The Instructional Systems Design Process

RAYMUND B. BOLALINPHYSICS DEPARTMENT DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY

Outline

• What is instructional systems design?• Why should I care about ISD?• Instructional System Design Model• The Addie Model• What typically happens during ISD?• Example

What Is Instructional Systems Design?

Instructional systems design:• Means more than literally creating

instruction.• Is associated with the broader concept of

analyzing human performance problems systematically, identifying the root causes of those problems, considering various solutions to address the root causes, and implementing the solutions in ways designed to minimize the unintended consequences of corrective action.

What Is Instructional Systems Design?

Instructional systems design is a:

•Science•Discipline•Process

Instructional Design as a Science

• The science of creating detailed specifications for the development, implementation, evaluation, and maintenance of situations that facilitate the learning of both large and small units of subject matter at all levels of complexity.

Instructional Design as a Discipline

• The branch of knowledge concerned with research and theory about instructional strategies and the process for developing and implementing those strategies.

Instructional Design as a Process

• The systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure the quality of instruction…the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs. It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities.

What Is Instructional Systems Design?

As we use the term, instructional systems design is:

• an emerging profession.• focused on establishing and maintaining

efficient and effective human performance.• guided by a model of human performance.• carried out systematically.• based on open systems theory. • oriented to finding and applying the most cost-

effective solutions to human performance problems and discovering quantum leaps in productivity improvement through human ingenuity.

Instructional Design: An Emerging Profession

• Instructional design is an emerging profession because people can–and do–enter jobs as instructional designers and work in that capacity for their entire careers.

• The recent trend has been toward certification in the field, and that suggests increasing professionalism.

Instructional Design: Focused on Establishing and Maintaining Efficient

and Effective Human Performance

• The chief aim of instructional design is to improve employee performance and to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness.

• Instructional designers should be able to define such important terms as performance, efficiency, and effectiveness.

A Definition of Performance

Performance:• Is perhaps best understood as the

achievement of results, the outcomes (ends) to which purposeful activities (means) are directed.

• Is not synonymous with behavior, the observable actions taken and the unobservable decisions made to achieve work results.

A Definition of Efficiency

Efficiency:• Is usually understood to mean the ratio

between the resources needed to achieve results (inputs) and the value of results (outputs).

• Focuses around answering this question: Are we doing things right?

A Definition of Effectiveness

Effectiveness:• Means the match between results

achieved and those needed or desired. • Focuses around answering this

question: Are we doing the right things?

Instructional Design: Guided by a Model of Human Performance

• Instructional design is guided by a model of human performance.

• A model is a simplified or abstract representation of a process, device, or concept.

• A model of human performance is a simplified representation of factors involved in producing work results.

Instructional Design: Carried Out Systematically

• Instructional design is not just a field. • It may also be regarded as a process

for examining human performance problems and identifying solutions.

• The process should not be carried out intuitively; rather, its success depends on systematic application.

• Instructional designers place their faith in an iterative and systematic process that, viewed holistically, is more powerful than any single part.

Instructional Design: Based on Open Systems Theory

• Instructional design is based, in part, on open systems theory (Richey, 1993).

• An open system receives inputs from the environment, transforms them through operations within the system, submits outputs to the environment, and receives feedback indicating how well these functions are carried out.

• To survive, any open system must gain advantages from its transactions with the environment.

Instructional Design: Oriented to Finding and Applyingthe Most Cost-Effective Solutions to Human

Performance Problems

• Instructional designers should be certain that there will be a favorable return on any investment in performance improvement efforts.

• To this end, they may apply any one of many different methods of cost-benefit forecasting and analysis to estimate the expected return (payoff) on the investment.

Why should I care about ISD?

ISD is a systematic approach which…• Provides ideas about planning, how people

learn, environments, media, products, systems

• Guides efforts in figuring out what to do• Includes strategies for thinking/answering:

– What are we trying to accomplish or teach?– How should we do it?– How will we know if we succeeded

Instructional System Design Model

• Instructional Systems Design (ISD) Models are the systematic guidelines instructional designers follow in order to create a workshop, a course, a curriculum, an instructional program, a training session, or the instructional materials and products for educational programs– ADDIE Model– Systems Approach Model– Rapid prototyping– Instructional Development Learning System

The ADDIE Model

• Perhaps the most common model used for creating instructional materials

http://www.addiesolutions.com/addie.htm

The ADDIE Model

• ADDIE stands for the steps of the model.

• Each step has an outcome that feeds the subsequent step.

• Evaluation is essential after each step.

What typically happens during ISD?

There’s a request for help:• “I want to get the teachers up to speed

on this new language arts program. Can you plan some inservice for them?”

• “We want to rollout this software to the sales force. Design a class.”

• “I need help with improving the team process. Can you find something online?”

• “Our accident rate is way too high… train them to be more careful.”

Analysis, typically

• Where you figure out what to do• Examine the work, worker, workplace;

Look at the learner and the content• Figure out priority needs, gaps, pain;

then establish goals• Determine a plan for a solution system• Derive the details of what a

knowledgeable high performer knows and does

Design, typically

• Where you specify outcomes (objectives) and how you will measure them (evaluation, assessment, testing, etc.)

• Check that the outcomes will satisfy the customer, match the strategic need

• Weigh costs and benefits of instructional strategies and approaches

• Specify objectives linked to identified goals

• Match evaluation items to objectives

Development, typically

• Build a prototype• Pilot the prototype with users and

experts• Revise• Create products, services, systems• Continuously communicate with

colleagues/stakeholders

Implementation, typically

• Install the developed solution (as opposed to the prototype) in the real world

• Integrate product or service with related aspects of the solution system

• Urge management support• Continue communication

Evaluation, typically

• Typically, it doesn’t happen! That said, it should. – It is required for many funded projects.

• Were goals and objectives achieved? How can we find that out? At the end is NOT the best time to measure worth. When else?

• Strategies: tests, observations, surveys, chats with managers, look at work, ROI measures

ADDIE sample tasks and outputs

Adobe Solutions Supporting the ADDIE Model

FM – FrameMakerPS – PhotoshopCp – CaptivateDw – DreamweaverCF – ColdFusionDi – Digital EditionsPr – Premiere ProFl – Flash PlayerSb – SoundboothLC - LiveCycle

Reflection

• What are your thoughts on the impact of social networking, wikis, blogs, and M (mobile) learning on instructional design?

• Email reflection to raymund.bolalin@dlsu.edu.ph.

References

• Instructional design. (June 2, 2011). In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 5, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Instructional_design#Instructional_design_models.

• Marshall, J. (n.d.). Meet ADDIE: Instructional Systems Development [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.coolsch.com/ET540/LectureNotes/ADDIE.ppt

• Rothwell, W.J. & Kazanas, H.C. (2008). Mastering the Instructional Design Process, 4th ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.