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6: Nigerian Pidgin English
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Background
Bight of Biafra
Lake Chad
Nige r D
e l t a
Gul f of Guinea
Bight of Benin
FEDERAL CAPITALTERRITORY
BENUE
Porto-Novo
N'Djamena
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
Goure
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
Ndali
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
Goure
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
Ndali
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
Goure
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
Ndali
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
Goure
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
NdaliKajama
Lau
Potiskum
Gboko
Katsina AlaOndo
Azare
Koko
YelwaYelwaYelwa
Numan
Damasak
Auchi
Gembu
Kari
Wudil
Sapele
Wurno
Daura
Nkambe
Mubi
Gumel
Ogoja
Owo
Hadejia
Warri
Kamba
Illela
Gombi
Abong
Baro
Nguru
Wawa
Wukari
Baga
Takum
Kanfanchan
Funtua
KauraNamoda
Oron
Kisi
Iwo
Damboa
Chibok
Ankpa
Badeggi
Sabon Benin Gwari
Ilaro
IbiIseyin
Dikwa
Oturkpo
Bida
Dan Gulbi
Shaki
Tungo
Bajoga
Oyo
BamaBama
Biliri
Kwolla
Kontagora
Amper
Ganye
Biu
Ore
Pankshin
Ikom
Birni Nkonni
Bali
Gummi
BackiBacki
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
GoureZinder
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
Ndali
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
Goure
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
Ndali
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
Goure
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
Ndali
Léré
Diffa
Banyo
Foumban
Gouré
Ngaoundéré
Magaria
Buea
Cotonou
Bamenda
Bohicon
Parakou
Guider
Bol
Kandi
Mora
Bosso
Kontcha
Dosso
Mokolo
Yoko
Gaya
Maradi
Pala
Ndali
Limani
Umuahia
Jalingo
Garoua
Ilorin
Uyo
Maroua
Akure
Gombe
Ado-Ekiti
Gusau
Lokoja
Lafia
Enugu Abakaliki
Awka
Douala
Makurdi
Sokoto
Bafoussam
Jos
Abeokuta
Katsina
Owerri
PortHarcourt
Dutse
Yenagoa
Benin City
Damaturu
Calabar
Asaba
Birnin Kebbi
Kumba
Yola
Ikeja
Bauchi
Nikongsamba
Minna
Onitsha
Osogbo
Kaduna
Ogbomosho
Kano
Ibadan
Aba
Ife
Maiduguri
Zaria
Lagos Porto-Novo
N'Djamena
Abuja
Bight of Biafra
Lake Bamendjing
Yedsera
m
Lake Chad
Sanaga
KainjReservoir
Nig
er
Mbam
Nige r D
e l t a
Kaduna
Quémé
Gon
gola
Hadejia
Sokoto
Zamfara
Komadugu
Gulbin Ka
Niger
Sokoto
Niger
Gul f of Guinea
Benue
Bight of Benin
Bénoué
Komadugu G
ana
KATSINA
DELTA
KOGI
KANO
ENUGU
OYO
JIGAWA
EBONYI
PLATEAU
YOBE
IMO
NASARAWA
RIVERS
TARABA
BAYELSA
BENUE
CROSS RIVERABIA
FEDERAL CAPITALTERRITORY
NIGER
BORNO
AKWA IBOM
OSUN
KEBBI
LAGOS
OGUN
KADUNA
SOKOTO
EKITI
ONDO
BAUCHI
AN
AM
BRA
EDO
ADAMAWA
ZAMFARA
GOMBE
KWARA
C H A D
N I G E R
B E N I N
CHAD
C.A
.R.C A M E R O O N
0
15050
50
200 km100
100 mi
0
National capitalState capitalTown, villageMajor airportInternational boundaryState boundaryHighwayMain roadRailroad
NIGERIA
Department of Field SupportCartographic Section
Map No. 4228 Rev. 1 UNITED NATIONSAugust 2014
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
NIGERIA
Source: United Nations Cartographic Section -
http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/nigeria.pdf
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Background
I Long pre-colonial historyI From mid-19th century onward: British ruleI 1960 independenceI Some democracy, Civil war (1967–1970), Military juntasI 1999 Return to democracyI 201 million inhabitants on 924 000 km2, 215/km2
Cf. Germany: 83 million on 357,000 km2, 232/km2I 250 ethnic groups (three largest: Hausa, Igbo, and
Yoruba), > 500 languages, wide variety of cultures
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Language in Nigeria
By Ulamm - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2983770
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English in Nigeria
I English widely used for education, business, and officialpurposes.
I Small minority (part of the urban elite) with English as afirst language
I Widely refered to as the official language of NigeriaI Nigerian Pidgin: more common in urban centersI Cline/unclear distinctions between Nigerian English and
Nigerian Pidgin English
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Phonology
I reduced number of vowels, e.g.I short raised front vowel /æ/ replaced by low /a/:
hand, carry, datI central raised /2/ falls together with low back /O/:
month, done, body, brodersI diphthongs with mid-high onsets generally
monophthongized:/eI/ → /e/ day, Lagos, /@U/, /oU/ → /o/ load, local
I no dental fricatives:D → /d/ dere, di, dose; /T/ → /t/ month, thousand
Cf. Schneider (2011, 141–149)
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Phonology
I tone produces minimal pairsI yes-no questions signalled by intonation
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Syntax and morphology
I wey invariant relative pronoun
(1) Dr. Obari Gomba wey be lecturer for Department ofEnglish Studies,
8 / 14
Definiteness and number
(2) a. À si mòto.I saw cars/the car/the cars/a car/some cars.
b. À si mòto dèm.I saw cars/the cars/some cars.
c. À si dì mòto.I saw the car/the cars.
d. À si dì mòto dèm.I saw the cars.
e. À si won mòto.I saw a car.
= (4a-e) in Faraclas (2013, 179) [c. corrected]
I optional marking of definiteness/number on the noun
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Pronominal system
subject object
1sg mi/à mi2sg yu yu3sg im/ì im/àm1pl wi wi2pl ùnà ùnà3pl dem dem
Table: Personal pronouns in Nigerian Pidgin (from Table 3 in Faraclas2013, 180)
I Benue-Kwa second person plural form ùnà
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Negation
I negation: invariant no in front of the verb phrase
(3) À no bay nyam.“I didnt buy yams.”
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Tense/aspect markingI temporal/aspectual relations expressed by preverbal
markers:I go for futureI don for completiveI dey for ongoing actions
(4) You don read Sozaboy by Ken Saro Wiwa or ThePalm-Wine Drinkard by Amos Tutuola.
(5) a. À gò go tawn. I will/would go to town.b. À dè go. I go/am going.c. À don go (finish). I have gone/went.d. A gri go. I agree to go.From Table 4. Tense-Aspect-Mood Markers, Faraclas(2013, 181)
(6) Yù gò don dè chop finish.You will have been finished eatingCf. (j), Faraclas (2013, 181)
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Copula
I copula:I identity copulaI locative/existential copulaI copula highlighter
be, de/dey, na
(7) Di story na about how . . .
(8) Di story na about one man, Mene from Dukana villageand how di Biafra war affect im and im family.
(9) Nàhl
AuduAudu
werel
deloc.cop
haws,house
noneg
bìident.cop
mì.me
It is Audus who is at home, it is not I (who am at home).= 11 in Faraclas 2013, 182
13 / 14
Various other things
I for with wide range of meaningsI wetin ‘what’ < what thingI say as a complementizer (including indirect speech)I reduplication to express intensificationI serial verb constructions
(10) a. À manij tek nayf kot yu.I managed to cut you with a knife.
b. À bay nayf giv yù.I bought you a knife.
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Faraclas, N. (2013). Nigerian pidgin. In S. M. Michaelis,P. Maurer, M. Haspelmath, and M. Huber (Eds.), The surveyof pidgin and creole languages. Vol. I: English-based andDutch-based languages, pp. 176–184. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.
Schneider, E. W. (2011). English around the world. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
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