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Gospel, God and Glory

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Age of Explorationy When: Renaissance Period opening of the world to European shipping y How: Newtechnology y Navigation ships, sailing charts and maps, navigational instrumentsy Military gunpowder, superior high-powered arms

y Why: Gospel, Gold and Glory y Who: Two Iberian Superpowers y Spain y Portugal

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Age of Explorationy Discovery of previously terra incognita Asia y Race to the Moluccas or Spice Islands y Portugal sailed via south-eastern route through the Indian Ocean (Malacca in 1511 & Moluccas in 1512) y Spain sailed via the western or southwestern route (West Indies in 1492; Philippines in 1521)

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Iberian Peninsula

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Spice Islands

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East Meets Westy Trade relations between the East and the West y Spices y Gold y Slaves y Silver y Silk y Dynamic interaction of cultures

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Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveriesy Portugal won the race to the wealth and

spices of the East:y First to use innovation in seamanship and y

y y y

boatbuilding Discovery of Azores in the Atlantic, leading to (a) the discovery of the Americas; and (b) circumnavigation of the west coast of Africa Reached theEast using direct all-water route Reached southermost end of Africa Reached India

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Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveriesy Spain earlier dispatched the

first truly momentous exploration in modern times:y Attempting to find a westward

route to India by Christopher Columbus, instead reached Guanahani and Cuba (1492) y Led to misapprehension and dispute between Spain and Portugal

Christopher Columbus

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Lusitanian-Hispanic Rivalry in Maritime Discoveriesy Papal Bull (1493) y Spanish Pope Alexander VI mediated dispute and gave Spainthe right over the New World (lands discovered by Columbus) while Africa and India were reserved for Portuguese

y Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)y Partioned the non-Christian world into 2

spheres of influence: imaginary line from north to south poles west of Cape Verde to Spain, east to Portugal y Agreement to propagate Christianity

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Important expeditionsy Magellan Expedition

(1518-1521) led by Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty y Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos y Legazpi Expedition (1564) led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

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Magellan Expedition

(1518-1521)

y led by Ferdinand

Magellan, a Portuguese serving Spanish royalty who was then not in good terms with the Lisbon Court y Pigafetta, Magellan expedition chronicler

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Magellan Expedition

(1518-1521)

y Took the westward Route from Spain: y Southern tip of South America y Across Pacific Ocean y Limasawa, PHILIPPINES March 15, 1521 y Blood compact with Raja Humabon, ruler of

Limasawa y Fr. Pedro Valderama celebrated Massy Planted a large cross

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Magellan Expedition (15181521)

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Magellan Expedition

(1518-1521)

y Blood compact with

Raja Humabon, the Cebu chieftain y Battle of Mactany Raja Sula asked for

assistance from Magellan y Magellans forces were defeated by Raja Lapu-lapu and the natives of Mactan

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Battle of Mactan

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Magellan Expedition (15181521)y Milestones: y Europeans first led of the existence of the Philippines y Provedthat Earth was round y Proved that East Indies could be reached by crossing thePacific y Proved that Americas was land mass separate from Asia

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Villalobos Expedition (15421546)y Led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos y Reached the Eastern Coast of Mindanao

(Sarangani) in 1543 y Milestone:y Attempted to set up a colony and plowed the

land to plant corn the first time on Philippine soil y Named the group of islands in Samar and Leyte as Las Phelipinas or Las Felipinas in honor of then PrincePhilipp II of Spain

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Villalobos

King Philipp II

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Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)y Led by Miguel Lopez

de Legazpi y Reached Cebu in February 1565 y Fr. Andres de Urdaneta was Legazpischief pilot

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Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition (1564)y Milestones: y Blood compact between Legazpi and Si Katunaw of Cebu and Si Galaof Bohol y Set up the first Spanish town in Cebu (Villa de San Miguel, later changed to Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus) y Discovery of the Urdaneta Passage by Legazpis chief pilot, which would later be used in the galleon trade

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The Making of the Spanish Indioy After establishing a town in Cebu, Legazpi

moved northward to Luzon and conquered the prosperous Muslim town of Manila (Raja Sulaiman) y After Manila, expeditions were sent to other parts of Luzon y Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was granted by King Philip II the title Adelantado de Filipinas y Bloodless conquest of the Philippines - Sword + Cross

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Political Institutions Administrationy Viceroyalty of Nueva Espana (Mexico)

administered Philippines, which was then a captaincy general y Real y Supreme Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) goverend all Spanish colonies; paramount lawmaker and administrator next to the King

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Political Institutions Bureaucracyy Central/National y Provincial y City y Municipal y Barrio

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Political Institutions Bureaucracyy Central/National (Manila, Intramuros):

Gobernador y capitan-general, who functioned as :y Commander-in-chief (Army/navy) y President of the Real Audiencia (Supreme

Court) y Vice-Real Patron (Ecclesiastical appointments) y Source of Civil Power

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Political Institutions Bureaucracyy Provincial:y Alcalde mayor for pacified provinces

(alcaldia): y Corregidores for unpacified military zones (corregimientos))y Only Spaniards y Functions: (a) Executive powers (b) Judicial powers (c) Commercial / trade indulto de comercio

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Political Institutions Bureaucracyy City (pueblo) / Municipal (municipio):y Gobernadorcillo

y Filipino or Chinese Mestizo, 25yo, literate in

oral & written Spanish, was a cabeza de barangay for 4 years y Functions:(a) Preparation of tribute list (b) Recruitment of men for draft labor and communal public work (c) Postal clerk (d) Judge in small civil suits (e) Responsiblefor peace and order

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Political Institutions Bureaucracyy Barrio:y Cabeza de barangay - barrio

administratory Usually the barangay chiefs, literacy in

Spanish, good moral character, propertyownership y Functions:(a) Tax and contributions collector for gobernadorcillo (b) Peace and order

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Political Institutions Check on Abuse of Powersy Residencia (1501 1799) y Judicial review of residenciado (one judged) conducted at the end of term by a juez de residencia y Residenciado may be found guiltyof public misconduct and penalized accordingly y Visita (1499 18th century) y Clandestinely, at any time within officials term by a visitador general y Wrongdoers are also penalized accordingly

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No Separation of Church and Statey Spanish clergy exercised political and

economic powers y Press censorship y Vast networks of parishes, especially regulars (those who belonged to Spanish order) y Landowners (e.g. Dominicans, Augustinians and the Recollects)

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Friarocracy and the Philippine revolutiony Criticized by Filipino laborantes (reformers)

and revolucionarios y March 1, 1888: First anti-friar demonstration y 1898 Malolos Constitution: Separation of Church and State y Philippine revolution centeredin the areas where there were vast haciendas (friar estates)

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From pre-colonial barangays to pueblosy Lineal or nucleated barangay settlements y Reduccion (resettlement) bajo el son de

la campana (under the sound of the bell) or bajo el toque de la campana (under the peal of the bell) y Pueblos established by the Franciscan missionary where the church and convent would be constructed; houses to be built around church

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Reduccion as devicey Christian indoctrination y Civilizing device to make the Filipinos law

abiding citizens (little brown Spaniards) y Used Christian festivals to attract the unwilling unbaptized indios (e.g., Flores de mayo, Santacruzan, Sinakulo, Moro-moro) y Led to changes in the pre-colonial barangaysy External: architecture, roofs of tiles or iron

sheets, azotea, aljibes y Internal: integration of Spanish customs + Christianity

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Economic Institutionsy Taxation without representation y Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion Personal y Encomiendas: Royal and Private y Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815)y Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895) y Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814) y Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility Development

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Economic Institutions: Taxation without representationy Direct (tribute and income tax) y Indirect (customs duties and bandala) y Monopolies of special crops y Buwis (tribute) cash or kind, part or whole y Samboangan or donativo de Zamboanga (special tax) to crush moro raids y Bandala forced sale or requisitioning of foods, esp. Rice or coconut oil y Cedula personal

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Economic Institutions: Taxation without representationy Tax exemptions

descendants of Filipino chiefly class; laborers of arsenal and artillery; mediquillos (not doctors but w/ medical experiences); vaccinators, and some college /university students

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Economic Institutions: Polo y Servicio Personal or Prestacion Personaly What: Polo corruption of Tagalog pulong

(meeting of persons and things or community labor) y Who: Polistas Filipino or Chinese male mestizos from 16-60 years old y How long: 40 days (15 days since 1884) y Exemption: payment of falta (absence)

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Economic Institutions: Encomiendas: Royal and Privatey Encomienda - Grant from the Spanish crown

to a meritorious Spaniar (Encomendero) to exercise control (not land grant) overa specific place including its inhabitants y 2 Kinds:y Royal or crown reserved for the crown;

included principal towns and ports y Private granted to individuals who were theKings proteges, or men who served with merit during conquest and pacification campaigns

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Economic Institutions: Encomiendas: Royal and Privatey Duties of Encomendero: y defend encomienda from external incursions y peace and order y assist missionaries y Privileges of Encomendero: y right to impose tribute y Encomenderos later became abusive y hoarded staple items y forced Filipinos to buy back the items at a very low price or left almost nothing for the Filipinos

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Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) 250 yearsy 2 vessels (1 outgoing, 1 incoming) y Between Manila and Acapulco y Ameresian worlds linked: spices and silk for Americans and the Mexican and Peruvian dos mundos (pillar dollars) for the Asians y Benefited privileged Spaniards y Chinese immigrants in

Filipinos converged in Binondo in 1637 to join the trade

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Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) 250 yearsy Negative: y Population growth of the trade - Filipinos forced to work more inconstructing galleons y Neglect of agriculture galleon construction conflicted with planting and harvesting schedules

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Economic Institutions: Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade (1565-1815) 250 yearsy Positive: y To Mexico: mango, tamarind, rice, carabao, cockfighting, Chinese tea and textiles, fireworks y To Philippines: avocado, guava, papaya, pineapples,horses and cattle, etc.

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Economic Institutions:Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country (1780-1895)y Jose de Basco true example of Spains

despotismo ilustrado (enlightend despot); revamped Philippine economy. y Achievements:y Real Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais

composed of leading business, industry and the professions y Plan General Economico income-generating monopolies of tobacco, areca nut, spiritual liquors and explosives

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Economic Institutions: Royal Philippine Company (1785-1814)y To unite American and

Asian commerce y Exclusive monopoly of bringing to Manila, not only Philippine but also Chinese and Indian goods, and shipping them directly to Spain y Opposedby Dutch and English attack on their trade in Asian goods

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Economic Institutions:Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utility Developmenty Railway line Ferrocarril de Manila y Street car service lines Compania de los

Tranvias de Filipinas y Horse-drawn vehicles y First suspension bridge now Quezon Bridge y Regular shippign Manila-Hongkong weekly y Telephone started in 1890 yPublic lighting system in Manila

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Social transformationsAdoption of Hispanic Names y Decreed by Gov. Gen. Narciso Claveria in 1849

y Catalogo alfabetico de apellidosy Based on compiled names of saints,

indegenous and chinese patronymics, flora and fauna, geographical names and thearts. y Contained derogatory names such as Utut, Unggoy and Casillas y For the purposes of census, tax collection, performance of the polo and control of populationmovement

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Social TransformationsFilipino cuisines influenced by the Spanish and Chinese y Adobo, menudo, sarciado, puchero, and mechado were of Spanish influence y Pansit, siopao, mami, siomai, are Chinese Change in Mode of Dressing y Barong Tagalog, camisa chino and theuse of trousers y Hats and the use of shoes y Barot saya for women

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Social TransformationsCelebration of Fiestas y Enticed the indios from the barangays to come into thetown proper y Indoctrinate the indios about the performance of religious ritualsy Feast days for the Holy Week, and for patron saints y Performance of religious dramas such as the

sinakulo and the komedya or moro-moro

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Social TransformationsPractice of the Compadrazgo y Ritual co-parenthood or Kumpare system y Applied both in baptism and marriages

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Cultural Transformationy Precolonial baybayin supplanted by the Latin

alphabet by the mid 18th century y Everything pagan was destroyed by the Spanishmissionaries and replaced by the theocentric religion of Catholicism y The Spanish crown wanted the indios to learn the Spanish language the friars, however, were uncooperative y Precolonial literature was replaced by theocentric literature (comedias, sinakulo and the zarzuela)

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Cultural Transformationy Introduction of European visual arts such as

images, santoses, jewelry and painting. y Famous Filipino painters of European style were Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Western musical instrumentssuch as the organ, harp, guitar and piano.

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Filipinos not Hispanizedy Because we never learned the Spanish

language we never lost that Malayan foundation y The Filipinos were partially hispanized y Cultural patterns of the Muslims and other minorities have remained unchanged y The transformation of the Philippine colony created a blending of the native and Spanish cultures which became the bases of Filipino nationalism today

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