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Management of 4th stage of labour
Blessy solomon
LABOUR
DEFINITION
A series of event that take place in the genital organ in an effort to expell the viable products of conception out of the womb through the vagina into the outer world is called as labour.
STAGES OF LABOUR
FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR(cervical stage)
It starts with the onset of true labour pain and ends with full dilation of cervix.
Second stage of labour
It starts with full dilatation of cervix and ends with the expulsion of the fetus from the birth canal.
Third stage of labour
It begins after the expulsion of the fetus and ends with expulsion of placenta.
FOURTH STAGE OF LABOUR
Fourth stage labour
This is the period from the delivery of the afterbirth to the time when the woman is examined and then transferred to her room.
It is the stage of observartion for atleast one – two hour after expulsion of the afterbirth.
ASSESSMENTS
what to assess ? INITIAL ASSESSMENTS• VITAL SIGNS• PAIN• LOCATION AND FIRMNESS OF
THE FUNDUS• AMOUNT AND COLOUR OF
LOCHIA• PERINIUM• INTRAVENOUS INFUSION• URINARY OUTPUT
VITAL SIGNSBLOOD PRESSURE• HYPERTENSION (BP
>140/90mmHg)indicates
PREECLAMPSIA• HYPOTENSION may indicate
DEHYDRATION or HYPOVOLEMIA
PULSE
TACHYCARDIA may indicate PAIN,ANXIETY,DEHYDRATION, HYPOVOLEMIA, ANEMIA or INFECTION.
RESPIRATION
CHECK for abnormal breath sounds in high risk cases.
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE more than 38 degree celsius is normal during 1st 24 hrs.
PAIN
• ASSESS THE TYPE,LOCATION AND INTENSITY OF PAIN.
• LOOK FOR SIGNS OF DISCOMFORT
FUNDUS
• The fundus remains firm and at or near the umbilical level..
• A boggy uterus many indicate uterine atony or retained placental fragments.
Boggy refers to being inadequately contracted and having a spongy rather than firm feeling.
LOCHIA
Excessive Lochia in presence of contracted uterus indicates laceration of birth canal.
A constant trickle,dribble or oozing of lochia indicates excessive bleeding.
perinium
• The acronym REEDA is used as a reminder to assess the episiotomy or a perineal site.
• R-redness• E-edema• E-ecchymosis• D-discharge• A-approximation
Urinary output
• Look for bladder distention as the mother usually don’t feel the urge to void.
Intravenous infusion
• Type of fluid• rate of fluid administration• Type and amount of medication
added.• Patency of IV lines.
Neonatal observation
Apgar score
Assessment 0 1 2
Heart rate absent <100bpm >100bpm
Respiratory rate No repiration slow spontaneous
Muscle tone limp Minimal flexion Flexed bodily posture
Reflex response No response grimace Responds properly
Color Pallor Bluish hand &feet Pink
• Taken at 1 and 5 minutes after birth• Heart rate, Respiratory rate, and Color are
used as the basis for resuscitation need
Totals:• 0-2 = severe distress• 3-6 = moderate distress• 7-10 = minimal distress
Vital Signs and General Measurements
• General Appearance
Well-flexed, full range of motion, spontaneous movement
General Measurements
• Head Circumference - 33 to 35 cm
• Chest circumference - 30.5 to 33 cm
Skin
• Skin reddish in color, smooth and puffy at birth
• Turgor good with quick recoil• Vernix caseosa - The white, cheesy
substance covering the newborn's body.
• Lanugo - Fine downy body hair
other findings
• ACROCYANOSISThe result of sluggish peripheral circulation.
• PHYSIOLOGICAL JAUNDICE
Head• Anterior fontanel
diamond shaped 2-3 - 3-4 cms
• Posterior fontanel triangular 0.5 - 1 cm
• Fontanels soft, firm and flat
• Sutures palpable with small separation between each
Eyes
• Slate gray , BLACK,BROWNor blue eye color
• No tears • Fixation at times - with ability to follow
objects to midline • Blink reflex • Distinct eyebrows • Cornea bright and shiny • Pupils equal and reactive to light
Ears
• Loud noise elicits Startle Reflex
• Flexible pinna with cartilage present
• Pinna top on horizontal line with outer canthus of eye
Nose
• Expected findings:• Nostrils patent
bilaterally • Obligate nose
breathers • No nasal discharge
Mouth and Throat• Expected findings:• Uvula midline • Minimal or absent salivation • Tongue moves freely and does not
protrude • Well developed fat pads bilateral
cheeks
Neck
• Expected findings:• Short and thick • Turns easily side to
side • Clavicles intact • Some head control
Chest
Expected findings:• Evident xiphoid process • Equal anteroposterior and lateral diameter • Bilateral synchronous chest movement • Symmetrical nipples
Abdomen
Expected findings:• Dome-shaped abdomen • Abdominal respirations • Soft to palpation • Well formed umbilical cord • Three vessels in cord • Cord dry at base
• Liver papable 2 - 3 cms below right costal margin
• Bowel sounds auscultated within two hours of birth
• Voiding within 24 hours of birth • Meconium within 24 - 48 hours of birth
Female Genitalia
• Expected findings:• Edematous labia and clitoris • Labia majora are larger and
surrounding labia minora • Vernix between labia
Male Genitalia
• Expected findings:• Urinary meatus at tip of glans penis • Palpable testes in scrotum • Large, edematous, pendulous
scrotum, with rugae • Smegma beneath prepuce • Stream adequate on voiding
Extremities
• Expected findings:
• Maintains posture of flexion • Equal and bilateral movement and tone • Full range of motion all joints • Ten fingers and ten toes • Grasp reflex present • Legs appear bowed • Palmar creases present
reflexes
Sucking reflex
Crawling reflex
• BABINSKIS REFLEX
• GALANTS REFLEX
• Moros reflex
Nursing management• Transfer the patient from the delivery
table. Remove the drapes and soiled linen. Assist the patient to move from the table to the bed.
• Provide care of the perineum. An ice pack may be applied to the perineum to reduce swelling from episiotomy . Apply a clean perineal pad between the legs
• Monitor the patient's vital signs and general condition.
Take BP, P, and R every 15 minutes for an hour, then every 30 minutes for an hour, and then every hour as long as the patient is stable
Document thick, foul-smelling lochia. Document lochia flow when the
fundus is massaged • Observe for uterine atony or
hemorrhage. • Observe for any untoward effects
from anesthesia. • Orient the patient to the
surroundings (bathroom, call bell, lights, etc.).
• Allow the patient time to rest.
• Encourage the patient to drink fluids.
• Observe patient's urinary bladder for distention.
Bulging of the lower abdomen .
Full bladders may actually cause postpartum hemorrhage because it prevents the uterus from contracting
Ambulate the patient to the bathroom. Urine output less than 300cc on initial
void after delivery may suggest urinary retention.
• Evaluate the perineal area for signs of develop edema
Apply an ice pack to the perineum decrease the amount of developing edema.
Stress the importance of perineal-care and use of "sitz-baths” Assessment for perineal hematoma.
Look for discoloration of the perineum.
Listen for the patient's complaints or expression of severe perineal pain.
• Assess for ambulatory stability. The patient is at risk of fainting on
initial ambulation after delivery due to hypovolemia from blood loss at delivery and hypoglycemia from prolonged nothing by mouth (NPO) status.
The patient should be accompanied on the first ambulation and observed for stability.
• Carry out neonatal assessment• Administer vit K inj• Maintain warmth and initiate breast
feeding.
ASSIGNMENT