58 Cognitive Biases That Screw Up Everything We Do

7/24/2019 58 Cognitive Biases That Screw Up Everything We Do

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58 Cognitive Biases That ScrewUp Everything We Do

Affect heuristic

Flickr/mariversa

The way you feel filters the way you interpret the world.

Take, for instance, if the words rake, take, and cake flew across a

computer screen blinked on a computer screen for 1/30 of a second.

Which would you recognize?

If you're hungry, research suggests thatall you see is cake.
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Anchoring bias

fahrudinryuken/statigr.am

People are overreliant on the first piece of information they hear.

In a salary negotiation,for instance, whoever makes the first offer

establishes a range of reasonable possibilities in each person's mind. Any

counteroffer will naturally react to or be anchored by that opening offer."Most people come with the very strong belief they should never make an

opening offer,"saysLeigh Thompson, a professor at Northwestern

University's Kellogg School of Management. "Our research and lots of

corroborating research shows that's completely backwards. The guy or

gal who makes a first offer is better off."
http://statigr.am/p/275013690082696532_41794070http://statigr.am/p/275013690082696532_41794070http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-negotiate-make-first-offer-2014-5http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-negotiate-make-first-offer-2014-5http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-negotiate-make-first-offer-2014-5http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-negotiate-make-first-offer-2014-5http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-negotiate-make-first-offer-2014-5http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-negotiate-make-first-offer-2014-5http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-negotiate-make-first-offer-2014-5http://statigr.am/p/275013690082696532_41794070


3/17

Confirmation bias

NOAA

Wetend to listen only to the information that confirms our

preconceptionsone of the many reasons it's so hard to have an

intelligent conversation about climate change.

Observer-expectancy effect

Basis Scottsdale
https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttps://www.basisschools.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=351https://www.basisschools.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=351https://www.basisschools.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=351https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.html


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A cousin of confirmation bias, here ourexpectations unconsciously

influence how we perceive an outcome.Researchers looking for a certain

result in an experiment, for example, may inadvertently manipulate or

interpret the results to reveal their expectations. That's why the "double-blind" experimental design was created for the field of scientific

research.

Bandwagon effect

en.wikipedia.org

The probability of one person adopting a belief increases based on the

number of people who hold that belief. This is a powerful form of

groupthink and it's a reason meetings are so unproductive.
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Bias blind spots

Daimler AG on flickr

Failing to recognize your cognitive biases is a bias in itself.

Notably, Princeton psychologist Emily Pronin has found that "individuals

see the existence and operation of cognitive and motivational biases

much more in others than in themselves."

Choice-supportive bias
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LexnGer on flickr

When you choose something, you tend to feel positive about it,even if the

choice has flaws.You think that your dog is awesomeeven if it bites

people every once in a while

and that other dogs are stupid, sincethey're not yours.

Clustering illusion

en.wikipedia.org

This is the tendency to see patterns in random events. It is central to

various gambling fallacies, like the idea that red is more or less likely to

turn up on a roulette table after a string of reds.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/lexnger/2546671260/http://www.flickr.com/photos/lexnger/2546671260/http://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roulette_-_detail.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roulette_-_detail.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roulette_-_detail.jpghttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/lexnger/2546671260/


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Conservatism bias

en.wikipedia.org

Where people believe prior evidence more than new evidence or

information that has emerged.People were slow to accept the fact that

the Earth was round because they maintained their earlier understanding

the planet was flat.

Conformity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpghttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flammarion.jpg


8/17

Drake Baer/BI

This is the tendency of people to conform with other people. It is so

powerful that it may lead people to do ridiculous things, as shown by the

following experiment bySolomon Asch.

Ask one subject and several fake subjects (who are really working with

the experimenter) which of lines B, C, D, and E is the same length as

A? If all of the fake subjects say that D is the same length as A, the real subject will agree

with this objectively false answera shocking three-quarters of the time.

"That we have found the tendency to conformity in our society so strong that reasonably

intelligent and well-meaning young people are willing to call white black is a matter of

concern,"Asch wrote."It raises questions about our ways of education and about the

values that guide our conduct."

Curse of knowledge

en.wikipedia.org

When people who are more well-informed cannot understand the

common man.For instance, in the TV show "The Big Bang Theory," it's
http://www.brynmawr.edu/aschcenter/about/solomon.htmhttp://www.brynmawr.edu/aschcenter/about/solomon.htmhttp://www.brynmawr.edu/aschcenter/about/solomon.htmhttp://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://www.panarchy.org/asch/social.pressure.1955.htmlhttp://www.panarchy.org/asch/social.pressure.1955.htmlhttp://www.panarchy.org/asch/social.pressure.1955.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheldon_Cooper.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheldon_Cooper.jpghttp://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sheldon_Cooper.jpghttp://www.panarchy.org/asch/social.pressure.1955.htmlhttp://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://www.brynmawr.edu/aschcenter/about/solomon.htm


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difficult for scientist Sheldon Cooper to understand his waitress neighbor

Penny.

Decoy effect

Mario Tama/Getty Images

A phenomenon in marketingwhere consumers have a specific change in

preference between two choices after being presented with a third choice.

Offer two sizes of soda and people may choose the smaller one; but offera third even larger size, and people may choose what is now the medium

option.
http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/


10/17

Denomination effect

People areless likely to spend large billsthan their equivalent value in

small bills or coins.

Duration neglect

When the duration of an event doesn't factor enough into the way we

consider it. For instance,we remember momentary pain just as strongly

as long-term pain.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222http://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222


11/17

Availability heuristic

Samuel Huron on flickr

When people overestimate the importance of information that is

available to them.

For instance, a person might argue that smoking is not unhealthy on the

basis that his grandfather lived to 100 and smoked three packs a day, anargument that ignores the possibility that his grandfather was an outlier.
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12/17

Empathy gap

Lady/Bird on flickr

Where people inone state of mind fail to understand people in another

state of mind.If you are happy you can't imagine why people would be

unhappy. When you are not sexually aroused, you can't understand how

you act when you are sexually aroused.

Frequency illusion
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13/17

eltpics on flickr

Where a word, name or thing you just learned aboutsuddenly appears

everywhere.Now that you know what that SAT word means, you see it in

so many places!

Fundamental attribution error

Flickr/sharynmorrow

This is where you attribute a person's behavior to an intrinsic quality of

her identity rather than the situation she's in. For instance, you might

think your colleague is an angry person, when she is really just upset

because she stubbed her toe.

"We like to think we're rational human beings. In fact, we are prone to hundreds

of proven biases that cause us to think and act irrationally, and even thinking

we're rational despite evidence of irrationality in others is known as blind spot

bias."
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14/17

Read more in Business Insider:

http://www.businessinsider.com/cognitive-biases-2014-6

The 58 cognitive biases are:1. Affect heuristic - "The way you feel filters the way you interpret the world. "

2. Anchoring bias - "People are overreliant on the first piece of information they

hear. "

3. Confirmation bias - "We tend to listen only to the information that confirms

our preconceptions"[1]

4. Observer-expectancy effect - "Our expectations unconsciously influence how

we perceive an outcome. "[1]

5. Bandwagon effect - "The probability of one person adopting a belief increases

based on the number of people who hold that belief."[1]6. Bias blind spots - "Failing to recognize your cognitive biases is a bias in itself.

"[1]

7. Choice-supportive bias - "When you choose something, you tend to feel

positive about it, even if the choice has flaws. "[1]

8. Clustering illusion - "This is the tendency to see patterns in random events."

9. Conservatism bias - "Where people believe prior evidence more than new

evidence or information that has emerged."[1]

10. Conformity - "This is the tendency of people to conform with other

people."[1]

11. Curse of knowledge - "When people who are more well-informed cannot

understand the common man."[1]

12. Decoy effect - "A phenomenon in marketing where consumers have a specific

change in preference between two choices after being presented with a third

choice."[1]

13. Denomination effect - "People are less likely to spend large bills than their
http://www.businessinsider.com/cognitive-biases-2014-6http://www.businessinsider.com/cognitive-biases-2014-6https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttp://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-social-science-research-methods/n311.xmlhttp://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-social-science-research-methods/n311.xmlhttp://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-social-science-research-methods/n311.xmlhttp://www.businessinsider.com/37-billion-is-lost-every-year-on-these-meeting-mistakes-2014-4http://www.businessinsider.com/37-billion-is-lost-every-year-on-these-meeting-mistakes-2014-4http://www.businessinsider.com/37-billion-is-lost-every-year-on-these-meeting-mistakes-2014-4http://psp.sagepub.com/content/28/3/369.shorthttp://psp.sagepub.com/content/28/3/369.shorthttp://psp.sagepub.com/content/28/3/369.shorthttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/http://blog.freshplum.com/pricing-strategy-decoy-effect/http://hbr.org/2006/12/the-curse-of-knowledge/ar/1http://lesswrong.com/lw/m9/aschs_conformity_experiment/http://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/conservatism-bias.htmlhttp://brainshortcuts.blogspot.com/2010/11/choice-supportive-bias.htmlhttp://psp.sagepub.com/content/28/3/369.shorthttp://www.businessinsider.com/37-billion-is-lost-every-year-on-these-meeting-mistakes-2014-4http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-social-science-research-methods/n311.xmlhttps://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Confirmation_bias.htmlhttp://www.businessinsider.com/cognitive-biases-2014-6


15/17

equivalent value in small bills or coins."[1]

14. Duration neglect - "When the duration of an event doesn't factor enough into

the way we consider it."[1]

15. Availability heuristic - "When people overestimate the importance of

information that is available to them."16. Empathy gap - "Where people in one state of mind fail to understand people

in another state of mind."[1]

17. Frequency illusion - "Where a word, name or thing you just learned about

suddenly appears everywhere."[1]

18. Fundamental attribution error - "This is where you attribute a person's

behavior to an intrinsic quality of her identity rather than the situation she's

in."

19. Galatea Effect - "Where people succeed or underperformbecause they

think they should."[1]20. Halo effect - "Where we take one positive attribute of someone and associate

it with everything else about that person or thing."[1]

21. Hard-Easy bias - "Where everyone is overconfident on easy problems and

not confident enough for hard problems."[1]

22. Herding - "People tend to flock together, especially in difficult or uncertain

times."[1]

23. Hindsight bias - "Of course Apple and Google would become the two most

important companies in phones tell that to Nokia, circa 2003."

24. Hyperbolic discounting - "The tendency for people to want an immediate

payoff rather than a larger gain later on."[1]

25. Ideometer effect - "Where an idea causes you to have an unconscious

physical reaction, like a sad thought that makes your eyes tear up."[1][2]

26. Illusion of control - "The tendency for people to overestimate their ability to

control events, like when a sports fan thinks his thoughts or actions had an effect

on the game."[1]

27. Information bias - "The tendency to seek information when it does not affect

action."[1][2]

28. Inter-group bias - "We view people in our group differently from how see we

someone in another group."[1]

29. Irrational escalation - "When people make irrational decisions based on past

rational decisions."

30. Negativity bias - "The tendency to put more emphasis on negative

experiences rather than positive ones."[1]

31. Omission bias - "The tendency to prefer inaction to action, in ourselves and
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222http://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/hotColdEmpathyGaps.pdfhttp://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/hotColdEmpathyGaps.pdfhttp://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/hotColdEmpathyGaps.pdfhttp://www.psmag.com/culture/theres-a-name-for-that-the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon-59670/http://www.psmag.com/culture/theres-a-name-for-that-the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon-59670/http://www.psmag.com/culture/theres-a-name-for-that-the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon-59670/http://humanresources.about.com/od/managementtips/a/mgmtsecret_2.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/managementtips/a/mgmtsecret_2.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/managementtips/a/mgmtsecret_2.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/f/halo-effect.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/f/halo-effect.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/f/halo-effect.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%E2%80%93easy_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%E2%80%93easy_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%E2%80%93easy_effecthttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-herd-behavior.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-herd-behavior.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-herd-behavior.htmhttp://www.behaviorlab.org/Papers/Hyperbolic.pdfhttp://www.behaviorlab.org/Papers/Hyperbolic.pdfhttp://www.behaviorlab.org/Papers/Hyperbolic.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822210http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822210http://jezebel.com/science-explains-ouija-boards-retroactively-ruins-1-00-963534715http://jezebel.com/science-explains-ouija-boards-retroactively-ruins-1-00-963534715http://jezebel.com/science-explains-ouija-boards-retroactively-ruins-1-00-963534715http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/i/illusion_of_control.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/i/illusion_of_control.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/i/illusion_of_control.htmhttp://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP713_InformationBias-Brooks/EP713_InformationBias-Brooks_print.htmlhttp://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP713_InformationBias-Brooks/EP713_InformationBias-Brooks_print.htmlhttp://journal.sjdm.org/10/rh16/rh16.pdfhttp://journal.sjdm.org/10/rh16/rh16.pdfhttp://journal.sjdm.org/10/rh16/rh16.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752497http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752497http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/your-wise-brain/201010/confronting-the-negativity-biashttp://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/your-wise-brain/201010/confronting-the-negativity-biashttp://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/your-wise-brain/201010/confronting-the-negativity-biashttp://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/your-wise-brain/201010/confronting-the-negativity-biashttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752497http://journal.sjdm.org/10/rh16/rh16.pdfhttp://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/EP/EP713_InformationBias-Brooks/EP713_InformationBias-Brooks_print.htmlhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/i/illusion_of_control.htmhttp://jezebel.com/science-explains-ouija-boards-retroactively-ruins-1-00-963534715http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20822210http://www.behaviorlab.org/Papers/Hyperbolic.pdfhttp://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-herd-behavior.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard%E2%80%93easy_effecthttp://psychology.about.com/od/socialpsychology/f/halo-effect.htmhttp://humanresources.about.com/od/managementtips/a/mgmtsecret_2.htmhttp://www.psmag.com/culture/theres-a-name-for-that-the-baader-meinhof-phenomenon-59670/http://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/sds/docs/loewenstein/hotColdEmpathyGaps.pdfhttp://psy2.ucsd.edu/~nchristenfeld/Happiness_Readings_files/Class%209%20-%20Fredrickson%201993.pdfhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599222


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even in politics."[1]

32. Ostrich effect - "The decision to ignore dangerous or negative information by

"burying" one's head in the sand."[1]

33. Outcome bias - "Judging a decision based on the outcome rather than how

exactly the decision was made in the moment."[1]34. Overconfidence - "Some of us are too confident about our abilities, and this

causes us to take greater risks in our daily lives."[1]

35. Overoptimism - "When we believe the world is a better place than it is, we

aren't prepared for the danger and violence we may encounter."[1]

36. Pessimism bias - "This is the opposite of the overoptimism bias."[1]

37. Placebo effect - "Where believing that something is happening helps cause it

to happen."[1]

38. Planning fallacy - "The tendency to underestimate how much time it will

take to complete a task."[1]39. Post-purchase rationalization - "Making ourselves believe that a purchase

was worth the value after the fact."[1]

40. Priming - "Priming is where if you're introduced to an idea, you'll more

readily identify related ideas."[1]

41. Pro-innovation bias - "When a proponent of an innovation tends to

overvalue its usefulness and undervalue its limitations."[1]

42. Procrastination - "Deciding to act in favor of the present moment over

investing in the future."[1]

43. Reactance - "The desire to do the opposite of what someone wants you to do,

in order to prove your freedom of choice."[1]

44. Recency - "The tendency to weigh the latest information more heavily than

older data."[1]

45. Reciprocity - "The belief that fairness should trump other values, even when

it's not in our economic or other interests."[1]

46. Regression bias - "People take action in response to extreme situations."[1]

47. Restraint bias - "Overestimating one's ability to show restraint in the face of

temptation."[1]48. Salience - "Our tendency to focus on the most easily-recognizable features of

a person or concept."[1]

49. Scope insensitivity - "This is where your willingness to pay for something

doesn't correlate with the scale of the outcome."[1]

50. Seersucker Illusion - "Over-reliance on expert advice. This has to do with the

avoidance or responsibility."[1]
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-victim-of-the-ostrich-effect/http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/201008/ulterior-motives-just-dont-do-it


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51. Selective perception - "Allowing our expectations to influence how we

perceive the world."[1]

52. Self-enhancing transmission bias - "Everyone shares their successes more

than their failures."[1]

53. Status quo bias - "The tendency to prefer things to stay the same."[1]54. Stereotyping - "Expecting a group or person to have certain qualities

without having real information about the individual."[1][2]

55. Survivorship bias - "An error that comes from focusing only on surviving

examples, causing us to misjudge a situation."[1]

56. Tragedy of the commons - "We overuse common resources because it's not in

any individual's interest to conserve them."[1]

57. Unit bias - "We believe that there is an optimal unit size, or a universally-

acknowledged amount of a given item that is perceived as appropriate."[1]

58. Zero-risk bias - "The preference to reduce a small risk to zero versusachieving a greater reduction in a greater risk."[1]

To summary, our cognitive experience can be unreasonable influenced by our

emotional experience and our cognition can be based upon invalid logic and

influence our emotional experience.

Related concepts in Neojungian Typology:

Organic Contextualization, Deterministic Contextualization, Contextualization

Delta, Abstract, Concrete, Execution, Processing.
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Documents

58 Cognitive Biases That Screw Up Everything We Do