4G projpdf

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PDPM INDIAN INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DESIGN &

MANUFACTURING JABALPUR

Dumna Airport Road, PO Khamaria, Jabalpur-482005 India

CS 203 Fundamentals of

Computer System

TERM PAPER

APRIL 09,2011

4GTechnologySubmitted To

Dr. K.V. ARYA

Dr. P.KHANNA

Submitted by,

Pankaj Kumar Saini(2009074)

Prahalad Khatik(2009080)

Prateek Bhardwaj(2009083)

Vaibhav Pandey(2009135)


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Acknowledgement

We would like to take the opportunity to thank Dr. Pritee Khanna and Dr.

K.V.Arya under whom we made the term paper and who guided us to proceed.

We are also specially thankful towww.wikipedia.com and its creators, who

helped us to understand the topic well and provided us with relevant data.

G01 Members:

Pankaj Kumar Saini (2009074)

Prahalad Khatik (2009080)

Prateek Bhardwaj (2009083)

Vaibhav Pandey (2009135)
http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/http://www.wikipedia.com/


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Abstract

Intelecommunications,4Gis the fourth generation ofcellularwireless standards.It is a successor to the3G and2G families of standards.

In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced(International Mobile

Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.The current versions of

Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term

evolution (LTE) did not fulfill the originalITU-R requirements of data rates

approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems.

4G Predecessors include 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Mobile WiMAX

(IEEE 802.16e), whereas 4G Candidates include LTE Advanced and Wireless MAN-Advanced.

We also inspected various key technologies for the development of 4G and they

are OFDMA, Software Defined Ratio ,Multiple Input Multiple Output and IPv6

Support.

Applications of 4G are various such as wireless broadband access (100Mbps),

MMS, Video chat, Mobile TV, HDTV etc.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication


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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective

1.2 What is 4G?

1.3 Background of wireless standards

2. 4G Cellular Requirements

3. Forerunners of 4G

3.1 4G Predecessors

3.2 4G Candidates

4. Key 4G Technologies

4.1 OFDMA

4.2 Software Defined Ratio

4.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output

4.4 IPv6 Support

5. APPLICATIONS OF 4G

6. FUTURE OF 4G

7. CONCLUSION


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1. INTRODUCTION

Voice was the driver for second-generation mobile and has been a considerable

success. Today, video and TV services are driving forward third generation (3G)

deployment. And in the future, low cost, high speed data will drive forward the fourth

generation (4G) as short-range communication emerges. Service and application

ubiquity, with a high degree of personalization and synchronization between various

user appliances, will be another driver.

1.1 ObjectiveIn this term paper we intend to inspect the development of 4G wireless standardsand their various supporting technologies. We try to find out the requirements

which 4G is supposed to fulfil. We shall also focus on various aspects of pre-4G

technologies upon which 4G is getting developed. Also, we shall reflect uponvarious applications of the technology, its requirements and its future.

1.2 What is 4G?

Intelecommunications,4Gis the fourth generation ofcellularwireless

standards. It is a successor to the3G and2G families of standards. In 2008, the

ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced(International Mobile

Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed

requirements for 4G service at 100Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such

as from trains and cars) and 1Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as

pedestrians and stationary users).[1]

A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IPbasedmobile broadband solution to laptop computerwireless modems,smartphones,and

other mobile devices.Facilities such asultra-broadband Internet access,IP

telephony,gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.

In all suggestions for 4G, theCDMAspread spectrum radio technology used in

3G systems andIS-95 is abandoned and replaced byOFDMA and otherfrequency-

domain equalization schemes. This is combined withMIMO (Multiple In Multiple

Out), e.g., multiple antennas,dynamic channel allocation andchannel-dependentscheduling.

1.3 Background of Wireless Standards

The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the

fundamental nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission

technology, and new frequency bands. New generations have appeared about every

ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support,spread spectrum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_channel_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel-dependent_schedulinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_channel_allocationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-carrier_FDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_telephonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Mobile_Broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility_(telecommunications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_modemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_broadbandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabits_per_secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication


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transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, in 2011 expected to be followed by 4G, which

refers to all-IPpacket-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed)access andmulti-carrier transmission.

[citation needed]

The fastest 3G based standard in theWCDMA family is theHSPA+ standard,

which was commercially available in 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstreams without

MIMO,i.e. only with one antenna (it would offer 56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), and 22Mbit/s upstreams. The fastest 3G based standard in theCDMA2000 family is theEV-

DO Rev. B,which was available in 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstreams.[citation

needed]

In mid 1990s, theITU-R organization specified theIMT-2000 specifications for

what standards that should be considered3G systems. However, the cell phone market

only brands some of the IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000),

but not all (3GPP EDGE,DECT and mobile-WiMAX all fulfil the IMT-2000

requirements and are formally accepted as 3G standards, but are typically not brandedas 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced(International Mobile

Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.

The current versions of Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-

release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have did not fulfill the originalITU-R

requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems.

2. 4G WIRELESS STANDARDS

An IMT-Advancedcellular system,referred to as 4G must fulfill thefollowing requirements:

Based on an all-IP packet switched network. Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility

such as mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for lowmobility such as nomadic/local wireless access, according to the ITUrequirements.

Dynamically share and utilize the network resources to support

more simultaneous users per cell. Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up

to 40 MHz. Peaklink spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75

bit/s/Hz in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink shouldbe possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).

System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.

Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO_Rev._Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO_Rev._Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DECThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_EDGEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMT-2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO_Rev._Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EV-DO_Rev._Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCDMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-carrierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol


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Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimediasupport.

3. FORERUNNERS OF 4G

3.1 4Gpredecessors

a)

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

The pre-4G technology3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) isoften branded "4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply

with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoreticalnet bitrate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s inthe uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used and more ifmultiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.

The physical radio interface was at an early stage named HighSpeedOFDM Packet Access(HSOPA), now namedEvolved UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The firstLTE USB dongles donot support any other radio interface.

The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened inthe two Scandinavian capitalsStockholm (Ericsson system) andOslo(aHuawei system) on 14 December 2009.

b) Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16e)

TheMobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadbandaccess (MWBA) standard (also known asWiBro in South Korea) issometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s

downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channel.

The world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened byKT in Seoul, South Korea on 30 June 2006.

3.2 4G Candidate Systems

The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has earlyassumed the term 4G as a short hand way to describe thoseadvanced cellular technologies that, among other things, are based

on or employ wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies,MIMO transmission and an all-IP based architecture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaweihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(telecommunication_company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(telecommunication_company)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBrohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_WiMAXhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaweihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericssonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_UMTS_Terrestrial_Radio_Accesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFDMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-outputhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_bit_ratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution


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a) LTE Advanced

LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate forIMT-Advanced standard, formally submitted by the3GPPorganization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be released in2012. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass theITU requirements. LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement toLTE. It is not a new technology but rather an improvement on theexisting LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more costeffective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTEAdvanced which is similar to the upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA.LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrumand multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds.Coordinated Multi-point Transmission will also allow more system

capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds. Release 10 of LTEis expected to achieve the LTE Advanced speeds. Release 8 currentlysupports up to 300 Mbit/s download speeds which is still short of theIMT-Advanced standard.

Data speeds of LTE Advanced

LTE Advanced

Peak Download 1 G bit/s

Peak Upload 500 Mbit/s

b) IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced

TheIEEE 802.16m orWirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16eis under development, with the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advancedcriteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobilereception.

4. KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES

Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:

4.1 OFDMA

OrthogonalFrequency DivisionMultiplexing(OFDM) not onlyprovides clear

advantages forphysical layerperformance, butalso a frameworkfor improvinglayer

2 performanceby proposingan additionaldegree of freedom. Using ODFM, it is

possible to exploitthe time domain, the space domain, the frequencydomain and even
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WirelessMAN-Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WirelessMAN-Advancedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced


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the code domainto optimize radio channel usage. It ensuresvery robust transmission

in multi-pathenvironments with reduced receiver complexity.

As shown inFigure, the signal is split into orthogonal subcarriers, on each of

which the signal is narrowband(a few kHz) and therefore immune to multi-path

effects, provided a guard interval is inserted between each OFDM symbol. OFDM

also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. It

is also compatible with other enhancement technologies, such as smart antennas

and MIMO.

OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology

(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access; OFDMA). In this case, each

OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of

subcarriers (subchannels). This not only provides additional flexibility for

resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization

of radio link usage.

4.2 Software defined radio

Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from todays high processing power to

develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Althoughin future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the available radio access

technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure.

Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increasenetwork capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event), an operator will

reconfigure its network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station

(BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy.

In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation

of multi-standard pico/micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful

aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development

effort and costs through simultaneous multi-channel processing.


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4.3 Multiple-input multiple-output

MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space

multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to

process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctlydesigned for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing.

The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of

the received signals may deliver several performance improvements: range, quality of

received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when

many multiple path signals are received.

The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and

simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is

directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link.

4.4 IPv6 support

Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consistingofcircuit switched andpacket switched network nodes respectively, 4Gwill be based on packet switching only. This will requirelow-latency datatransmission.

In IPv4 32 bits are used to locate the address. However in IPv6 128bits are used for the same purpose.

By the time that 4G was deployed, the process ofIPv4 addressexhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the contextof 4G,IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number ofwireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number ofIP addresses,IPv6removes the need fornetwork address translation (NAT), a method ofsharing a limited number of addresses among a larger group of devices,although NAT will still be required to communicate with devices that areon existingIPv4 networks.

5. APPLICATIONS OF 4G

4G is being developed to accommodate applications like,

1) Wireless Broadband Access

2) Multimedia Messaging Service(MMS)

3) Video Chat
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_addresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switchedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switched


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4) Mobile TV

5) HDTV

6) Digital Video Processing

6. FUTURE OF 4G

The evolution from 3G to 4G will be driven by services that offer better quality

(e.g. video and sound) thanks to greater bandwidth, more sophistication in the

association of a large quantity of information, and improved personalization.

Convergence with other network (enterprise, fixed) services will come about through

the high session data rate. It will require an always-on connection and a revenuemodel based on a fixed monthly fee. The impact on network capacity is expected to

be significant. Machine-to-machine transmission will involve two basic equipment

types: sensors (which measure parameters) and tags (which are generally read/write

equipment). It is expected that users will require high data rates, similar to those on

fixed networks, for data and streaming applications. Mobile terminal usage (laptops,

Personal digital assistants, handhelds) is expected to grow rapidly as they become

more user friendly. Fluid high quality video and network reactivity are important user

requirements. Key infrastructure design requirements include:

fast response, high session rate, high capacity, low user charges, rapid return on

investment for operators, investment that is in line with the growth in demand, and

simple autonomous terminals. The infrastructure will be much more distributed than

in current deployments, facilitating the introduction of a new source of local traffic: machine-

to machine.

7. CONCLUSION

Thus we see that 4G technology is still in the developmental stage with

promise of being implemented in near future.Some key technologies are critical for

progressive introduction of such networks such as OFDMA, SDR, MIMO and IPv6.


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Reference

Following references were taken to complete the paper

1)www.wikipedia.org

2)"4G Mobile".Alcatel-Lucent.2005-06-13.

http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635.

3)3GPP LTE Encyclopedia
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucenthttp://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/http://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel-Lucenthttp://www.alcatel.com/publications/abstract.jhtml?repositoryItem=tcm%3A172-262211635http://www.wikipedia.org/

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