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Chapter 6
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Topic: Reaction kinetics
1. Consider the SN2 reaction of butyl bromide with OH- ion.
CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH- → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Br-
Assuming no other changes, what effect on the rate would result from simultaneously doubling the concentrations of both butyl bromide and OH- ion?
A) No effect.B) It would double the rate.C) It would triple the rate.D) It would increase the rate four times.E) It would increase the rate six times.
Ans: D
Topic: Reaction kinetics
2. Consider the SN2 reaction of 2-iodopentane with CH3CO2− ion.
I
ONa
O OO
NaI
Assuming no other changes, what effect on the rate would result from simultaneously
doubling the concentrations of both 2-iodopentane and CH3CO2− ion?
A) No effect.B) It would double the rate.C) It would triple the rate.D) It would increase the rate four times.E) It would increase the rate six times.
Ans: D
161
Chapter 6
Topic: Reaction kinetics
3. Consider the SN2 reaction of 1-chloro-5-methylhexane with CN− ion.
Cl NaCN CN NaCl
Assuming no other changes, what effect on the rate would result from simultaneously
doubling the concentrations of both 1-chloro-5-methylhexane and CN− ion?
A) No effect.B) It would double the rate.C) It would triple the rate.D) It would increase the rate four times.E) It would increase the rate six times.
Ans: D
Topic: Reaction kinetics
4. Select the rate law for the following reaction, e.g.,CH3CH2CH2CHBrCH3 + OH− → CH3CH2CH2CHOHCH3 + X−
( RBr )A) Rate = k [RBr]B) Rate = k [RBr] [OH−]C) Rate = k [RBr]2 [OH−]D) Rate = k [RBr] [OH−]2
E) Rate = k [RBr]2 [OH−]2
Ans: B
Topic: Activation Energy
5. Increasing the temperature of a chemical reaction usually increases greatly the rate of the reaction. The most important reason for this is that increasing the temperature:
A) Increases the collision frequency.B) Decreases the probability factor.C) Increases the fraction of collisions with energy greater than Eact.D) Decreases the energy of activation.E) Makes the reaction more exothermic
Ans: C
162
Chapter 6
Topic: Activation Energy
6. Increasing the temperature of a chemical reaction usually increases greatly the rate of the reaction. The primary reason for this is that increasing the temperature:
A) Decreases the energy of activation.B) Increases the total number of collisions between reactantsC) Decreases the rate of the reverse reaction.D) Favors endothermic processes.E) None of the above properly explains the observed increase in reaction rates with
increase in temperature.Ans: E
Topic: Reaction Kinetics
7. The rate equation for a nucleophilic substitution reaction of a tertiary alkyl bromide (R-Br) with I− ion would be:
A) Rate = k [RBr]B) Rate = k [I−]C) Rate = k [RBr][I−]D) Rate = k [RBr]2[I−]E) Rate = k [RBr][I−]2
Ans: A
Topic: Reaction Kinetics
8. The rate equation for a nucleophilic substitution reaction of a secondary alkyl chloride (R-Cl) with I− ion would be:
A) Rate = k [RCl]B) Rate = k [I−]C) Rate = k [RCl][I−]D) Rate = k [RCl]2[I−]E) Rate = k [RCl][I−]2
Ans: C
163
Chapter 6
Topic: Reaction Kinetics
9. Consider the reaction of 2-chloro-2-methylpentane with sodium iodide.
Cl
NaI
I
NaCl
Assuming no other changes, how would it affect the rate if one simultaneously doubled the concentration of 2-chloro-2-methylpentane and sodium iodide?
A) No effectB) It would double the rate.C) It would triple the rate.D) It would quadruple the rate.E) It would increase the rate five times.
Ans: B
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
10. What would you expect to be the chief organic product(s) when tert-butyl bromide reacts with sodium acetylide, i.e.,
BrHC C: Na
I
HC CH
IV
II III
?
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) None of these
Ans: D
164
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
11. What would you expect to be the chief organic product(s) when 2-bromo-2-methylpentane reacts with sodium propynide, i.e.,
BrC: Na
I
HC CH
IV
II
V
HC CH
III
?
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V
Ans: D
Topic: Predicting products
12. What product(s) would you expect to obtain from the following SN2 reaction?
Br
HH
CH3
CH3ONa
CH3OH
OCH3
HH
CH3 H
OCH3H
CH3
I II
CH3O
III
Br
H
H
?
A) IB) IIC) An equimolar mixture of I and II.D) IIIE) None of these
Ans: B
165
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
13. What major product(s) are likely to be obtained from the following reaction?
Cl
H
H
CH3CH2ONa
CH3CH2OH, 65oC
O
H
H H
O
H
I II
Cl
HO
H
III
?
A) I, by predominantly SN2 B) II, by predominantly SN2C) An equimolar mixture of I and II, by predominantly SN1.D) III, by substitution of the alkyl group, rather than substitution of the chloro groupE) Actually, none of these products are likely to be obtained as major products, because
elimination will probably predominate, leading to the formation of an alkene.Ans: E
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
14. Treating (CH3)3C-Cl with a mixture of H2O and CH3OH at room temperature would yield:
A) CH2=C(CH3)2
B) (CH3)3COHC) (CH3)3COCH3
D) All of theseE) None of these
Ans: D
166
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
15. Treating 1-bromo-1-methylcyclohexane with CH3OH at room temperature would yield:A)
OCH3
B)
C)
D) All of theseE) None of these
Ans: D
Topic: Predicting products
16. The major product of the following reaction would be:CH2Cl
H OCH3
CH3
OH−
CH2OH
H3CO H
CH3
CH2Cl
HO H
CH3
I
III IV
CH2Cl
H OH
CH3
II
CH2OH
H OCH3
CH3
SN2?
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) An equimolar mixture of I and II.
Ans: B
167
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
17. Which would be formed in the following reaction?CH3
BrH3C
H
CH3OH
OCH3
CH3H3C
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH2
I
IVIII
II
CH3
OCH3H3C
H
55oC?
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) All of the above
Ans: E
168
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
18. Which would be formed in the following reaction?CH3
Br
H
H3COH
O
CH3
O
H
H3C
O
I
III
O
CH3
H
H3C
O
II
IV
50oC?
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) All of the above
Ans: E
169
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
19. Which would be the major product of the following reaction?
H
ClH
CH3
OC(CH3)3
I
CH3
H
H
OC(CH3)3
CH3
H
I II
H3C
III
H3C
IV
(CH3)3COH
55oC
?(CH3)3CO−
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) None of the above
Ans: C
170
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
20. When 1,4-diiodo-2,2-dimethylbutane (0.10 mol) is treated with 0.10 mol of NaCN in dimethyl sulfoxide at 30°C, the product formed is:
A)NC
I
B)I
CN
C) both A) and B).
D)NC
CN
E) I
Ans: B
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
21. The major product(s) of the following reaction is(are):
H
CH3
H
Cl
H
CH3
H
I
H
CH3
I
H
I II
CH3
III IV
H
CH3
H
OCH2CH3
NaI, CH3CH2OH
25oC
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) Equal amounts of I and II
Ans: A
171
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting products
22. What would be the major product of the following reaction?
CH2Cl
H CH3
OH−
CH2OH
H3C H
CH2Cl
HO CH3
I
III
II
IV
CH2Cl
H OH
CH2OH
H CH3
SN2
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) An equimolar mixture of I and II
Ans: B
172
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
23. What would be the major product(s) of the following reaction?
CH3H3C
H Br
CH3H3C
H OCH3
OCH3H3C
H CH3
I II
H3C CH3 H3C
III IV
CH3O− / CH3OH
55oC
A) IB) IIC) III and IVD) I and IIE) All of the above
Ans: C
173
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
24. What would be the major product of the following reaction?
HH3C
H Br
HH3C
H CN
CNH3C
H Br
I II
III IV
CNH3C
H H
HH3C
NC Br
CΝ −
25oC
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) Equal amounts of I and III
Ans: C
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
25. What would be the major product obtained when trans-1-bromo-3-methylcyclopentane is allowed to react with NaSH at 25oC?
HH3C
H SH
SHH3C
H H
SHH3C
H Br
HH3C
HS Br
I II III IV
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) Equal amounts of I and II
Ans: B
174
Chapter 6
Topic: Synthesis, reagent selection
26. You want to synthesize 3-methyl-2-pentene from 2-chloro-3-methylpentane. Which reagent would you use?
A) HCl, heatB) NH3(aq), 25oCC) CH3CO2Na, CH3CO2H, heatD) CH3CH2ONa, CH3CH2OH, heatE) CH3CH2OH, heat
Ans: D
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
27. When tert-pentyl chloride undergoes solvolysis in aqueous ethanol at room temperature, there is/are formed:
A)
OHB)
OC2H5C)
D)
E) All of theseAns: E
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
28. Reaction of sodium ethoxide with 1-bromopentane at 30°C yields primarily:A) CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2
B) CH3CH2CH=CHCH3
C) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
D) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OHE) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH3
Ans: E
175
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
29. Heating an alcoholic solution of sodium hydroxide and 1-bromopentane at 60°C yields primarily:
A)
B)
C)D) OH
E) O
Ans: D
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
30. If 0.10 mol of HSCH2CH2OH reacts at 25°C, sequentially, with 0.20 mol of NaH, 0.10 mol of CH3CH2Br and H2O, which is the major product?
A) HSCH2CH2OCH2CH3
B) CH3CH2SCH2CH2OHC) CH3CH2SCH2CH2OCH2CH3
D) CH2=CH2
E) CH3CH3
Ans: B
Topic: Predicting mechanisms, products
31. When 0.10 mol of ICH2CH2CH2CH2Cl reacts with 0.10 mol of NaOCH3 in CH3OH at 40°C, the major product is:
A) CH3OCH2CH2CH2CH2ClB) CH3OCH2CH2CH2CH2IC) CH3OCH2CH2CH2CH2OCH3
D) CH2=CHCH2CH2ClE) CH2=CHCH2CH2I
Ans: A
Topic: Generalities
32. SN2 reactions of the type, Nu- + RL → Nu-R + L-, are favored:A) when tertiary substrates are used.B) by using a high concentration of the nucleophile.C) by using a solvent of high polarity.D) by the use of weak nucleophiles.E) by none of the above.
Ans: B
176
Chapter 6
Topic: Generalities
33. Which of the following statements is (are) true of SN1 reactions of alkyl halides in general?
A) The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the alkyl halide.B) The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the nucleophile.C) SN1 reactions of alkyl halides are favored by polar solvents.D) Answers A) and C) only are true.E) Answers A), B) and C) are true.
Ans: D
Topic: Generalities
34. Which of the following statements is (are) true of SN1 reactions of alkyl halides in general?
A) The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the alkyl halide.B) The rate of an SN1 reaction depends on the concentration of the nucleophile.C) SN1 reactions of alkyl halides occur faster in polar aprotic solvents (compared to protic
solvents) D) Answers A) and C) only are true.E) Answers A), B) and C) are true.
Ans: A
Topic: Generalities
35. SN1 reactions of the type, Nu- + RL → Nu–R + L-, are favored:A) when tertiary substrates are used.B) by using a high concentration of the nucleophile.C) when L- is a strong base.D) by use of a non-polar solvent.E) by none of the above.
Ans: A
Topic: Generalities
36. Which of the following statements is (are) true of an SN2 reaction of (R)-2-bromobutane with hydroxide ion?
A) Doubling the hydroxide ion concentration would double the rate of the reaction. (Assume that all other experimental conditions are unchanged.)
B) The major product would be (S)-2-butanol.C) Doubling the concentration of (R)-2-bromobutane would double the rate of the reaction.
(Assume that all other experimental conditions are unchanged.)D) All of the aboveE) Two of the above
Ans: D
177
Chapter 6
Topic: Generalities
37. SN1 reactions of the following type,
Nu:- + R-X → R-Nu + :X-
are favored:A) by the use of tertiary substrates (as opposed to primary or secondary substrates).B) by increasing the concentration of the nucleophile.C) by increasing the polarity of the solvent.D) by use of a weak nucleophile.E) by more than one of the above.
Ans: E
Topic: Generalities
38. SN1 reactions of the following type,
Nu:- + R-X → R-Nu + :X-
are favored:A) by the use of tertiary substrates (as opposed to primary or secondary substrates).B) by increasing the concentration of the nucleophile.C) by increasing the polarity of the solvent.D) by use of a strong base.E) by more than one of the above.
Ans: A
Topic: Generalities
39. A true statement about the transition state(s) of an SN2 reaction is:A) the two transition states are of unequal energy.B) the transition states precede and follow an unstable reaction intermediate.C) the single transition state represents the point of maximum free energy of the reaction.D) existence of this transition state implies an exothermic reaction.E) the transition state will always have a net charge of -1.
Ans: C
178
Chapter 6
Topic: Generalities
40. Elimination reactions are favored over nucleophilic substitution reactions:A) at high temperatures.B) when tert-butoxide ion is used.C) when 3° alkyl halides are used as substrates.D) when nucleophiles are used which are strong bases and the substrate is a 2° alkyl halide.E) in all of these cases.
Ans: E
Topic: Carbocations
41. The hybridization state of the charged carbon in a carbocation isA) sp4
B) sp3
C) sp2
D) spE) s
Ans: C
Topic: Carbocations
42. The p orbital of a methyl cation, CH3+, contains how many electrons?
A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4E) 0
Ans: E
Topic: Carbocations
43. The p orbital of the charged carbon in the isopropyl cation, (CH3)2CH+, contains how many electrons?
A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4E) 0
Ans: E
179
Chapter 6
Topic: Generalities, solvent effects
44. Considering the relative solvation of reactants and the transition states of SN reactions of these reactants, predict which general type of reaction would be most favored by the use of a polar solvent.
A) Y: + RX → RY+ + X:-
B) Y:- + RX → RY + X:-
C) Y: + RX+ → RY+ + X:D) Y:- + RX+ → RY + X:E) RX+ → R+ + X:
Ans: A
Topic: Generalities, solvent effects
45. Which is not a polar aprotic solvent?A)
H3CC
CH3
O
B) H3C C N
C)
H3CS
CH3
O
D)
HC
N
O
CH3
CH3E)
H3CCH
OH
CH3
Ans: E
Topic: Generalities, solvent effects
46. Which is a polar aprotic solvent?A) 2-methylhexaneB) CH3CNC) NH3(l)D) CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH3
E) 2-methyl-2-propanol
Ans: E
180
Chapter 6
Topic: Generalities, nucleophiles
47. Identify the nucleophile in the following reaction.
2 H2O + RX ROH + H3O+ + X−
A) X-B) H3O+
C) ROHD) H2OE) RX
Ans: D
Topic: Generalities, nucleophiles
48. Identify the nucleophile in the following reaction.
2 R’OH + RX ROR’ + [ROH2]+ + X−
A) X−
B) [ROH2]+
C) ROR’D) R’OHE) RX
Ans: D
Topic: Transition State theory
49. An increase in the kinetic energy of reacting molecules results in:A) a decrease in reaction rate.B) an increase in the probability factor.C) a decrease in the probability factor.D) an increase in the reaction rate.E) no changes.
Ans: D
181
Chapter 6
Topic: Generalities, leaving group
50. Identify the leaving group in the following reaction.S−Na+
I
S
Na+ + I −
A) C6H5S-
B) Na+
C) CH3CH2ID) C6H5SCH2CH3
E) I-
Ans: E
Topic: Generalities, solvent effects
51. Which is the weakest nucleophile in polar aprotic solvents?A) I-
B) Br-
C) Cl-
D) F-
E) All of the above are equally strong nucleophiles, regardless of the type of solvent usedAns: A
Topic: Generalities, solvent effects
52. Which is the weakest nucleophile in polar protic solvents?A) I-
B) Br-
C) Cl-
D) F-
E) All of the above are equally strong nucleophiles, regardless of the type of solvent usedAns: D
Topic: Generalities, leaving group
53. Which of the following is the poorest leaving group?A) H−
B) CH3O−
C) H2OD) OH−
E) NH2−
Ans: E
182
Chapter 6
Topic: Generalities, nucleophiles
54.
Which of the following is not a nucleophile?
A) H2OB) CH3O-
C) NH3
D) NH4+
E) All are nucleophiles.Ans: D
Topic: Generalities, solvent effects
55. Which ion is the strongest nucleophile in aqueous solution?A) F-
B) Cl-
C) Br-
D) I-
E) All of these are equally strong.Ans: D
Topic: Leaving groups
56. Which of the following is not a good leaving group?A) C2H5O
−
B) Cl−
C) I−
D) CH3CO2−
E) All of these are good leaving groupsAns: A
Topic: Leaving groups
57. Identify the leaving group in the following reaction:
CH3OH + CH3OH2 CH3OCH3 + H2O
HA) CH3OHB) CH3OH2
+
C) CH3OCH3
D) H2OE) None of these
Ans: D
183
Chapter 6
Topic: Nucleophiles
58. Which is the strongest nucleophile?A) OH-
B) CH3CH2O-
C)
D) CH3CH2OHE) H2O
Ans: B
Topic: Nucleophile, solvent effects
59. Which is the most reactive nucleophile in DMF (structure shown below) ?
HCNCH3
CH3
O
A) F-
B) Cl-
C) Br-
D) I-
E) They are all equally reactive.Ans: A
Topic: Nucleophile, solvent effects
60. Which of these species, acting in a protic solvent, exhibits greater nucleophilic activity than expected on the basis of its basicity?
A) OH-
B) CH3O-
C) SH-
D) Cl-
E) H2OAns: C
184
Chapter 6
Topic: Nucleophilicity
61. The relative nucleophilicities of species do not necessarily parallel the relative basicities of the same species because:
A) not all nucleophiles are bases, and vice versa.B) experimental measurements of sufficient accuracy are not available to make the
comparisons.C) nucleophilicity is a thermodynamic matter; basicity is a matter of kinetics.D) basicity is a thermodynamic matter; nucleophilicity is a matter of kinetics.E) Actually, the relative values do parallel one another.
Ans: D
Topic: Nucleophiles
62. Ambident nucleophiles are ones which can react with a substrate at either of two nucleophilic sites. Which of the following is not an ambident nucleophile?
:CN: :OH
:O:N::OH
H
I II
VIV
N:O:H
:OCH2CH2S:
III
....
.. ......
.. ....
..
......
2
..
..
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V
Ans: B
Topic: Nucleophile, solvent effects
63. Which ion is the strongest nucleophile in an aprotic solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide?A) I-
B) Br-
C) Cl-
D) F-
E) These are all equal.Ans: D
185
Chapter 6
Topic: Leaving group
64. Which of the following is a feasible substitution reaction?A) CH3CH2Cl + NaBr → CH3CH2I + NaClB) CH3CH3 + NaCN → CH3CH2CN + NaHC) CH3CH2Cl + NaOH → CH2=CH2 + H2O + NaClD) More than one of the aboveE) None of the above
Ans: A
Topic: Predicting mechanism, products
65. Heating tert-butyl chloride with 1.0 M NaOH in a mixture of water and methanol would yield mainly:
A) (CH3)3COH through an SN1 reaction.B) (CH3)3COCH3 through an SN1 reaction.C) (CH3)3COH through an SN2 reaction.D) (CH3)3COCH3 through an SN2 reaction.E) CH2=C(CH3)2 through an E2 reaction.
Ans: E
186
Chapter 6
Topic: Free energy diagrams
66. Select the potential energy diagram that represents an exothermic (exergonic) reaction.
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V
Ans: E
187
Chapter 6
Topic: Free energy diagrams
67. Select the potential energy diagram that represents a single-step endothermic (endergonic) reaction.
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V
Ans: A
188
Chapter 6
Topic: Free energy diagrams
68. Select the potential energy diagram that represents a two-step endothermic (endergonic) reaction.
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V
Ans: B
Topic: Hammond-Leffler postulate
69. The Hammond-Leffler postulate when applied to nucleophilic substitutions and elimination reactions states that:
A) a negatively-charged nucleophile is stronger than its conjugate acid.B) polar aprotic solvents strongly accelerate the rate of SN2 processes.C) bimolecular nucleophilic substitutions are 2nd order kinetically.D) the transition state for an endergonic reaction step (one accompanied by an increase in
free energy) resembles the product of that step.E) elimination reactions will always compete with nucleophilic substitution reactions.
Ans: D
189
Chapter 6
Topic: Transition state theory
70. Which will be true for any actual or potential nucleophilic substitution reaction?A) ∆ H° is positive.B) ∆ H° is negative.C) ∆ G‡ is positive.D) ∆ G° is positive.E) ∆ G° is negative.
Ans: C
Topic: Entropy changes
71. For the typical SN2 reaction
Y- + RX → RY + X-
it can be predicted that ∆ S‡ will be:A) positive.B) zero.C) negative.D) either positive or negative.E) unpredictable as to algebraic sign.
Ans: C
Topic: Free energy changes
72. The reaction,CH3Cl + OH− CH3OH + Cl−
H2O
has the following thermodynamic values at 27ºC: ∆ H = -75.3 kJ mol-1;∆ S = 54.4 J K-1 mol-1. What is the value of ∆ G for this reaction?
A) -73.8 kJ mol-1
B) -76.8 kJ mol-1
C) -59.0 kJ mol-1
D) +91.6 kJ mol-1
E) -91.6 kJ mol-1
Ans: E
190
Chapter 6
Topic: Activation energy
73. An increase in the temperature at which reaction is carried out increases:A) the collision frequency.B) the fraction of molecules with proper orientation.C) the fraction of molecules with energy greater than Eact.D) More than one of the aboveE) None of the above
Ans: D
Topic: Free energy diagrams
74. The difference in the bond energies of reactants and the transition state of a reaction is designated by the notation:
A) ∆ H°B) ∆ H‡
C) ∆ G°D) ∆ G‡
E) ∆ S‡
Ans: B
Topic: Hammond-Leffler postulate
75. Which is a true statement concerning the transition state of the rate-determining step of an SN1 reaction?
A) Structurally, it closely resembles the carbocation intermediate.B) Both covalent bond-breaking and bond-making are occurring.C) Formation of the transition state is an exothermic reaction.D) Necessarily, the transition state has zero charge overall.E) More than one of the above
Ans: A
Topic: Stereochemistry of SN/E reactions
76. Which of the following reactions proceeds with inversion of configuration at the carbon bearing the leaving group?
A) SN2B) SN1C) E2D) E1E) All of these
Ans: A
191
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting mechanism, stereochemistry of SN reactions
77. Consider the substitution reaction that takes place when (R)-3-bromo-3-methylhexane is treated with methanol. Which of the following would be true?
A) The reaction would take place only with inversion of configuration at the stereogenic center.
B) The reaction would take place only with retention of configuration at the stereogenic center.
C) The reaction would take place with racemization.D) No reaction would take place.E) The alkyl halide does not possess a stereogenic center.
Ans: C
Topic: Predicting mechanism, stereochemistry of SN reactions
78. Consider the substitution reaction that takes place when (R)-3-bromo-3-methylhexane is treated with sodium methoxide. Which of the following would be true?
A) An SN2 reaction would take place with inversion of configuration at the stereogenic center.
B) An SN1 reaction would take place with retention of configuration at the stereogenic center.
C) An SN1 reaction would take place with racemization of configuration at the stereogenic center.
D) An SN1 reaction would take place, accompanied by an E1 reaction, affording a complex mixture of products.
E) An E2 reaction would take place, during which the stereogenic center is lost.Ans: E
Topic: Predicting mechanism, stereochemistry of SN reactions
79. Consider the substitution reaction that takes place when (R)-3-iodo-3-methylheptane is treated with sodium acetate (CH3CO2Na). Which of the following would be true?
A) An SN2 reaction would take place with inversion of configuration at the stereogenic center.
B) An SN1 reaction would take place with retention of configuration at the stereogenic center.
C) An SN1 reaction would take place with racemization of configuration at the stereogenic center.
D) An SN1 reaction would take place, accompanied by an E1 reaction, affording a complex mixture of products.
E) An E2 reaction would take place, during which the stereogenic center is lost.Ans: D
192
Chapter 6
Topic: Predicting products
80. Which alkyl halide, when treated with sodium ethoxide in ethanol, would afford a product mixture consisting of more than one elimination product?
A) 1-bromo-3,3-dimethylpentaneB) 1-bromo-2,3-dimethylpentaneC) 2-bromo-3,4-dimethylpentaneD) 2-bromo-3,3-dimethylpentaneE) None of the above would yield more than one elimination product
Ans: C
Topic: Leaving groups, nucleophiles
81. Which SN2 reaction will occur most rapidly in a mixture of water and ethanol?A) I- + CH3CH2–Br → CH3CH2–I + Br-
B) I- + CH3CH2–Cl → CH3CH2–I + Cl-
C) I- + CH3CH2–F → CH3CH2–I + F-
D) Br- + CH3CH2–Cl → CH3CH2–Br + Cl-
E) Br- + CH3CH2–F → CH3CH2–Br + F-
Ans: A
Topic: Predicting mechanism, kinetics
82. Which SN2 reaction will occur most rapidly in aqueous acetone solution? Assume concentrations and temperature are the same in each instance.
A) HO- + CH3-Cl → CH3OH + Cl-
B) HO- + CH3CH2-Cl → CH3CH2OH + Cl-
C) HO- + (CH3)2CH-Cl → (CH3)2CHOH + Cl-
D) HO- + (CH3)3C-Cl → (CH3)3COH + Cl-
E) HO- + (CH3)3CCH2-Cl → (CH3)3CCH2OH + Cl-
Ans: A
Topic: Kinetics
83. Which alkyl halide would you expect to undergo an SN2 reaction most slowly?A) 1-bromohexaneB) 1-bromo-2-methylpentaneC) 1-bromo-3-methylpentaneD) 1-bromo-4-methylpentaneE) 1-bromo-2,2-dimethylbutane
Ans: E
193
Chapter 6
Topic: Kinetics, nucleophilicity
84. Which SN2 reaction would take place most rapidly?A)
OH− + CH3Cl CH3OH + Cl−25oC
H2O
B)
H3C O−
OH2O
25oC H3CO CH3
O
+ CH3Cl + Cl−
C)H2O + CH3Cl CH3OH2
+ + Cl−25oC
H2O
D)CH3OH
25oC H3CO
CH3
H
CH3OH + CH3Cl + Cl−
E)SH− + CH3Cl CH3SH + Cl−
25oC
H2O
Ans: E
Topic: Leaving groups
85. Which nucleophilic substitution reaction would be unlikely to occur?A) HO− + CH3CH2–I → CH3CH2–OH + I−
B) I− + CH3CH2–H → CH3CH2–I + H−
C) CH3S− + CH3–Br → CH3S–CH3 + Br−
D) All of the above would be unlikely to occurE) None of the above would be unlikely to occur
Ans: B
Topic: Predicting products
86. Which nucleophilic substitution reaction would be likely to occur (although probably not in excellent yield, due to competing elimination) ?
A) HO− + CH3CH2CH2CHICH3 → CH3 CH2CH2CHOHCH3 + I−
B) Cl− + CH3CH2CH2CH2–OH → CH3CH2CH2CH2–Cl + OH−
C) CH3S− + CH3CH2CH2–OCH3 → CH3S–CH2CH2CH3 + OCH3
−
D) All of the above are likely to occurE) None of the above are likely to occur
Ans: B
194
Chapter 6
Topic: Leaving groups
87. Which alkyl halide would you expect to react most slowly when heated in aqueous solution?
A) (CH3)3C-FB) (CH3)3C-ClC) (CH3)3C-BrD) (CH3)3C-IE) They would all react at the same rate.
Ans: A
Topic: Nucleophilicity, leaving groups
88. Which SN2 reaction would you expect to take place most rapidly? Assume that the concentrations of the reactants and the temperature are the same in each instance:
A) CH3S− + CH3I CH3SCH3 + I −
B)
H3CS
CH3
H
CH3SH + CH3I + I −
C) CH3O− + CH3I CH3OCH3 + I −
D)
H3CO
CH3
H
CH3OH + CH3I + I −
E) CH3S− + CH3Cl CH3SCH3 + Cl −
Ans: A
Topic: Leaving groups
89. Which nucleophilic substitution reaction is not likely to occur?A) I− + CH3CH2–Cl → CH3CH2–I + Cl−
B) I− + CH3CH2–Br → CH3CH2–I + Br−
C) I− + CH3CH2–OH → CH3CH2–I + OH−
D) CH3O− + CH3CH2–Br → CH3CH2–OCH3 + Br−
E) OH− + CH3CH2–Cl → CH3CH2–OH + Cl−
Ans: C
195
Chapter 6
Topic: Leaving groups
90. Which of the following would be most reactive in an SN2 reaction?A) Br
B)
BrC)
BrD) Br
E)
BrAns: D
Topic: Steric hindrance
91. Which alkyl chloride, though primary, is essentially unreactive in SN2 reactions?A) Cl
B)
Cl
C) Cl
D) Cl
E)Cl
Ans: E
196
Chapter 6
Topic: Kinetics
92. Which alkyl halide would be most reactive in an SN1 reaction?
Br Br
BrBr
Br
IV V
IIIIII
A) IB) IIC) IIID) IVE) V
Ans: D
Topic: Predicting mechanisms
93. Which of these compounds would give the largest E2/SN2 product ratio on reaction with sodium ethoxide in ethanol at 55°C?
A) Cl
B)
Cl
C) Cl
D)
ClE)
Cl
Ans: D
197
Chapter 6
Topic: Multistep synthesis, acid-base reactions, SN2
94. What final product is likely to be obtained through the following series of reactions?
NaNH2 ABr
NH3(l)B
Ans:
Topic: Multistep synthesis, acid-base reactions, SN2, hydrogenation
95. What final product is likely to be obtained through the following series of reactions?
NaNH2 ACl
NH3(l)
excess H2B C
Ni
Ans:
Topic: Multistep synthesis, acid-base reactions, SN2
96. What final product is likely to be obtained through the following series of reactions?
OH NaH
diethyletherA
ClB
Ans: O
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Topic: Bond length, bond strength, leaving groups
97. As we go down Group 7A of the periodic table, the size of the halogen atom increases; accordingly, the carbon-halogen bond length gets _______________ and the bond strength gets _______________.Ans: longer; weaker
198
Chapter 6
Topic: Transition state theory
98. In the SN2 reaction, the unstable arrangement of atoms in which both the nucleophile and the leaving group are partially bonded to the same carbon atom is called the ______________________.Ans: transition state
Topic: Solvolysis
99. A reaction in which the nucleophile is a molecule of the solvent is referred to as a ______________ reaction.Ans: solvolysis
Topic: Carbocation stability
100. The substitution mechanism whose rate depends primarily on the relative stability of the intermediate carbocation is the _________.Ans: SN1
Topic: Steric hindrance
101. The substitution mechanism whose rate depends primarily on the degree of steric hindrance around the leaving group is the _________.Ans: SN2
Topic: Carbocation stability
102. The stabilizing effect of alkyl substituents on carbocations can be explained through _____________________.Ans: hyperconjugation
Topic: Activation energy, kinetics
103. Increasing the concentration of either of the reactants of an SN2 reaction increases the rate of the reaction. The primary reason for this is that increasing the concentration increases ________________________.
Ans: the frequency of collisions between reactant species, thereby statistically increasing the chance encounters between species having the requisite Eactivation
Topic: Activation energy, transition state theory
104. In order for colliding species to react, they must _____________ and ____________.Ans: have energy equal/greater than the activation energy, approach with the proper
orientation.
199
Chapter 6
Topic: Free energy diagrams
105. Draw the potential energy diagram that represents an exothermic reaction between a tertiary alkyl halide and methanol. Briefly explain your rationale.Ans: The reaction is likely to occur via an SN1 mechanism. The first step is the rate-
determining step, leading to the formation of a tertiary carbocation. The second step is a fast step, where the methanol oxygen acts as a nucleophile, attaching to the positively charged carbon, forming a protonated ether; the last step is a fast loss of a proton to form the (uncharged) ether product.
Energy
time
Topic: Predicting reaction mechanisms
106. Give a detailed reaction mechanism for the reaction expected to occur when 2-bromo-2-methylpentane is heated with sodium methoxide. Draw clear structural formulas of all relevant species and use curved arrows to represent electron flow. Also indicate which step is likely to be rate-determining.Ans: The reaction is likely to occur via an E2 mechanism. The first step is the rate-
determining step, leading to the formation of a tertiary carbocation, followed by base promoted elimination to afford 2 different alkene products.
Br H
H
:OCH3
..
..
..: :
slow
fast[ - Br: ]..
..
200
Chapter 6
Topic: SN1 kinetics
107. Typically, increasing the concentration of the nucleophile of an SN1 reaction has no impact on the rate of the reaction. The reason for this is that ________________________.
Ans: An SN1 reaction is a multi-step process; the overall reaction rate is determined by the rate of formation of the carbocation intermediate. Since the nucleophile is not involved in the rate-determining step, changes in its concentration typically have no impact on the rate of reaction.
Topic: Nucleophilicity, solvent effects
108. The relative nucleophilicity of the halide ions in polar aprotic solvents is observed to be markedly different from that in protic solvents. Explain briefly.Ans: The smaller, more highly electronegative fluoride ion is more effectively solvated
in a protic solvent and is therefore a weaker nucleophile compared to the larger, less electronegative and more polarizable iodide ion. The situation is reversed in aprotic solvents, where the nucleophile is essentially unsolvated; thus, the nucleophilicity parallels the basicity of the halide ions, so that the fluoride ion is the strongest nucleophile of the halide ions
Topic: Acid-base reactions, intramolecular SN2
109. When 5-bromo-1-pentanol is treated with sodium hydride in diethyl ether, the product is analyzed to be C5H10O. Propose a likely structure for this product, suggesting a reasonable mechanistic pathway for its formation.Ans: The alcohol is likely to be first deprotonated by the strong base, generating an
alkoxide ion, which can then undergo intramolecular SN2 reaction to afford the observed product, a cyclic ether.
Cl OHNaH
Cl O Na+
−H2
O NaCl....
..
.. :
201