F. A. Kummer.)- Threecrops were harvested for silage (oats,corn, and sorghum) by a completelymechanized procedure. The equipmentconsisted of one forage harvester, twoself unloading wagons, one forageblower, and four tractors. The sorghumwas put in a trench silo and the cornand oats in upright silos. The harvest-ing rate varied from 7.0 to 15.5 tonsper hour, with the sorghum operationproducing the highest rate per hour and

the oats the lowest rate. Labor require-ments varied from 0.32 to 0.71 manhours per ton, with sorghum requiringthe least and oats the highest labor perton of silage harvested. The combina-tion of equipment and personnel usedto harvest silage was efficient from thestandpoint of use of men and equip-ment.

Peanut Silage. (C. A. Rollo and F. A.Kummer.) - An experiment was begun

to determine if peanut tops would pro-duce satisfactory silage. The criteriaused in the laboratory production ofsilage were the pH value and the pro-tein content. The pH value of 8.87 to

4.62 was within the range of good silageand the protein content of 11.71 percent to 18.56 per cent compares favor-ably with that of alfalfa silage.

AGRONOMY and SOILS

Soil Testing Studies. (Clarence M. Wil-son, R. D. Rouse, and C. E. Evans.)-

During the third and fourth years ofoperation of the Soil Testing Labora-tory, 9,311 and 12,857 samples wereanalyzed. The total number of samplesfor 4 years of operation was 34,626.

A summary of all field and pasturesamples shows 86.1 per cent having apH of 5.5 or less, 76.0 per cent withpH 6.0 or less, and only 24.0 per centabove pH 6.0. Of the samples, 73.9per cent show a need for a fertilizerwith an even phosphate-potash ratio,7.0 per cent for a high phosphate-lowpotash ratio, and 19.1 per cent for alow phosphate-high potash ratio.

In the past 2 years, sale of fertilizerswith even phosphate ratios has in-creased from 16 per cent to 48 per centof total fertilizer sales. Those with highphosphate-low potash ratios have showna proportionate decrease. This indicates

a wide acceptance by farmers of thefindings of the Soil Testing Laboratory.

Urea-Formaldehyde as a Source of Ni-

trogen. (C. E. Scarsbrook.) - Threeformulations of experimental 12-12-12

grade fertilizer, each containing a por-tion of the nitrogen as urea-formalde-hyde, were compared with ammonium

nitrate as sources of nitrogen for cot-ton and corn. The experiments were

conducted with corn at 8 locations andat 5 locations with cotton during a 2-

year, 1955-56, period. The formula-tions used in 1955 contained 38 percent urea-formaldehyde with an avail-ability index of 20; in 1956 two formu-

lations were used with urea-formalde-hyde percentages of 35 and 86 andavailability indices of 49 and 57, re-spectively. Ammonium nitrate supple-mented with phosphate and potashproduced higher yields of both cotton


and corn than equivalent rates of allformulations of fertilizer containingurea-formaldehyde.

Legumes Plus Commercial Nitrogen forCorn. (J. T. Cope, Jr.)- Experimentsto determine the effect of commercialnitrogen when applied to corn follow-ing a winter legume turned for greenmanure were begun in 1930 at 5 experi-ment fields and 8 substations. Cornfollowing winter legumes averaged 43.7bushels per acre at the 8 locations for25 years. Application of commercialnitrogen to corn following the legumeincreased the yield only 1.2 bushels peracre. Amounts of nitrogen appliedwere 16 pounds for the first 19 yearsand 32 pounds since that time. Winterlegumes, hairy vetch in most cases, haveaveraged over 16,000 pounds ofgreenweight annually. This is enough vetchto add over 120 pounds of nitrogen tothe soil.

Maintaining Soil Fertility end Crop Pro-duction on Soils Cropped with HarvestedPeanuts, (D. G. Sturkie and L. E. Ens-minger.)- It is generally recognizedthat cropping with peanuts rapidly de-pletes soil fertility and lowers yields.

A study was begun in 1950 to deter-mine the nature of soil depletion. Theexperiment was conducted in 1/100-acre bins of Norfolk sandy loam. Theeffect of harvested peanuts on yieldsand chemical composition of the soilwas followed for a 6-year period.

Data show that without treatment,yields declined to a very low level. Ap-plications of phosphorus and potashprevented some of the decline, but limein addition to phosphorus and potashwas much more effective in maintain-ing yields. Dusting with basic slag orgypsum on limed plots increased yields.Slag was somewhat more effective thangypsum. Turning under corn stalks inaddition to lime and fertilizer furtherincreased yields.

Exchangeable calcium dropped to alow level without lime. The data indi-cate that frequent liming is needed tomaintain a desirable calcium level.Phosphorus applications resulted in anaccumulation of soluble phosphorus,but potash treatments resulted in onlya small increase in exchangeable potash.

Fertilizer Evaluation and Use. (Coopera-tive with TVA). (1) WATER-SOLUBLEPHOSPHORUS IN RELATION TO CROP RE-SPONSE. (L. E. Ensminger.)- Numer-ous field tests have been conducted todetermine the need for water-solublephosphorus for cotton and other crops.The importance of water-soluble phos-phorus depends on a number of factors,such as soil reaction, placement of fer-tilizer, rate of application, and the cropitself. Data show that cotton oftenneeds some water-soluble phosphorusfor best yields. Results from field testsconducted from 1951 to 1953 showthat a complete fertilizer containing 63per cent of its phosphorus in a water-soluble form produced an average of100 pounds more seed cotton than asimilar fertilizer containing only 25 percent in water-soluble form.

Early growth of wheat forage wasincreased as much as 50 per cent byincreasing the water-soluble phospho-rus. Differences due to water solubilityare usually not evident in final grainyields.

Most crops are benefited by somewater-soluble phosphorus. However,there is little indication of a need formore than 40 to 50 per cent water-soluble phosphorus in fertilizers.

(2) RESPONSE OF SERI EA TO LIMEAND FERTMIZERS. (L. E. Ensmingerand J. T. Cope, Jr.) - A test was be-gun at seven locations between 1947and 1949 to determine the response ofsericea to lime, phosphorus, potassium,sulfur, and minor elements. Hay yieldswere obtained at all locations for 5 to9 years. The test was conducted on the


following soil types and locations: Hart-sells fine sandy loam, Sand MountainSubstation; Decatur clay loam, Alexan-dria Field; Appling sandy loam, Pied-mont Substation; Boswell very finesandy loam, Tuskegee Field; Greenvillefine sandy loam, Prattville Field; Mag-nolia sandy loam, Monroeville Field;and Kalmia sandy loam, Brewton Field.

A response to phosphorus was ob-tained at only two locations. Crops onthe Hartsells fine sandy loam respondedto phosphorus in the 6th year and onthe Boswell very fine sandy loam in the7th year. All soils were medium to lowin phosphorus at the beginning of thetest.

Crops on Boswell very fine sandyloam at Tuskegee Field showed theonly response to lime, which was notobtained until the 7th year. The pH ofthe soils at the beginning of the experi-ment ranged from 5.3 to 5.7.

Soil without a potash treatment wasnot included in the test. The lowestrate of K20 used, 60 pounds per acreannually, was sufficient at all locationsfor the duration of the test, with theexception of the Boswell very fine sandyloam. Crops for the 8th year on theBoswell soil responded to the second60-pound increment of K20.

Sericea did not respond at any loca-tion to a mixture of boron, manganese,zinc, and copper. Sulfate from gyp-sum did not increase yields at anylocation. The lack of response to sul-fate may be explained by the fact thatall soils studied contained appreciablesulfate in subsurface layers.

(8) RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF

BROADCAST AND RoW-PLACEMENT OFFERTILIZERS FOR COTTON. (J. T. Hood,L. E. Ensminger, and J. T. Cope, Jr.)- An experiment to measure the rela-tive efficiency of fertilizer placementfor cotton was begun in 1954. In fieldtests broadcast placement of fertilizergave as good yields as row-placed ferti-lizer where a 60-pound rate of P2 0 5was used. When the phosphorus level

was reduced to more nearly the criticallevel, properly row placed fertilizergave higher yields than broadcast.

When soil moisture was low whilethe seed were germinating, fertilizerplacement was critical. Under theseconditions fertilizer placed under orwith the seed resulted in poorer standsand lower yields than when fertilizerwas placed at the side and below theseed. Fertilizers containing ammoniumphosphates produced the poorest stand.Mixing gypsum with ammonium phos-phate fertilizers improved stands.

Factors Affecting the Nature and Be-havior of Native and Added Phosphates inSoils: (1) AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHO-RUS IN VARIOUS SOURCES OF ROCKPHOSPHATE. (0. L. Bennett, L. E.Ensminger, and R. W. Pearson.) -Seven sources of raw phosphate weretested under greenhouse conditions.Availability of phosphorus from thesesources was measured by yields andphosphorus uptake by Ladino cloverand Sudangrass. Sources studied wereground raw rock phosphates from Flor-ida, Tennessee, Idaho, South Carolina,Tunis, Morocco, and Curacao Island.

Foreign sources and South Carolinarock were superior to other tested do-mestic sources. South Carolina rockwas as available as any of the foreignsources tested. Eutaw clay and Cecilclay loam with and without lime wereused in testing the sources. Each hada pH of 5.0 before liming. The Cecilis kaolinitic and the Eutaw containsabout equal amounts of kaolinitic andmontmorillonitic clays.

The rock phosphates were charac-terized with respect to certain physicaland chemical properties. No correlationwas found between fluorine content orspecific surface and the availability ofthe phosphorus to plants. There weremarked differences between domesticand foreign sources with respect tocitrate and sequestrene solubility, with


the South Carolina rock again being anexception. For example, the foreignsources and South Carolina rock showedthe most availability as measured byyields and phosphorus uptake and weretwo or three times more soluble chemi-cally than were the other sources.

(2) CORRELATION OF SOIL TESTPHOSPHORUS WITH YIELDS OF LADINO

CLOVER. (L. F. Welch, L. E. Ensmin-ger, and C. M. Wilson) -Ladino cloverwas grown in 11 X 6-foot concrete-walled field bins that contained Nor-folk sandy loam, Eutaw clay, and Cecilclay loam soils. Varying levels of phos-phorus had been built up in these soilsby past applications of superphosphate.Soil samples, taken from the bins priorto seeding the clover, were extractedfor soluble phosphorus by three extract-ing solutions. The solutions used were0.05 N HC1 + 0.025 N H 2SO 4, 0.5N NaHCO 3, and 0.03 N NH4 F + 0.1N HC1. Six harvests were taken fromeach bin.

Any of the three soil-testing methodscan be used satisfactorily as a basisfor making phosphorus recommenda-tions for the soils and crop studied.No one solution proved to be statistic-ally better than the other two. The0.05 N HC1 + 0.025 N H 2SO 4 is cur-rently being used by the Soil TestingLaboratory at Auburn.

Behavior of Potassium in Soils: (1) Po-TASSIUM STATUS OF HARTSELLS FINESANDY LOAM. (R. D. Rouse.) - Thepotassium status of Hartsells fine sandyloam was characterized in the field bycropping for 18 years at rates rangingfrom 0 to 96 pounds of K20 per acrefollowed by 9 years of cropping with-out further additions. At the beginningof the residual period, the potassiumsupplying power of the soil was de-termined by electrodialysis and by boil-ing nitric acid. Exchangeable potas-sium, potassium content of cottonleaves, and cotton yield were deter-

mined annually throughout the residualperiod.

During the cropping period an an-nual application of 48 pounds of K20per acre resulted in maximum responseof cotton to potassium. On soil thatdid not receive potassium during thisinitial period, 48 pounds of K20 dur-ing the residual period was inadequateas measured by yield and potassiumcontent of cotton leaves until the appli-cation had been repeated annually for5 or 6 years. Potassium did not limityield on plots not receiving annual ap-plication until both the exchangeableand the relatively soluble nonexchange-able were reduced below 125 poundsK20 per acre. This indicates that therelatively soluble non-exchangeable po-tassium and the exchangeable potas-sium are both of value in sustainingcrop production. Therefore, if maxi-mum yields are to be made on thissoil, the potassium application shouldbe sufficient to offset crop removal andleaching losses and maintain the ex-changeable potassium at 140 to 150pounds per acre or above.

(2) POTASH SIDEDRESSING FOR COT-

TON. (R. D. Rouse.)- A 5-year studyof the value of potash sidedressing onKalmia fine sandy loam showed no ad-vantage for drilling to 1/2 of thepotash at planting and the remainderas a sidedressing at first cultivationover applying all potash at planting.However, it did show that when in-adequate potash was applied at plant-ing, efficient use could be made ofpotash sidedressing. In this study, 5-year average yield of cotton with theseveral rates of potash per acre was asfollows: none, 476 pounds seed cot-ton; 82 pounds K20, 1,281 pounds;64 pounds K20, 1,532 pounds; 96pounds K20, 1,528 pounds; 128pounds K20, 1,632 pounds.

(3) EFFECT OF SODIUM ON BOLL

PRODUCTION AND CATION CONTENT OF

COTTON LEAVES. (R. D. Rouse and W.


F. Sowell.) - Results from previousstudies on the effect of sodium on yieldof cotton were not conclusive. In or-der to compare a large number oftreatments under known environmentalconditions, the present study was con-ducted in a plant growth chamberwhere light intensity, relative humidity,and temperature were controlled andduplicated from experiment to experi-ment. Twenty-four ratios of potassium,calcium, magnesium, and sodium werecompared under good and poor rootaeration at pH 5 and pH 6 using solu-tion culture. Sodium did not affectthe uptake of potassium, calcium, ormagnesium at any ratio studied asmeasured by leaf content, nor did so-dium affect cotton boll production. Re-sults show that sodium has no directnutritional effect on the cotton plant.This means that the only value thatsodium might have on cotton yield ispossible indirect effects on the avail-ability of essential elements in the soil.One of these that has been demon-strated in field experiments is increasedyields from the application of a so-dium salt at deficient levels of potas-sium.

(4) SOYBEAN STUDmS IN JACKSONCOUNTY. (R. D. Rouse.)- Seventeenfertility and 5 variety tests were con-ducted in Jackson County to determinelime and fertilizer requirements of soy-beans and variety adaptation in thatarea. During the 3-year period, 1953-55, yields were generally low becauseof dry weather. However, data ob-tained indicated a need for lime at 6locations, phosphate at 10, and potashat 13 locations. The large variation inneed for lime, phosphate and potashindicates that a general lime and ferti-lizer recommendation would not be fea-sible, but the needs of each field shouldbe determined by soil tests.

The variety test showed that Jack-son, representing varieties in maturitygroup VII, should not be grown forbeans in this area. Varieties in ma-

turity group VI, such as Lee and Og-den, should be standard, but the har-vest period could be extended by plant-ing a portion of the acreageto earliermaturing beans from group V, such asDorman.

(5) SOYBEAN CULTURAL PRACTICES.

(R. D. Rouse.) - Experiments on rowwidth and seeding rates with Lee andJackson varieties planted in late Mayand in late June were conducted dur-ing 1953-56 on Kalmia sandy loam.Using 60 pounds of seed per acre,yields from 20- and 30-inch row spac-ings averaged about 10 per cent higherthan from 40-inch rows; yields from10-inch rows were 60 per cent higherfor both varieties. Yields were not af-fected by seeding rates of 30, 60, 90,or 120 pounds per acre. At a rowwidth of 10 inches, yields were de-creased 20 per cent by increasing theseeding rate from 60 to 240 pounds peracre. Yields for the 4 years averagedabout 30 per cent less for plantingsmade in late June as compared to thosemade in late May, but this varied fromno decrease to a 75 per cent decreasein different years.

The data from an experiment com-paring drill vs. broadcast applicationsof 400 pounds of 0-14-14 to Jacksonsoybeans on Kalmia sandy loam showa 27 per cent decrease in yield fromdrill application of fertilizer as com-pared with broadcast application be-fore planting.

Effect of Electric Steam Plant Effluentson Sulfur Brought Down in Rainwater.(Cooperative TVA.) (L. E. Ensminger.)- A cooperative project with TVA wasbegun in 1951 to study effects of steamplant effluents on sulfur in rainwater.Rainwater samples were collected be-fore the steam plant near Tuscumbiawas put into operation. Samples werealso collected during the time the unitswere being put into use and for a per-iod of 1 year after all 4 units were infull operation.


For the period before the steam plantbegan operation, the sulfur broughtdown in rainwater averaged 4.8 poundsper acre for 23 locations. Data for thefirst year with all units in operationshow an average of about 10 poundsof sulfur per acre brought down. Dur-ing the first year of operation, it is esti-mated that 89,000 tons of sulfur weregiven off in the steam plant effluentsEvidently, the stacks were high enoughto cause the effluents to be distributedover a wide area.

An Evaluation of Coal Washer Refuseas a Soil Conditioning Agent. (Fred Ad-ams.)- Results from greenhouse andlaboratory experiments show that coalwasher refuse has no value as a soilamendment or as a medium for plantgrowth. The cation exchange capacitywas found to be only about 7 mg.equivalents, which precludes its use toincrease cation exchange capacity ofsoils. No evidence was found that ad-ditions of coal washer refuse reducedthe amount of nutrients lost by leach-ing from a light textured soil. The ma-terial was found to reduce plant growtheven at moderate rates of applicationin soil because of its acid-producingproperty. It proved to be toxic toplants when mixed with sand in ratiosthat nurserymen use for sand and peatplotting mixtures.

Effect of Soil pH and Calcium on Up-take of Zinc by Plants. (John I. Wear.)- Calcium carbonate, calcium sulphateand sodium carbonate were incorpo-rated in a Norfolk sandy loam at vari-ous rates to measure the effects of pHand calcium on the uptake of zinc byan indicator plant under greenhouseconditions. An application of 2,000pounds of CaCO8 per acre decreasedthe zinc content of sorghum from 150p.p.m. to 50 p.p.m. The pH of thesoil was increased from 5.7 to 6.6 andthe calcium content of the plant wasincreased from 0.78 to 1.09 per cent.

Higher rates of CaCO3 further de-creased the zinc content as the pHof the soil increased. Sodium carbo-nate decreased zinc uptake dependingon change in pH. An application of2,000 pounds of CaSO4 per acre didnot decrease the zinc content of theplant. Conclusive evidence was ob-tained to show that a decrease in zinccontent of the plant was a pH effectand not a calcium effect.

Extractable Boron, Zinc, Manganese,and Copper in Soils of Alabama. (John I.Wear.)- Boron, zinc, manganese, andcopper were determined by acceptedprocedures to give a measure of avail-ability of 243 samples from various soilregions in the State. Results show thatthe Coastal Plain and Appalachian soilsare lower in boron and zinc than the

Limestone Valley and Black Belt soils.The Black Belt soils are the lowest andthe Limestone Valley soils are the high-est in manganese of any soil area.

Boron, zinc, and copper increasefrom coarse- textured to fine- texturedsoils. This relationship does not holdtrue for manganese in all cases be-cause of the low manganese contentof the Black Belt soils, which are pre-dominantly clays.

Boron and Manganese Requirements forCotton. (John I. Wear.) -Ten loca-tions on farmers' fields, substations, andexperiment fields were selected to de-termine if applications of 10 poundsof commercial MC mixture (5 poundsof colemanite and 5 pounds of man-ganese sulfate) per acre would increaseyields of cotton. Results show no sig-nificant increase at any location, al-though there are indications of responseat two locations.

Response of Corn to Minor ElementsUnder Field Conditions. (John I. Wearand Doyle Ashley.) - Twenty-six fieldtests were conducted on representative


coarse-textured soils in Alabama to de-termine response of corn to minor ele-ments. Main emphasis was placed onresponse to zinc on limed and un-limed soils. Soil tests were made forpH, Zn, B, Mn, and Cu. At six lo-cations, yield increases were significantfor 15 pounds of zinc sulfate per acreunder limed conditions. No significantincrease in yield was obtained for minorelements other than zinc. No signi-ficant responses were obtained for ap-plications of zinc to soil that had notbeen limed.

Evaluation of Low Water-Soluble BoronCompounds as Plant Nutrients. (John I.Wear and C. C. Hortenstine.)- Fivelow water-soluble boron frits weretested with cotton, soybeans, turnips,alfalfa, and crimson clover on a coarse-and a fine-textured soil under green-house and field conditions. Resultsshowed that the frit, FN-215A, wasnot available enough to provide boronto plants from applications as high as50 pounds of the material per acre.FN-176C was found to be more avail-able than "A", but not a satisfactorysource of boron for crops such as al-falfa. Both greenhouse and field testsshowed that FN-176E and F were themost desirable of the frits tested. Fromtests conducted, FN-176B was the mostsoluble source and the one most likelyto cause toxicity to sensitive plants.

"Rate of Solution" and the "Iden-tical pH" methods for measuring avail-able boron were evaluated and foundto have considerable merit for deter-mining available boron in these typesof material.

Time of Planting Crimson Clover. (J.T. Cope, Jr.) - An experiment on timeof planting crimson clover has beenconducted at the Brewton ExperimentField annually since 1952. Clover isplanted on fallowed land every 15 days,beginning August 20 and ending De-cember 5. One harvest for green weight

yields is made in the spring at thetime when clover would normally beturned for green manure ahead ofplanting corn. Average yields from thedifferent planting dates for the 5-yearperiod 1952-56 have been: August 20,12,600 pounds; September 5, 19,500pounds; September 20, 23,400 pounds;October 5, 19,700 pounds; October 20,18,400 pounds; November 5, 12,400pounds; November 20, 10,600 pounds;December 5, 4,600 pounds.

Sugar Cane Varieties and Time ofplanting. (J. T. Cope, Jr.) - Experi-ments with sugar cane have been con-ducted at the Brewton ExperimentField continuously since 1931. Twovarieties, C.P. 86/111 and C.P. 29/116, have been outstanding in varietytests in recent years. These varietiesare resistant to mosaic and red rot.Yields from first and second year stub-ble have been superior to yields fromsuch old varieties as C.O. 290, Louisi-ana Purple (old blue cane), Cayanna,and the P.O.J. Sirup yields of thetwo recommended varieties averagedover 500 gallons per acre for the 8

years, 1954-56.Fall and spring plantings have pro-

duced about the same yields of sirup.Fall planting is recommended becauseit is usually more convenient.

Adaptation of Forage Crops to AlabamaConditions: (1) SUMMER TEMPORARYGRAZING CROPS. (W. R. Langford,) -Starr millet has shown certain advan-tages as a grazing crop over other sum-mer annuals in forage production tests.It has been more productive than thebest adapted varieties of Sudangrassand it is leafier and supplies pas-turage over a longer season than othervarieties of millet. Production of Su-dangrass has not been satisfactory intests in southern Alabama, especiallyduring humid summers.

(2) PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER LE-GUMES. (W. R. Langford.) - Results


from forage production tests show thatcrimson clover and vetch produceearlier pasturage and more total foragethan any of the other winter legumestested. Some of the other legumestested were: Louisiana S-1 white clover,Kenland and Louisiana red clover, ballclover, mike clover, rose clover, sub-terranean clover, button clover, andAuburn selections of woollypod andcommon vetch. The early growth andtotal forage production of some of thesein comparison with that of crimsonclover are as follows:

CROP AND NUMBER RELATIVE YIELDOF TESTS

iST HARVEST TOTAL

Crimson cloverHairy vetch, 18Ball clover, 18Kenland red cl. 12Rose clover, 5Mike clover, 12La. S-1 white cl. 10Button clover, 13Subterranean cl. 7

Pet.10085175

1425

81917

Pet.100

8872717157575660

(8) PERFORMANCE OF SUMMER PER-

ENNIAL GRASSES. (W. R. Langford.) -Results from adaptation tests showthat Coastal Bermuda and PensacolaBahiagrass are more productive thanother permanent pasture grasses on up-land soils in Alabama. Based on ex-periments to date, the following con-clusions concerning the productivity ofthese two crops can be drawn: (1)They are about equal under conditionsof high rates of fertilization and ade-quate soil moisture, or with low fer-tility and inadequate moisture; (2)Coastal Bermuda is superior on drouthysoils if well fertilized; and (3) Bahiais best on moist soils of low fertility.

White Clover Improvement: (1) EFFECTOF FLOWERING ON THE PERSISTENCE OF

WHITE CLOVER. (Pryce B. Gibson.) -

The persistence of non-flowering, me-dium-flowering, and profuse-floweringwhite clover was studied under normal

daylight and under an extended lightperiod. Persistence was measured interms of the number of live stolonstransecting a line 1 meter long. Theextended light period caused plants ofthe flowering group to reach a peak in-tensity of flowering earlier than usualand caused plants of the non-floweringwhite clover to blossom profusely.

The non-flowering clover under thenormal daylight period persisted longerthan the same clover under the ex-tended light period or the profuse-flow-ering clover under the normal daylightperiod. The profuse-flowering cloverunder the extended light period per-sisted longer than the non-floweringclover under the same light period.This profuse-flowering clover under theextended light period had apparentlypassed the peak intensity of floweringand had reverted to vegetative growthprior to the occurrence of the adversesummer conditions.

In general, the response of the me-dium-flowering clover to an extendedlight period was intermediate to thatof the non-flowering clover and theprofuse-flowering clover.

(2) DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SYN-THETIC WHITE CLOVER VARIETY.

(Pryce B. Gibson and E. D. Donnelly.)- A synthetic Ladino type clover varie-ty has been developed from five Ala-bama clones that were selected on thebasis of superior vigor, disease resist-ance, and persistence. These clonesare: 269, 2682, 8757, 8763, and 4249.In preliminary tests, this variety hasbeen superior to most other white clo-ver varieties in both yield and persist-ence.

Breeding of Sericea Lespedeza: (1) EF-FECTS OF STEM TYPE ON SOME FEED-

ING QUALITIES OF SERICEA LESPEDEZA,L. CUNEATA, AS INDICATED IN A DI-GESTION TRIAL WITH RABBITS. (E. D.Donnelly and G. E. Hawkins.) - Ob-jectives of the sericea breeding pro-


gram are to improve palatability andnutritive value of sericea. An earlystudy indicated that cattle preferredfine-stemmed plants to coarse. Subse-quently, a number of fine-stemmed in-bred lines were developed.

A feeding trial using ground fine-stemmed and coarse-stemmed sericeaforage for rabbits indicated the follow-ing: (A) The nutritive characteristicsof the two forage types were different.Both types had some desirable andsome undesirable characteristics. (B)Rabbits consumed significantly morefine-stemmed sericea than coarse, andthe fine-stemmed contained significant-ly more total digestible nutrients thandid the coarse-stemmed forage. Theseresults indicate that the fine-stemmeddiet was more palatable and providedmore energy than the coarse-stemmed.(C) Digestibility of the crude proteinin the two diets was similar. (D) Di-gestibility of the crude fiber in thefine-stemmed sericea was considerablygreater than that in the coarse-stemmedforage. (E) The fine-stemmed diet washigher in nitrogen-free extract and thedigestibility of this constituent was con-siderably greater in the fine-stemmeddiet than in the coarse-stemmed diet.(F) The cellulose contents of the twodiets were approximately the same, andthere was no difference indicated inthe digestibility of this fraction of theforages. And (G) the coarse-stemmedforage contained more ash than thefine-stemmed forage and the digestibili-ty of the ash in the former was con-siderably higher.

(2) ANALYsIs OF THE ANATOMY OF

THREE STEM TYPES or SERICEA LESPE-DEZA, L. CUNEATA. (E. D. Donnellyand J. F. Ferry.) - An anatomical studywas made of stems of fine-, medium-,and coarse-stemmed sericea inbredlines and strains grown in the sametest. Purpose of the test was to de-termine differences that might help ex-plain why fine-stemmed sericea plantsare less rigid and more palatable than

the coarse-stemmed plants of commer-cial sericea.

In stems of the first and second cut-tings, the number of xylem cells wasfewer for the fine-, greater for themedium-, and still greater for thecoarse-stemmed material. Also, thexylem of the fine-stemmed strain wasless heavily lignified than the two othertypes. The pith diameter was smallestfor the fine-, large for the medium-,and still larger for the coarse-stemmedstrain.

The difference in lignification is main-ly responsible for the fine-stemmedstrain being less rigid and and toughthan the other two. This may accountfor the greater palatability of the fine-stemmed material as shown by feedingtests.

Based on these data several experi-mental varieties have been put togetherusing fine-stemmed inbred lines.

Chemical Weed Control. (1) WEEDCONTROL IN COTTON. (V. S. Searcy.)- Annual weeds have been controlledin cotton by using a combination ofpre- and post-emergence chemicals.CIPC and diuron gave best results intests of pre-emergence chemicals. Therates given below are for 12-inch bandsin 40-inch rows. CIPC for sandy soil,1 to 1/2 pounds per acre and for heavysoils, 2 to 21/2 pounds; diuron, 1/4poundper acre for sandy soil and % poundfor heavy soil. Post-emergence herbici-dal oil was applied as needed at therate of 5 gallons per acre per applica-tion.

(2) CONTROL OF WILD GARLIC (Al-lium vineale). (V. S. Searcy.) - Chem-ical weed killers, MH, ATA, 2,4-D,2,2,3-TPA, dalapon, and a mixture ofcreosote-diesel fuel at various rates havebeen tested in experiments for the past4 years. The experiments are locatedon Bermudagrass, white clover-Dallis-grass, and fescue sods. With few ex-ceptions all chemicals at all rates and



in all experiments significantly reducedthe wild garlic population when com-pared with the untreated check. Noplot was completely free of wild garlicregardless of treatment or duration.To date, 2-4-D at 2 pounds per acreand MH at 3 to 4 pounds (active ma-terial) per acre are the best chemicalsto use when considering their effecton wild garlic.

(8) THE CONTROL OF JOHNSON ANDBERMUDAGRASS. (V. S. Searcy.)-Chem-ical weed killers, TCA, dalapon, ATA,MH, and 2,2,8-TPA at various rateshave been tested. It was found thatTCA at 100 or more pounds per acreand dalapon at 10 or more pounds peracre were the most effective chemicalstested for killing Johnson and Bermuda-grass. Better kill of Bermudagrass wasobtained from all chemicals by turningthe sod 1 to 2 weeks after application.

Two applications of dalapon at 10pounds per acre were much better thansingle applications as high as 40 poundsper acre for killing Coastal Bermuda-grass that was not plowed. All chem-icals were applied when the grasseswere in a good growing condition. TheJohnsongrass was 10 to 12 inches high.

(4) CONTROL OF DOCK (Rumexcrispus and R. pulcher) IN A CALEYPEA - VETCH - JOHNSONGRASS MEADOW.

(V. S. Searcy.)- An experiment onthe control of dock with 2,-4-D was be-gun in 1954. Low volatile ester andamine forms of 2,4-D were used at therates of 1/, 1, and 1 pounds per acreannually. Although excellent control ofdock was obtained by all 2,4-D treat-ments, no treatment gave complete con-trol and Caley peas and vetch werekilled almost 100 per cent by all 2,4-Dtreatments.

ANIMAL DISEASE RESEARCH

Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Swine.(W. G. Dacres.) - Sows once infectedwith the virus and recovered were notsusceptible to reinfection. Those ani-mals infected within the first week oflife died. Infection of older animalsproduced anorexia, diarrhea, and feverfor 4 or 5 days followed by recovery.Sows infected within a few days priorto farrowing did not protect their pigs;however, second litter pigs were im-mune. Chick embryo passage did notprove to be a successful means of grow-ing the virus.

Treating Repeat-Breeding Cows withIntra-uterine Infusions of Chloromycetin.(George K. Kiesel.) - Thirty-four cowsshowing repeated signs of heat at nor-mal intervals and having been bredthree or more times, received intra-uterine infusions of 1 gm. of chloromy-cetin, intra-muscular type. Twenty-three inoculations were made from 4

to 24 hours after breeding. The re-mainer were treated 1 month to 2 daysbefore breeding. Eight cows conceivedat the time of treatment, eight at thenext heat period, and 5 at the secondor at some subsequent heat period; 13cows did not conceive. It was con-cluded that the routine intra-uterine in-fusion of 1 gm. of intra-muscular typechloromycetin in repeat breeder cows isnot effective in reducing infertility un-less frank infection is present.

Infectious Agents Associated with Re-productive Disorders in Cattle, ExcludingBrucellosis, Leptospirosis, Trichomoniasis,and Vibriosis. (George K. Kiesel andWilliam G. Dacres.) - Six hundred andtwenty-five cervical cultures were takenfrom difficult-breeders to determine towhat extent infection is related to re-peat breeding in cattle. Of these, 188showed the presence of bacteria as fol-lows: Streptococci 65, Staphylocci 27,


Vibrio sp. 25, Coliform bacteria 8, B.subtilis 8, Gaffhya 2, Sarcina 1, Diplo-cocci 2, Gram positive rods 13, andpleuro-pneumonia-like organisms 4.

A streptococcus pyogenes, a hemo-lytic coagulase positive staphylococcus,and a hemolytic diplococcus were eachinoculated at the external os of the cer-vix of three clean heifers (total of 9head) 3 weeks to 2 days before breed-ing. Three other clean heifers wereused as controls. The heifers were bredartificially at subsequent heat periodsafter a culture of the cervix was made.None of the bacteria had any effect onthe breeding efficiency of the heifers.Inoculated heifers required an averageof two services, whereas the controlshad an average of one and one-half.Four and one-half months after initialinoculation, all heifers were again ino-culated at the external os of the cervixwith the same bacteria. Sterile salinewas used on the controls. Pregnancywas not disturbed. It is intended toinoculate these bacteria directly intothe uterus after calving to note anyaffects, inasmuch as a lowered resist-ance or a traumatized organ may be aprerequisite to infection.

The Role of Trichomonads in the Etiol-ogy of Atrophic Rhinitis of Swine. (C. S.Roberts.) - A total of 71 swine wereinoculated intranasally with materialobtained from infected swine and birds.An additional 23 swine served as con-trol animals for inoculated groups orreceived exposure by direct contact withinfected animals.

Atrophic rhinitis is transmissible tosuckling pigs by nasal instillation ofnasal washings from infected swine.The resistance of the pig to infectionby this method apparently increaseswith age. Pigs over 6 weeks of agewere not infected. The disease has notbeen transmitted with bacteria-free fil-trates of nasal washings or suspensionsof Trichomonas sp. in artificial culturemedia. Although the disease did not

produce distortion of facial bones ofall affected shoats or other symptomsof the disease, there were lower weightgains among affected animals in a singlelitter than in their normal, healthy lit-ter mates.

Relationship of Green Oat Toxicity ofCattle to the Application of Nitrate Ferti-lizer to the Soil. (C. S. Roberts and L.W. Turner.) - Green oat poisoning, ahighly fatal disease of cattle and sheep,occurs in Alabama during the wintermonths in animals grazing cereal grainplants, particularly oats and wheat. At-tempts were made to produce the dis-ease in both cattle and sheep by al-lowing them to graze fields of oats topor sidedressed with levels of ammo-nium nitrate ranging from 0 to 705pounds per acre. The fields were lo-cated in Lee, Dallas, and Autaugacounties. None of the animals diedfrom grazing oats that received nitrogenafter planting, whereas 2 of the 11cows died from grazing oats that didnot receive ammonium nitrate. Theaverage blood serum calcium, magne-sium, and phosphorus values of all thecows on each of the groups were es-sentially the same irrespective of therate of nitrogen application. The dis-ease more closely resembles grass tetanythan any other condition.

Relationship of Leptospirosis to BovineReproductive Disorders. ISOLATION OFLEPTOSPIRA FROM INFECTED ANIMALS.

(C. S. Roberts and L. W. Turner.) -Thirty-one isolation attempts weremade using material collected from sus-pected cattle or bovine foetuses to in-oculate guinea pigs, hamsters, chan-chillas, and artificial media.

Leptospira pomona was isolated from3 cattle representing 2 herds in thesame geographical area of the State.This is the first reported isolation ofleptospira from cattle in Alabama.Principal symptoms of infection in thesetwo herds were abortions occurring late


in the course of pregnancy and a non-inflammatory type of mastitis in one,and death of young calves in the other.Limited trials with the chinchilla (Chin-chilla laniger) as a laboratory animal

indicate that this rodent is more sus-ceptible to L. pomona infection thanthe hamster or guinea pig. Leptospiras

were demonstrated in tissue sections ofthe kidneys from two foetuses.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Changes in Chemical and Physical Prop-erties of Pasture Herbage That InfluenceTheir Utilization and Nutritive Value forGrazing Animals. (W. B..Anthony, J. G.Starling, and C. A. Brogden.)-Sea-sonal changes have been determinedfor crude protein, cellulose, calcium,phosphorus, and magnesium in warmseason forage crops. Without the ad-dition of nitrogen, protein contents ofCoastal and common Bermudagrassand Pensacola Bahiagrass seldom ex-ceed 10 per cent in early spring anddecline to 6 and 7 per cent duringmost of the grazing season. Applica-tion of nitrogen raises the crude pro-tein contents of these forages, but theamounts present fall below 10 per centnear the end of the grazingseason.

Cellulose contents of these grassesdo not show much seasonal change.The amount of cellulose is near 80 percent in early spring and may increaseto about 85 per cent in late summer.Cellulose is present in the leaves ofthese plants to the same extent as instems. Protein is more concentratedin the leaves. Calcium contents of theseforage crops have been found to befairly high (0.60 per cent on the aver-age) for the first clipping in the spring.Subsequent clippings always have muchless calcium. Calcium values usuallyrange from 0.22 to 0.80 per cent on adry matter basis. Phosphorus contentchanges noticeably with the season, butit is generally low. Many samples ofthese grasses have a phosphorus con-tent less than 0.16 per cent on a drymatter basis. Magnesium content of

the grasses is usually found to be 0.15to 0.20 per cent.

On the average, yearling streers graz-ing these grasses consume 8.27 -- 1.05pounds of digestible dry matter perhead daily for the season. This amountof feed is not sufficient for maintenanceand a high rate of daily gain. Low di-gestible dry matter intake appears tobe the greatest single factor restrictingdaily performance of young cattle graz-ing these grasses. At the WiregrassSubstation, Coastal and common Ber-mudagrass and Pensacola Bahiagrassproduced about 168 days of grazing.Total weight gain per yearling steerfor the entire grazing season averaged208, 157, and 189 pounds for Coastal,common, and Bahia, respectively. Theaverage slaughter grade of the cattleat the end of the grazing season wasUtility.

Production and Utilization of ForageCrops for Growing and Finishing Cattle forSlaughter: (1) SILAGE PRODUCTION ONHUMPHREYS SILT LOAM. (W. B. An-thony, J. K. Boseck and P. F. Parks.)-A two-cropping system is practicedwherein sorghum is produced for silagefollowed by oats for grazing and silage.Irrigation has been used at time ofplanting and once or twice later in thegrowing season. In 1955, Tracy sor-ghum yielded 19.81 tons of silage peracre. Oats that followed on this landdid not grow sufficiently during the fallfor grazing but yielded 6.99 tons ofsilage per acre the following spring.Sorghum that followed the oat cropproduced 12.57 tons of silage per acre.


Oats were planted immediately afterharvest of the sorghum. The oats sup-plied grazing for 74 days and wereharvested for silage. The yield per acrewas 5.03 tons. Another adjacent fieldhas been utilized for production of cornfor silage followed by oats for grazing.Oats sown in the fall of 1955 produced221.9 animal grazing days per acre (beefcalves) and the live weight gain peracre was 330 pounds. Corn producedfor silage following the oat grazingyielded 8.17 tons per acre. Oats thatfollowed on this land provided 216animal grazing days per acre. Cornharvested the following summer fromthis area yielded 5.7 tons of silage peracre.

(2) WINTERING STOCKER CALVES ONSILAGE. (W. B. Anthony, J. K. Boseck,and P. F. Parks.) - Weaned beef calvesfull-fed silage plus 2 pounds of groundear corn and 1.5 pounds of cottonseedmeal per head daily gained 1.46 poundseach per day, with an average feed re-quirement per hundredweight of gainof 1,403 pounds of silage, 137 poundsof corn, and 100 pounds of cottonseedmeal. Comparable animals fed cornsilage and supplement gained 1.98pounds per head daily and required1,828 pounds of silage, 104 pounds ofcorn, and 86 pounds of cottonseed mealper hundredweight of gain. Duringthe same time the calves were fedsilage, other comparable animals wereon oat grazing plus supplemental feedwhen the oat forage was not available.The daily gain on oat grazing averaged1.18 pounds.

Evaluation of Forage Crops for BeefCattle Production in the Piedmont Area ofAlabama. (W. B. Anthony, E. L. May-ton, W. R. Langford, and P. F. Parks.)- In 1955 a replicated grazing testwas begun at the Piedmont Substationto determine beef production potentialsfor several grazing crops. Results for1 year have been obtained on alfalfa-orchardgrass, Dallisgrass- orchardgrass-

white clover, crimson clover-CoastalBermudagrass, and lespedeza sericea.Intake of nutrients by yearling steerswas determined by use of a combina-tion of chromic oxide and plant chro-mogens. Digestible forage dry matterconsumed per animal per pound of liveweight gained was 8.23, 8.76, 9.31,and 24.81 pounds, respectively, for al-falfa-orchardgrass-clover, Dallis-or-chardgrass-clover, crimson-Coastal Ber-mudagrass, and sericea. Daily intakeof nutrients by steers was surprisinglysimilar for all of the swards. Digestibleprotein in sericea was extremely lowand may account in large measure forthe poor relative efficiency in utiliza-tion of this crop by the young cattle.

Supplemental Feeding of Steers on Sum-mer Pastures. (W. B. Anthony, J. G.Starling, C. A. Brogden, and P. F.Parks.)- Intake studies with steers onsummer grasses revealed that low feedintake is the greatest single factor limit-ing their daily performance. Prelimi-nary studies were made to find out ifit is possible to economically improvesteer performance on summer grassesby supplemental feeding. In 1955, cot-tonseed meal and cottonseed meal withstilbestrol were used to supplementyearling steers grazing common Ber-mudagrass. Intake of forage was mea-sured by use of a combination ofchromic oxide and plant chromogens.Protein supplement with or withoutstilbestrol did not improve daily gainor increase intake of forage. In 1956a comparable test was conducted ex-cept that the supplemental feeds con-sisted of 7.5 pounds of ground snap-ped corn daily per head in one instanceand cane molasses (free choice) in an-other. The average daily molasses con-sumption was 4 pounds per head. Bothtypes of energy supplement increaseddaily gain (control, 1.11 pounds daily;cane molasses supplemented, 1.52; andcorn supplemented, 1.71), but low-ered the intake of forage dry matter.


In this test the increased value of thesteers receiving the supplements wasmore than sufficient to offset cost of thesupplements.

Parakeratosis or Zinc Deficiency Diseasein Hogs. (Howard F. Tucker and W.D. Salmon.) -Parakeratosis studieshave been conducted several years todetermine its causes. This swine syn-drome was found to be of nutritionalorigin and was characterized by derma-titis, enteritis, cirrhosis of the liver,jaundice, and inanition. Growth ratemay be severely affected. The routineaddition of antibiotics, all known vita-mins, lysine, methionine, tryptophan,and fats were not prophylatic. The dis-ease developed in pigs on diets thatwere relatively high in phosphorus,calcium, or both. Additions of variouszinc salts prevented occurrence of thedisease and resulted in rapid recoveryby the pigs. The disease condition isa mineral imbalance phenomenon re-sulting from excessive levels of calciumand phosphorus in the ration which,in some way, precipitates a deficiencyof zinc. Additions of 100 p.p.m. zincto mixed rations have been adequate.

Some Comparisons of Pasture and Con-finement Systems of Growing-FinishingHogs. (Howard F. Tucker.) - Con-solidation of data has resulted in thefollowing generalizations: (1) Ratesof gain of hogs grazing various foragecrops were not greatly different fromthose fed complete rations (16 per centprotein) in concrete floored pens. (2)Feed costs not including cost of pasturewere slightly lower for the pasture sys-tem. (8) Mixed rations (16 per centprotein) resulted in faster gains thanthose from groups fed corn and supple-ment. (4) Feed efficiencies and costof gain between the two methods offeeding were similar. Cost of feedpreparation was not included.

Alfalfa, white clover, oats, and crim-son clover have proved satisfactory forcool season grazing. Alfalfa, millet,sudan, and white clovers where possiblehave performed well during the warmerseason. It has been difficult to main-tain a continuous supply of qualitygrazing.

Various Levels of Zinc, Calcium, andPhosphorus in Hog Rations. (Howard F.Tucker.) - The experiment was de-signed to study the interrelation of zinc,calcium, and phosphorus in hog rationsand the occurrence of parakeratosis.Tricalcium phosphate was added at0.375, 0.75, 1.125, and 1.5 per centlevels to a control ration containingN.R.C. levels of calcium and phospho-rus. Zinc was added at the rate of 100p.p.m. to each of the same formulas.

In a second trial, zinc was added atrates of 25, 50, and 100 p.p.m. to acontrol ration that contained N.R.C.levels of calcium and phosphorus plustricalcium phosphate additions of 0.375per cent and 1.5 per cent.

In comparing growth rates and in-cidence of parakeratosis in hogs receiv-ing various levels of dietary calciumand phosphorus, Ca (PO4 ) 2, with andwithout various additional levels ofzinc, it was found that: (1) severe re-ductions in growth rate and develop-ment of parakeratosis occurred on levelsof 0.15 per cent Ca and 0.075 per centP above N.R.C. requirement; (2) re-duction in growth rate and onset andseverity of the disease increased as thelevel of Ca and P in the ration in-creased; (3) the levels of zinc requiredto prevent deficiency symptoms are notabsolute but are relative to the Ca andP content of the ration, increasing asthe levels of Ca and P increase; (4)the addition of 50 p.p.m. zinc was aseffective as 100 p.p.m. zinc in a rationthat contained 1.25 per cent Ca and0.71 per cent P, whereas, 25 p.p.m.zinc supplementation was not adequate.



BOTANY and PLANT PATHOLOGY

Nematodes in Relationship to Crop Pro-duction in the South: (1) PLANT PARA-srTic NEMATODES CONSIDERED TO BEOF IMPORTANCE IN ALABAMA. (E. J.Cairns.) -About 700 soil and plantsamples have been examined for thepresence of nematodes. On the basisof these, the following list of nematodegenera of particular interest as croppests has been compiled: Meloidogynespp. (root-knot nematodes), Tylencho-rhynchus spp. (stylet nematodes),Pratylenchus spp. (meadow nematodes),Rotylenchus spp. and Helicotylenchusspp. (spiral nematodes), Ditylenchus(stem and bulb nematodes), Aphelen-choides spp. (leaf and bud nematodes),Xiphinema spp. (dagger nematodes),and Trichodorus spp. (stubby root nem-todes).

(2) TESTING FOR RESISTANCE TO

ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES IN CORN. (E.J. Cairns and F. S. McCain.) - Fourof the commonly found root-knot nema-tode species, Meloidogyne incognita, M.incognita acrita, M. arenaria, and M.javanica, were tested against GoldenCross Bantam and four inbred lineshaving desirable commercial character-istics. The results indicated that theplant breeder has genetic resources forresistance in terms of reduced root-gall formation for at least two of theroot-knot nematode species tested.However, no special resistance wasfound to penetration and maturationof any species.

(3) PATHOGENICITY OF A SPECIAL

NEMATODE IN RELATION TO CORN. (E.B. Sledge and E. J. Cairns.) - Thefrequent findings of Helicotylenchusnannus, Steiner, 1945, in corn plant-ings in southern Alabama required in-vestigation of this nematode's relation-ship to the crop. The following varie-

ties were selected for testing becauseof their widespread planting in the re-gion: Dixie 11, Dixie 18, Dixie 33,North Carolina 27, Coker 811, andGolden Cross Bantam. It was estab-lished that this nematode thrives oncorn as an external root-feeding para-site. Although the nematode was ableto exist and multiply on all corn tested,Coker 811 was found to be the bestchoice for planting in areas where thisnem a to d e is abundant, particularlywhen corn is to be followed by someother crop susceptible to the nematode.The number of nematodes declinedmarkedly in soil not containing seedplants and in cultures containing threecommonly found soil fungi. This sug-gests that fallowing may be an effec-tive control measure.

(4) PATHOGENICITY OF A SPIRALNEMATODE TO SOYBEANS. (E. J. Cairnsand N. A. Minton.) - Ogden variety ofsoybeans was grown in sterile soil andinoculated with 500 spiral nematodes,Helicotylenchus nannus, per plant attime of planting. A significant reduc-tion in dry root weight was measuredat maturity but without significant re-duction in seed yield. Nematode popu-lation increased an average of at least10.6 times by harvest. Field observa-tions indicated that soybean plant in-jury and reduction of yield are to beassociated with large numbers of thisnematode. In field soil it is consideredlikely that feeding wounds producedon roots by the nematodes serve asportals of entry for other soil micro-organisms.

(5) TEST OF VARIOUS CROP AND

WEED PLANTS FOR SUITABILITY AS

HOSTS FOR A SPIRAL NEMATODE. (E.J. Cairns and N. A. Minton.) - Variousfield plants, occurring in areas where


the spiral nematode, Helicotylenchusnannus, is found, were tested. Cotton,Ladino clover, Bermudagrass, and Dal-lisgrass were found to be very suitablehosts for multiplication of the spiralnematode. Nutgrass, oats (Victorgrain48-93), Johnsongrass, and fescuegrass(Kentucky 31) were considered inter-mediate in suitability. Sudangrass(Sweet Sudan), sand spur, orchard-grass, and grain sorghum (Early He-garia) were least suitable, but withsome increase occurring in the nema-tode populations. It is possible thatcontinued testing will establish thatthis nematode has a wide range ofhost plants. It was evident that somecommon weeds can serve as carryoverhosts for this nematode in the absenceof crop plants.

(6) PATHOGENCITY OF THE STUNT

NEMATODE ON OATS. (E. J. Cairns.) -

The stunt nematode, Trichodorus primi-tivus, was found through experimenta-tion to be capable of increasing itsnumber by at least 8 times in 90 daysassociation with the roots of Victor-grain oats. Root and foliar weightswere reduced. It was found also thatthis nematode was unable to persistin soil in the absence of seed plants,which suggests fallowing as a controlmeasure.

(7) SURVEY FOR NEMATODES INSOUTHEASTERN PINE SEEDLING NUR-

SERIES. (B. E. Hopper.) - Thirty-sixnurseries were included in the survey.Three were found in which pine seed-ling injury could be attributed directlyto nematodes. Ten nurseries had seed-lings with root-rot conditions in whichnematodes could have been componentsof a disease complex. Large popula-tions of a recently discovered speciesof a new genus of plant-parasitic nema-todes, Meloidodera floridensis, werefound to be injurious to slash pine seed-lings. Various species of Tylenchorhyn-chus, including T. claytoni and an un-described species, were found to be in-

jurious to slash pine seedlings. Thefrequent occurrence of reportedly fun-gal-feeding nematodes in associationwith seedling root-rots and their pos-sible significance as parasites of my-corhizal fungi is considered of specialinterest.

(8) SURVEY OF ROOT-KNOT NEMA-TODES IN ALABAMA. (N. A. Minton andE. J. Cairns.) - This survey, to be com-pleted in 1958, revealed to date fivespecies of root-knot nematodes in theState: Meloidogyne incognita, M. in-cognita acrita, M. hapla, M. arenaria,and M. javanica. The nematodes werefound in almost every major soil typein the State, ranging from heavy claysto light sandy soils. The finding of dif-ferent root-knot nematode species issignificant. It means that exact deter-mination of the species present in aparticular field will be necessary inorder to get full advantage of rotationand varietal recommendations since thehost ranges of root-knot nematodes dif-fer in some respects.

(9) HOST RANGE TESTING FOR FIVE

SPECIES OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES.

(N. A. Minton and E. J. Cairns.) -Testing to determine host ranges ofthe five common species of root-knotnematodes is being continued until vir-tually all plants of economic importancein the State have been examined. Notonly are differences in host range be-ing found between the various root-knot nematode species, but some dif-ferences in host suitability are beingfound between varieties of the samecrops.

(10) DEVELOPMENT OF ROOT-KNOT

NEMATODES IN SUSCEPTIBLE AND RE-

SISTANT COTTON. (N. A. Minton.) -Four of the commonly occurring root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyneincognita, M. incognita acrita, M. are-naria and M. javanica, were used withcotton selections and varieties rangingfrom susceptible to resistant. Invasion



of the roots occurred in resistant aswell as susceptible cottons. Nematodedevelopment was slower in resistantplants than in susceptible ones. Dif-ferences were noted also in rate of de-velopment between the nematode spe-cies. For example, M. incognita wasable to develop into mature, egg-layingfemales in all cotton tested. M. javanicadid not reach maturity in any cotton.It was concluded that the nature ofresistance to root-knot nematodes isnot inability of the nematodes to in-fest cotton roots but is the inabilityof the nematodes to complete matura-tion.

(11) EFFECTS OF THREE SOr FuMI-GANTS ON NEMATODE POPULATION As-SOCIATED WITH COTTON. (E. J. Cairnsand A. L. Smith.) - Shell D-D was ap-p lied in the row at 7, 10, and 14 gal-ons per acre and Dowfume W-85 inthe row at 2, 8, and 4 gallons per acre.Planting was 9 days later. Soil sampleswere taken at 4, 10, and 88 weeksafter treatment for checking the nema-tode populations.

The two fumigants were about equal-ly effective in suppressing populationsof species of Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus,Trichodorus, Tylenchus, Aphelencho-ides, and Dorylaimus. Lack of markeddifferences in the populations in re-spect to rates of application indicatethat the dosages were equally effective,at least to the extent of the rhizospheresampled along the line of treatment.In another experiment in which thesame chemicals were applied at timeof planting, somewhat similar resultswere found.

The stylet-bearing nematode popula-tions were suppressed for at least 10weeks after treatment, with only slightincreases being noted at the final sam-pling date. Non-parasitic nematodepopulations were reduced initially, butparasitic types were not reduced. Re-sults of another field experiment usingShell Nemagon, a new soil fumigant,showed this chemical able to reduce

and retard stylet-bearing nematodepopulations for at least 10 weeks. In-itial action of the chemical was slow,reductions in the nematode populationsbeing more noticeable at 10 weeks thanat 4 weeks after treatment. Nemagonhad little effect on the non-parasiticnematode populations.

(12) EVALUATING USE OF RADIOAC-TIVE ISOTOPES FOR PATHOLOGY STUDIESOF EcTO-PARASITIC NEMATODES. (E. J.Cairns and D. E. Davis.)- To utilizeisotopic tracer techniques with the ex-ternal root-feeding nematodes, muchhigher levels of radioactivity are re-quired than for comparable work withinternal root-feeding nematodes. Vari-ous methods for producing the neces-sary high levels of radioactivity in rootsof test plants have been tried. A methodof continuous pressure injection withsolutions of P32 has been found best.Preliminary results indicate that thetracer technique is possible for demon-strating if aparticular nematode specieswill feed on the roots of certain plants.The dilution factor for activity in theplants and the very small uptake byindividual nematodes are limiting fac-tors in extension of this technique toall types of susceptible plants.

Studies of Forage Crop Diseases. (1)DISEASES OF FORAGE CROPS UNDERSPRINKLER IRRIGATION. (E. A. Curl andH. A. Weaver.) - During July and Au-gust, 1954, and in each month of 1955,intensities of diseases occurring onsprinkler-irrigated forage crops wereestimated. These crops were: Kenlandred clover, intermediate white clover,Oregon Ladino clover, Atlantic alfalfa,African alfalfa, commercial orchard-grass, Kentucky 81 fescue, and reedcanarygrass. At least 18 fungal patho-gens and 2 virus diseases were identi-fied on the 8 crops. Considering allcrops together, more diseases werepresent in May, June, and July, partof the 5-month period during whichmost water was applied, than in other


24 ALABAMA AGRiCULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

months. Pseudoplea leaf spot was themost persistant and most damaging dis-ease of the white clovers. Stemphyliumleaf spot was most damaging on thealfalfas, and rust was the most damag-ing disease of the grasses. On mostof the crops disease intensity wasslightly greater in plots that receivedthe most water. The diseases thatshowed the greatest increase in inten-sity under high-level irrigation over a1-year period were Pseudoplea leaf spoton intermediate white clover, yellowpatch (virus) and Curvularia leaf spotCurvularia trifolii on Ladino clover,and Pseudopeziza leaf spot Pseudo-peziza medicaginis on African alfalfa.The intensities of powdery mildewErysiphe polygoni on red clover and ofrust Puccinia rubigo-vera tritici on or-chardgrass were greater in the low-levelirrigated plots.

(2) ANTAGONISTIC RELATIONSHIP OF

SOIL MICROFLORA TO SCLEROTIUM

ROLFSII. (E. A. Curl.) - Tests withknown media for isolating microorgan-isms from soil showed that peptone-dextrose-rose bengal-streptomycin agarfor fungi, glycerol agar for actinomyce-tes, and Thornton's manitol-asparaginagar for bacteria were best for isolatingthese groups from Alabama soils. Ascreening program was begun to findmicroorganisms antagonistic to Sclero-tium rolfsii. Soil samples were takenfrom plots of white clover, red clover,alfalfa, and fescue that had been re-ceiving high and low levels of irriga-tion. The average number of fungiper gram of soil did not vary signi-ficantly between the two levels of ir-rigation. None of 506 fungal isolatestested exhibited true inhibition of S.rolfsii in culture. More actinomyceteswere obtained from high-level thanlow-level irrigated plots, the greatestnumber being taken from fescue andalfalfa soils. Only 1 of 652 actinomy-cete isolates showed antagonism. Amuch greater number of bacteria wereobtained from high-level irrigated

crops, particularly from white cloversoil. Twenty per cent of the bacterialisolates from high-level and 22 percent from low-level irrigation were an-tagonistic to S. rolfsii. However, onlya few of the bacterial isolates exhibitedenough inhibition in the laboratory towarrant further testing in the green-house. These isolates did not give sig-nificant control of the pathogen on soy-bean in either sterile or natural soil.Without concern for quantitative deter-minations of microorganisms, other soilsamples from a number of sources wereprocessed for antagonists. A species ofTrichoderma was found to be extremelyantagonistic to S. rolfsii. This fungusis being studied further for its abilityto control root diseases.

Causes of Variability in the Activity ofHerbicides: (1) TEMPERATURE AND

RAINFALL STUDIES ON DNBP AND

CIPC. (D. E. Davis and H. H. Fun-derburk, Jr.)-Greenhouse experimentswere conducted to determine effects oftemperature and rainfall on the phyto-toxicity of pre-emergence applicationsof the alkanolamine salts of dinitro-o-secondary butyl phenol (DNBP) andisoproyl N (3-chlorophenyl) carbamate(CIPC). DNBP consistently gave bet-ter weed control than CIPC when nosurface moisture was applied. Whensurface moisture was applied, CIPCgave better control of crabgrass, Digi-taria spp., and less control of Floridapusley, Richardia scarbra, than DNBP.At high soil temperatures DNBP wasmore toxic to cotton than CIPC.

(2) EFFECTS OF THE ANATOMY AND/

OR PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS ON THEIR

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO KILLING BY DNBP.(D. E. Davis and H. H. Funderburk,Jr.) - Effects of the anatomy and/orphysiology of plants on their suscepti-bility to killing by DNBP were investi-gated with the following crops: Cot-ton, oats, soybeans, grain sorghum,English peas, corn, snap beans, andpeanuts. These plants had (1) elon-



gating and non-elongating hypocotyls,(2) broad and linear leaves, (3) co-leoptiles and no coleoptiles, (4) waxyand non-waxy leaves, and (5) variousseed sizes. Significant differences (atthe 5 per cent level) of crop suscepti-bility to killing by a pre-emergenceapplication of DNBP follow: Cotton =oats = soybe ans > grain sorghum> English peas = corn = snap beans> peanuts. Differences in susceptibil-ity were not correlated apparently withany factor except seed size. In gen-eral, larger-seeded species were moreresistant than the smaller ones. Thecrops had approximately the same rela-tive differences in susceptibility to va-por of DNBP as to a pre-emergenceapplication of the chemical, but theeffects were quite different on theabove-ground plant organs.

Factors Affecting the Development andControl of Gummy Stem Blight of Cucur-bits. (U. L. Diener.) - Silver nitrate(1-10,000) and Clorox (1.8 to 5 percent Cl) excelled as surface disinfect-ants of watermelon seed. Field plant-ings of watermelon seed, which hadbeen extracted and inoculated in 1955with cultures of the fungus, Mycosphae-rella melonis, failed to develop thegummy stem blight disease. These re-sults concurred with greenhouse data,which indicated that the organism wasavirulent. However, the organism couldnot be killed in 25 to 30 per cent ofthe inoculated seed with a 5-minutesoak of full strength Clorox, indicatingdeep penetration of the seed or seedcoat by the fungus. Methods were de-veloped for inoculating watermelonfruit, stems, and vines, making asepticextractions and seed inoculations, germ-inating seed and growing seedlingsaseptically for several weeks, preparinglarge quantities of inoculum, and con-ducting greenhouse inoculations ofplants. Cultures of the fungus collectedin 1956 were found to be pathogenicon both cantaloupe and watermelon in

greenhouse inoculations. A long-rangestudy on maintenance of pathogenicityof M melonis in culture was begun.Fungicide and fermentation treatmentswere made on sublots of seed inoculatedwith pathogenic cultures in 1956. Othersublots were fixed for histological stu-dies. Data on over-wintering of theorganism in soil were inconclusive.

Relationship of Microflora to Deteriora-tion of Stored Seed. (U. L. Diener.) -The predominant fungi isolated fromstored peanut seed were found to bein the Aspergillus glaucus group, A.flavus-oryzae group (A. tamarii), A. ter-reus group, Penicillium (2 species), andCladosporium. Other fungi identifiedwere Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Cun-ninghamella sp., Diplodia sp., A nigergroup, Penicillium sp., and Fusariumsp. A method was developed for mak-ing quantitative determinations of moldpopulations. Peanut samples of 20 to50 gm. were ground in a food chopperand 10 gm. were then homogenized ina Bodine centrifugal wet mill. Dilu-tion plate series were prepared usinga 7.5 per cent salt-2 per cent malt-2per cent agar medium. Three or 4 dilu-tions with 3 plates per dilution wereused in the procedure. Mold colonieswere counted after 4 days incubationat 25°C. with the aid of a stereoscopicmicroscope (10 x). It was found thaton the average 2 or 3 dates or repeatswould be required to obtain statisticaldifferences within 40 per cent of themean.

Cause and Control of Collar Rot of Pea-nuts. (J. A. Lyle.) - Experiments wereconducted to determine the cause ofcollar rot disease complex of peanuts.Fungi isolated from diseased plantswere: Sclerotium rolfsii, S. bataticola,and species of Diplodia (tentativelyidentified as D. theobromae, Fusarium,and Rhizoctonia. Inoculations of pea-nut seedlings with these fungi with andwithout nematodes, primarily northern



root knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla,failed to reproduce the disease undergreenhouse and laboratory conditions.Associative effects of these fungi werestudied in the laboratory.

Field tests were established for thecontrol of collar rot in 2- and 4-yearcrop rotation plus soil nematocide ex-periments. In the former test, the fol-lowing results were obtained in the soilnematocide treatments: (1) signifi-cant yield increases of peanuts, oats,and grain sorghum, (2) increasedgrowth measurements of peanuts, and(3) decreased nematode populations.In the latter experiment, the followingresults were obtained from soil nema-tocide treatments: (1) significant yieldincreases of Dixie and early runner pea-nuts, and grain sorghum, (2) increasedgrowth measurements of peanuts, and(3) decreased nematode populations.In the 4-year rotation experiment, nosignificant differences were obtained be-tween treatments in plant stands, col-lar rot and root-knot indices of peanuts,and yield of oats, soybeans, and wheat.

Plant Disease Survey and Exploration:(1) SMALL GRAIN DISEASES. (J. A.Lyle.) - An evaluation was made ofthe incidence of diseases that attacksmall grain varieties at 16 locationswithin the State. Rust and smut col-lections were obtained for race identi-fication at each location. Systematicclipping (simulated grazing) of all va-rieties resulted in decreased diseaseincidence. Lodging in all varieties wasalso less prevalent in the clipped plots.

(2) OAT AND RESCUEGRASS SEED

DISEASE CONTROL. (J. A. Lyle.) - Ex-periments were conducted with chemi-cal seed protectants to evaluate theireffectiveness in control of seed- andsoil-borne diseases of oats, Helmintho-sporium victoriae in particular, and ofrescuegrass, Ustilago bullata especially.Significant increases were obtained inemergence, green forage, and grain

yields from use of seed protectants onoats. Agrox, Ceresan M, and Panogenwere the most effective treatments usedin disease control. Significant stand in-creases and smut decreases were ob-tained with use of Agrox and CeresanM on rescuegrass seed.

(8) SOIL-BORNE PEANUT DISEASECONTROL. (J. A. Lyle.) - Experimentswere conducted to determine the effec-tiveness of soil treatments for controlof soil-borne diseases of peanuts. Threenematocides, Dowfume W-85, Fuma-zone, and Telone, were effective in con-trolling nematodes and the collar rotdisease. Effectiveness in disease con-trol was determined by (1) reductionin pathogenic nematodes and collar rotinfested plants, and (2) increasedyields.

(4) PEANUT SEED DISEASE CONTROL.

(J. A. Lyle.) - Tests were conductedto evaluate the effectiveness of chem-ical seed protectants in the control ofseed- and soil-borne diseases of pea-nuts. Arasan, 2 per cent Ceresan,Delsan A-D, Metasan E, and MetasanM were most effective in disease con-trol as measured by (1) greenhouseand field emergence increases, and (2)laboratory germination and isolationtests.

(5) VEGETABLE DISEASE CONTROL.

(U. L. Diener.) - Terraclor fungicidewas effective in reducing losses of per-per from southern blight caused bySclerotium rolfsii, when applied as asetting water treatment at two loca-tions in Alabama in 1956. Terraclorwas used at the rate of 4 pounds (wet-table powder containing 75 per centpentachloronitrobenzene) per 100 gal-lons of setting water. About 4 to 1/3

quart of solution was applied to thebase of each plant. Losses at the Chil-ton Area Horticulture Substation, Clan-ton, and the North Alabama Horticul-ture Substation, Cullman, were reducedfrom 69.4 and 14.4 per cent to 84.1


and 7.0 per cent, respectively, in 65-plant plots replicated 5 times.

Sweetpotato mosaic was found forthe first time in Alabama in August,1956. This virus disease is potentiallya serious menace to sweetpotato pro-duction. The disease was observed inCullman County in an uncertified fieldof sweetpotatoes and its correspondingseedbed. The grower had purchaseddiseased roots of the variety, GeorgiaRed, at a Birmingham market for tableuse and later decided to use them forseed.

Processing and Storing of Seed, Grain,and Hay. (H. S. Ward, Jr.) - The hy-groscopic equilibrium curve was estab-lished for white clover seed by themethod of saturated salt solutions. Thecurve was of the sigmoid type as wasshown previously with seed of bluelupine, crimson clover, lespedeza se-ricea, watermelon, and fescue. Safestorage moisture content was 8.7 percent, based on the curve and germina-tion behavior. The percentage of hardseed was increased with decreasingseed moisture.

Corn grain of 13.4, 8.8, 5.3, and2.4 per cent moisture contents werestored for 1 year at 760, 86', 95' ,

990, 1040, and 122°F. To prevent adecrease in viability, moisture contentof the grain must be at 2.4 per centat 122°F., at 5.8 per cent at 104'F.,and at 8.8 per cent from 990 to 76 0F.Grain at 13.4 per cent moisture con-tent had a complete loss in viabilityat all temperatures.

The rates of decrease in viabilityand increase in free fatty acids in pea-nuts during storage was shown to berelated to initial quality. An initialcombination of kernel moistures above10 per cent and damage of 8 per centcaused low viability and high free fat-ty acids in peanuts stored for 1 year.Damage of more than 1 per cent wascaused by a curing environment ofmore than 1 rain in combination withmaximum temperatures above 90F.

In contrast to the hydrolytic (fattyacids) and biological changes (viabili-ty) that were shown to occur in storedpeanuts, autoxidation of the lipid frac-tion was not demonstrated by the Kreistest. Neither initial high kernel mois-ture contents nor high damage causedchanges in Kreis test values.

Taste test evaluation of roasted pea-nut samples from various lots of arti-ficially dried peanuts showed that de-sirable flavor and aroma were lost byrapid drying from initial kernel mois-tures of 20 per cent or higher at tem-peratures above 100 0F. The total sug-ars and carbonyl contents did not dif-fer as a result of the various artificialdrying treatments. Therefore, the sugarand carbonyl fractions of the peanutkernel could not be related to the lossof desirable flavor and aroma in ar-tificially dried peanuts.

The Market Value of Peanuts as Af-fected by Changes in Chemical and Physi-cal Properties During Storage. (H. S.Ward, Jr.) - The use of 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) as a quicktest of peanut quality was studied. Thedegree of staining of embryonic tissueby TTC was assumed to be related toviability, since viability might be cor-related with flavor and other propertiesthat characterize peanuts of high mar-ket value. Results showed that theTTC standard test was not correlatedwith viability as determined in a germi-nator and by field emergence. Failureto obtain a correlation was related tovariations in pH and moisture contentof the embryonic tissue. A split-em-bryonic axis technique showed no spe-cific relation between degree of TTCstaining of one half and growth of theother half of the embryo.

Chemical analysis of peanut kernelswith concealed damage showed thatdamaged kernels were higher in freefatty acids, total organic acids, andthiobarbituric acid values, while toco-pherol content was decreased. Highfree fatty acids were associated with



off-color of the oil. Lots of peanutsthat graded 2 per cent damage orhigher had lower market value because

of off-color oil and undesirable flavorand aroma associated with chemicalchanges in the damaged kernels.

DAIRY HUSBANDRY

Johnsongrass and Coastal BermudagrassHays for Dairy Cows. (George E. Haw-kins.) - The study reported here wasconducted to determine the relativeconsumption of Johnsongrass and Coast-al Bermudagrass hays and to measurethe value of nutrients from these haysin milk production.

Fifteen milking cows were fed a ra-tion of chopped alfalfa hay and a con-centrate for 2 weeks. At the end ofthis standardization period, the cowswere divided into three similar groups.The three test rations were: (A) al-falfa hay and concentrate, (B) John-songrass hay and concentrate, and (C)Coastal Bermudagrass hay and concen-trate. Hay allowances remained thesame as during the standardizationperiod. When hay allowances werenot consumed in full, the concentrateallowance was increased to keep theTDN (total digestible nutrient) intakeconstant. The TDN and digestible pro-tein contents of the experimental for-ages, in percentages, were: alfalfa hay,52.2 and 11.2; Johnsongrass hay, 58.9and 8.6; and Coastal Bermudagrasshay, 50.0 and 9.0, respectively.

The average daily production of 4per cent FCM (fat corrected milk) byroughage groups was: (A) 28.0, (B)20.8, and (C) 21.6. Average daily hayintakes in pounds per cow by rationgroups for the standardization and theexperimental periods were: (A) 20.9and 20.7, (B) 21.6 and 19.1, and (C)20.0 and 18.9. Weight changes withindiet groups varied. The lowest produc-ing cow on ration A gained 67 poundsduring the 28-day experimental period,whereas the average change in bodyweight for the other 4 cows on this ra-

tion was 49 pounds. Average weightgains of cows on Johnsongrass andCoastal Bermudagrass hays were 23and 28 pounds, respectively. The rela-tionship between weight gains and milkproduction was essentially linear. Thatis, the amount of gain in body weightwas greatest for cows that showed thegreatest drop in milk production.

Results of this study show that theconsumption of Johnsongrass andCoastal Bermudagrass hays was lessthan that of alfalfa hay. Also, nutrientsfrom alfalfa hay were superior to thosefrom the grass hays as measured bymilk production.

Reed Canarygrass as a Source of Rough-age for Dairy Cows. (George E. Haw-kins.) - A series of tests were con-ducted to determine the nutritive anddigestive qualities of reed canarygrassgrown in Alabama. Results of studiesin Northern States indicate that thisforage is not well liked by cattle.

Reed canarygrass grown near Tal-lassee, Alabama, during the winter of1955 was tested by two digestion trialsand a feeding experiment begun March14, 1955. The green forage, which wasbetween 4 and 12 inches high, was cutbetween 6 and 7 a.m. every secondday and refrigerated at 30F. until fed.The TDN content of the forage aver-aged 72.2 per cent and digestible pro-tein, 21.9 per cent on a moisture-freebasis. Average chemical compositionof the green forage, moisture free bas-is, in percentage, was: ether extract(crude fat), 3.0; crude fiber, 21.7;crude protein, 24.8; and ash, 11.8.

The 12 Jersey cows used in the feed-


ing experiment had received 20 poundsof peanut hay daily as the only rough-age during the 2 weeks preceeding thistest. Concentrates were added to bal-ance the rations. During the 2-weekfeeding experiment, cows receivingroughage nutrients as 4- to 12-inch-high reed canarygrass produced an av-erage of 21.1 pounds of 4 per centFCM, whereas those on peanut hayproduced an average of 21.3 poundsof 4 per cent FCM. Most cows refusedsome of the reed canarygrass duringthe first 2 or 3 days only. One cow,however, continued to refuse approxi-mately 50 per cent of the amount fed.Extra concentrates were fed when reedcanarygrass was refused.

Evaluation of Certain Cool Season andCertain Warm Season Perennial Grasses asFeeds for Dairy Cattle. (G. H. Rollinsand W. R. Langford.) - Grazing trialswith lactating cows are in progress atthe North Auburn Dairy Research Unit.The objectives are to evaluate certainforage species in pure stands with andwithout irrigation from the standpointof milk production, and their relativeyield of total digestible nutrients peracre.

Coastal Bermudagrass, Dallisgrass,and Pensacola Bahiagrass, termed warmseason grasses, were planted in 1/2-acre paddocks on prepared seedbed inthe spring of 1955. The split-plot ran-domized block design with three repli-cations was used. Reed canarygrass,tall fescue, and orchardgrass, termedcool season grasses, were similarly es-tablished by planting in the fall of1955. Annual applications of 1,000pounds of 0-12-20 and 200 pounds ofnitrogen were constant for all pad-docks.

One year's results revealed no signi-ficant differences between lactation re-sponses of cows pasturing Coastal Ber-mudagrass, Dallisgrass, and Bahiagrass.No significant differences resulted fromthe irrigation treatment; however, rain-

fall distribution eliminated any pro-longed effect of dry weather. The to-tal digestible nutrient yields per acrewere not significantly different. Standsof these forage species appeared to beexcellent at termination of the firstyear's grazing.

Sufficient data for analyses were notobtained for the cool season grasses.A high percentage of the orchardgrassstands died during the summer andfall following establishment. Sparsestands of reed canarygrass resulted onseveral paddocks.

Observations noted are: Cows con-fined to reed canarygrass pastures con-sumed all foreign plants within thepaddock and as far outside the fenceas they could reach before grazing reedcanarygrass. Milk production of thesecows showed an extremely abnormaldecline during early part of the ex-periment, but declined less rapidly asthe cows were forced to consume reedcanarygrass. After heavy frost, the cowsconsumed this forage more readily andincreased slightly in milk production.First year fescue was consumed by lac-tating cows without any noted ill ef-fects.

Galactopoletic Substances in ForageCrops and Other Feeds. II. Soybean andCottonseed Meals. (George E. Haw-kins.)-Some reports indicate that cowsgrazing grasses containing estrogenicactivity show moderate increases inmilk production and in percentage ofnon-fatty solids, thus suggesting a re-lationship between lactation responseand estrogenic activity. This study wasoriginated to compare the effects onlactation of soybean meal, which re-portedly has a high estsogenic potency;with cottonseed meal, another proteinsupplement; and with a conventionaldairy concentrate.

The study involved 25 cows thatwere divided into 5 similar groups. Theration variables and the percentage ofTDN intake snpplied by each were:(A) alfalfa hay, 72, and concentrate,

30 ALABAMA AGRiCULTURAL EXPERiMENT STATION

28; (B) alfalfa hay, 71, and cotton-seed meal, 29; (C) alfalfa hay, 74, andsoybean meal, 26; (D) Johnsongrasshay, 68 and cottonseed meal, 32; and(E) Johnsongrass hay, 64, and soybeanmeal, 36. There was no increase inuteri weight of mice when fed alco-holic extracts from the concentrate mix-ture, soybean meal, alfalfa hay, or John-songrass hay. Cottonseed meal alonesupplied estrogenic activity equal to0.0042 rtg. of diethylstilbestrol per gin.of feed. It is surprising, therefore, thatthe concentrate mixture that included40 per cent cottonseed meal did notshow estrogenic activity. Persistencyof milk yield in per cent by dietarygroups was: (A) 103, (B) 92, (C)92, (D) 87, and (E) 84. Relation-ship between milk production responseto cottonseed and soybean meals wassimilar on both hays. However, pro-duction was less when these proteinsupplements were the only concentratethan when a concentrate mixture wasfed. Nutrients from cottonseed meal,the feed that showed the greatest estro-genic activity by the mice uteri assay,was similar to nutrients from soybeanmeal and somewhat inferior to nutri-ents from a concentrate mixture formilk production.

Sericea Supplemented with Urea forGrowing Calves. (George E. Hawkinsand K. M. Autrey) - Results of a pre-vious study showed cottonseed mealto be a good supplement to sericeahay for growing calves. Urea, a non-energy yielding compound, has beenused successfully to replace part ofthe protein in rations for ruminants.The study reported here was made toevaluate urea as protein replacementfor growing calves fed sericea hay.

Twelve healthy male calves, 28 daysof age, were assigned to three experi-mental rations as follows: (AH) al-falfa hay and concentrate, (SH) sericeahay and concentrate, and (SHU) se-ricea hay supplemented with 11.7 gms.

of urea per pound and concentrate.Feeding and managing the calves wassimilar to that followed during thestudy in which cottonseed meal wasused as the supplement, except thatthe concentrate allowance was 3 poundsinstead of 2 pounds daily.

During the period from 29 to 185days of age, the average daily weightgains, in pounds, by ration groupswere: (AH) 1.14, (SH) 0.93, and(SHU) 0.94. The concentrate supplieda relatively high percentage of the nu-trient intake of the calves prior to 185days of age. During the subsequentperiod, beginning with 186 and extend-ing to 800 days of age, the averagedaily gains of calves on all diets drop-ped. Only 1 pound of corn was feddaily during this period. The dailyrate of gains in pounds by dietarygroups were: (AH) 0.94, (SH) 0.58,and (SHU) 0.49. During the first andsecond periods, respectively, the TDNrequirements per pound of gain in bodyweight, in pounds, by ration groupswere: (AH) 2.8 and 5.2, (SH) 3.2and 7.7, and (SHU) 3.2 and 9.0.

Urea had no value as a protein sub-stitute for sericea hay when fed tocalves. Diet SH supplied from 59 to93 per cent of the recommended al-lowance of digestible protein and the"digestible protein equivalent" suppliedby diet SHU was 97 to 123 per cent ofthe recommended allowance. Consider-ing the shortage of digestible proteinin diet SH, a growth response was ex-pected on the urea supplemented seri-cea. The absence of a growth responseto urea supplementation suggests thatthe urea was not converted to aminoacids by rumen microorganisms.

Urea Supplementation of Sericea forMilking Dairy Cows. (George E. Haw-kins and K. M. Autrey.) - Fifteen dairycows fed the same ration for 2 weekswere selected for the experiment andassigned at random to the test rations.They had passed their peak in milk

ALABAMA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION30


production. The roughages fed were(AH) alfalfa hay, (SH) serciea hay,and (SHU) sericea hay plus urea. Inaddition, the cows were fed enoughof a 16 per cent protein concentratemixture to balance the ration for TDNintake. These rations are similar tothose fed to calves in a growth study.

During the experimental period, theaverage daily 4 per cent FCM yieldsin pounds by roughage groups were:(AH) 27.9, (SH) 22.7, and (SHU)22.5. Thus, urea had no beneficial ef-fect on milk production of cows fedsericea. Sericea was not a highly pro-ductive roughage when it supplied be-tween 40 and 60 per cent of the TDNintake. Statistical studies indicate thatenergy from sericea was not equal toto that from other feeds for milk pro-duction.

Digestibility studies made at the be-ginning and end of the feeding experi-ment revealed that the digestible pro-tein content varied between 4.34 and6.96 per cent. Hay with 4.34 per centdigestible protein was fed during theearly part of the feeding experiment.Hay with the low digestible proteincontent supplied insufficient digestibleprotein to maintain milk at the pre-experimental level of production.

Johnsongrass, Millet, and SudangrassPastures. (W. B. Kelley, L. A. Smith,and George E. Hawkins.) - This studywas conducted 28 days to characterizethe nutritive qualities of immatureJohnsongrass, Starr millet, and sweetsudangrass pastures for milking cows.Three similar groups of 6 cows eachwere assigned to the three pasturessupplying 4.25 acres of each forage.In addition to the pasture, the cowsreceived 1 pound of concentrate foreach 5 pounds of 4 per cent FCM.Digestibility of the forage was notmeasured. However, crude protein,ether extract, crude fiber, nitrogen-freeextract, cellulose, and ash contentswere determined and the results indi-

cated that all forages were high inquality. During the experiment, theaverage weekly 4 per cent FCM yieldsof the cows in pounds per pasturegroup were: Johnsongrass, 158.4; mil-let, 153.9; and Sudangrass, 160.8. Av-erage daily milk yields for cows turnedon Sudangrass increased during thefirst week, whereas those of cows onother pastures showed a decline. Cowson Sudangrass gained weight, whereasthose on Johnsongrass and millet lostweight. These weight changes indicatethat the nutrient intake of cows graz-ing Johnsongrass and millet was inade-quate. There was a sufficient amountof millet available, but the Johnson-grass pasture was short.

Freshly Clipped Johnsongrass, Starr Mil-let, and Sweet Sudangrass for MilkingCows. (George E. Hawkins.)-A studywas made to determine the nutritivequalities of Johnsongrass, Starr millet,and sweet Sudangrass for dairy cowsin production. All three grasses aremembers of the same grass family.

Three similar groups of 5 cows wereassigned to the experimental forages,which were in the pre-bloom to earlybloom stage of maturity at the begin-ning and in the milk to dough stageat the end of the experiment. AverageTDN and digestible protein contentsof the forages in per cent, dry matterbasis, were: Johnsongrass, 73 and13.2; millet, 63 and 10.4; and Sudan-grass, 58 and 11.4.

Daily milk production of cows inpounds by forage groups were: John-songrass, 26.0; millet, 24.0; and Sudan-grass, 26.3. Average daily changes inbody weight, in pounds, were: John-songrass, 2.7; millet, -0.1; and Sudan-grass, 1.4. Differences in milk produc-tion and in changes in body weightbetween roughage groups were relatedto the amount of forage eaten. Utiliza-tion of nutrients consumed was similarfor all roughage groups.



Comparison of Freshly Cut Alfalfa, Oats,Crimson Clover, and Subterranean Cloverfor Dairy Cows. (George E. Hawkins.)- This experiment, to determine rela-tionship between estrogenic potency ofthe forage and milk production, in-volved 15 dairy cows. The experi-mental rations follow: (A) alfalfa hay,(B) green alfalfa plus alfalfa hay, (C)green oat forage plus alfalfa hay, (D)green crimson clover plus alfalfa hay,and (E) green subterranean clover plusalfalfa hay. Cows in groups B, C, D,and E received 50 per cent as muchhay as they ate before the experimentplus 50 pounds of green forage. Inaddition, each cow in all groups wasfed 4 pounds of ground shelled corndaily.

The TDN and digestible protein con-tents of the experimental roughage inper cent on dry matter basis were: al-falfa hay, 60 and 10.0; green alfalfa,67 and 20.5; green oats, 71 and 9.0;green crimson clover, 72 and 14.0; andgreen subterranean clover, 59 and 13.8.

Estrogenic potency of the forageswas measured by the mouse uterus as-say by adding alcoholic extracts of theforages to a basal diet with low estro-genic potency. Weights of uteri, inmg., from mice fed the experimentalforages were: alfalfa hay, 6.1; greenalfalfa, 11.5; green oats, 8.6; greencrimson clover, 8.9; and green subter-ranean clover, 13.1. Uteri weights frommice fed the basal diet and the basaldiet supplemented with 0.04 [g. ofdiethylstilbestrol per gm. of diet were3.5 and 22.1 mg. respectively.

Persistency of milk production, inper cent, on the five rations was: (A)100, (B) 116, (C) 121, (D) 105,and (E) 103. There was no consistentrelationship between the estrogenic po-tency of the forages and the persist-ency of milk yield.

Tracy Sorghum Silage and JohnsongrassHay for Dairy Cows. (W. B. Kelley, L.A. Smith, and George E. Hawkins.) -

An experiment with 24 milking cowswas done to evaluate Johnsongrass hayand Tracy sorghum as roughages fordairy cows. The rations tested were:(A) alfalfa hay, (B) Johnsongrass hayand Tracy sorghum silage, and (C)Johnsongrass hay. Concentrates werefed at the rate of 1 pound to each 8pounds of milk produced.

The TDN and digestible protein con-tents of the forages in per cent ondry matter basis were: alfalfa, 58 and14.9; Johnsongrass, 65 and 7.4; andTracy sorghum, 46 and 0, respectively.The intakes of hay or hay equivalentin pounds per 100 pounds of bodyweight by roughage groups were: (A)2.55, (B) 2.16, and (C) 2.34.

Average daily milk production inpounds by forage groups were: (A)27.6, (B) 25.8, and (C) 26.8. Ra-tion B apparently supplied an inade-quate amount of digestible protein.

Effect of Feeding Low Levels of Diethyl-stilbesterol on Established Lactation inDairy Cows. (George E. Hawkins andK. M. Autrey.) - Milk production of-ten increases when cows are changedfrom barn feeding to grazing. It hasbeen suggested that the lactation-stim-ulating qualities of young pastures maybe related to their estrogen content.Diethylstilbesterol, a synthetic com-pound, has estrogenic activity. Thisstudy was designed to determine theresponse of milking cows to low levelsof diethylstilbesterol in the ration.

Fifteen dairy cows were standardizedon alfalfa hay and concentrate withlow estrogenic potency. At the begin-ning of the 28-day experiment, thecows were divided into three similargroups. Each group received the samefeeds as during the standardizationperiod. The amounts of diethylstilbes-terol added per pound of feed for thethree groups were: (A) none, (B)0.068 pg., and (C) 8.40 [tg. Theselevels provided estrogenic activity


within the range of that normally foundin green forages.

There were no differences amongthe groups in level of milk producednor in percentage of non-fat solids inmilk. Body weight changes and useof available TDN by the cows weresimilar for all groups. These resultsindicate that increases in milk produc-tion when cows are changed from dryfeed to pasture are not related to theestrogenic activity of the feeds.

Rabbit as a Pilot Animal in Sericea Im-provement. (George E. Hawkins.) -Aconsistent relationship between digesti-bility of crude protein in lawn clippingsby rabbits and steers has been reported.Consequently the rabbit appeared tobe the logical pilot animal in a sericeabreeding program having the objectiveof improving digestibility of the nu-trients in sericea. To determine whetherthe rabbit may be used as the pilot ani-mal for this work, a study was made tocompare steers and rabbits in abilityto digest the nutrients of sericea and ofalfalfa.

There was no consistency in appar-ent digestion coefficients of steers andrabbits when alfalfa, and first and sec-ond cuttings of sericea were considered.However, rabbits digested about halfas much crude protein and a third asmuch crude fiber and cellulose in se-ricea as did the steers. When digesti-bility of dry matter was used as a co-variable, the relationship between steer

and rabbit digestion coefficients forcrude protein were similar for all thehays studied. It appears that the rab-bit may be used as a pilot animal inassessing the relative digestibility ofcrude protein of sericea.

Nutritive Characteristics of Several In-bred Lines of Sericea as Measured by Rab-bits. (George E. Hawkins and E. D.Donnelly.)- Nutritive qualities of for-age from 31 inbred lines of sericeathat had been studied in the field forstem type and leafiness were evaluatedby digestion trials with rabbits. Meanintakes of dry matter of diets contain-ing 45 per cent of these lines variedfrom 3388.4 to 51.6 gm. per rabbit perday, which differences were significant.

Digestibility of dry matter in thediets ranged from 39.2 to 58.5 percent. Percentage digestibility of pro-tein in the sericea lines showed a widerange. The number of lines within

given ranges were: (a) I over 60,(b) 5 between 51 and 60, (c) 14 be-tween 41 and 50, (d) 6 between 31and 40, (e) 8 between 21 and 80,and (f) 2 less than 20. Relationshipbetween digestibility of dry matter bycattle and rabbits was inconsistent;however, the relationship between di-gestibility of protein by these animalspecies was consistent. Thus, these datasuggest that it is possible to developa new strain in which the digestibleprotein content would be higher thanin present commercial strains.

FORESTRY

Intensive Woodlot Management in theAlabama Piedmont. (G. I. Garin.) -Higher stumpage prices paid woodlot

owners during the last decade have in-creased the value of farm woodlots.By application of management prac-tices, the growing stock can be manipu-lated to increase returns from a wood-

lot. Pine stumpage brings a better pricesince it is in greater demand than hard-wood stumpage. Therefore, woodlots

should be managed with the view ofgrowing as much pine as feasible.

An experiment forest located inCoosa County is typical of woodlotconditions in the Piedmont region of



Alabama. The topography is steep andpines are found on the tops of thehills, while hardwoods are predomin-ant in the narrow bottoms near smallstreams. Between these extremes, amixed pine-hardwood stand is foundon the slopes. A study was made com-paring diameter-limit cut with a cutleaving the best trees as growing stock.One-half of the study area was cut toa 9-inch diameter limit and the otherhalf was marked before it was logged.Shortleaf pine was heavily infected withlittleleaf disease. This species wasmarked for a heavy cut. Eighty percent of the pine stand was removedon marked areas. Hardwoods in the9-inch diameter class and larger werecut only if they were merchantable. Thecut left considerably more hardwoodthan was anticipated.

After 5 years an inventory was madeof trees in the 9-inch diameter classand larger. Results show that in thepine type, cut to a diameter limit, in-growth of pine was considerable. Thepine component of the stand was re-duced from 73 per cent before cuttingto 54 per cent 5 years later. Wherepines were marked for cutting, theyconstituted 70 per cent of the standbefore it was cut and 60 per cent 5years later. Cutting to a diameter limitis less desirable for maintaining thepine component than leaving healthypine trees in a marked stand. If thearea marked had not been affected bylittleleaf disease, the results would havefavored this method even more in com-parison to cutting to a diameter limit.

Cutting to a diameter limit and cut-ting marked trees in a mixed stand pro-duced the same results. In both cases,the pine component was reduced byabout 8 per cent, 5 years after cutting.It was initially reduced from 40 percent to 32 per cent on an average.

Method of cutting in the hardwoodtype produced the same results. Thepine component was, however, reducedby 17 per cent. The proportion of pine

in the hardwood type, which was only23 per cent before it was cut, was re-duced to 6 per cent. In the hard-

wood type, management practices wouldhave to be oriented toward growingthe better hardwoods. This portion ofthe woodlot can be best utilized bystriving to grow a stand of hardwoodscomposed of species well adapted tothe site. Good hardwood species grownto optimum merchantable size will pro-duce good returns if they are of goodquality.

All-Aged Management by the SelectionSystem. (H. E. Christen.) - Duringthe 5-year period, 1952-56, the saw-timber growth on a 2.1-acre tract ofthe Auburn management area totaled2,868 board feet, International 4-inchscale. Each acre produced 1,866 boardfeet during the period or a growth of273 board feet annually. This growthwas added to a residual stand that av-eraged 4,574 board feet per acre dur-ing the period. On the basis of thisresidual stand, rate of growth was 6per cent.

Mortality for the period on this in-tensively managed area accounted forloss of 45 trees or 21.4 trees per acre.Most of the trees that died were inthe merchantable size classes, thus in-dicating that generally mortality canbe kept very low on intensively man-aged areas.

Although periodic annual growth onthe area appears to be adequate,growth per cent earned on the growingstock is high and mortality is low, thereis a very noticeable lack of repro-duction in the openings made by theharvest cuts. Future plans call for try-ing direct seeding in the openings inan effort to obtain adequate reproduc-tion.

Corner-Joints in Wood. (D. B. Rich-ards.) - Glued comer-joints with longi-tudinal axis of all members lying inone plane have been studied. Twobending tests have been developed, one



that loads the inner corner of such ajoint in tension and another that loadsthe inner corner in compression. Ap-propriate mathematical analysis allowsa modulus of rupture to be calculatedfor such joints.

Of the joints tested, two showed con-siderable promise: (1) a multiple mor-tise and tenon joint that had in eachmember multiple parallel faced tonguesabout 1/8-inch thick separated by similargrooves, the tongues of one memberbeing glued into the matching groovesof the other; (2) a wedge-tongue jointthat had in each member multiplewedge-shaped tongues separated bywedge shaped grooves, the tips of thetongues being cut at a miter angle toeach member and the tongues of onemember being glued into the matchinggrooves of the other member.

The multiple mortise and tenon jointis difficult to assemble in pieces widerthan 3 inches. The wedge-tongue jointmust be cut with a special cutterheadand requires careful clamping tech-niques during assembly and cure. Withmembers between 21/ and 8 incheswide, these joints yield modulus of rup-ture values that average between 5,500and 9,000 pounds per square inch insouthern pine lumber. These valuesindicate that about 50 per cent of thebending strength of the wood is beingdeveloped at the joint.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics ofLoblolly Pine Seedlings Associated WithDrought Resistance. (A. R. Gilmore.) -The objective of this study was to de-termine whether transpiration or ac-cumulation of various nutrient elementsin different parts of a loblolly pineseedling could be correlated with theability of the seedling to survive underextremely dry conditions.

The transpiration study showed thatthe more drought-resistant seedlingshad a more efficient transpirational ap-paratus than the less drought-resistantseedlings. It appeared that the more

drought-resistant seedlings could ab-sorb water almost as fast as they lostwater even when the soil was at alow moisture content.

The amounts of nitrogen, potassium,phosphorus, thiamine (Vitamin B1 ), re-ducing sugars, or sucrose in the plantwere not found to be correlated withdrought resistance. The total carbo-hydrate content and the calcium con-tent of the roots appeared to be asso-ciated with drought resistance. Rootsof the more drought-resistant seedlingscontained higher concentrations ofboth total carbohydrate and calcium.

These results suggest the possibilityof developing laboratory tests to de-termine inherent drought resistance ofseedlings.

Evaluation of Site Quality for LongleafPine Using Aerial Photographic Evidence.(E. W. Johnson.)- The quality of thesite, using the site index for longleafpine, was determined on 59 sampleplots in the pine hills area of thelower coastal plain of southern Ala-bama and northwestern Florida. Aseries of independent variables, chosenbecause of their possible relationshipwith site index and the fact that theycould be evaluated on aerial photo-graphs, were related to site index by

both graphical and mathematical curve-fitting techniques. Of these variablesonly average tree height, per cent slope,

and number of trees per acre werefound to have value for prediction pur-poses. The multiple correlation coeffi-cent was 0,598, indicating that theprediction equation was not very effec-tive. The substitution of photogram-metrically determined values wouldprobably reduce this value even more.

Attempts to use topographic classesas guides to site quality also yieldednegative results.

One major conclusion resulted fromthis study. In this area it is very dif-ficult, if not impossible, to evaluatethe site index for longleaf pine fromaerial photographic evidence.



Effects of Certain Prescribed Fire Treat-ments and Hardwood Removal by Poison-ing on Soil and Seedbed Properties in theLoblolly-Shortleaf Pine Type. (Earl J.Hodgkins.) - The study involved test-ing two burning treatments and a hard-wood poisoning treatment for effectson soil, forest floor, and vegetationproperties at the Fayette ExperimentForest. Burning treatments consistedof August burning in 1951 and in 1954,and January burning in 1952 and in1955. The hardwood poisoning treat-ment consisted of killing with ammo-nium sulfamate an average of 6.23square feet of basal area per acre inhardwoods over 3 inches in diameterbreast high.

The 1951-52 burnings, having 10years of fuel accumulation, were hot-ter and caused greater changes thanthe 1954-55 repeat burnings. The Au-gust burnings reduced the forest floormore than the January burnings, andthe second August burnings left a dan-gerously thin residual floor on someplots. However, normal autumn leaffall apparently soon gave adequate pro-tection to the mineral topsoil againstdamage from raindrop impact. Gen-erally the loss of nitrogen, potassium,calcium, and phosphorus from the for-est floor was in direct proportion toloss of the forest floor itself.

Burning raised the pH of the top 8inches of mineral soil and added morepotassium and calcium to it than theforest floor had lost. The gains were

presumed to have come from live vege-tation killed by the fires. Availablephosphate was increased, but only therepeat burnings appeared to have con-tributed the additions. Because thesoils were extremely low in availablephosphate, it was deduced that rootshad absorbed additions made availableby the 1951-52 burnings during theinterval between the burnings and the

measurements in 1953-54. Burningcaused no change in total soil nitrogen,in soil organic matter, in soil infiltra-tion rates, and in total porosity, macro-porosity, and microporosity of the top8 inches of mineral soil.

Legumes, composites, and euphorbsincreased in density of cover in thefirst growing season after burning, butresumed normal growth thereafter. Bymiddle of the third growing season,shrubs and vines increased, with Jan-uary burning showing more increasethan August burning. Hardwood cover6 feet high and less was reduced byburning, but it was back to normal inthe third growing season. Only Au-gust burning significantly reduced thecover of all vegetation more than 6feet high. Grass cover may have beenreduced the first season after burning,but subsequently it varied inverselywith the total cover of trees, shrubs,and vines.

The only effect of hardwood poison-ing seemed to be an increase of soilnitrogen and organic matter on ridges.

HORTICULTURE

Studies of Fertilizers, Organic Materials,and Culture for Vegetable Crops: (1) EF-

FECT OF SOIL TYPE AND OF RATES OFFERTILIZER, MANURES, AND LIME ONYIELD OF CARROTS. (L. M. Ware andW. A. Johnson.)-Yields over a 4-

year period show no great differencebetween response of carrots to fertilizer

or organic treatments on light andheavy soils. On Chesterfield loamy sandsoil with 2,000 pounds of a complete

fertilizer (6-8-8), yields were increasedfrom 15,302 to 22,119 to 28,906pounds per acre as rate of manure was

increased from 0 to 12 to 24 tons peracre. On a Cecil clay soil, correspond-

66thand67thANNAL RPORS 3

ing yields were 15,509, 21,640, and27,207 pounds per acre.

On the Chesterfield soil with 2,000pounds of fertilizer and 24 tons ofmanure, yields were 28,906, 32,985,and 32,175 pounds from use of 0, 1,and 2 tons of limestone per acre, re-spectively. Corresponding yields on theCecil soil were 27,207, 28,747, and30,336 pounds per acre.

No increase in yield resulted fromincreasing the fertilizer rate from 2,000to 8,000 pounds per acre.

(2) EFFECTS OF SOIL TYPE AND

RATES OF FERTILIZER, MANURE, AND

LIME ON YIELD OF SPINACH. (L. M.

Ware and W. A. Johnson.)-With2,000 pounds of fertilizer (6-8-4) peracre, yields of spinach over a 4-yearperiod were increased from 2,923 to6,189 to 10,243 pounds per acre ona Chesterfield loamy sand as the rateof manure was increased from 0 to 12to 24 tons per acre. On a Cecil claysoil, corresponding increases were from1,747 to 5,808 to 8,232 pounds peracre.

On the Chesterfield soil with 2,000pounds of fertilizer and 12 tons ofmanure, 1 ton of limestone increasedyield from 6,139 to 7,661 pounds; onthe Cecil clay soil, I ton of lime in-creased yields from 5,808 to 9,033pounds per acre. With 2,000 poundsof fertilizer and 24 tons of manure ap-plied to the Chesterfield soil, yieldswere 10,243 pounds without lime and10,987 with 2 tons of lime; correspond-ing yields on the Cecil clay soil were8,232 without lime and 11,074 poundsper acre with lime.

Yields were not increased from appli-cations of fertilizer above 2,000 poundsper acre.

(3) EFFECT OF SOIL TYPE AND RATES

OF FERTILIZER, MANURE, AND LIME ON

YIELD OF BEETS. (L. M. Ware and W.A. Johnson.) - Beets gave a decidedlyhigher yield on a Cecil clay soil than

on a Chesterfield loamy sand from cor-responding treatments.

With 2,000 pounds of fertilizer (6-8-4) per acre, yields over a 4-year per-iod on the Chesterfield soil were in-creased from 4,569 to 9,355 to 16,954pounds per acre and on the Cecil soilfrom 13,420 to 19,195 to 25,042pounds as the rate of manure increasedfrom 0 to 12 to 24 tons per acre.

One ton of limestone increased theyield on the Chesterfield soil from 9,355

to 10,939 pounds, but on the Cecilsoil from 19,195 to 24,802 pounds peracre where 12 tonsof manure per acrehad been added. With 24 tons of ma-nure, 1 ton of limestone increasedyields on the Chesterfield from 16,954to 18,356 pounds per acre and on theCecil soil from 25,042 to 31,013 poundsper acre.

On the Chesterfield soil, after 2,000pounds of fertilizer and 12 tons of ma-nure had been added, an additional12 tons of manure increased yields7,599 pounds, while an addition of 1ton of limestone instead of the 12 tonsof manure increased yields 1,584pounds. On the Cecil soil, the cor-responding yield increase from the 12tons of manure was 5,847 and from thelimestone 5,607 pounds per acre.

(4) VALUE OF ORGANIC MATERIALS

FOR ONIONS AT DIFFERENT FERTILIZER

RATES. (L. M. Ware and W. A. John-son.) - Yields of green onions in 1956without manure were increased from9,766 to 12,378 pounds per acre asthe rate of fertilizer (6-8-8), was in-creased from 1,000 to 2,000 pounds peracre. After 2,000 pounds of fertilizerper acre was added, yields were in-creased none by 1,000 pounds of extrafertilizer, but increased 5,632 poundsby 4 tons per acre of diy sericea,10,841 pounds by 20 tons of sawdust,15,014 pounds by 24 tons of manure,and 20,275 pounds by 24 tons manureplus 20 tons of sawdust.

Organic material had been added

66th and 67th ANNUAL'REPORTS 37'


2 years prior to the onion crop andtwo intervening crops had been grownwithout further addition.

(5) EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND OR-

GANIC MATERIALS ON RESPONSE OF PO-

TATOES TO FERTILIZERRATESIN YEARS

OF HIGH AND LOW RAINFALL. (L. M.Ware and W. A. Johnson).- In 1955,a year of favorable rainfall, increasingthe rate of fertilizer (6-10-7) from 800to 1,600 and from 1,600 to 2,400pounds per acre resulted in yield in-creases of No. 1 potatoes of 84 and67 bushels per acre with no organicmatter and no irrigation added. Cor-responding increases were 87 and 40bushels where organic but no irrigationwas added, 17 and 79 bushels whereirrigation but no organic was added,and 154 and 87 bushels where bothirrigation and organic materials wereadded.

In 1956, with low rainfall during thelarger part of the growing season, thesame increases in fertilizer rates re-suited in yield increases of No. 1 po-tatoes of 8 and -5 bushels withoutorganic materials and irrigation added;of -7 and 10 bushels with organic ma-terial but no irrigation added; of 102and 28 bushels with irrigation but noorganic material added; and of 90 and80 bushels with both organic materialsand irrigation added.

Spacing was 12 inches and size ofseed piece was 1Y2 ounces in all com-parisons. Yields in 1955 were fromnew growth after plants were killed bya freeze.

(6) EFFECT OF SIZE OF SEED PIECE

ON YIELD OF POTATOES AFTER KILLING

OF ToPs BY COLD AS INFLUENCED BY

FERTILIZER RATE, ORGANIC MATERIAL,

AND IRRIGATION. (L. M. Ware and W.A. Johnson.) - Tops of potatoes werekilled in 1955 after they were abouttwo-thirds grown. With no irrigationand no organic materials, yields of No.1 potatoes were increased 30, 29, and112 bushels per acre from seed pieces

of 3/4 to 1% ounces when supplied with800, 1,600, and 2,400 pounds of fer-tilizer (6-10-7), per acre, respectively.With 2,400 pounds of fertilizer, thelarger seed pieces gave increased yieldof 158 bushels with organic materi-als added; 89 bushels with irrigationadded; and 146 bushels with both ir-rigation and organic materials added.With 2,400 pounds of fertilizer and1 z-ounce pieces, yields were 202 bush-els with organic materials added; 187bushels with irrigation added; and 396bushels with both added.

(7) YIELD OF TOMATOES AS AF-

FECTED BY FERTILIZERRATE, ORGANIC

MATERIALS, AND IRRIGATION. (L. M.Ware and W. A. Johnson.)- The 2-year average yield of marketable toma-toes on soil receiving no treatment was1,361 pounds per acre. One-thousandpounds of fertilizer (8-10-7) per acreincreased yields to 24,571; addition of12 tons of manure increased yields to

42,852, while further addition of irriga-tion increased yields to 49,257 poundsper acre.

Addition of 1,000 pounds of ferti-lizer, 12 tons of manure, and vetchgave a yield of 40,651 pounds peracre. Addition of irrigation increasedyields to 55,458 pounds; increasing thefertilizer rate to 1,500 pounds per acreincreased yields to 56,198 pounds; andincreasing the fertilizer rate to 2,000pounds increased yields to 59,586pounds per acre.

Total yields in 1956 from 2,000pounds of fertilizer and 12 tons of ma-nure per acre in addition to irriga-tion and vetch was 83,803 pounds peracre.

(8) YIELD OF PIMENTO PEPPERS ASAFFECTED BY FERTILIZER RATE, OR-

GANIC MATERIALS, AND IRRIGATION.

(L. M. Ware and W. A. Johnson.) -The 3-year average yield of marketablepimento peppers from 600 pounds peracre of a base application of complete



fertilizer (4-10-7) was 5,782 poundsper acre without irrigation and 10,578pounds with irrigation. Increasing thefertilizer rate to 1,200 pounds increasedyields to 5,938 pounds without irriga-tion and to 12,966 pounds with irriga-tion.

Application of 1,200 pounds of fer-tilizer plus a side application of 64pounds of nitrogen gave a yield of9,324 pounds per acre without irriga-tion and 16,759 pounds with irrigation.Increasing the base application of com-plete fertilizer to 1,800 or to 2,400pounds and increasing the side applica-tion of nitrogen to 96 pounds did notincrease yield of marketable pimentos.

Yields of marketable pimento pep-pers from application of 1,200 poundsof complete fertilizer, plus side applica-tion of 96 pounds of nitrogen, plus 18tons per acre of manure were 7,870pounds without irrigation and 19,967pounds with irrigation.

(9) EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON NI-TRATE LEVELS IN SOILS RECEIVING DIF-FERENT FERTILIZER RATES AND OR-GANIC MATERIALS. (L. M. Ware andW. A. Johnson.) - Irrigation has fre-quently been found to lower nitratecontent of soil. This could either becaused by increased uptake of nitratesfrom irrigated crops or to leaching ofnitrate by irrigation. The 2-year aver-age nitrate (NO 3 ) content in the soilduring the tomato-growing season un-der nonirrigated and irrigated condi-tions for otherwise identical treatmentswere as follows: (a) with 1,000 poundsof fertilizer (8-10-7) - without irriga-tion, 45 p.p.m., with irrigation, 81p.p.m.; (b) with 1,000 pounds of ferti-lizer plus 12 tons manure - without ir-rigation, 88 p.p.m., with irrigation, 58p.p.m.; (c) with 1,000 pounds of fer-tilizer plus 12 tons manure plus vetch- without irrigation, 181 p.p.m., withirrigation, 84 p.p.m.

During the latter part of the grow-ing season of fall-grown green onionson November 3, 1955 the amounts of

nitrates found in the soil were as fol-lows: (a) with 1,000 pounds of fer-tilizer (8-10-7) - without irrigation,96 p.p.m., with irrigation, 86 p.p.m.;(b) with 1,000 pounds of fertilizerplus manure - without irrigation, 182p.p.m., with irrigation, 28 p.p.m.; (c)with 1,000 pounds of fertilizer plusspring-turned vetch - without irriga-tion, 117 p.p.m., with irrigation, 19p.p.m.

(10) IMMEDIATE AND RESIDUAL EF-FECTS OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC MATERI-

ALS OF YIELD OF FALL TURNIPS ON

LIGHT AND HEAVY SOILS. (L. M. Wareand W. A. Johnson.) - Earlier studiesshowed little effect on yield from ap-plications of organic materials for thefirst year, but indicated an increasedeffect in later years. In studies withdifferent kinds of organic materials,fall-grown turnips following summer-turned crotalaria on a loamy sod showeda loss in yield the first year of 2,496pounds per acre, but gave an increaseof 15,916 pounds the second year and11,232 pounds the third year. On aheavy clay soil, the crotalaria gave anincrease in yield of 5,703 pounds peracre the first year, 12,481 pounds thesecond year, and 25,824 pounds thethird year.

Vetch grown and turned with anintervening summer crop resulted in aloss of 8,822 pounds per acre in fallturnip yield the first year, but gavea gain of 23,788 pounds the secondyear and of 18,144 the third year onthe light soil. On the heavy soil thistreatment increased yield 5,991 poundsthe first year, 19,546 the second year,and 21,120 pounds the third year.

(11) EFFECT OF LONG CONTINUEDAPPLICATIONS OF ORGANIC MATERIALS

ON ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT OF THE

SOIL. (W. A. Johnson and L. M. Ware.)- On a Chesterfield sandy loam soillow in organic matter, the organic con-tent has been measurably increased byannual additions of organic materials



over a long period of time. In plots re-ceiving only residues from horticulturalcrops from 1940 through 1955, the or-ganic matter content of the first 6inches of soil was increased from 0.72per cent to 1.04 per cent in the 15-year period. For the same period oftime the organic matter content of thesoil increased from 0.74 to 1.86 percent where a crop of vetch was turned,from 0.77 to 1.58 per cent where ryewas turned, from 0.81 to 2.86 per centwhere 12 tons of manure was added,and from 0.81 to 2.92 per cent where12 tons of manure was added and acrop of vetch was turned.

(12) EFFECT OF RATES OF FERTI-LIZER AND EXTRA NITROGEN AS SIDEAPPLICATIONS ON POTASH CONTENT OF

POTATOES. (W. A. Johnson and L. M.Ware).- When potatoes were supplied1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 pounds peracre of 6-8-8 grade fertilizer at plant-ing time, the potash content was 0.49,0.46, and 0.46 per cent for the tuberand 0.84, 0.82, and 0.42 per cent forthe plant, respectively. When 1,000pounds per acre of 6-8-8 grade ferti-lizer was applied at planting plus 1,000pounds per acre applied as a side ap-plication 1 month later the percentagesof potash were 0.49 for the tubers and0.86 for the plants. However, when1,000 pounds of 6-8-8 was applied atplanting time and 60 pounds of N peracre applied I month later, the percent-age of potash was 0.82 for the tubersand 0.15 for the plants. The foliage onplants receiving the last treatmentshowed severe potash deficiency symp-toms; yield was also very low.

Chemical Weed Control in Strawberries.(R. L. Livingston, C. C. Carlton, JackL. Turner, and T. B. Hagler.) - Inweed control studies with Klonmorestrawberries at the Chilton Area Horti-culture Substation, a mixture contain-ing 2 pounds each of, Sesone (CragHerbicide-I) and Chloro-IPC per acre

was more effective in reducing weedpopulation than either chemical appliedalone. Reductions in weed counts fol-lowing spring, summer, and fall appli-cations were 81, 58, and 98 per cent,respectively. Summer applications ofall chemicals were less effective in con-trolling weeds. Best control was ob-tained when chemicals were appliedfollowing cultivation and irrigation.

Rates of Zinc and Calcium for Pecans.(T. B. Hagler, W. A. Johnson, and JohnI. Wear.)-Stuart pecans grown ingreenhouses were supplied with com-binations of low, medium, and highrates of zinc and calcium. Rates of zincand calcium were 0.1, 1, and 10 p.p.m.and 1, 4, and 16 m.e. per liter of dilutesolution, respectively. Best plant growthoccurred at high calcium and high zinclevels. Increasing zinc from 0.1 to 10p.p.m, increased growth of plants from115 to 187 inches. Rates of calcium hadno effect on growth except at the highzinc level where growth increased from112 to 155 inches when calcium con-centration in solution was increasedfrom 1 to 16 m.e. per liter.

Calcium content of leaves increasedfrom 25 to 49 m.e. per 100 gm. dryweight when calcium was increasedfrom 1 to 16 m.e. per liter of dilutesolution. Increasing zinc in solution hadno effect on the calcium content ofleaves.

The zinc content of leaves increasedfrom 87 to 855 p.p.m. when zinc wasincreased from 0.1 to 10 p.p.m. in so-lution. Zinc contents for low, medium,and high levels of calcium were 182,226, and 184 p.p.m., respectively.

Increasing levels of calcium or zincdid not increase the pH of the nutrientsolutions.

Rates and Sources of Nitrogen for Straw-berries. (T. B. Hagler.)- The yield ofstrawberries, when 96 pounds of Nwas applied per acre, varied from 1,776quarts per acre with nitrate of soda to



8,280, 2,704, 2,800, and 8,120 quartsper acre with ammonium nitrate, urea(Nugreen), Uramite, and cottonseedmeal, respectively. With foliar applica-tions of urea at the same rate of N peracre, the yield was 4,192 quarts peracre. When the rate was increased to128 pounds of N per acre, yields inquarts per acre from the various sourcesof nitrogen were: Nitrate of soda,2,704; ammonium nitrate, 2,816; ureato soil, 2,080; urea spray, 4,128; Ura-mite, 2,768; and cottonseed meal,8,728. Increasing the rates of Uramiteand urea sprays from 128 to 160pounds N per acre resulted in increasedyield from 2,768 to 4,060 quarts peracre for Uramite and from 4,128 to4,804 quarts per acre for foliar sprayscontaining urea. Increasing rates of Nto 160 pounds per acre from othersources did not increase berry yield.

Development and Refinement of Proces-ses for Making Selected Products fromHorticultural Crops: (1) FREEZE PRES-SING BLACKBERRIES. (Hubert Harris.)- A study was made of freeze pressingblackberries. The purpose was to de-velop a method of extracting concen-trated juice for use in making jelly bythe freeze concentration process. Ahighly satisfactory method was devel-oped that involves use of standard rack-and-cloth juice press. With original sol-uble solids in the berries ranging from7.5 to 10 per cent, it was not difficultto regulate pressing conditions to yielda juice with approximately 12 per centsoluble solids, the amount needed forjelly making. Compared to conven-tional single strength pressing, thefreeze pressing resulted in better juiceflow, better clarification of juice, andless sticking of press cake to cloths.However, to obtain these results it wasnecessary to partially defrost the ber-ries, grind or crush them, and adjustthe temperature within the range of29.5 to 80' F. before pressing. The icein the juice aided greatly in regulating

the temperature within this narrowrange.

The basic studies were made witha 50-pound capacity laboratory press.The method was then tested in a com-mercial press of 400-pound capacity.Results in the commercial press werepractically the same as those obtainedwith the laboratory press.

(2) IMPROVED METHOD OF PEELINGSWEETPOTATOES. (Hubert Harris andJ. M. Barber.)- Losses from peelingand trimming sweetpotatoes in com-mercial plants may range from less than15 per cent to more than 50 per cent.Improper regulations of the depth ofpeel may cause these losses to be un-duly heavy.

Studies were made to determine themost suitable depth to peel differentgrades of sweetpotatoes from the stand-point of labor required, trimming loss,and quality of finished product. Im-proved peeling techniques were usedto obtain better control of depth of peeland to reduce the amount of discolora-tion from peeling.

In peeling with high pressure steam,better color in canned sweetpotatoeswas obtained by peeling to the phloemtissue. However, the quality of sweet-potato puree was not lowered by re-moving only the cork tissue and leav-ing the pericyclic layer intact. This peel

required extra trimming; but, by peel-ing deep enough to remove part of thepericycle layer and following with agood brush-wash treatment, the trim-ming time was about the same as withdeeper peels.

By pre-washing the potatoes, flash-ing the pressure to 90 p.s.i. saturatedsteam, holding for 45 to 60 seconds,exhausting rapidly, and cooling im-mediately, the potatoes were peeled sat-isfactorily and uniformly to the phloemtissue. Trimmed recoveries in replicatedtests on different grades of the Early-port variety were 84 per cent for 1 Y4to 2 inches, 87 per cent for 2 to 23inches, 89 per cent for 23 to 83 inches,



92 per cent for 833/4 to 5 inches, and 89per cent for field run. Percentage of re-coveries on these grades with 80 sec-onds peeling time were 91, 92.5, 96,97.5, and 96 per cent, respectively.

(3) QUALITY STUDY OF SWEETPO-TATO VARIETIES. (Hubert Harris.) - In1955 and 1956, a number of promisingvarieties and selections of sweetpotatoeswere tested for total solids and forbaking qualities. House-cured No. 1

potatoes were used. Representativesamples were obtained by taking a fewpotatoes from each of several crates.Total solids were determined by thevaccum oven method. Samples werebaked in a gas-heated oven and ratedby a panel of judges.

Of 17 varieties tested in 1955, totalsolids ranged from 21.4 per cent for theCopper Skin Goldrush to more than 82per cent for Red Porto Rico, Porto Rico,and Earlyport. Red Porto Rico andB-45-70 scored highest on general ap-pearance for baking. On color of thebaked products, the Allgold, Goldrush,Earlyport, B-45-70, and HM-40 vari-eties ranked second. Porto Rico, RedPorto Rico, Earlyport, and B-45-70 va-rieties received high flavor scores. TheEarlyport rated highest on the basis ofall qualities.

Twenty varieties were tested in1956. Total solids ranged from 21 percent for Oklahoma 51 to 81 per centfor Porto Rico and G-52-15-1. In gen-eral baking qualities, G-52-15-1, Early-port, Allgold, Oklahoma 55, and P-81were outstanding among the other va-rieties. Goldrush scored very high incolor, but it was slightly lower than theother varieties in flavor, considerablylower in total solids, and considerablyhigher in shrinkage from baking.

(4) QUALITY OF IRISH POTATO CHIPSFROM DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND STOR-

AGE TREATMENTS. (Hubert Harris andR. L. Spigner.) - Eight varieties ofIrish potatoes stored by four differentmethods were tested for chip quality.

Varieties were Pontiac, Triumph, RedLasoda, Lasoda, Kennebec, SebagoCobbler, and Katahdin. Each varietywas tested for chips when dug and af-ter 51 days in storage at room tempera-ture, 55-59°F and 40-45'F.

The yield of chips was not consis-tently high for any single variety forall storage treatments. Storage at 55-59°F or 40-45°F increased chips yieldsof all varieties as compared to no stor-age or room temperature storage.

Chip samples from all varieties weresatisfactory in color and flavor in thecase of the no storage and room tem-perature storage. Chips of the Kennebecand Katahdin varieties rated highest,while those of Triumph rated lowest.In general, room temperature storageresulted in a small improvement incolor over the no-storage treatment.

Storage at 55-59 0F and at 40-45 0Fresulted in marked decreases in colorand flavor ratings of the chip samplesof all varieties. These decreases weregreater in the case of the lower storagetemperature.

Effect of Irrigation at Different Mini-mum Levels of Soil Moisture and of Im-posed Droughts on Yield of Selected Vege-table Crops: (1) GREEN ONIONS. (S. T.Jones and W. A. Johnson.) - Irrigatingat 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 atmospheres ten-sion produced total yields of 23,478,16,997, and 6,720 pounds of greenonions per acre, respectively. The cor-responding marketable yields were 20,-435, and 13,705, and 2,812 pounds peracre. Tensions of 0.8, 0.6, and 1.2 at-mospheres correspond to 80, 60, and40 per cent available moisture, respec-tively. Onions subjected to drought pe-riods of 2, 4, and 6 weeks durationproduced averages of 76, 58, and 89per cent of the total yield and 73, 47,and 27 per cent of the marketable yieldof the highest yielding treatment.Droughts imposed early in the seasonwere not as severe in effects as droughtsimposed later.


43

(2) POTATOES. (S. T. Jones and W.A. Johnson.) - Potatoes were irrigatedat maximum tensions of 0.8, 0.6, 1.2,2.4, and 4.8 atmospheres, which repre-sent minimum available moisture levelsof 80, 60, 40, 20, and 10 per cent, re-spectively. Total yields of potatoes fromthese treatments in the order previouslynamed were 317, 240, 162, 130, and99 bushels per acre. Yields of No. 1grade potatoes were 218, 148, 78, 59,and 32 bushels per acre. With droughtperiods of 2, 4, and 6 weeks duration,production averaged 81, 55, and 84per cent of the total yield and 72, 89,and 16 per cent of the No. 1 yield ofthe highest yielding treatment. Earlydroughts were not as detrimental asthose later in the season.

(3) CABBAGE. (S. T. Jones and W.A. Johnson.) - Cabbage irrigated at0.3, 0.6, 1.2, and 2.4 atmospheres ten-sion or 80, 60, 40, and 20 per cent avail-able moisture produced 14.0, 11.3, 4.9,and 8.2 tons of cabbage per acre, re-spectively. Droughts of 4 or 5 weeksduration resulted in yields of 59 percent of the highest yielding treatment.No effect of time of occurrence of thedrought was noticed.

Study of Environmental Factors as TheyInfluence Growth and Development ofLanceleaf Greenbrier, Southern Magnolia.(1) MAGNOLIA SEED TREATMENTS.

(Henry P. Orr and Troy Keeble.) -Cleaned seed planted soon after clean-ing had a higher germination percent-age than uncleaned seed. There wasno great change in germination countafter stratification at 40'F. for 4 monthsin a sand-peat mixture or in vermiculite.

(2) SURVEY OF SEVERAL INDIGENOUS

STANDS OF MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA.(Henry P. Orr.) - Trees were foundgrowing in well-drained, moist areaswith soil pH's ranging from 8.7 to 7.6.Soils from all locations were low inavailable nitrates, phosphates, potash,calcium, and in soluble salts. The per-

centage of organic matter found in thesoils of natural stands varied from 0.18to 60.5 per cent. The greatest numberof seedlings was found in the soil areawith 60.5 per cent organic matter; how-ever, seedlings were numerous in soilswith organic content as low as 0.13 percent. The tree of best foliage qualityobserved was growing in a soil with apH of 6.4 and an organic content of1.85 per cent; however, nearby was atree of poor foliage quality growing ina soil of pH 6.5 and organic content of1.29 per cent. Seemingly factors otherthan pH, macro-nutritional elements,and organic content are affecting thegrowth of Magnolia grandiflora seed-lings and trees in any chosen area.

Developing and Adjusting PrecisionMethods of Growing Pot Plants and CutFlowers for Southern Conditions: (1) On-SERVATION OF FLOWERING OF ORCHIDSPECIES AND VARIETIES AT AUBURN,

ALABAMA. (Henry P. Orr.) - The fol-lowing orchid plants are being observedfor flowering in the ornamental horti-culture greenhouses at Auburn: 3 Cat-tleya species (86 plants), 4 Cattleyavarieties (5 plants), 14 Brassocattleyavarieties (79 plants), 13 Laeliocattleyavarieties (30 plants), and 8 Brassolae-liocattleya varieties (6 plants). Theflowering range of a particular speciesor variety may vary considerably fromyear to year; the month of heaviestflowering usually has remained thesame each year. The number and sizeof flowers have varied greatly fromyear to year.

(2) USE OF SUPPLEMENTARY ILLUM-INATION TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF

POINSETTIAS FOR CHRISTMAS SALES.

(Tokuji Furuta and Larry Brown.) -

Quality of poinsettia plants sold atChristmas was improved by using sup-plementary illumination beginning Sep-tember 15. Natural bud initiation oc-curred from September 20 to October1 at Auburn. For highest quality plants

66th and 67th ANNUAL REPORTS


at Christmas, lights were used fromSeptember 15 to October 10 when theplants were grown at 60'F. and fromSeptember 15 to October 15 whengrown at 65°F.

Daily use of lights from sundown to10 p.m. or from midnight to 1 a.m. wassatisfactory. A minimum light intensityof 2 foot-candles was necessary whenlights were used from sundown to 10p.m. and a minimum intensity of 4 foot-candles was necessary for the midnightlighting to prevent premature budding.

Varieties tested were: Improved Al-bert Ecke, Albert Ecke, Barbara Ecke,Indianapolis Red, Ecke's Pink, andEcke's White. All varieties respondedsimilarly.

(3) STUDIES ON THE FLOWERING OF

STEPHANOTIS. (Tokuji Furuta.) - Year-round flowering of stephanotis wasaccomplished by using supplementaryillumination during the period of Sep-tember to May. Lights were used allnight, but it appears that 16 hours pho-toperiod is satisfactory.

Use of sodium nitrate resulted indelayed and reduced flowering whencompared to ammonium sulfate as asource of nitrogen. Delay in floweringwas correlated with increasing sodiumconcentration in the leaf and decreas-ing Ca/Na and K/Na relationship.

The amount of potassium in the leafvaried as follows: (a) Increasing rateof potassium application - 4.21 to 5.94

per cent; (b) increasing rate of am-monium sulfate application-low po-tassium application 4.21 to 5.12 percent, high potassium application 4.21to 5.53 to 5.20 per cent; (c) increasingrate of sodium nitrate application - lowpotassium application 4.21 to 4.95 to4.70 per cent, high potassium applica-tion 4.21 to 5.36 per cent.

The concentration of sodium in theleaf varied as follows: (a) Increasingrate of potassum application only - 0.29to 0.66 to 0.41 per cent; (b) increasingrate of ammonium sulfate application- low potassium application 0.29 to0.21 to 0.70 per cent, high potassiumapplication 0.29 to 0.21 to 0.45 percent; (c) increasing rate of sodiumnitrate application - low potassium ap-plication 0.29 to 1.44 per cent, highpotassium application 0.29 to 0.95 to0.83 per cent.

(8) STUDIES ON GROWTH OF HY-DRANGEA ROOTs. (Tokuji Furuta.) -

Most rapid root growth occurred whenthe root ball was crushed or brokenbefore dormant plants were potted.Methods compared were: Bare rooting,crushing ball, soaking ball in water, andno treatment.

Use of growth-promoting substancesdid not influence root growth in theconcentrations used.

Little correlation was found betweenroot growth 1 month after potting andthe quality of the final product.

POULTRY HUSBANDRY

Protein and Amino-Acid Requirementsof Laying and Breeding Hens: (1) PRO-TEIN REQUIREMENT OF LAYING HENSAS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATUIRE, AGE,BREED, SYSTEM OF MANAGEMENT, ANDRATE OF LAY. (G. R. Ingram and J. E.Milton.) - Because of a wide variationin recommendations for the level ofprotein needed by laying hens, a study

was made of some factors that mightaffect the level required.

Tests of about 8 months durationhave been conducted for 2 consecutiveyears using duplicate groups of 50 birdseach in most of the tests. In certaintests, smaller groups were used. Rationswere calculated to contain 14, 16, and18 (analyses showed 14.9, 16.8, and 19,



respectively) per cent protein, but withthe same productive energy level. A12 (analyzed 12.9) per cent proteinration also was included in some teststhe second year.

In two series of tests with pullets inindividual laying cages, the room con-taining the birds was heated to approxi-mately 90°F. each day and allowed tocool to around 70'F. each night. Underthese conditions, an increase in pro-duction was obtained with an increasein protein level up to 18 per cent, thehighest level used.

Comparisons were made between 1-year-old hens and pullets in individuallaying cages. Slightly higher productionwas obtained from old birds with 16and 18 per cent protein rations thanwith lower levels. Pullets produced aswell on 14 per cent protein as on higherlevels. The 12 per cent ration provedinadequate.

In one test with heavy crossbred pul-lets, better production was obtainedwith the higher levels of protein. WithWhite Plymouth Rock pullets, produc-tion was as good on the 14 per centration as on higher levels.

In comparisons between pullets infloor flocks and pullets in cages, no in-dication of higher protein requirementsfor caged birds was obtained.

With one or two exceptions feedconversion was somewhat in favor ofthe 16 and 18 per cent protein rations.Egg size increased with increasing pro-tein levels.

(2) TIIYPTOPHAN, LysiNE, ANDMETHIONINE REQUIREMENTS OF LAYING

HENS. (G. R. Ingram and P. L. Little.)- Studies have been made to more ac-curately determine the tryptophan, ly-sine, and methionine requirements ofthe laying hen.

Using a corn-corn gluten meal-gelatinration, the L-tryptophan requirement ofhens has been shown to be approxi-mately 0.142 per cent of the ration.

With a ration similar to the one usedin the tryptophan studies, the require-

ment for L-lysine was shown to e ap-proximately 0.488 per cent of the ra-tion.

Using a wheat-peanut meal ration,additions of methionine above 0.225per cent of the ration failed to increaseegg production. The hen required 0.25per cent methionine to maintain eggsize and 0.32 per cent to maintain bodyweight.

Effect of Light on Growth of BroilerChickens. (Claude H. Moore.)- Broiler-type birds have been grown from 1 dayto 8 weeks of age with exposures of 6,12, 18, and 24 hours of total light perday. The first three treatments wereapplied in different intervals rangingfrom 1 to 8 periods per day. Othergroups were grown with different com-binations of these treatments being

used with change in age. One foot-candle of incandescent light was usedfor all treatments.

In 3 tests, 20 males and 20 femaleswere used in each of 16 treatments,each treatment having 3 replications.Four subsequent tests have been com-pleted using eight light treatments.Twenty males and 20 females wereused per group with 2 groups per treat-ment in each of these tests. Weightswere taken individually at 2-week in-tervals in all tests. A sample of malesand females was sacrificed from eachpen at each weighing for gonadweights. Feed consumption was tabu-lated in all tests.

These data reveal that broiler chicksup to 3 or 4 weeks of age grow fasterwith continuous light or that approach-ing continuous lighting. Less light isneeded as they near 8 weeks. Bettergrowth also was obtained when lightwas applied in 4 or 6 periods per dayinstead of 1 period. Data from groupswhere light was varied with age havenot revealed a satisfactory method ofreducing light with increased age whilemaintaining increased growth rate.Feed efficiency has been slightly better

66th 'and 67th ANNUAL REPORTS 45


for those birds receiving less lightthroughout the growth period.

Helminth Studies: (1) HOST PREFER-ENCE. (S. A. Edgar, J. A. Frazier, andC. Flanagan.) - Ninety-seven per centof 42 chickens inoculated with embry-onated Ascaridia galli eggs were in-fected and averaged 18.8 worms perbird as compared with only 48 per centof 42 turkeys with an average of 3.9worms. Of 42 chickens inoculated withA. dissimilis eggs, only 4.8 per centharbored 1 male worm each as com-pared with a 95 per cent infection withan average of 27.8 worms per birdamong 42 turkeys. A. galli developedto maturity in the chicken and a fewworms developed to maturity in theturkey. A. dissimilis developed to ma-turity in the turkey, but none developedto maturity in the chicken. Growth ofA. galli and A. dissimilis were retardedin turkeys and chickens, respectively.Aside from a slight difference in ar-rangement of anal papillae on males ofthe two species of worms, no othermorphologic differences were noted.Evidence indicated that A. galli andA. dissimilis are separate and validspecies.

(2) AFFECT OF Ascaridia INFEC-

TIONS ON GROWTH. (S. A. Edgar, J. A.Frazier, and C. Flanagan.) - In threeexperiments, growth of chickens in-fected with A. galli and turkeys infectedwith A. dissimilis was retarded begin-ning 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Themaximum effect usually was reached by4 to 5 weeks after inoculation. Fromthen on the growth of infected birdsparalleled that of non-infected controls.

(3) THERAPY STUDIES. (S. A. Edgar,J. A. Frazier, and C. Flanagan.) - Re-sults of experiments indicate that piper-azine and several of its salts were ef-fective in causing 95 per cent or greaterelimination of A. dissimilis from theturkey and A. galli from the chicken.

Worm elimination following drug ad-ministration via the feed was as greatas when given in the drinking waterprovided the level given in the feedwas twice that in the water. Two to 4hour water or feed starvation prior todrug administration resulted in greaterelimination than when birds were notstarved. One hundred mg. of purepiperazine per adult chicken and 200mg. per adult broadbreasted bronzeturkey resulted in 95 to 100 per centelimination of mature worms and 50per cent or greater elimination oflarvae.

(4) LOCATION OF A. galli AND A. dis-similis IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACTS OFCHICKENS AND TRKEYS. (S. A. Edgar,C. Flanagan and J. A. Frazier.) Severalexperiments revealed that more than70 per cent of A. galli and A. dissimiliswere in the region of the yolk sac di-verticulum between the 9th and 21stday of infections. As the age of infec-tion increases, some worms move an-teriorly and live permanently in theanterior third of the small intestine. By60 to 70 days, 80 to 90 per cent of aninfection was eliminated naturally.

That there is a tissue phase for A.galli has been verified, but never morethan 10 per cent of the total larvae loadwas in the wall of the gut during 7-to 20-day-old infections.

Breeding and Immunizing Chickens forResistance to Coccidiosis: (1) IMMUNIZ-

ING PHASE. (S. A. Edgar, C. Flanagan,and J. Hwang) - A. Vaccine. A practi-cal method of immunizing chickensagainst cecal and four species of in-testinal coccidiosis has been developed.The procedure and inoculum for im-munization are essentially the same asthat reported in 1954 except for theaddition of Eimeria maxima to a layertype vaccine. Two types of vaccine arebeing marketed for chickens. One forbroilers contains 8 species of coccidiaand one for layers contains 5 species.



Birds inoculated at 8 days of age re-sisted challenge to all species in re-spective inocula at 28 days of age.Additional experiments have revealedthat inoculated chickens usually de-velop solid immunity to 3 or 5 types ofcoccidiosis by 4 weeks of age evenwhen fed continuously prophylacticlevels of certain coccidiostatic drugs.Drugs and levels in the feed found to becompatible with immunization include0.0125 per cent nitrophenide, 0.0125per cent sulfaquinoxaline, 0.00325 percent 2-sulfanilamido-6-chloropyrazine,0.0055 per cent nitrofurazone, Bifuranat the rate of pound per ton of feedand Trithiadol or Polystat at 2 poundsper ton. Inoculated chicks fed 0.0125per cent Nicarbazin were usually stillhighly susceptible to 3 or more types ofcoccidiosis at 12 or 16 weeks of age.By the addition of a suspending agent,coccidiosis vaccine can be administeredin drinking water as well as in feed.

There was no mortality from cocci-diosis among experimental birds inocu-lated with 3 to 5 species of coccidia at3 days of age via the water or feed andfed continuously one of the mentioneddrugs from 1 day of age through 4 or8 weeks. In general an economic savingof 0.1 to 0.8 cents per bird can berealized by this method of coccidiosiscontrol when compared with continu-ous feeding of one of the commercialcoccidiostatic drugs as generally prac-ticed in the broiler industry.

B. Immunity to E. brunetti. Severalexperiments revealed that chickens de-veloped immunity against E. brunettiinfection safely and as promptly asthey do to other types of coccidiosis.Turkeys develop prompt immunity toE. adenoeides and E. meleagrimitis.

(8) RELATED ASPECTS. (S. A. Ed-gar, C. Flanagan, and C. Thomas.) -A. Chemotherapy Studies. Experimentscomparing the efficacy of several coc-cidiostatic drugs for control of one ormore types of coccidiosis revealed that2-sulfanilamido-6-chloropyrazine exhib-

ited 2 to 4 times the activity againstE. tenella and E. necatrix infections asdid sulfaquinoxaline. Furazolidone atthe rate of 75 gm. per ton of feedwas highly effective against E. necatrixinfections. Trithiadol was effectiveagainst E. tenella, E. necatrix, and E.maxima infections in chickens. None ofthe three drugs was as effective againsttwo types of turkey coccidiosis as wassulfaquinoxaline.

B. Age Resistance. Non-exposed tur-keys were still highly susceptible toE. adenoeides infection at 3 months ofage. Non-lethal infections retardedgrowth an average of more than 1pound per bird.

Transmission of Diseases of Chickensby Mosquitos. (S. A. Edgar and C.Thomas.) - In a series of experiments,all attempts to transmit lymphomatosis(visceral and neural types), fowl ty-phoid, and pullorum disease by mos-quito were unsuccessful.

Effect of Fowl Pox on Growing Chickensand Duration of Immunity. (S. A. Edgarand Dwight S. Bond.) - A commercial,fowl-pox vaccine used on chickens from1 day to 8 weeks old caused a slight,but not significant, depression ofgrowth. In contrast, a less attenuatedstrain of virus caused a significant de-pression of growth in birds vaccinatedat 2 weeks or older. Immunity to theless attenuated strain of virus was oflonger duration than that to the com-mercial vaccine. Chickens challengedat 1, 2, 8, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 days aftervaccination with commercial vaccinehad partial protection against lesionformation by 4 days and full protectionby 6 days. A large lesion formed frommultiple stabs of a %/-inch square areacaused greater weight loss without in-creased immunity than a single stab inthe wing web with a double needle.Growth of S. C. White Leghorns wasretarded more than that of White Plym-



outh Rocks or New Hampshires. Therewas no difference in susceptibility be-tween sexes.

In the absence of re-exposure, chick-ens vaccinated at 2 weeks of age hadlonger lasting immunity than those vac-cinated day-old. Not all birds vacci-

nated as late as 12 or 16 weeks of agewere fully protected 90 and 120 dayslater. Chicks can be vaccinated safelyat 1 day of age. Management practicesand environmental conditions have abearing on immunity of flocks undercommercial conditions.

ZOOLOGY-ENTOMOLOGY

Control of Cotton Insects. (F. S. Arant,R. L. Robertson, G. F. Burkhalter, andR. H. Mount.) - Laboratory and fieldexperiments were conducted to deter-mine susceptibility and resistance ofcotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover,and boll weevil, Anthonomous grandisBoh., to certain chlorinated hydrocar-bon insecticides. All BHC dusts con-taining 3 per cent gamma isomer wereeffective in controlling cotton aphid inone field in Autauga County and inef-fective in another field. There was nodifference in dusts formulated fromBHC with high (40 per cent) and low(15.1 per cent) gamma isomer contentand from lindane. All gamma isomerformulations of BHC and lindane werehighly effective as sprays against a lo-cal strain of aphids in the laboratoryat Auburn. It was found that first-instarnymphs were significantly more sus-ceptible than intermediate nymphs oradults. The cotton aphid appeared tobe resistant to BHC in one of the areaswhere studies were made.

Toxaphene, endrin, and Guthion wereapplied topically to 2-day-old boll wee-vils reared from squares collected fromFairhope, Courtland, Lowndesboro,Frisco City, and Auburn. Dosages oftoxaphene required to kill weevils fromthe 5 localities were calculated as fol-lows: For LD-20 - Fairhope 0.6 tg.per gm. of insect, Courtland 9.0, FriscoCity 75.0, Lowndesboro 85.0, Auburn95.0; for the LD-50 - Fairhope 65.0,Courtland 85.0, Frisco City 100.0,Lowndesboro 850.0, Auburn 250.0; for

LD-80-Fairhope 450.0, Courtland450.0, Frisco City 450.0, Lowndesboro800.0, Auburn 700.0 [tg. per gm. ofinsect. There was no evidence of acuteresistance of boll weevil to toxaphene.

Thimet and Di-syston applied to cot-ton seed or in the drill controlled thripsand fleahoppers for several weeks afterapplication. However, the seed treat-ments caused a reduction in the standof cotton and in a few instances a re-duction in yield.

Several insecticides gave excellentcontrol of boll weevil and resulted inincreased yields of approximately 1/zbale per acre above that on the checkplots. Toxaphene, endrin, and Guthionapplied at twice the normal rate at 8-day intervals were about as effective asthe same materials applied at the nor-mal rate at 4-day intervals. Malathionat the rate of 1.5 pounds per acre gavesatisfactory control of boll weevil. Twoapplications of heptachlor granules plus4 dustings with heptachlor-DDT mix-ture were about as effective as 18 ap-plications of a standard insecticide forboll weevil control.

Control of Animal Ectoporasites withSystemic Insecticides. (T. R. Adkins, Jr.,and F. S. Arant.) - Replicated experi-ments were conducted to determinedosage response of Dipterex to fifth-instar nymphs of the bed bug, Cimexlectularius L., and nymphs of the GulfCoast tick, Amblyomma maculatum



Koch, which fed on rabbits dosed orallywith the chemical.

Mortalities of bed bugs after feedingwere: On rabbits receiving 10 mg./kg.of body weight, 36.3 per cent mortality;20 mg./kg., 74.5 per cent; 30 mg./kg.,83.9 per cent; and 40 mg./kg., 97.8per cent. None died on rabbits thatwere not dosed.

Mortalities of ticks were: On rabbitsreceiving 25 mg./kg. of body weight,25.2 per cent mortality; 50 mg./kg.,88.3 per cent; 75 mg./kg., 95.5 percent; and 100 mg./kg. 100 per cent.There were no deaths of ticks on rab-bits that were not dosed. Dipterex givento rabbits 1 to 2 hours before the bugsfed killed 50 per cent of the bed bugsat a dosage level of 14.0 mg./kg. TheLD-50 to the ticks through the rabbitwas calculated to be 36.0 mg./kg. bodyweight of rabbit.

Control of Insect Pests of Vegetable andTruck Crops: (1) CONTROL OF APHIDSON TURNIPS. (W. G. Eden.) - Experi-ments were conducted at Ashford in1955 on control of a root aphid (com-monly known as the poplar stem gallaphid, Pemphigus populitransversusRiley) and the turnip leaf aphid, Rho-palosiphum pseudobrassicae on turnips.Weekly applications of 2 per cent para-thion dust or 0.5 pound of parathionper 100 gallons of emulsion spray werehighly effective in control of the leafaphid. Two sprays at a 2-week intervalof 0.25 pound demeton per acre werealso highly effective on the leaf aphid.The parathion and demeton treatmentswere also effective in reducing thenumber of root aphids. The yields ofturnip tops were increased 4 times andthe root yields about 3 times as a re-sult of using the insecticides. The deme-ton sprays were applied on January 26and February 9. On March 10 the rootscontained 0.7 p.p.m. of demeton andthe tops contained 7.2 p.p.m. On March31 there was no demeton in the rootsand only 2.7 p.p.m. in the tops.

(2) CONTROL OF SOIL INSECTS OF

IRISH POTATOES. (W. G. Eden.) - Re-search was conducted in BaldwinCounty in 1955 and 1956 on control ofthe Gulf wireworm, Conoderus ampli-collis (Gyll.), and the imported fire ant,Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel, inIrish potatoes. Broadcast spray treat-ments of 2 pounds of aldrin, dieldrin,or heptachlor or 4 pounds of chlordaneper acre were all highly effective incontrolling wireworms and fire ants.The treatments were also effective thesecond year.

(3) CONTROL OF CORN BORER ON

PIMENTO PEPPER. (W. G. Eden.) -

Experiments on control of the Europeancorn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.),on pimento pepper were conducted atCullman and Crossville in 1955 and1956. Weekly applications of 20 percent toxaphene or 10 per cent DDTdust significantly reduced the percent-ages of pods infested with corn borers.Equivalent amounts of sprays of toxa-phene and DDT, as well as 0.875pounds of endrin per acre, were alsoeffective. Cooperative research withFDA showed that no DDT residue wasfound in the canned pimento evenwhen applied at twice the recom-mended rate.

(4) CONTROL OF COWPEA CURCULIO

OF PEAS. (G. H. Blake, Jr., and W. G.Eden) - In an experiment at Ashfordseveral insecticides were tested for con-trol of the cowpea curculio, Chalco-dernms aeneus Boh., on crowder peas.Larval emergence from peas was sig-nificantly reduced by dust applicationsof 2 per cent endrin, 2% per cent hep-tachlor, 5 per cent Thiodan, 20 per centtoxaphene, 21/2 per cent Guthion, and4 per cent malathion. Reductions ininfestations from plots treated with en-drin, heptachlor, Thiodan, and toxa-phene were highly significant.

(5) CONTROL OF MEXICAN BEANBEETLE. (G. H. Blake, Jr., and W. G.


Eden.) - An experiment on control ofthe Mexican bean beetle, Epilachnavarivestis Muls., on pole beans was con-ducted at the North Alabama Horticul-ture Substation, Cullman. Bean beetlecounts throughout the season revealedthat 4 per cent malathion, 5 per centThiodan, and 20 per cent toxaphenewere more effective for bean beetlecontrol than 1 per cent rotenone. Ro-tenone, however, caused significant re-ductions in beetle numbers as comparedto the non-treated plots.

(6) CONTROL OF MELONWORMS ANDPICKLEWORMS ON CANTALOUPES. (G.H. Blake, Jr., and W. G. Eden.) -

Eight insecticides were tested at Cull-man for control of melonworms andpickleworms on fall cantaloupes. Ofthese insecticides parathion, lindane,Dylox, Guthion, and Thiodan appearedto be effective. Results of the experi-ment were inconclusive because of ad-verse weather conditions, that causedlow yields of cantaloupes.

(7) CONTROL OF SwEETPOTATO

WEEVIL. (G. H. Blake, Jr. and W. G.Eden.) - Experiments on control of thesweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicariuselegantulus (Sum.), were conducted atthe Gulf Coast Substation. Even thoughheavily infested potatoes were used inthe potato bed and scattered through-out the experimental area, the weevilinfestation was too low to evaluate thecontrol measures.

Control of Insect Pests Attacking Cornand Grain Sorghum. (W. G. Eden.) -Experiments were conducted in 1955and 1956 on control of the corn ear-worm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), in sweetcorn. Results revealed that length ofinterval between DDT sprays for ear-worm control was highly significant andthat a close-interval spray program wasmore important during the first part ofthe protection period than during thelatter part. In experiments where a con-

stant spray interval was maintained,intervals of less than 3 days betweensprays resulted in best control of ear-worm. Flat fan nozzles were superiorto hollow cones. Spray programs begunthe first day after the first silks ap-peared were superior to those begunlater. Irrigation, rate of nitrogen ferti-lization, and spacing had no effects onextent of damage by the earworm insweet corn.

Results of experiments on the Euro-pean corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis(Hbn.), on Sand Mountain showedthat the insect had three complete gen-erations in 1955 and 1956. Four speciesof corn borer parasites were releasedand apparently became established in1956. They were Chelonus annulipesWesm., Macrocentrus gifuensis Ashm.,Lydella grisescens R. D., and Horo-genes punctorius (Roman).

Corn varieties found to be most re-sistant to stored grain insects, primarilythe rice weevil, Sitophilus oryza (L.),and the Angoumois grain moth, Sito-troga cerealella (Oliv.), at harvest wereLouisiana 521, North Carolina 27,Coker 811, Woods S-211, Pfister 655,McCurdy 1002B, Dixie 33, and Dixie18.

Control of Insect Pests of Legumes: (1)IMPORTED FIRE ANT. (G. H. Blake, Jr.,and W. G. Eden.) - A continuation ofexperiments on control of the importedfire ant, Solenopsis saevissinma richteriForel, at the Black Belt Substation re-vealed that 2 pounds of dieldrin andheptachlor or 4 pounds of chlordaneper acre was effective for 3 years. Inone unreplicated experiment, dieldrinhas been effective for 4 years. In an-other experiment 2 pounds of hepta-chlor per acre in fertilizer mixture hasbeen effective for 2 years, while lowerrates of heptachlor and dieldrin wereineffective after the same period.

(2) CONTROL OF ARMYWORMS. (G.H. Blake, Jr.,) - Experiments on con-


trol of armyworms were conducted in1955 at three locations. Two experi-ments were on control of the army-worm Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haw.).Dusts applied at rates to give 2 poundsof DDT, 0.50 pound of dieldrin, 0.25or 0.50 pound of endrin, or 4 poundsof toxaphene effectively controlledarmyworms. Granules of the materialswere much less effective. A single ex-periment on control of the fall army-worm, Laphygma frugiperda (J. E.Smith), with insecticidal sprays wasconducted at the Wiregrass Substation.The following treatments resulted in amortality of armyworms of greater than90 per cent: 0.50 pound dieldrin, 0.25and 0.50 pound endrin, 2 pounds DDT,and 4 pounds of toxaphene.

(3) PEA APHID CONTROL. (G. H.Blake, Jr.) - Several phosphorus-con-taining insecticides were tested for con-trol of the pea aphid, Macrosiphum pisi(Kltb.) on Caley peas. Several of thematerials, AC528, demeton, Diazinon,Dylox, and malathion, compared favor-ably with parathion. All resulted inyield increases of more than 100 poundsof peas per acre over check.

(4) CLOVER HEAD WEEVIL CON-TROL. (G. H. Blake, Jr.) - Clover headweevils, Hypera meles and H. nigriros-tris (F.), caused considerable damageto white clover in 1956. Experimentsrevealed that dusts of 3 per cent BHC,1% per cent dieldrin, or 21/ per centheptachlor were highly effective forcontrol of the pests.

(5) TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO

LIVESTOCK GRAZING ON TREATED PAS-

TURES. (G. H. Blake, Jr.) - Experi-ments to determine toxicity of DDT,methoxychlor, and toxaphene to sheepand cattle grazing on treated pastureswere concluded in 1955. Residues ofthe insecticides persisted on the foragefor at least 40 days after treatment.The insecticidal residues were high in

the fatty tissues of animals placed onpastures treated with recommendedrates of the insecticides; however, theresidues disappeared from the animalswhen they were placed on an untreatedpasture for 4 weeks. Toxaphene at 21times the recommended rate (10pounds per acre) caused death of allanimals placed on the pasture immedi-ately after treatment. Residues werehighest following spray applications,considerably lower from dust applica-tions, and quite low following applica-tion of insecticides in granular formu-lation.

Control of Insects of Ornamental Plants.(L. L. Hyche and R. H. Mount.) Con-tinuation of experiments on control ofinsect pests of ornamental plants at theOrnamental Horticulture Field Station,Spring Hill, revealed that Thimet at 1and 2 pints of 48 per cent emulsifiableconcentrate per 100 gallons of waterwas equal in effectiveness to demetonfor control of tea scale, Fiarinia theaeGreen, on camellias and Burford hollyand of camellia scale, Lepidosaphescamellia Hoke, on camellias. Both soiland foliage applications were effective.Ferttox exhibited no systemic activityand failed to reduce infestations of teaand camellia scale.

A new and possibly undescribedspecies of mite belonging to the genusPhyllocoptes was discovered damagingMagnolia grandiflora and M. soulan-geana. Spray applications of malathion,demeton, Thimet, or AC-528 effectivelycontrolled the mite.

Insecticide phytotoxicity tests withBHC and lindane showed that wettablepowder suspensions of both compoundswere phytotoxic to the azalea varietyHinodegari at rates of 0.12 to 0.36pounds gamma isomer per 100 gallonsof water. Neither compound at theserates produced phytotoxic symptoms onpyracantha or the azalea variety For-mosa.


Control of Peanut Insects. (L. L. Hycheand R. H. Mount.) - Experiments wereconducted in southeastern Alabama oncontrol of soil and foliage insect pestsof peanuts. Systemic insecticides, Thi-met at 1, 2.5 and 5 pounds technicalper acre and Bayer 19639 at 2.5 and5 pounds technical per acre, appliedin the row at planting time significantlycontrolled thrips, Frankliniella fusca(Hinds). Subsequent yield increasesranged from 204 to 617 pounds of pea-nuts per acre. One application of 10per cent DDT, 2 per cent endrin, 5 percent Guthion, or 20 per cent toxaphenewas highly effective in reducing infesta-tions of the red-necked peanutworm,Stegasta bosqueella Chamb. Infestationsof wireworms, Conoderus sp., attackingseed and seedlings were substantiallyreduced by soil treatment using 2pounds technical per acre of aldrin,dieldrin, heptachlor, or lindane. Seedtreatment with heptachlor or aldrinwettable powder was also somewhateffective.

Toxicology of Insecticides: (1) INVES-TIGATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF

RESISTANCE TO CHEMICALS BY THE

HOUSE FLY. (B. L. Owen and W. G.Eden) - Research was begun in 1956on nature of resistance of the house flyto chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.Methods for developing resistant strainsby mixing insecticides with the larvalmedium have been developed. TheLD-50's of a basic non-resistant strainof house flies have been established asfollows: DDT, 0.38 jg. per fly; endrin,1.07; TDE, 1.97; and dieldrin, 43.00.

(2) CONTROL OF HOUSE FLIES IN

BARNS. (B. L. Owen and W. G. Eden)-Hog barns were sprayed with 2.5per cent emulsion and wettable powdersuspension sprays of malathion, 1.0 percent emulsion and wettable powdersuspension sprays of Chlorthion, and1.0 and 2.0 per cent wettable powdersprays of Dipterex. The fly populations

were greatly reduced within 24 hoursafter treatment, not only in the treatedstalls but also in the untreated ones.This indicated that flies in untreatedstalls migrated to treated stalls and werekilled by the insecticides. All treatmentswere killing flies 8 days after applica-tion. The treatment with Chlorthionemulsion spray continued to kill fliesfor 42 days.

Control of Livestock Pests. (George H.Blake, Jr.)- An experiment was con-ducted at the Black Belt Substation in1955 to control flies on dairy cattle.One gallon of a spray concentrate con-taining 0.5 per cent pyrethrins and 5per cent piperonyl butoxide appliedtwice a week from a treadle sprayer ef-fectively controlled barn, stable, andhouse flies on 24 cows for a period ofmore than 3 months.

Farm Ponds. (H. S. Swingle, E. E.Prather, J. M. Lawrence, J. S. Dendy,and Ray Allison) - In a 4-year-oldpond stocked with 10 species of pond-fishes, the percentages by weights oftotal catch of the principal species were:bluegills 50.4, red cats 39.8, largemouthbass 4.8, and shellcrackers 2.4. Blackcrappie and warmouth contributed lessthan 1 per cent, while smallmouth bass,chain pickerel, and round fliers con-tributed nothing.

Channel catfish stocked at 1,000 to2,000 per acre and fed a dry mixedfeed produced 700 to 1,300 pounds fishper acre. Red cats stocked at 3,000 and4,000 per acre and fed produced 850to 900 pounds per acre. The cost offeed and fertilizer varied from 11.6 to20.7 cents per pound of fish produced,depending upon the rates of feeding.

A mixture of 35 per cent soybeanmeal, 85 per cent peanut meal, 15 percent fish meal, and 15 per cent distillersdried solubles was found to be efficientfor supplemental feeding of fish. Thismixture, designated as Auburn No. 1fish feed, was fed daily at rates varyingfrom 1 to 5 per cent of body weight.


Survival of fatheads in winter hold-ing ponds averaged 60 per cent whenthe fish were fed a peanut meal-fishmeal dry food, whereas 82 per cent sur-vived when fed the Auburn No. 1 fishfeed. The conversion factor for theformer was 3.2 and for the latter 2.8.

Diesel fuel used as a carrier for 2,4-Dweed spray around pond edges causedundesirable flavors in bluegills.

The Israelian strain of mirrow carpand an Asiatic pond fish, Tilapia mos-sambica, appeared promising for con-trol of filamentous algae in ponds.

Potassium permanganate proved ef-fective in counteracting toxicity of ro-tenone during marginal and sectionalpoisoning.

Survey of the Parasites of Pondfishes inAlabama and Their Control. (Ray Allison)- A tin compound, di-n-butyl tin oxide,was found to be an effective anthelmin-thic against the fish tapeworm, Corol-lobothrium sp., and the intestinal fluke,Alloglossidium sp., when administeredin the food at the rate of 250 mg. perkg. of body weight.

Formalin and potassium permangan-ate at concentrations of 15 and 4p.p.m., respectively, were found to beeffective anthelminthics for treatingparasitized fish in ponds. Gyrodactylussp. and Tricodina sp. were effectivelycontrolled.

Chemical Control of Weeds in Ponds.(J. M. Lawrence) - A series of pondsstocked with bluegills received the fol-lowing sodium arsenite treatments: 2applications of 4 p.p.m. As20 3 1 monthapart, and 2 applications of 8 p.p.m.As20 3 1 month apart. In the ponds re-ceiving 2 applications of 4 p.p.m.As20 3, the bottom organism productionwas reduced 84 per cent and bluegillproduction was reduced 42 per cent.In the ponds receiving 8 p.p.m. AS20g3 ,the bottom organism production was re-duced 59 per cent as the bluegill pro-duction was reduced 65 per cent.

One application of sodium arseniteat the rate of 4 p.p.m. As2O0 to pondsthat had received the previous yeareither 8 or 16 p.p.m. As20 3 materiallyreduced bluegill production in a 5-month test period. The reduction infish production was primarily accountedfor by absence of small fish. Less re-duction in subsequent fish crops re-sulted where arsenic-treated ponds wereflooded and drained several times be-fore restocking.

A mixture of equal parts of 10 percent Roccal and Delrad 50-S produceda better kill of Pithophora than Delradalone, and its effect was usually oflonger duration (2 to 4 weeks).

Borascu, at a concentration of 5p.p.m. boric acid, showed promise asan inhibitor of growth of certain formsof filamentous algae.

An application of copper sulfate atthe rate of 1 pound per surface acresuccessfully controlled Microcystis inponds.

Ecology and Management Studies of theBobwhite Quail. (Arnold 0. Haugen andDan W. Speake.) - Examination ofcrop contents of 78 bobwhites from thePiedmont Substation revealed that Les-pedeza bicolor ranked first as food byoccurrence and volume. Corn was sec-ond in importance. Partridge peas andbeggar-weeds were also of considerableimportance.

Artificial quail feeders were tested atFlint Creek Island near Decatur. Thefeeders failed to increase quail on partsof the area where the birds were al-ready established. Feeders also failedto re-establish coveys on areas onceoccupied by quail but with reducedand inadequate quail food and cover.The recent carrying capacity of FlintCreek Island is about one quail per 9or 10 acres. Feeders did not changethis. The December 1955 populationof 75 birds, in which year no feedingwas done, was just as large as the aver-age fall population in the 3 previousyears when feed was provided. It is



recognized that feeders may have somevalue to quail in sections of Alabamawhere quail cover is adequate but foodsare scarce.

Statewide Bobwhite Productivity Study.(Arnold O. Haugen and Dan W.Speake.) - Productivity of the bob-white in 1955 and 1956 was determinedfrom 19,707 quail wings submitted bycooperating sportsmen throughout theState. The sample indicated that thequail population consisted of 80.2 percent young in 1956 as compared with83.5 per cent young in 1955. This slightdecrease in percentage indicates thaton a per-hen basis there were almosttwo chicks fewer per brood in 1956.An abundant breeding population car-ried over into the spring of 1956seemed to compensate for the decreasein number of chicks per hen.

Waterfowl Use of Creeks, BeaverSwamps, and Small Impoundments in LeeCounty, Alabama. (Dan W. Speake.)-Studies on eight sample areas of smallimpoundments, swamps, and creeks inLee County, Alabama, between Octo-ber 1953, and January 1955, indicateda relative abundance of the more im-portant waterfowl as follows: (1) ring-necked duck, (2) mallard, (3) woodduck, (4) coot, and (5) scaup. Ducksin general showed a fall migration peakduring the first half of November in1953 and in the latter part of the monthin 1954.

Several species of ducks exhibited adefinite habitat preference. On smallimpoundments ring-necked ducks pre-dominated, on creeks mallards weremost abundant, and on a beaver swampwood ducks outnumbered all others.

Although 19 species of waterfowlwere observed on the sample areas,only the wood duck was a summer resi-dent. Five broods, four of which prob-ably hatched between April 1 and May7 were observed.

It was concluded that the first and

most important step in future water-fowl management in central Alabamawould be to improve the quality ofexisting wetlands.

Food Habits of the Bobcat in Alabama.(James R. Davis.)-Contents fromstomachs of 145 bobcats collected be-tween 1947 and 1954 were examined.

Rabbits provided 65.1 per cent ofthe food for bobcats during the year.Rabbit was the main food for the cat

in every month of the year.Deer provided 14.5 per cent of the

food. Deer are eaten mostly in Januaryand February. No deer meat was foundin bobcats' stomachs from May throughAugust. Most of the deer eaten by thebobcat may consist of dead or woundedanimals, since this food item was usuallyconsumed during and following thehunting season.

Wild turkey was found in only onestomach. Quail was found in two stom-achs and made up less than 2 per centof the diet. Domestic chickens werefound in three stomachs, for a totalpercentage of 3.5. Remains of one mal-lard duck, several song birds, and onehawk were found. Squirrels made up4.3 per cent of the bobcats' food andwere eaten most frequently in Decem-ber, January, and February. Rodents,

including rats and mice, amounted to5 per cent of the diet. They were eatenin greatest numbers from June throughAugust. Raccoons and opossums con-stituted 4.8 per cent of the diet.

Denning, Breeding, and Range of Ac-tivity of Foxes in Alabama. (Edward G.Sullivan.) - Reproduction, denning,range, and weights of Alabama grayand red foxes were studied. Evidenceindicates that the peak of the gray foxmating season is reached in February.The male gray fox is fertile from mid-November to mid-April. The averagelitter size for gray foxes is 3.8, with avariation from 1 to 5 young per litter.


55

Gray fox dens were found in slab piles,hollow logs, under rocks, and in theground. All dens were within 1/4 mileof water. Returns of three tagged grayfoxes, one of which was twice retaken,showed distances of capture site of 1/4,

2, 1, and 41/2 miles. The averageweights of gray foxes were: males 8.2pounds and females 7.8 pounds. Theheaviest fox handled was a male weigh-ing 11.2 pounds.

It appears that gray and red foxescan be classified dependably as adultsor as young of the year through No-vember by means of X-rays of thedistal epiphyses of the radius and ulna.Some young foxes were distinguishablethrough most of December. This indi-cated that ossification is completed infoxes between 8 and 9 months of age.

Population and Life History Studies ofthe Cottontail Rabbit. (Edward Majors.)

- Results of studies show that the aver-age cottontail litter size was 3.1 youngand the breeding season extending fromJanuary to September. There was anannual turnover of 75 per cent in thepopulation studied. A sex ratio of 93.3males per 100 females was found.

Land bordering improved pasturemaintained a higher cottontail popula-tion than similar land adjacent to idlefields. Where cattle were allowed todestroy woody cover next to an im-proved pasture, the cottontails declinedbut recovered after the cattle were re-moved. Abandoned land studied was

found to harbor a population of 12.8cottontails per 100 acres in February.A farm woodlot was found to have amaximum population of 24 cottontailsper 100 acres in December. This is stillonly about half the population of 51.8cottontails per 100 acres flushed froman idle field when it was burned.



PUBLICATIONS

Experiment Station Bulletins

No. 293 Production Practices of Commercial Egg Producers. H. A. HENDERSONand J. H. BLACKSTONE. 1955.

No. 294 Merchandising Dairy Products in Alabama Retail Food Stores. E. K.KIRWOOD and J. H. BLACKSTONE. 1955.

No. 295 Seasonal Variations in Prices Received by Alabama Farmers. MORRISWmTE and J. H. YEAGER. 1955.

No. 296 Economics of Pastures in Feeding Systems for Dairy Cows. WADE F.GREGORY. 1955.

No. 297 Production and Marketing of Cage-Laid Eggs in Alabama. C. K.LAURENT. 1955.

No. 298 Price Differentials for Slaughter Hogs in Alabama. MoRRIs WHITE.1955.

No. 299 Photographic Determination of Pulpwood Volume in Rick-Piled Stor-age Yards. EVERT W. JOHNSON. 1956.

No. 300 Alfalfa Production in Alabama. D. G. STURKE. 1956.

No. 301 Response of Crops to Lime in Alabama. FRED ADAMS. 1956.

No. 302 Fertility Requirements of Runner Peanuts in Southeastern Alabama.C. E. SCARSBROOK and J. T. COPE, JR. 1956.

No. 303 Rental Arrangements in Alabama's Piedmont. JOHN L. SNARE. 1956.

Experiment Station Circulars

No. 117 Storing and Harvesting Silage. J. L. BUTT. 1956.

Experiment Station Leaflets

No. 46 Control of Leaf Spot and Strawberry Weevil on Trailing Blackberries.U. L. DIENER, W. G. EDEN, and C. C. CARLTON. 1955.

No. 47 A Comparison of Protein Supplements in the Wintering Ration of BeefSteers. W. B. KELLEY, L. A. SMITH, and C. M. MARTIN. 1955.

No. 48 Peach Varieties for Alabama. T. B. HAGLER and W. A. JOHNSON. 1955.

No. 49 Results of Hay Crushing Tests. J. L. BUTT, W. B. KELLEY, C. M.MARTIN, and L. A. Smrni. 1956.

No. 50 Control of Soil Insects and Leafhoppers Attacking Sweetpotatoes. W.G. EDEN, LACY L. HYcmnE, and J. A. GRIFFIN. 1956.

No. 51 It's What is in the Bag That Counts. CLARENCE W. WILSON. 1956.



Experiment Station Progress Reports

No. 52 Three Years' Results from Creep-Feeding Experiment. W. B. KELLEY,L. A. SMITH, and C. M. MARTIN. 1955.

No. 53 Results of Experiments with Crossbreeding of Beef Cattle. W. B.KELLEY. 1955.

No. 54 Cost Comparisons of Johnsongrass Silage and Hay. W. B. KELLEY andL. A. SMITH. 1955.

No. 55 Summary of One-Year Test on Cost of Producing, Harvesting, Storing,and Feeding Caley Pea Silage. W. B. KELLEY and L. A. SMITH. 1955.

No. 56 Caley Pea Silage and Johnsongrass Hay in the Ration of Dairy Cows.W. B. KELLEY, L. A. SMITH, and GEORGE E. HAWKINS. 1955.

No. 57 Results of Performance Tests of a Small Farm Mixer Grinder. J. L.BUTT. 1955.

No. 58 Report of Herd Improvement by Crossbreeding. K. M. AUTREY. 1955.

No. 59 Fattening Rations for Finishing Yearling Steers After Summer Grazing.W. B. ANTHONY, J. G. STARLING, C. M. MARTIN, C. A. BROGDEN, andW. D. SALMON. 1955.

No. 60 Control of Soil Insect Pests in Gulf Coast Irish Potato Fields. W. G.EDEN and F. E. GARRETT. 1955.

No. 61 Construction and Operation of An Outdoor Brooder. D. F. KING.1956.

No. 62 Commercial Fishworm Production. H. S. SWINGLE. 1956.

No. 63 Comparative Yields of Early- and Late-Harvested Corn. J. L. BurTand J. O. HELMS. 1956.

No. 64 Increasing Weight and Slaughter Grade of Thin Beef Calves by Graz-ing and Feeding. OTTO BROWN, HAROLD YATES, J. E. BARRETT, C. M.MARTIN, and W. D. SALMON. 1956.

No. 65 Urea-Formaldehyde Fertilizer as a Source of Nitrogen for 1-0 LoblollyPine Nursery Stock. JACK T. MAY and HENRY G. PosEY. 1956.

Regional Publications

Southern Cooperative Series Bul. 43. Prospective Demand for Meat and Livestockin the South. 1955.

Southern Cooperative Series Bul. 44. Financing Broiler Production by Banksand Production Credit Associations in the South. 1955. (Published bythe Alabama Station.)

Southern Cooperative Series Bul. 45. Cost of Processing and Distributing Milkin the South. 1955

Southern Cooperative Series Bul. 46. The Position of Dairying in the South. 1956.


Miscellaneous Publications

Special Circular - General Fertilizer Recommendations for Alabama. 1955, re-printed 1956.

64th and 65th Annual Reports. 1956.

Research Quarterly - Highlights of Agricultural Research. 1955, 1956.

Articles in Scientific Journals

ADKINS, T. R., SOWELL, W. L., AND ARANT, F. S. Systemic Effect of SelectedChemicals on the Bed Bug and Lone Star Tick When Administered to Rab-bits. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(2) : 181-141. 1955.

, AND ARANT, F. S. Progress Report on L 18/59 As a SystemicInsecticide Against Bed Bugs Fed on Rabbits. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Work-ers. 52:91. 1955.

Systemic Effect of Bayer L 18/59 on GulfCoast Tick on Rabbits. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58:182. 1956.

ARANT, F. S., AND ROBERTSON, R. L. Field Experiments with Non-systemic In-secticides for Control of Cotton Insects. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers.53:128. 1956.

ARTmr, B. W., AND ARANT, F. S. Control of Soil Insects Attacking Peanuts.Jour. Econ. Ent. 49(1): 68-71. 1956.

Control of Certain Insect Pests of Ornamental Plants. Proc.Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52:101. 1955.

. Insects in Stored Peanuts and Their Seasonal Abundance. Jour.Econ. Ent. 49 (1) : 119-120. 1956.

BLACKSTONE, J. H. Discussion: Influence of Trade Credit on Broiler Production.Jour. Farm Econ. 87(5): 965-967. 1955.

BLAXE, GEORGE H., JR. Crimson Clover Pollination by Honey Bees. Proc. Assoc.South. Agr. Workers. 52: 102. 1955.

. Toxicity of Certain Insecticides to Livestock When Ap-plied to Pastures. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 144. 1956.

, AND EDEN, W. G. Imported Fire Ant Control in Ala-bama. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58: 146. 1956.

BUTT, J. L. Results of Performance Tests of a Small Farm Mixer-Grinder. Proc.Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58:383. 1956.

CAIRNS, E. J. Pathogenicity of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in the Absence of As-sociated Microorganisms. Abs. Phytopath. 45(6): 346-847. 1955.

,Moisture Conditions and Control by Heat of the Mushroom-SpawnNematode, Ditylenchus sp. Abs. Ala. Acad. Sci. 27: 88-89. 1955.


SASSER, J. N., AND TAYLOR, A. L. Plant Nematology Notes. Mimeo.86 pp. 1955.

, AND TARJAN, A. C. Methyl Cellulose for the Rapid Preparation ofTemporary Nematode Head Mounts. Proc. Helm. Soc. Wash. 22(1): 82.1955.

COPE, J. T., JR., ENSMINGER, L. E., RousE, R. D., AND SCARSBROOK, C. E. Re-sponse of Cotton to Rates of N, P, and K at Eight Locations in 1955, asRelated to Soil Test Values. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 51-52.1956.

CORLEY, T. E. Progress in Mechanical Cotton Harvesting on Southern Farms.Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52. 1955.

. Cotton Defoliation Studies in Alabama, 1955. Proc. Tenth Belt-wide Cotton Defoliation Conf. 1955.

. Cotton Defoliation Studies in Alabama, 1956. Proc. EleventhBeltwide Cotton Defoliation Conf. 1956.

CUNNINGHAM, H. B. AND EDEN, W. G. Toxicity of Several Insecticides to HouseFly Larvae. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(1): 109-110. 1955.

, LITTLE, C. D., EDGAR, S. A., AND EDEN, W. G. Species andRelative Abundance of Flies Collected from Chicken Manure in Alabama.Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(5): 620. 1955.

DANNER, M. J. Discussion: The Place of Farmer's Cooperatives in the Nation'sEconomy. Proc. South. Econ. Assoc. 1955.

DAVIS, D. E. Some Factors That Affect the Phytotoxicity of Water-Soluble DNBP.Weeds 4: 227-234. 1956.

, AND FUNDERBURK, H. H. Causes of Variability in Susceptibility toInjury by DNBP. Proc. Southern Weed Conf. pp. 189. 1957.

DENDY, JACK S. Bottom Fauna in Ponds With Largemouth Bass Only and With aCombination of Largemouth Bass Plus Bluegill. Jour. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 31(3):198-207. 1956.

DEVALL, W. B. Forestry Research at Work. Jour. Ala. Acad. Sci. 28: 128.December 1956.

DIENER, U. L. Sporulation in Pure Culture by Stemphylium solani. Phytopath.45: 142-145. 1955.

. Field Control of the Stem Rot Disease of Sweetpotato. Jour. Ala.Acad. Sci. 27: 90. 1955.

. Histological Studies of the Gray Leaf Spot Disease of Tomato.Jour. Ala. Acad. Sci. 27: 90. 1955.

SHost-Penetration and Pathological Histology in Gray Leaf Spotof Tomato. Phytopath. 45: 654-658. 1955.


. Field Control of Sweetpotato Stem Rot in Alabama. Plant Dis.Reptr. 39: 918-921. 1955.

DONNELLY, E. D. The Effects of Outcrossing on Forage and Seed Yields inSericea Lespedeza, L. cuneata. Agron. Jour. 47: 466-467. 1955.

Maintaining, Increasing and Certifying Seed Stocks - (AuburnReseeding Crimson Clover). Report of the Thirteenth South. Pasture andForage Crop Improvement Conf. pp. 42-43. 1956.

, AND HAWKINS, G. E. Sericea Breeding. Report of the TwelfthSouth. Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conf. pp. 48-49. 1955.

Where Do We Stand on Breeding forImproved Quality? Report of the Thirteenth South. Pasture and Forage CropImprovement Conf. p. 18. 1956.

EDEN, TOM, AND FURUTA, TOKUJI. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms on the Poin-settia. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 128-129. 1955.

EDEN, W. G. Status of the European Corn Borer in Alabama. Proc. Assoc. South.Agr. Workers. 53. 1956.

Report on the National Corn Earworm Experiment for 1955. Proc.Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53. 1956.

. Experiments on Earworm Control on Sweet Corn. Jour. Econ. Ent.49(6): 822-825. 1956.

. A Statistical Report of the National Corn Earworm Experimentfor 1954. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52. 1955.

Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer, Spacing, and Irrigation on Controlof the Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn. Jour. Econ. Ent. 49 (2): 278-279. 1956.

. The European Corn Borer in Alabama. Jour. Econ. Ent. 49 (3):410-411. 1956.

EDGAR, S. A. The Removal of Chicken Tapeworms by Di-n-butyl Tin Dilaurate.Poultry Sci. 85 (1): 64-73. 1956.

Coccidiosis Immunization. Iowa State Col. Vet. Med. 18(1): 9-17.1956.

SSome Important Arthropod Parasites of Domestic Animals. Hand-book of Biological Data, Nat. Acad. Sci. and Nat. Res. Council. 1956.

Control of Coccidiosis by Imunization. Proc. Southeast. PoultryAssoc. 1955.

.Sporulation of Oocysts at Specific Temperatures and Notes on thePrepatent Period of Several Species of Avain Coccidia. Jour. Parasitol. 41(2):214-216. 1955.

.The Removal of Chicken Tapeworms by Di-n-butyl Tin Dilaurate.Poultry Sci. 84 (5): 1192. 1955.

.Effects of Cecal Coccidiosis (Eimeria tenella) on Chickens of Dif-ferent Ages, Particularly During the Early Growing Period. Poultry Sci.34(5): 1192. 1955.


AND KING, D. F. The Effectiveness of Methyl Bromide in Steriliza-tion of Poultry Litter. Poultry Sci. 34(3): 595-597. 1955.

, AND MCANNALLY, B. D. The Comparative Efficacy of Several In-secticides in the Control of the Northern Feather Mite, Bdellonyssus sylviarum.Poultry Sci. 34(1): 91-96. 1955.

FOSTER, A. A., CAIRNS, E. J., AND HOPPER, BRUCE. Modifications in Soils of South-ern Pine Nurseries Produced by Fungicidal and Nematocidal Chemicals. Abs.Phytopath. 46 (1): 12. 1956.

FLYNN, A. D., AND EDEN, W. G. Systemic Effects of Certain Chemicals on BedBugs when the Chemicals are Administered Orally to Rabbits. Proc. Assoc.South. Agr. Workers. 53. 1956.

FURUTA, TOKUJI. Response of the Camellia to Boron. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.65: 439-440. 1955.

. Effect of Temperature and Light on the Growth of Chrysanthe-mums. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 200-201. 1955.

. Nitrogen-Potassium Fertilization of Some Foliage Plants. Proc.Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 179. 1956.

Some Studies on "Short Stem" Standard Mums. Proc. Assoc.South. Agr. Workers. 58: 179. 1956.

,BROWN, WILLIAM L., AND EDEN, TOM, JR. Influence of Supple-mentary Illumination on Poinsettias. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58:180. 1956.

AND KIPLINGER, D. C. Chronological Age of Cuttings, a FactorInfluencing the Spray Formation of Pompon Chrysanthemums. Proc. Amer.Soc. Hort. Sci. 66: 883-885. 1955.

, AND ORR, HENRY P. Observations on Time of Flowering ofChrysanthemums. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 130. 1955.

GARIN, GEORGE I. Improving the Quality of Southern Pines. Jour. Ala. Acad.Sci. 28: 128. December 1956.

HAGLER, T. B. Relation of the Nutrient-Element Content of Pecan Leaves to theYield of Nuts. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 124. 1955.

. Response of Muscadine Grapes to Foliar Sprays of Magnesium.Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 124-125. 1955.

.Freeze Injury to Pecans in Alabama. Proc. Southeast. PecanGrowers Assoc. 49: 9. 1956.

.Further Studies on Magnesium Sprays for Muscadine Grapes.Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58: 181. 1956.

, AND JOHNSON, W. A. Nutrient Status of Pecan Soils in Relation toYield of Nuts. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 171-172. 1956.

* Nutrient Status of Pecan Soils in Relation tothe Yield of Nuts. Proc. Southeast. Pecan Growers Assoc. 49: 48-49. 1956.

Relation of the Nutrient-Element Content ofPecan Leaves to the Yield of Nuts. Proc. Southeast. Pecan Growers Assoc.48: 77. 1955.

HARRIs, HUBERT. New Process for Making Frozen Sweetpotato Products. Proc.Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 188. 1955.

Need for Research on the Development of New Uses of South-ern Grown Fruits and Vegetables. Proc. Conf. of Collaborators at South. Reg.Res. Lab. pp. 49-51. 1956.

, AND SPIGNER, R. L. Freeze Concentration Process for MakingFruit Jellies and Jams with High Retention of Volatile Flavors. Proc. Assoc.South. Agr. Workers. 53: 169-170. 1956.

HAUGEN, ARNOLD O. Hungarian Partridge Population on a 60-Acre Area at Pull-man, Washington. The Murrelet. 36(1): 9-10. 1955.

Recognizing Juvenile from Adult Bobwhite Quail. 9th Ann.Meeting, Southeast. Assoc. Game and Fish Comn. 1955.

, AND FITCH, FRANK W. Seasonal Availability of Certain BushLespedeza and Partridge Pea Seed as Determined from Ground Samples.Jour. Wildlife Mngt. 19(2): 297-301. 1955.

, AND HULSE, DAVID. Quail Feeders Attractive to Many Kindsof Birds. Ala. Birdlife. 4(3-4): 20-21. 1956.

HELMS, J. O. Farm Planning for Mechanization. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Work-ers. 52. 1955.

HODGKINS, E. J. Testing Soil-Site Index Tables in Southwestern Alabama. Jour.For. 54(4): 261-266. 1956.

HYcRm, L. L., AND EDEN, W. G. Effect of Formulations and Methods of Applica-tion of Insecticides on Control of Wireworms on Sweet Potatoes. Jour. Econ.Ent. 49(1): 111-118. 1956.

Control of Mites Infesting Earthworm Beds. Jour. Econ. Ent.49(8): 409-410. 1956.

Effectiveness of Several Systemic Insecticides in Control of TwoInsect Pests of Ornamental Plants. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58: 186.1956.

Control of Insect Pests of Peanuts. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Work-ers. 58: 145. 1956.

INGRAM, G. R. Protein Requirements Under Various Laying Conditions. Proc.Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58: 197. 1956.

JOHNSON, W. A., AND HAGLER, T. B. Response of Pecans to Applications of Limeand Zinc. Proc. Southeast. Pecan Growers Assoc. 48: 78-82. 1955.



Response of Pecans to Applications of Cal-cium and Zinc. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 122-124. 1955.

, AND WARE, L. M. Effect of Soil Fumigation with EDB and D-Don Yield and Root-Knot Control on Beans and Squash. Proc. Assoc. South.Agr. Workers. 53: 181. 1956.

JONES, S. T., AND ISBELL, C. L. Selection of Varieties for Use As Parents in theBreeding of Southern Peas. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 67: 412-415. 1956.

KING, D. F. Double-Shift Management of the Laying House. Proc. Assoc. South.Agr. Workers. 52: 160. 1955.

. Poultry Industry in Southeast. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers.53: 204. 1956.

KUMMER, F. A. Cotton Mechanization Research Needs - Harvesting Equipment.Proc. Tenth Beltwide Cotton Mechanization Conf. 1956.

. Mechanizing Southern Farms. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers.52. 1955.

LANGFORD, W. R., AND SCHULTZ, E. F. What Do We Learn from the Mower StripTechnique? Proc. of South. Past. and Forage Crops Conf. June 1955.

, EVANS, E. M., AND SCHULTZ, E. F. Relationship of Beef Gainsto Forage Yields. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 67-68. 1956.

LANHAM, BEN T., JR. Discussion: The Economic Nature of Cotton. Proc. South.Econ. Assoc. 1956.

LAURENT, CHARLES K. The Market Structure for Poultry and Poultry Productsin the South. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 142. 1955.

The Dealer's Role in Broiler Financing. Broiler Growing.6: 1. 1955.

" In the Southeast - Poultry and Egg Marketing Oppor-

tunities in 1955 Unparalleled. Southeast. Poultryman. 8: 1. 1955.

SIs Integration Ahead? Poultry Industry News. 83: 3. 1955.

LAWRENCE, J. M. Weed Control in Farm Ponds. Prog. Fish Cult. 17(3): 141-143.1955.

Preliminary Results on the Use of Potassium Permanganate toCounteract the Effects of Rotenone on Fish. Prog. Fish Cult. 18(1): 15-21.1956.

LIVINGSTON, KNOX W. Durability of Alabama-Grown Arizona Cypress. Jour. For.54(6): 400-401. 1956.

.Reproduction of Slash Pine Outside Its Natural Range.Jour. For. 54(8): 532. 1956.

LUKEFAHR, M., AND GRIFFIN, J. A. The Effects of Food on Longevity and Fecun-dity of Pink Bollworm Moths. Jour. Econ. Ent. 49(6): 876-877. 1956.

MARCH, M. W. AND EDEN, W. G. Relative Toxicity of Six Insecticides to TwoStrains of the House Fly. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(5): 610-611. 1955.

MAY, JACK T. Alabama's Tree Planting Needs. Jour. Ala. Acad. Sci. 28: 69-72.December 1956.

MOULTRIE, F., COTTIER, G. J., AND KING, D. F. Additional Evidence for GeneticVariation in Resistance to "Blue Comb" Disease. Poultry Sci. 34: 458-461.1955.

The Effects of Relaxed Selectionon Performance of a Strain of Disease-Resistant White Leghorns. Poultry Sci.35: 1345-1348. 1956.

A New Technique for the Artificial Insemination of Caged Hens.Poultry Sci. 35: 1230-1234. 1956.

. Reconditioning Old Hens. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58:192. 1956.

MOUNT, R. H., AND ARANT, F. S. The Effect of High and Low Gamma Benzene-hexachloride and Lindane Upon the Cotton Aphid. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr.Workers. 52: 94. 1955.

The Effect of Benzenehexachloride and of Lin-dane Upon the Cotton Aphid. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58: 128-129.1956.

OLIVER, A. D., AND EDEN, W. G. Toxicity of Several Insecticides to Two Strainsof the House Fly. Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(1): 111. 1955.

MARSH, M. W., AND EDEN, W. G. Toxicity of Several Insecticidesto Two Strains of the House Fly. Proc. Assoc South. Agr. Workers. 52. 1955.

PATTERSON, R. M. Influence of Cultural Practices on Seed Production of SericeaLespedeza, Crimson Clover and Tall Fescue. Report. Thirteenth South. Pas-ture and Forage Crop Improvement Conf. 1956.

PRicHARDs, D. B. Uses for Wood and How to Expand Them. Jour Ala. Acad. Sci.28: 129. 1956.

ROBERTSON, R. L. AND ARANT, F. S. Effect of Bayer 17147 on Boll Weevil. Jour.Econ. Ent. 48(5): 604. 1955.

The Effect of Certain Acaracides on TwoSpecies of Spider Mites on Cotton. Jour. Econ. Ent. 49(6): 860-861. 1956.

.Systemic Effect of 8911 on Certain CottonInsects. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 128. 1956.

.Toxicity of Certain Insecticides Applied Topically to BollWeevil. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 126. 1956.

SCARSBROOK, C. E., AND COPE, J. T., JR. Yield and Quality of Dixie Runner Pea-nuts as Affected by Fertilizer, Gypsum, and Minor Elements. Proc. Assoc.South. Agr. Workers. 52: 44. 1955.


SEAL, W. L., AND EDEN, W. G. Mites in Cricket Cultures and Toxicities of Sev-eral Acaricides and Insecticides to the House Cricket. Jour. Econ. Ent. 49(2):262-263. 1956.

SEARCY, V. S. A Progress Report on the Control of Wild Garlic (Allium vineale)with Chemicals. Proc. 9th South. Weed Conf. pp. 225-230. 1956.

. The Control of Cherokee Rose (Rosa bracteata) with 2,4-D. Proc.9th South Weed Conf. pp. 232-234. 1956.

SELMAN, FRANK L., AND ROUSE, R. D. Early Fruiting and Boll Maturity of Cottonas Affected by Sodium and Root Aeration. Soil Sci. 80: 281-286. 1955.

The Effect of Sodium and Aeration onEarly Fruiting of Cotton. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 58: 46. 1955.

SLEDGE, E. B. Pathogenicity of the Spiral Nematode, Helicotylenchus nannusSteiner, 1945, in Relation to Selected Varieties of Corn. Abs. Ala. Acad. Sci.28: 123. 1956.

SOWELL, W. F., AND ROUSE, R. D. A Growth Study of the Cotton Plant UnderControlled Environmental Conditions. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53:63. 1956.

Growth and Fruiting of the Cotton Plant Un-der Controlled Environmental Conditions. Agron. Jour. 48: 581-582. 1956.

SPEAKE, DANIEL W. Waterfowl use of Creeks, Beaver, Swamps, and Small Im-poundments in Lee County, Alabama. 9th Ann. Meeting, Southeast. Assoc.Game and Fish Comn. 1955.

STICKNEY, W. MORGAN, AND ROUSE, R. D. Some Cations Exchange Characteristicsof Vaiden Clay as Affected by Moisture Content and Temperature of Drying.Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 52: 43. 1955.

STOKES, C. M. Land Preparation for Mechanization and Irrigation. Proc. Assoc.South. Agr. Workers. 53. 1956.

SULLIVAN, EDWARD G. Gray Fox Reproduction, Denning, Range, and Weights inAlabama. Jour. Mammal. 87(3): 346-851. 1956.

, AND HAUGEN, ARNOLD O. Age Determination of Foxes byX-Ray. Jour. Wildlife Mangt. 20(2): 210-212. 1956.

SWINGLE, H. S. Determination of Balance in Farm Fish Ponds. Trans. N. A. Wild-life Conf. 21: 298-318. 1956.

,Experiments on Commercial Fish Production in Ponds. Proc.1954 Southeast. Game and Fish Comn. pp. 69-74. 1955.

TIPPINs, H. H., AND HYCHE, L. L. Control of Flower Thrips on Blackberries.Jour. Econ. Ent. 48(6): 769-770. 1955.

TURNER, JACK L., AND HAGLER, T. B. Relationship of Fertilizer and Nutrient-Element Content of Soils and Leaves to Yield of Apples in Alabama. Proc.Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 173. 1956.


WARD, H. S., JR. The Effect of Moisture and Temperature During Storage on theGermination, Respiration, and Free Fatty Acids of Dixie Runner Peanuts.Jour. Ala. Acad. Sci. 27: 96-97. 1955.

. Results of Research on Storage of Forage Crop Seed. Proc.Southern Forage Crop Imp. Conf. 12: 39-40. 1955.

, AND BUTT, J. L. Hygroscopic Equilibrium and Viability of Natu-rally and Artificially Dried Seed of Crimson Clover, Trifolium incarnatum.Agron. Jour. 47: 576-579. 1955.

, AND SELF, R. L. Effects of High Soil Temperature on RootGrowth of Loquat Seedlings in Nursery Containers. Plant Dis. Reptr. 40:957-960. 1956.

WARE, L. M., AND JOHNSON, W. A. Factors Affecting the Value of Organic Ma-terials. Proc. Assoc. South. Agr. Workers. 53: 164. 1956.

.Effects of Rates and Number of Applicationsof the Major Fertilizer Elements on Yield and Composition of Potatoes andRecovery of Major Elements at Harvest. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 65: 317-323.1955.

Use of Field Bins for Experimental Studieswith Vegetable Crops. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 65: 423-426. 1955.

. Review of Irrigation Research on Horticultural Crops in Alabama.Proc. Water Resource and Suppl. Irrig. Workshop. pp. 10-15. 1955.



Officers and Staff

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONAlabama Polytechnic Institute

December 31, 1956

His Excellency, JAMES E. FOLSOM, Governor, Chairman--------...Ex-Officio

A. R. MEADOWS, State Superintendent of Education-------------- Ex-Officio

E. A. ROBERTS (First District) ----------------------------------------------------- Mobile

V. S. SUMMERLIN (Second District) ------------------------------- Luverne

JIMMY HITCHCOCK (Third District) ....-----------Union Springs

G. H. WRIGHT (Third District) ...----------------------Auburn

E. L. WYNN (Fourth District) ---------- ------ Ashland

M. H. MOSES (Fifth District) ----------------------------------------- Fyffe

R. C. BAMBERG (Sixth District) ---------------------------- Uniontown

PAUL S. HALEY (Seventh District) J------ - -- asper

REDUS COLLIER (Eighth District) --------------- Decatur

FRANK P. SAMFORD (Ninth District) -------------------------- Birmingham

Administration

RALPH BROWN DRAUGHON, LL.D., PresidentDAVID W. MULLINS, Ed.D., Executive Vice President

E. V. SMITH, Ph.D., DirectorCoYT WILSON, Ph.D. Associate Director

C. F. SIMMONS, Ph.D., Assistant DirectorW. H. WEIDENBACH, B.S., Assistant to Director

L. O. BRACKEEN, B.S., Director of PublicityC. H. CANTRELL, M.A., A.B.L.S., Director of Libraries

FARLEY LEE, M.A., A.B.L.S., Agricultural Librarian

Agricultural EconomicsBEN T. LANHAM, JR., M.S. --------------- Head of DepartmentB. F. ALVORD, M.S. ---------------------------- Agricultural EconomistJ. H. BLACKSTONE, M.S. ----------------------- Agricultural EconomistE. D. CHASTAIN JR., Ph.D. --------------- Associate Agricultural EconomistM. J. DANNER, M.S....--------------- ------Associate Agricultural EconomistW. F. GREGORY, M.S. ..-------- Associate Agricultural Economist (Coop. USDA)H. L. STREETMAN, M.S.----------------------- Associate Agricultural EconomistE. E. KERN, M.S. ---------------------- Associate Agricultural EconomistMORRIS WHITE, Ph.D. ------------------- Associate Agricultural EconomistJ. H. YEAGER, Ph.D.. .-------------------Associate Agricultural EconomistCLAIRE F. JONES, B.S. ------------------ Assistant in Agricultural EconomicsRUTH A. HAMMETT, M.S.-------------------Assistant in Agricultural EconomicsE. E. MANSFIELD .... - ------------- -------------------------- Statistical AssistantRoY OTIS RUSSELL, JR., B.S.--------------------Assistant in Agricultural EconomicsJACK L. TURNER, M.S...----- ...------------ -Assistant in Agricultural Economics


Agricultural Engineering

F. A. KUMMER, M.S. ---------------------------- Head of DepartmentM. L. NICHOLS, D.Sc.-------Dir. Tillage Machinery Laboratory (Coop. USDA)I. F. REED, M.S., A.E.----------------- Senior Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)HERMAN BOUWER, Ph.D.-- --------------- Associate Agricultural EngineerC. A. ROLLO, M.S. -------------- --------- Associate Agricultural EngineerWALTER GRUB, M.S. --------------------- Associate Agricultural EngineerC. M. STOKES, M.S.------------- ------ Associate Agricultural EngineerT. E. CORLEY, M.S. -- ------ -------- Associate Agricultural EngineerC. A. REAVES, M.S.---------------- Associate Agricultural Engineer (Coop. USDA)**A. W. COOPER, M.S. --- Ass't. Dir. Tillage Machinery Laboratory (Coop. USDA)H. A. WEAVER, M.S. Associate Soil Scientist (Coop. USDA)

Agronomy and Soils

IIOWARD T. ROGERS, Ph.D. ------- Head of DepartmentL. E. ENSMINGER, Ph.D.------------------------------------------------- Soil ChemistR. W. PEARSON, Ph.D. ----------------------- Soil Chemist (Coop. USDA)E. C. RICHARDSON, M.S. ---------------------- Agronomist (Coop. USDA)A. L. SMITH, Ph.D. ------------------------- Pathologist (Coop. USDA)D. G. STURKIE, Ph.D.----- --------- ----- --------------- AgronomistJ. T. COPE, JR., Ph.D. ----------------------------- Associate AgronomistE. D. DONNELLY, Ph.D. ---------------------- Associate Plant BreederE. M. EVANS, M.S.-------------------------------Associate AgronomistW. R. LANGFORD, Ph.D. ------------------------------------------ Associate AgronomistF. S. MCCAIN, Ph.D.------------------------------------------Associate Plant BreederFRED ADAMS, Ph.D.------------ ------------------ Associate Soil ChemistR. D. ROUSE, Ph.D. ---------------------------- Associate Soil ChemistC. E. SCARSBROOK, Ph.D.---------------------------------------- Associate Soil ChemistJ. I. WEAR, Ph.D. ------------------------- Associate Soil ChemistC. M. WILSON, Ph.D.---------------------------Associate Soil Chemist'C. C. KING, JR., M.S.--------------------------- Assistant Agronomist* R. M. PATTERSON, M.S. ------------------------ Assistant AgronomistV. S. SEARCY, M.S. ----------------------------- Assistant AgronomistF. L. SELMAN, M.S. ----------------------------- Assistant AgronomistG. T. SHARMAN, JR., B.S. ------------------------- Assistant AgronomistF. E. BERTRAM, B.S. ---------------------------- Field SuperintendentF. T. GLAZE, B.S. ------------------------------ Field SuperintendentJ. W. LANGFORD, B.S. ---------------- Superintendent, Plant Breeding UnitJ. W. RICHARDSON, B.S. -------------------------- Field SuperintendentORUS L. BENNETT, B.S. -------------------------- Assistant in AgronomyLOUIE J. CHAPMAN, B.S. ------------------------ Assistant in AgronomyW. F. SOWELL, B.S. ---------------------------- Assistant in AgronomyHAROLD W. GRIMES, B.S..............---------------------------Assistant in AgronomyRAYMOND D. HICKS, B.S. ------------------------ Assistant in AgronomyC. C. HORTENSTINE, B.S....------------------------ Assistant in AgronomyJAMES G. LINK, JR., B.S. ------------ ------------- Assistant in Agronomy

* Military leave.** Leave of absence.



Animal Disease Research

R. S. SUGG, D.V.M. --------------- --------------- Head of DepartmentC. S. ROBERTS, D.V.M., M.S .--- ------------- Animal PathologistGEORGE K. KIESEL, D.V.M ------------------------ Animal PathologistW. G. DACRES, Ph.D. --------------------- BacteriologistLEON W. TURNER, D.V.M. ----------------- Assistant in Animal Pathology

Animal Husbandry

W. D. SALMON, M.A. ---------------------------- Head of DepartmentJ. C. GRIMES, M.S. ------- - ------ Animal HusbandmanH. E. SAUBERLICH, Ph.D. -------------------------- Animal NutritionistW. B. ANTHONY, Ph.D.----------------Associate Animal NutritionistD. H. COPELAND, B.S. --------------------- Associate Animal PathologistC. D. SQUIERS, Ph.D.------------------------Associate Animal BreederEARL L. WIGGINS, Ph.D. -------------------------------------- Associate Animal BreederG. B. MEADOWS, M.S. --------------------- Assistant Animal HusbandmanR. R. HARRIS, M.S. ---------------------- Assistant Animal HusbandmanW. M. WARREN, Ph.D. ----------------------- Associate Animal BreederH. D. ALEXANDER, Ph.D. ------------------- Assistant Animal NutritionistH. F. TUCKER, M.S. ----- ---------------- Assistant in Animal HusbandryE. J. DAY, M.S. ------------- Assistant in Animal Husbandry and NutritionP. F. PARKS, B.S.-----------Assistant in Animal Husbandry and Nutrition

Botany and Plant PathologyJ. A. LYLE, Ph.D. . H------------------------------ ead of DepartmentE. J. CAIRNS, Ph.D.------------------------- NematologistD. E. DAVIs, Ph.D.------------------------------- Associate BotanistE. F. SCHuLTZ, JR., M.S. ------------------------ Associate BiometricianH. S. WARD, JR., Ph.D.---------------------------------------Associate BotanistE. A. CURL, Ph.D. ----------- --------------- Assistant Plant PathologistU. L. DIENER, Ph.D. ------------------------ Assistant Plant PathologistE. T. BROWNE, JR., M.A. ------------------ Assistant BotanistE. M. CLARK, Ph.D. ------------------------------- Assistant Botanist

Dairy HusbandryK. M. AUTREY, Ph.D. ---------------------------- Head of DepartmentG. E. HAWKINS, JR., Ph.D. ------------------ Associate Dairy HusbandmanG. H. ROLLINS, M.S. ---------------------- Associate Dairy Husbandman

Forestry

WILBUR B. DEVALL, M.S. ------------------------ Head of DepartmentH. E. CHRISTEN, M.F. ------------------------------------ ForesterG. I. GARIN, Ph.D. --------------------------------------- ForesterJ. L. HILL, D.For. --------------------------------------- ForesterJ. T. MAY, M.S. ----------------------------------------- ForesterD. B. RICHARDS, Ph.D. ------------------------------------ ForesterJ. F. GOGGANS, M.. . ------------------------------ Associate ForesterE. J. HODGKINS, M.S. ----------------------------- Associate ForesterF. F. SMIT, M.F., M.A. Associate Forester


J. E. CAROTHERS, M.S.------------------------------Assistant Forester*B. M. COOL, M.S.-------------------------------Assistant Forester'A. R. GILMORE, M. --- -------------------------- Assistant ForesterK. W. LIVINGSTON, M.F ------- --------------------- Assistant ForesterH. G. POSEY, M.S.F.------------------------------Assistant ForesterE. W. JOHNSON, M.F..------- Assistant ForesterDONALD W. WOODS, B.S. ------------------------- Assistant in ForestryF. E. GOODRICc, B.S.---- ------------------------ Assistant in Forestry

Home Economics

MARION W. SPIDLE, M.A. --------- Head, Home Economics ResearchRUTH ALBRECHT, Ph.D.-----------------------------Home EconomistKATHRYN PHILSON, Ph.D.--_------- --------- Associate Home EconomistMILDRED S. VAN DE MARKP, M.A.---------------Associate Home EconomistMARY E. PRATHER, M.S. ------------------- ssistant in Home Economics

Horticulture

L. M. WARE, M.S.----- ------------------------- Head of DepartmentWALTER GREENLEAF, Ph.D.-------- -------- Vegetable BreederC. L. ISBELL, Ph.D.----------------------------------- HorticulturistToxvuI FURUTA, Ph.D. ----------------- ------- Associate HorticulturistT. B. HAGLER, Ph.D.----- ----- -------- Associate HorticulturistHUBERT HARRIS, M.S.--------------------------------- Associate HorticulturistSAM T. JONES, Ph.D. ----- ---------- Associate HorticulturistH. P. ORR, M.S.---- ---- --- Associate HorticulturistW. A. JoHNSON, M.S.----------------------Assistant HorticulturistR. L. LIVINGSTON, M.S. ----------------. Assistant HorticulturistJ. M. BARBER, B.S.---- -------- Assistant in HorticultureJ. W. PATE, B.S.------------------------Assistant in HorticultureTROY KEEBLE, B.S. ------------------- Greenhouse Manager

Poultry Department

D. F. KING, M.S. --------------- Head of DepartmentG. J. COTTIER, M.A., D.V.M. ---------------------- Poultry HusbandmanS. A. EDGAR, Ph.D..-----------------------Poultry PathologistETHEL MCNEIL, Ph.D.------ --------------- Associate Poultry PathologistJ. G. GOODMAN, M.S. --------------------- Associate Poultry HusbandmanG. R. INGRAM, Ph.D. -------------------- Associate Poultry HusbandmanC. H. MooRE, Ph.D. ------------------- Associate Poultry Husbandman

Publications

KENNETH B. Roy, B.J. ---------------- -- Head of DepartmentB. H. SELLERS, A.B .. .....- Associate Agricultural EditorR. E. STEVENSON, B.S. ----- ------------- Assistant Agricultural Editor

* Leave of absence.

73

Zoology-Entomology

F. S. ARANT, Ph.D.------------------Head of DepartmentA. O. HAUGEN, Ph.D.--------------------Leader, Cooperative Wildlife Research UnitH. S. SWINGLE, M.S. Fish CulturistJ. S. DENDY, Ph.D. -------------...-------- --------- Associate ZoologistW. G. EDEN, Ph.D. ----- EntomologistE. E. PRATHER, M.S.. ------.------- ----- Associate Fish Culturist*B. WAYNE ARTHUR, M.S.--------------------------Assistant EntomologistG. H. BLAKE, JR., M.S---------------------------------- Assistant EntomonwlogistJ. A. GRIFFIN, JR., M.S.--------- ----------------------------- Assistant EntomologistDAN W. SPEAKE, M.S.--------- Asst. Leader, Cooperative Wildlife Res. UnitJ. M. LAWRENCE, Ph.D.----------------------------------Assistant Fish CulturistR. L. ROBERTSON, M.S. ----------------------------- ------- Assistant EntomologistLACY L. HYCHE, M.S --------------- ---------------------------- Assistant EntomologistH. F. TURNER, M.S. ------------- Assistant Zoologist

Substations

W. H. HEARN, B.S. ----------------- -Records AssistantBLACK BELT, Marion Junction, Dallas County

L. A. SMITH, B.S.------------------Assistant SuperintendentCHILTON AREA HORTICULTURE, Clanton, Chilton County

C. C. CARLTON, B.S ...-----.........------------ ---------- SuperintendentGULF COAST, Fairhope, Baldwin County

OTTO BROWN, M.S...-------------- SuperintendentJ. E. BARRETT, B.S. __Assistant SuperintendentH. F. YATES, B.S.----------- Assistant SuperintendentFRANK GARRETT_---------------- Part-Time Assistant in Horticulture

LOWER COASTAL PLAIN, Camden, Wilcox CountyLAVERN BROWN, B.S. . SuperintendentJonH B. SANDERS, B.S. ----------- -- Assistant Superintendent

NORTH ALABAMA HORTICULTURE, Cullman, Cullman CountyT. S. MoRRow, B.S.-- ------ Superintendent

PIEDMONT, Camp Hill, Tallapoosa CountyE. L. MAYTON, M.S. ---------------------------- -Superintendent

SAND MOUNTAIN, Crossville, DeKalb County IS. E. GISSENDANNER, B.S. --------- -- Superintendent

TENNESSEE VALLEY, Belle Mina, Limestone CountyJ. K. BOSECK, B.S. ---- -- - - --- SuperintendentC. H. YEAGER, B.S. ---------------------- Assistant Superintendent

UPPER COASTAL PLAIN, Winfield, Fayette CountyW. W. COTNEY, B.S. ---------- Superintendent

WIREGRASS, Headland, Henry CountyC. A. BROGDEN, B.S. ------------------ SuperintendentMAx SCONYERS, B.S. ---- Assistant SuperintendentJ. G. STARLING, B.S.------- ...--------------- Assistant Superintendent

ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE FIELD STATION, Spring Hill, Mobile CountyRAYMOND, L. SELF, Ph.D. ------------------- Plant Pathologist

* Leave of absence.


CHANGES in STATION STAFF

1955 AppointmentsFRED ADAMS, Ph.D. ------ -- --------------------- Assoc. Soil ChemistRUTH ALBRECHT, Ph.D._Home Econ. (Joint employee with School of Home Econ.)HERMAN BOUWER, Ph.D.--- ---------------------- Assoc. Agr. EngineerHENRY H. FUNDERBURK, JR., B.S.---------- ----------- Assistant in BotanyRuTH A. HAMMETT, M.S. ------------------ Assistant in Agr. EconomicsARTHUR E. HILTBOLD, Ph.D. ------------------- Assoc. Soil MicrobiologistTROY KEEBLE, B.S. - ----------------------------- Greenhouse ManagerEDWARD E. KERN, JR., M.S.-----------------------Assoc. Agr. EconomistGEORGE K. KIESEL, D.V.M.--. Animal Pathologist (Joint employee with School of

Veterinary Medicine)EMORY K. KIRKWOOD, M.S. -------------------- Assistant Agr. EconomistBEE EUGENE LANDRUM, B.S. ---------------------- Assistant Agr. EditorETHEL MCNEIL, Ph.D. ---------------------- Assoc. Poultry PathologistROBERT EDWARD POPPY, B.S ------------ - -------- Assistant in ForestryMARY E. PRATHER, B.S.-------Assistant in Home Econ. (Joint employee with

School of Home Econ.)DAN W. SPEAKE, M.S..- Assistant Leader, Cooperative Wildlife Research UnitMARION W. SPIDLE, M.A._---.----Head, Department of Home Economics (Joint

employee with School of Home Economics) Dean School of Home Econ.RoY EUGENE STEVENSON, B.S. --------------- Assistant Agricultural EditorROBERT LEONARD SPIGNER, M.S ----------------- Assistant in HorticultureHAROLD L. STREETMAN, M.S ---------- Assoc. Agricultural EconomistREDDING S. SUGG, D.V.M._-_...... Head, Department of Animal Disease Research

(Joint employee with School of Veterinary Medicine) Dean School of Vet. Med.LEON WALKER TURNER, D.V.M ---------------------------- Asst. in Animal PathologyMILDRED S. VAN DE MARK, M.A....-.......Assoc. Home Economist (Joint employee

with School of Home Econ.)WILLIAM MICHAEL WARREN, Ph.D..........--------Assoc. Animal Breeder

1955 ResignationsMOORE J. BURNS, Ph.D......---------- Assoc. Animal NutritionistJ. OLAN COOPER, B.S. ----------------------------- Assoc. Agr. EditorWILLIAM LYLE DORRIES, Ph.D.------------------Assistant Agr. EconomistTHOMAS MCDONALD EDEN, JR., B.S.-------------------------Greenhouse ManagerPRYCE B. GIBSON, Ph.D...............-------------------------Assoc. Plant BreederKEITH E. GREGORY, Ph.D............-------------------------Assoc. Animal BreederWADE F. GREGORY, M.S. ------------------- Assoc. Agricultural EconomistBEE EUGENE LANDRUM, B.S. ------------------- Asst. Agricultural EditorCHARLES K. LAURENT, Ph.D. --------------- Assoc. Agricultural Economist

DeceasedHOMER B. TISDALE, M.S. ------------------------------ Plant Breeder

1956 Appointments

JAMES MCCOY BARBER, B.S. --------------------- Assistant in HorticultureEDWARD T. BROWNE, JR., M.A.............---------------------------Assistant Botanist



E. D. CHASTAIN, JR., Ph.D. ---------------------- Assoc. Agr. EconomistEDWARD M. CLARK, M.S. ---------------------------- Assistant BotanistWILLIAM G. DACRES, Ph.D. ---------------------------- BacteriologistFORREST E. GOODRICK, B.S. ----------------------- Assistant in ForestryJOHN L. HILL, D.For.------------------------------------ ForesterJAMES G. LINK, JR., B.Se ------------------------ Assistant in AgronomyCLAUDE H. MOORE, Ph.D._--------------------------------------.Assoc. Poultry HusbandmanPAUL F. PARKS, B.S.-----------------.Assistant in Animal Husbandry and NutritionJAMES W. PATE, B.S- ------------------------- Assistant in HorticultureCHARLES A. ROLLO, M.S- ------------------- Assoc. Agricultural EngineerRoy OTIS RUSSELL, JR., B.S- ----------------- Assistant in Agr. EconomicsJOHN B. SANDERS, B.S-- -.--- Asst. Superintendent, Lower Coastal Plain SubstationBERYL H. SELLERS, A.B. ---------------------------- Associate EditorHENRY F. TURNER, M.S. ---------------------------- Assistant ZoologistJACK L. TURNER, M.S- --------------------- Assistant in Agr. EconomicsEARL L. WIGGINS, Ph.D...............-- ........-----------------------------.Assoc. Animal Breeder

1956 Resignations

M. W. ALISON, B.S- --------------- Asst. Supt. Sand Mountain SubstationRAY ALLISON, M.S-------------------------------- Assistant ZoologistJIMmY LEE BUTT, M.S----- ---------------- Assoc. Agricultural EngineerEDWIN L. HovE, Ph.D...............---------------------------- Animal NutritionistCHARLES M. MARTIN, Ph.D. ----------------- Assoc. Animal HusbandmanFRED MOULTIE, Ph.D. -------------------------- Poultry HusbandmanROBERT L. SPIGNER, M.S- ---------------------- Assistant in Horticulture

Deceased

WILBUR BAKER KELLEY, B.S......--------------.Superintendent, Black Belt SubstationEMoRY KYLE KIRKWOOD, M.S------------- Assistant Agricultural Economist

FINANCIAL REPORTFiscal Year Ended June 30, 1955

Item Hatch Adams Purnell Bankhead- esearch & AllJones Marketing Other

BALANCE JULY 1, 1954 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 814,969.52INCOME 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 88,305.89 322,086.83 1,589,781.89

TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 88,805.89 822,086.88 1,904,751.41

EXPENDITURESPERSONAL SERVICES 13,692.61 12,445.40 49,307.36 78,896.22 218,082.82 780,527.94TRAVEL 28.49 171.63 1,497.15 3,489.98 16,559.88 40,049.12TRANSPORTATION OF THINGS 61.31 16.48 58.63 47.87 923.92 6,276.71COMMUNICATION SERVICE 79.50 23.55 311.50 176.15 1,161.54 10,687.33RENTS & UTILITIES 229.54 535.00 1,009.91 747.71 3,567.57 80,659.52PRINTING & BINDING 842.00 2,224.55 5,870.24OTHER CONTRACTURAL SERVICES 179.87 1,887.07 1,102.65 7,760.54 124,442.64SUPPLIES & MATERIALS 729.18 648.87 4,878.66 7,496.21 88,177.71 408,907.50EQUIPMENT 1,164.07 1,262.72 1,849.15 27,706.93 105,087.94LAND & STRUCTURES 9,129.24 44,808.68TAXES & ASSESSMENTS 7,763.19

TOTAL EXPENDITURES 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 88,805.89 820,244.20 1,565,075.81

BALANCE ON HAND JUNE 80, 1955 .00 .00 .00 .00 1,842.13 889,675.60TOTAL EXPENDITURES & BALANCE 15,000.00 15,000.00 60,000.00 88,805.89 822,086.3388 1,904,751.41

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FINANCIAL REPORT

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1956

Item Hatch Research & AllMarketing Other

BALANCE JULY 1, 1955 .00 1,842.13 839,675.60INCOME 551,099.85 89,510.00 1,848,580.47

TOTAL FUNDS AVAILABLE 551,099.85 91,852.13 2,188,256.07

EXPENDITURESPERSONAL SERVICES 381,456.89 75,871.51 860,763.20TRAVEL 30,132.22 1,040.78 42,158.68TRANSPORTATION OF THINGS 974.45 26.9 7,984.19COMMUNICATION SERVICE 1,650.47 102.20 10,954.97RENTS & UTILITIES 3,88339.97 75.91 89,73.57PRINTING & BINDING 6,864.08OTHER CONTRACTURAL SERVICES 9,198.29 13388.59 103,949.73SUPPLIES & MATERIALS 60,810.27 6,031.57 447,071.88EQUIPMENT 41,628.52 4,000.33 106,800.14LAND & STRUCTURES 21,9183.77 2,819.00 80,758.75TAXES & ASSESSMENTS 8,454.86

TOTAL EXPENDITURES 551,099.85 89,401.38 1,664,488.50

BALANCE ON HAND JUNE 80, 1956 .00 1,950.75 528,767.57TOTAL EXPENDITURES & BALANCE 551,099.85 91,852.18 2,188,256.07

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