4.E. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Los Angeles County ......4.E. Greenhouse Gas Emissions August 2016 Los Angeles County Department of Public Works Harbor‐UCLA Medical Center Campus

LosAngelesCountyDepartmentofPublicWorks Harbor‐UCLAMedicalCenterCampusMasterPlanProjectSCH#2014111004 4.E‐1

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS E. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

Thissectionaddressesgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsgeneratedbytheconstructionandoperationoftheProject inclusiveofmandatory andvoluntary energyand resource conservationmeasures thathavebeenincorporatedintotheProjecttoreduceGHGemissionsandassociatedimpacts.Theanalysisalsoaddressesthe consistency of the Project with applicable regulations, plans, and policies set forth by the State ofCalifornia and theCounty to reduceGHGs. The Project’s potential contributions to global climate changeimpactsare identified. GHGemissioncalculationsprepared for theProjectareprovided inAppendixDofthisDraftEIR.

2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

GlobalclimatechangereferstochangesinaverageclimaticconditionsonEarthasawhole,includingchangesin temperature, wind patterns, precipitation and storms. Historical records indicate that global climatechangeshaveoccurred in thepastdue tonaturalphenomena;however currentdata increasingly indicatethat the current global conditionsdiffer frompast climate changes in rateandmagnitude. Global climatechangeattributable to anthropogenic (human)GHGemissions is currentlyoneof themost important andwidelydebatedscientific, economicandpolitical issues in theUnitedStatesand theworld. Theextent towhich increased concentrations of GHGs have caused or will cause climate change and the appropriateactions to limit and/or respond to climate change are the subject of significant and rapidly evolvingregulatoryeffortsatthefederalandstatelevelsofgovernment.

GHGsarethosecompoundsintheEarth’satmospherewhichplayacriticalroleindeterminingtemperaturenear theEarth’s surface. Morespecifically, thesegasesallowhigh‐frequencyshortwavesolar radiation toentertheEarth’satmosphere,butretainsomeofthelowfrequencyinfraredenergywhichisradiatedbackfrom theEarth towards space, resulting inawarmingof theatmosphere. Not allGHGspossess the sameability to induce climate change; as a result, GHG contributions are commonly quantified in the units ofequivalentmassof carbondioxide (CO2e). Mass emissions are calculatedby convertingpollutant specificemissions to CO2e emissions by applying the proper globalwarming potential (GWP) value.1 TheseGWPratiosareavailablefromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).Historically,GHGemissioninventorieshavebeencalculatedusingtheGWPsfromtheIPCC’sSecondAssessmentReport(SAR).TheIPCCupdatedtheGWPvaluesbasedonthe latestscience in itsFourthAssessmentReport(AR4). TheupdatedGWPsintheIPCCAR4havebeguntobeusedinrecentGHGemissionsinventories;however,theresultingdifferenceinCO2eemissionsisrelativelyminor.ByapplyingtheGWPratios,project‐relatedCO2eemissionscanbetabulatedinmetrictonsperyear.Typically,theGWPratiocorrespondingtothewarmingpotentialofCO2overa100‐yearperiodisusedasabaseline. TheCO2evaluesarecalculatedforconstructionyearsaswellasExistingHospitalandMasterPlanProjectbuildoutconditions inorder togenerateanetchange inGHGemissionsforconstructionandoperation.CompoundsthatareregulatedasGHGsarediscussedbelow.

1 GWPsandassociatedCO2evaluesweredevelopedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange.

4.E. Greenhouse Gas Emissions August 2016


CarbonDioxide(CO2): CO2isthemostabundantGHGintheatmosphereandisprimarilygeneratedfromfossil fuel combustion from stationary and mobile sources. CO2 is the reference gas (GWP of 1) fordeterminingtheGWPsofotherGHGs.

Methane(CH4): CH4isemittedfrombiogenicsources(i.e.,resultingfromtheactivityoflivingorganisms),incompletecombustioninforestfires,landfills,manuremanagement,andleaksinnaturalgaspipelines.TheGWPofCH4is21intheIPCCSARand25intheIPCCAR4.

NitrousOxide (N2O): N2O produced by human‐related sources including agricultural soil management,animalmanuremanagement,sewagetreatment,mobileandstationarycombustionoffossilfuel,adipicacidproduction,andnitricacidproduction.TheGWPofN2Ois310intheIPCCSARand298intheIPCCAR4.

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs): HFCs are fluorinated compounds consisting of hydrogen, carbon, andfluorine.Theyaretypicallyusedasrefrigerantsinbothstationaryrefrigerationandmobileairconditioningsystems.TheGWPsofHFCsrangesfrom140forHFC‐152ato11,700forHFC‐23intheIPCCSARand124forHFC‐152ato14,800forHFC‐23intheIPCCAR4.

Perfluorocarbons(PFCs): PFCs are fluorinated compounds consisting of carbonand fluorine. They areprimarilycreatedasabyproductofaluminumproductionandsemiconductormanufacturing.TheGWPsofPFCsrangefrom6,500to9,200intheIPCCSARand7,390to17,700intheIPCCAR4.

SulfurHexafluoride(SF6):SF6isafluorinatedcompoundconsistingofsulfurandfluoride.Itisacolorless,odorless,nontoxic,nonflammablegas. It ismostcommonlyusedasanelectrical insulator inhighvoltageequipmentthattransmitsanddistributeselectricity.SF6hasaGWPof23,900intheIPCCSARand22,800intheIPCCAR4.

a. Existing Conditions

(1) Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory

Worldwide man‐made emissions of GHGs were approximately 49,000 million metric tons (MMT) CO2eannuallyincludingongoingemissionsfromindustrialandagriculturalsourcesandemissionsfromlandusechanges(e.g.,deforestation).2EmissionsofCO2fromfossilfueluseandindustrialprocessesaccountsfor65percent of the total while CO2 emissions from all sources accounts for 76 percent of the total. Methaneemissions account for 16 percent andN2O emissions for 6.2 percent. In 2013, the United Stateswas theworld’s second largest emitter of carbon dioxide at 5,300MMT (Chinawas the largest emitter of carbondioxideat10,300MMT).3

TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard(CARB)compilesGHGinventoriesfortheStateofCalifornia. Basedonthe2013GHGinventorydata(i.e.,thelatestyearforwhichdataareavailablefromCARB),Californiaemitted459.3 MMTCO2e including emissions resulting from imported electrical power and 419.3MMTCO2e

2 IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,FifthAssessmentReport‐SynthesisReport,2014.3 PBLNetherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and the European Commission Joint Research Center, Trends in Global CO2

Emissions2014Report,2014.

August 2016 4.E. Greenhouse Gas Emissions


excludingemissionsrelatedtoimportedpower.4Between1990and2013,thepopulationofCaliforniagrewbyapproximately8.2million(from29.8to38.0million).5Thisrepresentsanincreaseofapproximately27.5percentfrom1990populationlevels.Inaddition,theCaliforniaeconomy,measuredasgrossstateproduct,grew from $773 billion in 1990 to $2.21trillion in 2013 representing an increase of approximately 186percent.6 Despite the population and economic growth, California’s net GHG emissions only grew byapproximately9.5percentbetween1990and2013.TheCaliforniaEnergyCommission(CEC)attributestheslowrateofgrowthtothesuccessofCalifornia’srenewableenergyprogramsanditscommitmenttocleanair and clean energy.7Table4.E‐1, StateofCaliforniaGreenhouseGasEmissions, identifies and quantifiesstatewideanthropogenicGHGemissionsandsinks(e.g.,carbonsequestrationduetoforestgrowth)in1990and 2011 (i.e., themost recent year inwhich data are available fromCARB). As shown in the table, thetransportationsectoristhelargestcontributortostatewideGHGemissionsat37percentin2013.

(2) Existing Site Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The Medical Center Campus is currently developed with approximately 1.3 million square feet ofdifferentiatedbuildings including thehospital and thecurrenthospital expansion in theeast sectorof theMedical Center Campus; LA Biomed facilities in the central portion of the Medical Center Campus;administrationandfacilitiesmanagementbuildingsinvariouslocationsoftheMedicalCenterCampus;andlarge tenants, such as the Children’s Institute International andMFI’sHarbor‐UCLA Professional Building(outpatientcare)andImagingCenter,inthewestsectoroftheMedicalCenterCampus.TheexistingMedicalCenterCampusgeneratesmobilesourceemissionsfromvehicletripstoandfromtheMedicalCenterCampusandfromtheoperationofmedicalhelicopters. TheExistingHospitalgenerateson‐siteareaandstationarysourceemissionsfromthecombustionofnaturalgasfromtheexistingCentralPlantforcoolingandheating.AsdescribedintheCampusMasterPlan,theCentralPlantconsistsofaBoilerPlantandChillerPlant. TheMedical Center Campus alsomaintains six 2‐megawatt (MW) emergency generators thatwould result instationary source emissions from the combustion of fuel oil when required to operate. Other existingemissionsincludeon‐sitecombustionareasourceemissionsfromfossil‐fueledlandscapingequipment.TheMaster Plan Project would not result in changes in GHG emissions associated with the operation of theCentral Plant or emergency generators. In addition, the operation of medical helicopters under ExistingHospitalconditionsisexpectedtobesimilarundertheMasterPlanProject.InordertocomparethechangeinGHGemissionsfromimplementationoftheProject,thisanalysisestimatesGHGemissionsfromExistingHospitalusesthatwouldbedemolished,replaced,orrenovatedundertheProject.MobilesourceemissionsfromvisitorsandemployeestravelingtoandfromtheMedicalCenterCampusarealsoincludedintheGHGemissions estimate. The estimated Existing Hospital emissions from uses and elements that would bedemolished, replaced, or renovated under the Project are summarized inTable4.E‐2,EstimatedExisting

4 California Air Resources Board, “California Greenhouse Gas 2000‐2013 Inventory by Scoping Plan Category ‐ Summary,”

http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/tables/ghg_inventory_scopingplan_2000‐13_20150831.pdf.AccessedFebruary2016.5 U.S. Census Bureau, “California, Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990,”

http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000lk.html.AccessedNovember2015;CaliforniaDepartmentofFinance,“E‐5Populationand Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State, January 2011‐2015, with 2010 Benchmark,”http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e‐5/2011‐20/view.php.AccessedNovember2015.

6 California Department of Finance, “Financial & Economic Data: Gross Domestic Product, California,”http://www.dof.ca.gov/HTML/FS_DATA/LatestEconData/FS_Misc.htm. AccessedNovember 2015. Amounts are based on currentdollarsasofthedateofthereport(June2015).

7 CaliforniaEnergyCommission,InventoryofCaliforniaGreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks1990to2004,(2006).



HospitalGreenhouseGasEmissions.DetailedemissionscalculationsareprovidedinAppendixDofthisDraftEIR.

(3) Effects of Global Climate Change

The scientific community’s understanding of the fundamental processes responsible for global climatechangehas improvedover thepast decade, and its predictive capabilities are advancing. However, thereremain significant scientific uncertainties in, for example, predictions of local effects of climate change,occurrence, frequency, andmagnitude of extreme weather events, effects of aerosols, changes in clouds,shifts in the intensity and distribution of precipitation, and changes in oceanic circulation. Due to thecomplexityof theEarth’s climate systemand inability toaccuratelymodel it, theuncertainty surroundingclimatechangemayneverbecompletelyeliminated. Nonetheless, the IPCC, in itsFifthAssessmentReport,SummaryforPolicyMakers,statedthat“itisextremelylikelythatmorethanhalfoftheobservedincreaseinglobal average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase ingreenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together.”8 A report from the NationalAcademyofSciencesconcludedthat97to98percentoftheclimateresearchersmostactivelypublishingin

8 IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,FifthAssessmentReport,SummaryforPolicyMakers,(2013)15.

Table 4.E‐1

State of California Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Category

Total 1990 Emissions using

IPCC SAR (MMTCO2e)

Percent of Total 1990 Emissions

Total 2013 Emissions using

IPCC AR4 (MMTCO2e)

Percent of Total 2013 Emissions

Transportation 150.7 35% 169.0 37%

ElectricPower 110.6 26% 90.5 20%

CommercialandResidential 44.1 10% 43.5 9%

Industrial 103.0 24% 92.7 20%

RecyclingandWastea – – 8.9 2%

HighGWP/Non‐Specifiedb 1.3 <1% 18.5 4%

Agriculture/Forestry 23.6 6% 36.2 8%

ForestrySinks ‐6.7 ‐‐c ‐‐

NetTotal(IPCCSAR) 426.6 100% ‐‐ ‐‐

NetTotal(IPCCAR4)c 431 100% 459.3 100%

a Included in other categories for the 1990 emissions inventory. b High GWP gases are not specifically called out in the 1990 emissions inventory. c CARB revised the State’s 1990 level GHG emissions using GWPs from the IPCC AR4.

Sources: California Air Resources Board, Staff Report – California 1990 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Level and 2020 Emissions Limit, (2007); California Air Resources Board, “California Greenhouse Gas 2000‐2013 Inventory by Scoping Plan Category – Summary,” http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/data.htm. Accessed February 2016.



the field support the tenets of the IPCC in that climate change is very likely caused by human (i.e.,anthropogenic)activity.9

According to CARB, the potential impacts in California due to global climate changemay include: loss insnowpack;sealevelrise;moreextremeheatdaysperyear;morehighozonedays;morelargeforestfires;moredroughtyears;increasederosionofCalifornia’scoastlinesandseawaterintrusionintotheSacramentoandSanJoaquinDeltasandassociatedleveesystems;andincreasedpestinfestation.10Belowisasummaryofsomeofthepotentialeffects,reportedbyanarrayofstudiesthatcouldbeexperiencedinCaliforniaasaresultofglobalwarmingandclimatechange.

(a) Air Quality

Higher temperatures, conducive toairpollution formation,couldworsenairquality inCalifornia. Climatechangemayincreasetheconcentrationofground‐levelozone,butthemagnitudeoftheeffect,andtherefore,itsindirecteffects,areuncertain.Ifhighertemperaturesareaccompaniedbydrierconditions,thepotentialfor large wildfires could increase, which, in turn, would further worsen air quality. However, if highertemperaturesareaccompaniedbywetter,ratherthandrierconditions,therainswouldtendtotemporarilyclear the air of particulate pollution and reduce the incidence of large wildfires, thus ameliorating thepollutionassociatedwithwildfires.Additionally,severeheataccompaniedbydrierconditionsandpoorairquality could increase the number of heat‐related deaths, illnesses, and asthma attacks throughout thestate.11

9 Anderegg,William R. L., J.W. Prall, J.Harold, S.H., Schneider, Expert Credibility in Climate Change, Proceedings of theNational

AcademyofSciencesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.2010;107:12107‐12109.10 CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,ClimateActionTeam,ClimateActionTeamReport toGovernorSchwarzeneggerand

theLegislature,(2006).11 California Energy Commission, Scenarios of Climate Change in California: An Overview, February 2006.

http://www.energy.ca.gov/2005publications/CEC‐500‐2005‐186/CEC‐500‐2005‐186‐SF.PDF.AccessedMarch2015.

Table 4.E‐2

Estimated Existing Hospital Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Emissions Sources CO2e (Metric Tons per Year) a

ExistingHospitalMobileSources 26,255Area <1Energy(ElectricityandNaturalGas) 5,959Water/WastewaterConveyance 867Waste 2,209

Subtotal 35,290

a Totals may not add up exactly due to rounding in the modeling calculations Detailed emissions calculations are provided in Appendix D.

Source: PCR Services Corporation, 2016



In 2009, the California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA) published the California Climate AdaptationStrategy12as a response to the Governor’s Executive Order S‐13‐2008. The CNRA report lists specificrecommendations for state and local agencies to best adapt to the anticipated risks posed by a changingclimate. In accordancewith theCaliforniaClimateAdaptationStrategy, theCECwasdirected todevelop awebsiteonclimatechangescenariosandimpactsthatwouldbebeneficialforlocaldecisionmakers.13Thewebsite,knownasCal‐Adapt,becameoperational in2011.14TheinformationprovidedfromtheCal‐Adaptwebsiterepresentsaprojectionofpotentialfutureclimatescenarios.Thedataarecomprisedoftheaveragevaluesfromavarietyofscenariosandmodelsandaremeanttoillustratehowtheclimatemaychangebasedon a variety of different potential social and economic factors. According to the Cal‐Adapt website, theportionoftheCountyofLosAngelesinwhichtheMedicalCenterCampusislocated(nearCarson,CA)couldresultinanaverageincreaseintemperatureofapproximately5to9percent(about3.2to5.7°F)by2070‐2090,comparedtothebaseline1961‐1990period.

(b) Water Supply

UncertaintyremainswithrespecttotheoverallimpactofglobalclimatechangeonfuturewatersuppliesinCalifornia. Studieshave found that, “Considerableuncertaintyaboutprecise impactsofclimatechangeonCaliforniahydrologyandwaterresourceswillremainuntilwehavemorepreciseandconsistentinformationabouthowprecipitationpatterns, timing, and intensitywill change.”15 For example, some studies identifylittlechangeintotalannualprecipitationinprojectionsforCaliforniawhileothersshowsignificantlymoreprecipitation. 16 Warmer, wetter winters would increase the amount of runoff available for groundwaterrecharge;however,thisadditionalrunoffwouldoccuratatimewhensomebasinsareeitherbeingrechargedat their maximum capacity or are already full.17 Conversely, reductions in spring runoff and higherevapotranspiration because of higher temperatures could reduce the amount of water available forrecharge.18

The California Department ofWater Resources report on climate change and effects on the StateWaterProject (SWP), the Central Valley Project, and the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta, concludes that “climatechange will likely have a significant effect on California’s future water resources…[and] future waterdemand.”Italsoreportsthat“muchuncertaintyaboutfuturewaterdemand[remains],especially[for]thoseaspectsoffuturedemandthatwillbedirectlyaffectedbyclimatechangeandwarming.Whileclimatechangeisexpectedtocontinuethroughatleasttheendofthiscentury,themagnitudeand,insomecases,thenatureoffuturechangesisuncertain.”Italsoreportsthattherelationshipbetweenclimatechangeanditspotentialeffectonwaterdemandisnotwellunderstood,but“[i]tisunlikelythatthislevelofuncertaintywilldiminishsignificantly in the foreseeable future.” Still, changes in water supply are expected to occur, and many

12 CaliforniaNaturalResourcesAgency,ClimateActionTeam,2009CaliforniaClimateAdaptationStrategy:AReporttotheGovernorof

theStateofCaliforniainResponsetoExecutiveOrderS‐13‐2008,(2009).13 Ibid.14 TheCal‐Adaptwebsiteaddressis:http://cal‐adapt.org.15 PacificInstituteforStudiesinDevelopment,EnvironmentandSecurity,ClimateChangeandCaliforniaWaterResources: ASurvey

and Summary of the Literature, July 2003. http://www.pacinst.org/reports/climate_change_and_california_water_resources.pdf.AccessedMarch2015.

16 Ibid.17 Ibid.18 Ibid.



regionalstudieshaveshownthatlargechangesinthereliabilityofwateryieldsfromreservoirscouldresultfromonlysmallchanges in inflows.19 In itsFifthAssessmentReport, the IPCCstates “Changes in theglobalwater cycle in response to the warming over the 21st century will not be uniform. The contrast inprecipitationbetweenwetanddryregionsandbetweenwetanddryseasonswill increase,althoughtheremayberegionalexceptions.”20

(c) Hydrology and Sea Level Rise

Asdiscussedabove,climatechangecouldpotentiallyaffect:theamountofsnowfall,rainfallandsnowpack;theintensityandfrequencyofstorms;floodhydrographs(flashfloods,rainorsnowevents,coincidentalhightideandhighrunoffevents); sea level riseandcoastal flooding; coastal erosion;and thepotential for saltwaterintrusion.Sealevelrisecanbeaproductofglobalwarmingthroughtwomainprocesses:expansionof seawater as theoceanswarm, andmeltingof iceover land. A rise in sea levels could result in coastalflooding and erosion and could jeopardize California’s water supply. Increased storm intensity andfrequencycouldaffecttheabilityofflood‐controlfacilities,includinglevees,tohandlestormevents.

(d) Agriculture

California has a $30 billion agricultural industry that produces half the country’s fruits and vegetables.Higher CO2 levels can stimulate plant production and increase plant water‐use efficiency. However, iftemperaturesriseanddrierconditionsprevail,waterdemandcouldincrease;crop‐yieldcouldbethreatenedbyalessreliablewatersupply;andgreaterozonepollutioncouldrenderplantsmoresusceptibletopestanddiseaseoutbreaks. Inaddition,temperatureincreasescouldchangethetimeofyearcertaincrops,suchaswinegrapes,bloomorripen,andthusaffecttheirquality.21

(e) Ecosystems and Wildlife

Increases in global temperatures and the potential resulting changes in weather patterns could haveecologicaleffectsonaglobalandlocalscale.IncreasingconcentrationsofGHGsarelikelytoacceleratetherateofclimatechange.Scientistsexpectthattheaverageglobalsurfacetemperaturecouldriseby2‐11.5°F(1.1‐6.4°C)by2100,withsignificantregionalvariation.22Soilmoistureislikelytodeclineinmanyregions,andintenserainstormsarelikelytobecomemorefrequent. SealevelcouldriseasmuchastwofeetalongmostoftheU.S.coast.Risingtemperaturescouldhavefourmajorimpactsonplantsandanimals:(1)timingofecologicalevents;(2)geographicrange;(3)species’compositionwithincommunities;and(4)ecosystemprocessessuchascarboncyclingandstorage.23,24

19 CaliforniaDepartmentofWaterResourcesClimateChangeReport,Progresson IncorporatingClimateChange intoPlanningand

Management of California’s Water Resources, July 2006. http://baydeltaoffice.water.ca.gov/climatechange/DWRClimateChangeJuly06_update8‐2‐07.pdf.AccessedMarch2015.

20 IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,FifthAssessmentReport,SummaryforPolicyMakers,(2013)20.21 CaliforniaClimateChangeCenter,OurChangingClimate:AssessingtheRiskstoCalifornia,(2006).22 NationalResearchCouncil,AdvancingtheScienceofClimateChange,(2010).23 Parmesan,C.,2004.EcologicalandEvolutionaryResponsetoRecentClimateChange.24 Parmesan,CandGalbraith,H,2004. ObservedEcologicalImpactsofClimateChangeinNorthAmerica. Arlington,VA: Pew.Cent.

Glob.Clim.Change.



b. Regulatory Framework

(1) Federal

The USEPA is responsible for implementing federal policy to address GHGs. The federal governmentadministersawidearrayofpublic‐privatepartnershipstoreducetheGHGintensitygeneratedintheUnitedStates. Theseprograms focus on energy efficiency, renewable energy,methane and other non‐CO2 gases,agricultural practices, and implementation of technologies to achieve GHG reductions. The USEPAimplements numerous voluntary programs that contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions. Theseprograms (e.g., the Energy Star labeling system for energy‐efficient products) play a significant role inencouragingvoluntaryreductionsfromlargecorporations,consumers,industrialandcommercialbuildings,andmanymajorindustrialsectors.

InMassachusettsv.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(DocketNo.05–1120),theUnitedStatesSupremeCourtheldinAprilof2007thattheUSEPAhasstatutoryauthorityunderSection202ofthefederalCleanAirActtoregulateGHGs.TheCourtdidnotholdthattheUSEPAwasrequiredtoregulateGHGemissions;however,itindicatedthattheagencymustdecidewhetherGHGscauseorcontributetoairpollutionthatisreasonablyanticipatedtoendangerpublichealthorwelfare.

OnMay19,2009,thePresidentannouncedanationalpolicyfor fuelefficiencyandemissionsstandardsinthe United States auto industry. The adopted federal standard applies to passenger cars and light‐dutytrucksformodelyears2012through2016.TherulesurpassesthepriorCorporateAverageFuelEconomystandardsandrequiresanaveragefueleconomystandardof35.5milespergallon(mpg)and250gramsofCO2 permile bymodel year 2016, based onUSEPA calculationmethods. These standardswere formallyadopted on April 1, 2010. In August 2012, standards were adopted for model year 2017 through 2025passengercarsandlight‐dutytrucks.By2025,vehiclesarerequiredtoachieve54.5mpg(ifGHGreductionsareachievedexclusivelythroughfueleconomyimprovements)and163gramsofCO2permile.AccordingtotheUSEPA,amodelyear2025vehiclewouldemitone‐halfof theGHGemissions fromamodelyear2010vehicle.25

OnDecember7,2009,theUSEPAAdministratorsignedtwodistinctfindingsregardingGHGsunderSection202(a)of the federalCleanAirAct. TheUSEPAadoptedaFinalEndangermentFinding forthesixdefinedGHGs (CO2,CH4,N2O,HFCs,PFCs, andSF6)onDecember7,2009. TheEndangermentFinding is requiredbeforeUSEPAcanregulateGHGemissionsunderSection202(a)(1)oftheCleanAirActconsistentlywiththeUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecision.TheUSEPAalsoadoptedaCauseorContributeFindinginwhichtheUSEPA Administrator found that GHG emissions from newmotor vehicle and motor vehicle engines arecontributing to air pollution, which is endangering public health and welfare. These findings do notthemselves impose any requirements on industry or other entities. However, these actions were aprerequisiteforimplementingGHGemissionsstandardsforvehicles.

25 United StatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency, “EPA andNHTSA Set Standards toReduceGreenhouseGases and Improve Fuel

Economy for Model Years 2017‐2025 Cars and Light Trucks,” August 2012,http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/documents/420f12051.pdf.AccessedMarch2015.



(2) State

Californiahaspromulgateda series of executiveorders, laws, and regulationsaimedat reducingboth thelevelofGHGs in theatmosphereandemissionsofGHGs fromcommercialandprivateactivitieswithin theState.

(a) California Air Resources Board

The CARB, a part of the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA), is responsible for thecoordinationandadministrationofbothfederalandstateairpollutioncontrolprogramswithinCalifornia.In this capacity, CARB conducts research, sets the California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS),compiles emission inventories, develops suggested control measures, and provides oversight of localprograms. CARBestablishesemissionsstandardsformotorvehiclessoldinCalifornia,consumerproducts(suchashairspray,aerosolpaints,andbarbecuelighterfluid),andvarioustypesofcommercialequipment.Italsosetsfuelspecificationstofurtherreducevehicularemissions.CARBhasprimaryresponsibilityforthedevelopment of California’s State Implementation Plan, for which it works closely with the federalgovernmentandthelocalairdistricts.TheStateImplementationPlanisrequiredfortheStatetotakeoverimplementationofthefederalCleanAirAct.

(b) Executive Order S‐3‐05

CaliforniaGovernorArnold Schwarzenegger announcedon June1, 2005, throughExecutiveOrder S‐3‐05,thefollowingGHGemissionreductiontargets:

By2010,CaliforniashallreduceGHGemissionsto2000levels;

By2020,CaliforniashallreduceGHGemissionsto1990levels;and

By2050,CaliforniashallreduceGHGemissionsto80percentbelow1990levels.

The Secretary of CalEPA is required to coordinate efforts of various agencies in order to collectively andefficientlyreduceGHGs.SomeoftheagencyrepresentativesinvolvedintheGHGreductionplanincludetheSecretaryoftheBusiness,TransportationandHousingAgency,theSecretaryoftheDepartmentofFoodandAgriculture, the Secretary of the Resources Agency, the Chairperson of CARB, the Chairperson of theCaliforniaEnergyCommission,andthePresidentofthePublicUtilitiesCommission. RepresentativesfromtheseagenciescomprisetheCaliforniaClimateActionTeam(CAT).

TheCATprovidesbiennial reports to theGovernor andLegislatureon the stateofGHG reductions in thestate as well as strategies for mitigating and adapting to climate change. The first CAT Report to theGovernorandtheLegislaturein2006containedrecommendationsandstrategiestohelpmeetthetargetsinExecutiveOrderS3‐05.26The2010CATReport,finalizedinDecember2010,expandsonthepolicyoriented2006 assessment.27 The new information detailed in the CAT Report includes development of revisedclimateandsea‐levelprojectionsusingnewinformationandtoolsthathavebecomeavailableinthelasttwo

26 CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,CaliforniaClimateActionTeamReporttotheGovernorandtheLegislature,(2006).27 CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,CaliforniaClimateActionTeamReporttotheGovernorandtheLegislature,(2010).



years; andanevaluationof climate changewithin the contextofbroader social changes, suchas land‐usechangesanddemographicshifts.

(c) California Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32, Nunez) (Chapter 488, Statutes of 2006)

In2006,theCaliforniaStateLegislatureadoptedAssemblyBill(AB)32(Chapter488,Statutesof2006),theCaliforniaGlobalWarmingSolutionsActof2006,focusingonreducingGHGemissionsinCaliforniato1990levels by 2020. As required by AB 32, CARB approved the 1990 GHG emissions inventory, therebyestablishingtheemissionslimitfor2020.The2020emissionslimitwasoriginallysetat427MMTCO2eusingtheGWPvaluesfromtheIPCCSAR.CARBalsoprojectedthestate’s2020GHGemissionsunderbusiness‐as‐usual (BAU)conditions– that is, emissions thatwouldoccurwithoutanyplans,policies,or regulations toreduceGHGemissions. CARBoriginallyusedanaverageof thestate’sGHGemissions from2002 through2004andprojectedthe2020levelsatapproximately596MMTCO2e(usingGWPvaluesfromtheIPCCSAR).Therefore,undertheoriginalprojections,thestatemustreduceits2020BAUemissionsby28.4percentinordertomeetthe1990targetof427MMTCO2e.In2014,CARBrevisedthetargetusingtheGWPvaluesfromtheIPCCAR4anddeterminedthatthe1990GHGemissionsinventoryand2020GHGemissionslimitis431MMTCO2e.CARBalsoupdatedtheState’s2020BAUemissionsestimatetoaccountfortheeffectofthe2007–2009economicrecession,newestimatesforfuturefuelandenergydemand,andthereductionsrequiredbyregulationthatwererecentlyadoptedformotorvehiclesandrenewableenergy.28CARB’srevised2020BAUemissionsestimateusing theGWPvalues from the IPCCAR4 is509.4MMTCO2e. Therefore, theemissionreductionsnecessarytoachievethe2020emissionstargetof431MMTCO2ewouldbe78.4MMTCO2e,orareductionofGHGemissionsbyapproximately15.4percent. Asummaryof theGHGemissionsreductionsrequiredunderAB32 isprovided inTable4.E‐3,EstimatedGreenhouseGasEmissionsReductionsRequiredbyAB32.

AB32definesGHGs as CO2, CH4,N2O,HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 and represents the first enforceable statewideprogramtolimitemissionsoftheseGHGsfromallmajorindustrieswithpenaltiesfornoncompliance.Thelaw further requires that reductionmeasuresbe technologically feasible andcost effective. UnderAB32,CARB has the primary responsibility for reducing GHG emissions. CARB is required to adopt rules andregulations directing state actions that would achieve GHG emissions reductions equivalent to 1990statewidelevelsby2020.OnorbeforeJune30,2007,CARBwasrequiredtopublishalistofdiscreteearlyactionGHGemissionreductionmeasuresthatwouldbe implementedtobemadeenforceableby2010. In2007,CARBpublisheditsFinalReportforProposedEarlyActionstoMitigateClimateChangeinCalifornia.29ThisreportdescribedrecommendationsfordiscreteearlyactionmeasurestoreduceGHGemissionsaspartof California’sAB 32GHG reduction strategy. Resulting from this are threenew regulations proposed tomeetthedefinitionof“discreteearlyactiongreenhousegasreductionmeasures,”includingthefollowing:alow carbon fuel standard; reduction of HFC 134a (HFC used in automobile air‐conditioning systems)emissionsfromnon‐professionalservicingofmotorvehicleairconditioningsystems;andimprovedlandfillgascapture.CARBestimatesthatby2020,thereductionsfromthosethreemeasureswouldrangefrom13to26MMTCO2e. Six additional early‐action regulationswereadoptedonOctober25,2007 that targeted:motorvehicles;auxiliaryenginesfromdockedships;PFCsfromthesemiconductorindustry;propellantsinconsumerproducts;automotivemaintenance;andSF6fromnon‐electricitysectors.

28 California Air Resources Board, “2020 Business‐as‐Usual (BAU) Emissions Projection, 2014 Edition,”

http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/bau.htm.AccessedMarch2015.29 CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,ProposedEarlyActionstoMitigationClimateChangeinCalifornia,(2007).



(d) California Assembly Bill No. 1493 (AB 1493, Pavley), (Chapter 200, Statutes of 2002)

InresponsetothetransportationsectoraccountingformorethanhalfofCalifornia’sCO2emissions,AB1493(Chapter200,Statutesof2002),enactedonJuly22,2002,requiredCARBtosetGHGemissionstandardsforpassenger vehicles, light duty trucks, and other vehicles whose primary use is non‐commercial personaltransportation manufactured in and after 2009. In setting these standards, CARB must consider costeffectiveness,technologicalfeasibility,economicimpacts,andprovidemaximumflexibilitytomanufacturers.TheStateofCalifornia in2004submitteda request forawaiver from federal cleanair regulations,whichordinarily preempts state regulation of motor vehicle emission standards, to allow the state to requirereducedtailpipeemissionsofCO2.Inlate2007,theUSEPAdeniedCalifornia’swaiverrequest.Inearly2008,the state brought suit against USEPA related to this denial. In January 2009, the President directed theUSEPAtoassesswhetheritsdenialofthewaiverwasappropriateunderthefederalCleanAirAct. InJune2009,theUSEPAgrantedCaliforniathewaiver.

However, as discussedpreviously, theUSEPA andUSDOThave adopted federal standards formodel year2012through2016light‐dutyvehicles. InlightoftheUSEPAandUSDOTstandards,California‐andstatesadoptingCaliforniaemissionsstandards ‐haveagreedtodefer to theproposednationalstandardthroughmodel year 2016. The 2016 endpoint of the federal and state standards is similar, although the federalstandardrampsupslightlymoreslowlythanrequiredunderthestatestandard.Thestatestandards(calledthePavleystandards)requireadditionalreductionsinCO2emissionsbeyondmodelyear2016(referredtoasPavleyPhaseIIstandards).Asnotedabove,theUSEPAandUSDOThaveadoptedGHGemissionstandardsformodelyear2017through2025vehicles.ThesestandardsareslightlydifferentfromthePavleyPhaseIIstandards,buttheStateofCaliforniahasagreednottocontestthesestandards,inpartduetothefactthatwhile the national standardwould achieve slightly less reductions in California, it would achieve greater

Table 4.E‐3

Estimated Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Required by AB 32

Emissions Category GHG Emissions (MMTCO2e)

2008ScopingPlan(IPCCSAR) 2020BAUForecast(CARB2008ScopingPlanEstimate) 5962020EmissionsTargetSetbyAB32(i.e.,1990level) 427ReductionbelowBusiness‐As‐Usualnecessarytoachieve1990levelsby2020 169(28.4%)a 2011ScopingPlan(IPCCAR4) 2020BAUForecast(CARB2011ScopingPlanEstimate) 509.42020EmissionsTargetSetbyAB32(i.e.,1990level) 431ReductionbelowBusiness‐As‐Usualnecessarytoachieve1990levelsby2020 78.4(15.4%)b

MMTCO2e = million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents

a 596 – 427 = 169 / 596 = 28.4% b 509.4 – 431 = 78.4 / 509.4 = 15.4% Source: California Air Resources Board, Final Supplement to the AB 32 Scoping Plan Functional Equivalent Document (FED),

Attachment D, August 19, 2011; California Air Resources Board, “2020 Business‐as‐Usual (BAU) Emissions Projection, 2014 Edition,” http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/data/bau.htm. Accessed March 2015.



reductionsnationallyandisstringentenoughtomeetstateGHGemissionreductiongoals.30OnNovember15,2012,CARBapprovedanamendmentthatallowsmanufacturerstocomplywiththe2017‐2025nationalstandardstomeetstatelaw.

(e) Executive Order S‐01‐07

Executive Order S‐01‐07 was enacted by the Governor on January 18, 2007. The order mandates thefollowing: (1) that a statewide goal be established to reduce the carbon intensity of California’stransportation fuels by at least 10percent by 2020; and (2) that a LowCarbonFuel Standard (LCFS) fortransportationfuelsbeestablishedinCalifornia.

(f) Senate Bill 97 (SB 97, Dutton) (Chapter 185, Statutes of 2007)

SenateBill(SB)97(Chapter185,Statutesof2007),enactedin2007,amendedCEQAtoclearlyestablishthatGHGemissionsandtheeffectsofGHGemissionsareappropriatesubjectsforCEQAanalysis.ItdirectedtheCalifornia Office of Planning and Research to develop revisions to the State CEQA Guidelines “for themitigationofGHGemissionsortheeffectsofGHGemissions”anddirectedtheResourcesAgencytocertifyandadopt theserevisedStateCEQAGuidelinesby January2010. Therevisionswerecompleted inMarch2010andcodifiedintotheCaliforniaCodeofRegulationsandbecameeffectivewithin120dayspursuanttoCEQA.TheamendmentsprovideregulatoryguidancefortheanalysisandmitigationofthepotentialeffectsofGHGemissions.TheCEQAGuidelinesrequire:

InclusionofGHGanalysesinCEQAdocuments;

DeterminationofsignificanceofGHGemissions;and

IfsignificantGHGemissionswouldoccur,adoptionofmitigationtoaddresssignificantemissions.

(g) Senate Bill 375 (SB 375, Steinberg) (Chapter 728, Statutes of 2008)

SB 375 (Chapter 728, Statutes of 2008), which establishes mechanisms for the development of regionaltargetsforreducingpassengervehiclegreenhousegasemissions,wasadoptedbytheStateonSeptember30,2008.UnderSB375,CARBisrequired,inconsultationwiththeMetropolitanPlanningOrganization,tosetregionalGHGreductiontargetsforthepassengervehicleandlight‐dutytrucksectorfor2020and2035.OnSeptember 23, 2010, CARB adopted the vehicular GHG emissions reduction targets for the SouthernCalifornia Association of Governments (SCAG), which is the Metropolitan Planning Organization for theregion inwhichtheCountyofLosAngeles is located. Thetarget isapercapitareductionof8percent for2020 and 13 percent for 2035 compared to the 2005 baseline. Of note, the proposed reduction targetsexplicitly exclude emission reductions expected from the AB 1493 and the low carbon fuel standardregulations.

Under SB 375, the targetmust be incorporatedwithin that region’s Regional Transportation Plan (RTP),whichisusedforlong‐termtransportationplanning,inaSustainableCommunitiesStrategy(SCS). Certaintransportation planning and programming activities would then need to be consistent with the SCS;

30 California Air Resources Board, “Advanced Clean Cars Summary,” http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/clean_cars/acc%20summary‐

final.pdf.AccessedMarch2015.



however,SB375expresslyprovidesthattheSCSdoesnotregulatetheuseofland,andfurtherprovidesthatlocallanduseplansandpolicies(e.g.,generalplan)arenotrequiredtobeconsistentwitheithertheRTPorSCS. OnApril7,2016,SCAGadoptedthe2016‐2040RegionalTransportationPlan/SustainableCommunitiesStrategy (2016 RTP/SCS).31 Using growth forecasts and economic trends, the 2016 RTP/SCS provides avisionfortransportationthroughouttheregionforthenext25years.Itconsiderstheroleoftransportationin the broader context of economic, environmental, and quality‐of‐life goals for the future, identifyingregionaltransportationstrategiestoaddressmobilityneeds. The2016RTP/SCSsuccessfullyachievesandexceedstheGHGemission‐reductiontargetssetbyCARBbydemonstrating aneightpercentreductionby2020,18percentreductionby2035,and21percentreductionby2040comparedtothe2005levelonapercapitabasis.

SCAG’sSustainableCommunitiesStrategyprovidesspecificstrategiesforsuccessfulimplementation.Thesestrategiesincludesupportingprojectsthatencourageadiversejobopportunitiesforavarietyofskillsandeducation, recreation and culture and a full‐range of shopping, entertainment and services all within arelatively short distance; encouraging employment development around current and planned transitstations and neighborhood commercial centers; encouraging the implementation of a “Complete Streets”policy thatmeets the needs of all users of the streets, roads and highways including bicyclists, children,persons with disabilities, motorists, electric vehicles, movers of commercial goods, pedestrians, users ofpublictransportation,andseniors;andsupportingalternativefueledvehicles.

(h) Title 24, Building Standards Code and CALGreen Code

The California Energy Commission first adopted the Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential andNonresidentialBuildings(CaliforniaCodeofRegulations,Title24,Part6)in1978inresponsetoalegislativemandate to reduce energy consumption in the state. Although not originally intended to reduce GHGemissions,increasedenergyefficiency,andreducedconsumptionofelectricity,naturalgas,andotherfuelswouldresultinfewerGHGemissionsfromresidentialandnonresidentialbuildingssubjecttothestandard.Thestandardsareupdatedperiodicallytoallowfortheconsiderationandinclusionofnewenergyefficiencytechnologiesandmethods.

Part 11 of the Title 24 Building Standards Code is referred to as the CaliforniaGreenBuilding Standards(CALGreen) Code. The purpose of the CALGreen Code is to “improve public health, safety and generalwelfarebyenhancingthedesignandconstructionofbuildingsthroughtheuseofbuildingconceptshavingapositive environmental impact and encouraging sustainable construction practices in the followingcategories: (1) Planning and design; (2) Energy efficiency; (3) Water efficiency and conservation; (4)Materialconservationandresourceefficiency;and(5)Environmentalairquality.”32TheCALGreenCodeisnotintendedtosubstitutefororbeidentifiedasmeetingthecertificationrequirementsofanygreenbuildingprogramthat isnotestablishedandadoptedby theCaliforniaBuildingStandardsCommission. When theCALGreenCodewentintoeffectin2009,compliancethrough2010wasvoluntary.AsofJanuary1,2011,theCALGreenCodeismandatoryforallnewbuildingsconstructedinthestate.TheCALGreenCodeestablishesmandatorymeasuresfornewresidentialandnon‐residentialbuildings. Suchmandatorymeasuresincludeenergyefficiency,waterconservation,materialconservation,planninganddesignandoverallenvironmental

31 Southern California Association of Governments, 2016‐2040 RTP/SCS, http://scagrtpscs.net/Pages/FINAL2016RTPSCS.aspx.

AccessedJune2016.32 CaliforniaBuildingStandardsCommission,2010CaliforniaGreenBuildingStandardsCode,(2010).



quality.33TheCALGreenCodewasmostrecentlyupdatedin2013toincludenewmandatorymeasuresforresidential aswell as nonresidential uses; the newmeasures took effect on January 1, 2014 (the energyprovisionstookeffectonJuly1,2014).34

(i) Senate Bill 1078 (SB 1078, Sher) (Chapter 516, Statutes of 2002) and Senate Bill 107 (SB 107,

Simitian) (Chapter 464, Statutes of 2006) and Executive Order S‐14‐08

SB 1078 (Chapter 516, Statutes of 2002) requires retail sellers of electricity, including investor‐ownedutilitiesandcommunitychoiceaggregators, toprovideat least20percentof theirsupply fromrenewablesourcesby2017. SB107(Chapter464,Statutesof2006)changed the targetdate to2010. InNovember2008, Governor Schwarzenegger signed Executive Order S‐14‐08, which expands the State's RenewablesPortfolioStandardto33percentrenewablepowerby2020.PursuanttoExecutiveOrderS‐21‐09,CARBwasalso preparing regulations to supplement the Renewables Portfolio Standard with a Renewable EnergyStandardthatwillresultinatotalrenewableenergyrequirementforutilitiesof33percentby2020.ButonApril12,2011,GovernorJerryBrownsignedSBX1‐2toincreaseCalifornia’sRPSto33percentby2020.

(j) California Senate Bill 1368

CaliforniaSB1368,acompanionbilltoAB32,requirestheCaliforniaPublicUtilitiesCommission(CPUC)andtheCECtoestablishGHGemissionperformancestandardsforthegenerationofelectricity.Thesestandardswill alsogenerallyapply topower that is generatedoutsideofCalifornia and imported into theState. SB1368providesamechanismforreducing theemissionsofelectricityproviders, therebyassistingCARBtomeet its mandate under AB 32. On January 25, 2007, the CPUC adopted an interim GHG EmissionsPerformance Standard, which is a facility‐based emissions standard requiring that all new long‐termcommitments forbaseloadgeneration to serveCalifornia consumersbewithpowerplants that haveGHGemissionsnogreaterthanacombinedcyclegasturbineplant. Thatlevelisestablishedat1,100poundsofCO2 per megawatt‐hour. Further, on May 23, 2007, the CEC adopted regulations that establish andimplementanidenticalEmissionsPerformanceStandardof1,100poundsofCO2permegawatt‐hour.

(k) Executive Order B‐30‐15

OnApril29,2015,GovernorJerryBrownissuedExecutiveOrderB‐30‐15,which:

EstablishedanewinterimStatewidereductiontargettoreduceGHGemissionsto40percentbelow1990levelsby2030,

OrderedallStateagencieswithjurisdictionoversourcesofGHGemissionstoimplementmeasurestoachievereductionsofGHGemissionstomeetthe2030and2050reductiontargets,and

Directed CARB to update the Climate Change Scoping Plan to express the 2030 target in terms ofmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.

CARB subsequently expressed its intention to initiate theClimateChange ScopingPlanupdateduring thesummerof2015,withadoptionscheduledfor2016.

33 CaliforniaBuildingStandardsCommission,2010CaliforniaGreenBuildingStandardsCode,(2010).34 CaliforniaEnergyCommission,BuildingStandardsInformationBulletin13‐07,December18,2013.



(l) Cap‐and‐Trade Program

TheClimateChangeScopingPlanidentifiesaCap‐and‐TradeProgramasoneofthestrategiesCaliforniawillemploy to reduceGHG emissions. CARBasserts that this programwill helpputCalifornia on thepath tomeet its goalof reducingGHGemissions to1990 levelsby theyear2020, andultimately achieving an80percentreductionfrom1990levelsby2050.UnderCap‐and‐Trade,anoveralllimitonGHGemissionsfromcappedsectorsisestablishedandfacilitiessubjecttothecapwillbeabletotradepermitstoemitGHGs.

CARBdesigned and adopted aCaliforniaCap‐and‐TradeProgram35pursuant to its authorityunderAB32.ThedevelopmentofthisProgramincludedamulti‐yearstakeholderprocessandconsiderationofpotentialimpactsondisproportionately impactedcommunities. TheCap‐and‐TradeProgram isdesigned to reduceGHG emissions frommajor sources (deemed “covered entities”) by setting a firm cap on statewide GHGemissionsandemployingmarketmechanismstoachieveAB32’semission‐reductionmandateofreturningto1990levelsofemissionsby2020. ThestatewidecapforGHGemissionsfromthecappedsectors36(e.g.,electricitygeneration,petroleumrefining,andcementproduction)commencedin2013andwilldeclineovertime,achievingGHGemissionreductionsthroughouttheProgram’sduration.

UndertheCap‐and‐TradeProgram,CARBissuesallowancesequaltothetotalamountofallowableemissionsoveragivencomplianceperiodanddistributesthesetoregulatedentities.Coveredentitiesthatemitmorethan 25,000MTCO2e per yearmust complywith the Cap‐and‐Trade Program.37 Triggering of the 25,000MTCO2e per year “inclusion threshold” is measured against a subset of emissions reported and verifiedunder the California Regulation for the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MandatoryReportingRuleor“MRR”).38

Each covered entitywith a compliance obligation is required to surrender “compliance instruments”39foreachMTCO2eofGHGtheyemit.Coveredentitiesareallocatedfreeallowancesinwholeorpart(ifeligible),buy allowances at auction, purchase allowances from others, or purchase offset credits. A “complianceperiod”isthetimeframeduringwhichthecomplianceobligationiscalculated.Theyears2013and2014arethe first compliance period, the years 2015–2017 are the second compliance period, and the thirdcomplianceperiodisfrom2018–2020.Attheendofeachcomplianceperiod,eachfacilitywillberequiredtosurrender compliance instruments to CARB equivalent to their total GHG emissions throughout thecomplianceperiod.Therealsoarerequirementstosurrendercomplianceinstrumentscovering30percentof the prior year’s compliance obligation byNovember of each year. For example, in November 2014, acovered entity was required to submit compliance instruments to cover 30 percent of its 2013 GHGemissions.

TheCap‐and‐TradeRegulationprovidesafirmcap,ensuringthatthe2020statewideemissionlimitwillnotbeexceeded.AninherentfeatureoftheCap‐and‐TradeProgramisthatitdoesnotguaranteeGHGemissions

35 17CCR§§95800to96023.

36 Seegenerally17CCR§§95811,95812.

37 17CCR§95812.

38 17CCR§§95100‐95158.

39 Complianceinstrumentsarepermitstoemit,themajorityofwhichwillbe“allowances,”butentitiesalsoareallowedtouseCARB‐approvedoffsetcreditstomeetupto8percentoftheircomplianceobligations.



reductionsinanydiscretelocationorbyanyparticularsource.Rather,GHGemissionsreductionsareonlyguaranteed on an accumulativebasis. As summarizedbyCARB in its FirstUpdate to theClimateChangeScopingPlan:

TheCap‐and‐TradeRegulationgivescompaniesthe flexibilitytotradeallowanceswithothersor take steps tocost‐effectivelyreduceemissionsat theirown facilities. Companies thatemitmorehavetoturninmoreallowancesorothercomplianceinstruments.CompaniesthatcancuttheirGHGemissionshave to turn in fewerallowances. Butas the capdeclines,aggregateemissionsmustbereduced.40

Inotherwords,acoveredentitytheoreticallycouldincreaseitsGHGemissionseveryyearandstillcomplywith theCap‐and‐TradeProgram. However, as climate change is a global phenomenon and the effects ofGHG emissions are considered cumulative in nature, a focus on aggregate GHG emissions reductions iswarranted.

Further,thereductionsinGHGemissionsthatwillbeachievedbytheCap‐and‐TradePrograminherentlyarevariableand,therefore,impossibletoquantifywithprecision:

TheCap‐and‐TradeRegulationisdifferentfrommostoftheothermeasuresintheScopingPlan.The[R]egulationsetsahardcap,insteadofanemission limit,sotheemissionreductionsfromtheprogramvaryasourestimatesof“businessasusual”emissionsinthefutureareupdated.Inaddition, the Cap‐and‐Trade Programworks in concertwithmany of the direct regulatorymeasures—providinganadditionaleconomic incentive to reduceemissions. Actions taken tocomplywith direct regulations reduce an entity’s compliance obligation under the Cap‐and‐Trade Regulation. So, for example, increased deployment of renewable electricity sourcesreducesautility’scomplianceobligationundertheCap‐and‐TradeRegulation.41

If California’s direct regulatory measures reduce GHG emissions more than expected, then the Cap‐and‐TradeProgramwillberesponsibleforrelativelyfeweremissionsreductions.IfCalifornia’sdirectregulatorymeasuresreduceGHGemissionslessthanexpected,thentheCap‐and‐TradeProgramwillberesponsibleforrelativelymoreemissionsreductions.Inotherwords,theCap‐and‐TradeProgramfunctionssortoflikeaninsurancepolicyformeetingCalifornia2020’sGHGemissionsreductionmandate:

TheCap‐and‐TradeProgram establishesanoverall limitonGHG emissions frommostof theCaliforniaeconomy—the “cappedsectors.” Within thecappedsectors,someof thereductionsarebeingaccomplished throughdirect regulations, suchas improvedbuildingandapplianceefficiency standards, the [LowCarbon Fuel Standard] LCFS,and the33percent [RenewablesPortfolioStandard]RPS.Whateveradditionalreductionsareneededtobringemissionswithinthecapisaccomplishedthroughpriceincentivesposedbyemissionsallowanceprices.Together,

40 CARB,FirstUpdatetotheClimateChangeScopingPlan:BuildingontheFramework,at86(May2014)(emphasisadded).41 Ibid.



directregulationandpriceincentivesassurethatemissionsarebroughtdowncost‐effectivelytotheleveloftheoverallcap.42

[T]he Cap‐and‐Trade Regulation provides assurance that California’s 2020 limitwill bemetbecausetheregulationsetsafirmlimiton85percentofCalifornia’sGHGemissions.43

In sum, the Cap‐and‐TradeProgramwill achieve aggregate, rather than site‐specific or project‐level, GHGemissionsreductions.Also,duetotheregulatoryarchitectureadoptedbyCARBunderAB32,thereductionsattributedtotheCap‐and‐TradeProgramcanchangeovertimedependingontheState’semissionsforecastsandtheeffectivenessofdirectregulatorymeasures.

TheCap‐and‐TradeProgramcovers theGHGemissionsassociatedwithelectricity consumed inCalifornia,whether generated in‐state or imported.44 Accordingly, GHG emissions associated with CEQA projects’electricityusagearecoveredbytheCap‐and‐TradeProgram.

The Cap‐and‐Trade Program also covers fuel suppliers (natural gas and propane fuel providers andtransportationfuelproviders)toaddressemissionsfromsuchfuelsandfromcombustionofotherfossilfuelsnotdirectly coveredat largesources in theProgram’s first complianceperiod.45While theCap‐and‐TradeProgramtechnicallycoveredfuelsuppliersasearlyas2012,theydidnothaveacomplianceobligation(i.e.,theywerenotfullyregulated)until2015:

Suppliersofnaturalgas, suppliersofRBOB [ReformulatedGasolineBlendstock forOxygenateBlending]anddistillatefueloils,suppliersofliquefiedpetroleumgas,andsuppliersofliquefiednaturalgasspecified insections95811(c),(d),(e),(f),and(g)thatmeetorexceedtheannualthresholdinsection95812(d)willhaveacomplianceobligationbeginningwiththesecondcomplianceperiod.46

Asof January1, 2015, theCap‐and‐TradeProgram covered approximately 85percent of California’sGHGemissions.

The Cap‐and‐Trade Program covers the GHG emissions associatedwith the combustion of transportationfuelsinCalifornia,whetherrefinedin‐stateorimported.Thepointofregulationfortransportationfuelsiswhentheyare“supplied”(i.e.,deliveredintocommerce).However,transportationfuelsthatare“supplied”in California, but can be demonstrated to have a final destination outside California, do not generate acompliance obligation. The underlying concept here is that CARB is seeking to capture tailpipe GHGemissionsfromthecombustionoftransportationfuelssuppliedtoCaliforniaend‐users.Accordingly,aswithstationarysourceGHGemissionsandGHGemissionsattributabletoelectricityuse,virtuallyall,ifnotall,of

42 CARB,FirstUpdatetotheClimateChangeScopingPlan:BuildingontheFramework,at88(May2014)43 Id.at86‐87.44 17CCR§95811(b).45 17CCR§§95811,95812(d).46 Id.at§95851(b)(emphasisadded).



GHGemissions fromCEQAprojectsassociatedwithvehicle‐miles traveled (VMT)are coveredby theCap‐and‐TradeProgram.

(3) Regional

TheMedical Center Campus is located in the SouthCoast AirBasin (Air Basin),which consists ofOrangeCounty,LosAngelesCounty(excludingtheAntelopeValleyportion),andthewestern,non‐desertportionsofSanBernardinoandRiversideCounties,inadditiontotheSanGorgonioPassareainRiversideCounty.TheSouth Coast Air QualityManagement District (SCAQMD) is responsible for air quality planning in the AirBasin and developing rules and regulations to bring the area into attainment of the ambient air qualitystandards. This is accomplished though air qualitymonitoring, evaluation, education, implementation ofcontrol measures to reduce emissions from stationary sources, permitting and inspection of pollutionsources, enforcement of air quality regulations, andby supporting and implementingmeasures to reduceemissionsfrommotorvehicles.AfterAB32waspassed,SCAQMDformedaClimateChangeCommitteealongwith a Greenhouse Gases CEQA Significance ThresholdsWorking Group and the SoCal Climate SolutionsExchange Technical Advisory Group. On September 5, 2008, the SCAQMD Board approved the SCAQMDClimate Change Policy, which outlines actions the SCAQMD will take to assist businesses and localgovernments in implementing climate change measures, decrease the agency’s carbon emissions, andprovide information to the public regarding climate change. On December 5, 2008, the Board approvedinterimCEQAGHGsignificance thresholds for stationary sourceprojectswhere it is the leadagency. Thethresholdisatieredapproachtodetermineaproject’ssignificance,with10,000metrictons(MT)ofCO2easascreeningnumerical threshold forstationarysourceprojects. Inorder toprovideguidance to local leadagencies on determining the significance of GHG emissions identified in CEQAdocuments, theGHGCEQASignificance Threshold Working Group drafted thresholds with the intent of capturing 90 percent ofdevelopment projects.47 Under Tiers 1 and 2, projects that are exempt from CEQA or consistentwith anapproved localGHGreductionplancanbefoundtobe less thansignificant. UnderTier3,aproject’sGHGemissionsarecomparedtothedraftscreeningthresholds.Atpresent,theSCAQMDhasnotformallyadoptedthresholdsforusebyotherleadagencies,butrecommendsthatindustrialprojectsutilizethe10,000MTCO2escreeninglevelthathasbeenadoptedforSCAQMDprojects.TheGHGCEQASignificanceThresholdWorkingGrouphasdraftedasignificanceindicatorof3,000MTCO2eformixed‐useoralllanduseprojects,butithasnot been formally adopted. Under Tier 4, a project’s GHG emissions are compared to a performancestandard,suchasachievingapercentagereductioninGHGemissionsfromabasecasescenarioorachievingaproject‐levelefficiencytargetof4.8MTCO2eperservicepopulation.

(4) Local

(a) County of Los Angeles General Plan

TheLosAngelesCounty2035GeneralPlanprovides the fundamentalbasis for theCounty’s landuseanddevelopmentpolicy,andaddressesallaspectsofdevelopmentincludingpublichealth,landuse,communitycharacter, transportation, economics, housing, air quality, and other topics. The General Plan sets forthobjectives, policies, standards, and programs for land use and new development, Circulation and Publicaccess,andServiceSystemsfortheCommunityasawhole.MeasuresrelatedtoGHGemissionsthatwould

47 South Coast Air QualityManagement District, “Greenhouse Gases (GHG) CEQA Significance Thresholds,” GHGMeeting 15Main

Presentation, September 28, 2010, http://www.aqmd.gov/ceqa/handbook/GHG/2010/sept28mtg/sept29.html. Accessed March2015.



be applicable to the Master Plan Project are contained in the Los Angeles County 2035 General PlanConservationandOpenSpaceelement.ProjectconsistencywiththeGeneralPlanisdiscussedinSection4.H.,LandUseandPlanning.

(b) County of Los Angeles Community Climate Action Plan

The County of Los Angeles has adopted a Community Climate Action Plan (CCAP),48a component of theGeneralPlan,whichsetsatargettoreduceGHGemissionsfromcommunityactivitiesintheunincorporatedareasofLosAngelesCountybyatleast11percentbelow2010levelsby2020.TheCCAPshowsclearlythatthereductionsarenotexpected tooccuruniformly fromall sourcesor sectorsofGHGemissions(refer toTable 4‐1 of the CCAP). The CCAP describes the County’s plan for achieving this goal, including specificstrategyareasforeachofthemajoremissionssectors,andprovidesdetailsonthe2010andprojected2020emissionsintheunincorporatedareas.TheactionsintheCCAParepriorityactionsandintendedfornear‐term implementation, such that the County can achieve its GHG reduction goal for 2020 for theunincorporatedareasofLosAngelesCounty.

The CCAP includes 26 local actions to reduced GHG emissions and are grouped into the following fivestrategyareas.Thepercentofthelocalemissionsreductionsfrom2010levelsarealsoprovided(reductionsachievedbystateprogramsarenotincludedinthepercentages):

GreenBuildingandEnergy(approximately36percentoflocalemissionsreductions);

LandUseandTransportation(approximately34percentoflocalemissionsreductions);

WaterConservationandWastewater(approximately4percentforthewatersectorand22percentforthebuildingenergysectoroflocalemissionsreductions);

WasteReduction,Reuse,andRecycling(approximately3percentoflocalemissionsreductions);and

LandConservationandTreePlanting(lessthan1percentoflocalemissionsreductions).

TheCounty considersmanyof the localactions tobecosteffective,particularly in thegreenbuildingandenergystrategyarea.InadditiontoreducingGHGemissions,alllocalactionshavemanyco‐benefits,suchasimprovedpublichealth,improvedairquality,energysavings,increasedmobility,andenhancedcommunitywell‐being.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

a. Methodology

TheevaluationofpotentialimpactstoGHGemissionsthatmayresultfromtheconstructionandlong‐termoperationsoftheMasterPlanProjectisconductedasfollows:

48 CountyofLosAngeles,FinalUnincorporatedLosAngelesCountyCommunityClimateActionPlan2020,(August2015).



(1) Greenhouse Gas Emissions

(a) Existing Project Site Emissions

ExistingHospitaloperationalemissionshavebeenestimatedusingCalEEMod(Version2013.2.2)software,anemissionsinventorymodelrecommendedbytheSCAQMDforlandusedevelopmentprojects.CalEEModwasusedtoforecastthedailyregionalemissionsfrommobile,area,andstationarysources. Incalculatingmobile‐sourceemissions,anoperationalyearof2015wasusedintheMasterPlanProjecttrafficstudy49andthetriplengthvalueswerebasedonthedistancesprovidedinCalEEMod.Thetripdistanceswereappliedtothe maximum daily trip estimates, based on standard Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) tripgenerationrates, foreachExistingHospital landuseprovidedbytheProject trafficstudy50toestimate thetotalvehiclemilestraveled(VMT).

EmissionsofGHGsfromon‐sitenaturalgascombustionandoff‐siteelectricitygenerationarebasedonusagedata from the CEC’sCaliforniaCommercialEndUseSurvey (CEUS),which lists energy demandby buildingtype.51Thedata fromtheCEUS is from2002andrepresentsactualusagerates fromsurveyrespondents,covering a wide range of building ages. Since 1978, the CEC has established building energy efficiencystandards,whichareupdatedperiodically. Asdiscussedpreviously, theExistingHospitalbuildingsontheMedical Center Campus were built in 1943 and 1962. Thus, the use of the CEUS 2002 survey data torepresent theelectricaldemand for theexistingMedicalCenterCampus isappropriateandrepresents thebest available data. The CEUS provides data on a limited statewide basis or for each of the four largestinvestor‐ or publicly‐ownedutilities (PacificGas&Electric, SouthernCaliforniaEdison (SCE), SacramentoMunicipalUtilityDistrict, andSanDiegoGas&Electric). For thepurposesof thisassessment,naturalgasusage factors forSCEwereusedasmost representativeof theexistingMedicalCenterCampus. Emissionfactors forGHGsdue toelectricalgeneration toserve thedemandsof theexistingMedicalCenterCampuswere obtained from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) 2012Power IntegratedResource Plan, which accounts for the generation mix using renewable and non‐renewable sources.52LADWPprovides20percentofelectricityviarenewablesources.53

EmissionsofGHGsfromsolidwastedisposalarecalculatedusingtheCalEEModsoftware.Theemissionsarebasedonthewastedisposalrateforthelanduses,thewastediversionrate,andtheGHGemissionfactorsforsolidwastedecomposition.TheGHGemissionfactors,particularlyforCH4,dependoncharacteristicsofthelandfill,suchasthepresenceofalandfillgascapturesystemandsubsequentflaringorenergyrecovery.Thedefaultvalues,asprovidedinCalEEMod,forlandfillgascapture(e.g.,nocapture,flaring,energyrecovery),whicharestatewideaverages,areusedinthisassessment.

EmissionsofGHGsfromwaterandwastewaterareduetotheenergyrequiredtosupply,distributeandtreat.WastewateralsoresultsinemissionsofGHGsfromwastewatertreatmentsystems.Emissionsarecalculatedusing theCalEEMod tool and are based on thewater usage rate for the landuses, the electrical intensity

49 Fehr&Peers,TrafficImpactAnalysisfortheHarbor‐UCLAMedicalCenterMasterPlanProject,(2016).50 Ibid.51 CaliforniaEnergyCommission,CaliforniaCommercialEnd‐UseSurvey,http://capabilities.itron.com/CeusWeb/Chart.aspx.Accessed

November2013.52 LosAngelesDepartmentofWaterandPower,2012PowerIntegratedResourcePlan,(2012)C‐11.53 LosAngelesDepartmentofWaterandPower,2012PowerIntegratedResourcePlan,(2012)111.



factorsforwatersupply,treatment,anddistributionandforwastewatertreatment,theGHGemissionfactorsfor the electricity utility provider, and the emission factors for the wastewater treatment process. TheCalEEMod software uses the electrical intensity factors from the 2006 CEC report RefiningEstimatesofWater‐RelatedEnergyUseinCalifornia.54TheemissionsofGHGsassociatedwiththewastewatertreatmentprocessemissionsarealsocalculatedusingtheCalEEModsoftwareasdescribedintheCaliforniaEmissionsEstimatorModelUser’sGuide,AppendixA.55AsstatedintheUser’sGuide,theGHGsemittedfromeachtypeofwastewater treatment are based on the CARB’sLocalGovernmentOperationsProtocol,56which are in turnbasedonUSEPAmethodologies.57

(b) Project‐Related Emissions (Provided for Informational Purposes)

ForthepurposesofthisEIR,totalGHGemissionsfromtheMasterPlanProjectwerequantifiedfordisclosurepurposestoprovideinformationtodecisionmakersandthepublicregardingtheleveloftheProject’sannualGHGemissions.

TheCCARhaspreparedtheGeneralReportingProtocolforcalculatingandreportingGHGemissionsfromanumberofgeneralandindustry‐specificactivities.58Nospecificprotocolsareavailableforlanduseprojects,so the General Reporting Protocol has been adapted to address GHG emissions from the Project. Theinformationprovidedin thissection isconsistentwiththeGeneralReportingProtocolminimumreportingrequirements. The General Reporting Protocol recommends the separation of GHG emissions into threecategoriesthatreflectdifferentaspectsofownershiporcontroloveremissions.Theyinclude:

Scope1: Direct,on‐sitecombustionoffossilfuels(e.g.,naturalgas,propane,gasoline,anddiesel).

Scope2: Indirect,off‐siteemissionsassociatedwithpurchasedelectricityorpurchasedsteam.

Scope3: Indirectemissionsassociatedwithotheremissions sources, suchas third‐partyvehiclesandembodiedenergy.59

CARBbelieves that consideration of so‐called indirect emissions provides amore complete picture of theGHGfootprintofa facility: “Asfacilitiesconsiderchangesthatwouldaffecttheiremissions–additionofacogenerationunittoboostoverallefficiencyevenasitincreasesdirectemissions,forexample–therelativeimpact on total (direct plus indirect) emissions by the facility should be monitored. Annually reportedindirectenergyusagealsoaidstheconservationawarenessofthefacilityandprovidesinformation”toCARBto be considered for future strategies by the industrial sector.60 For these reasons, CARB has proposedrequiringthecalculationofdirectandindirectGHGemissionsaspartoftheAB32reportingrequirements.

54 CaliforniaEnergyCommission,RefiningEstimatesofWater‐RelatedEnergyUse inCalifornia,PIERFinalProjectReport,CEC‐500‐

2006‐118,(2006).55 CaliforniaAirPollutionControlOfficersAssociation,CaliforniaEmissionsEstimatorModelUser’sGuide,(2013).56 CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,LocalGovernmentOperationsProtocol,Chapter10:WastewaterTreatmentFacilities,(2008).57 UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,InventoryofUSGreenhouseGasEmissionsandSinks:1990‐2006,Chapter8:Waste,

(2008).58 CaliforniaClimateActionRegistry,GeneralReportingProtocolVersion3.1,(2009).59 Embodiedenergyincludesenergyrequiredforwaterpumpingandtreatmentforend‐uses.60 California Air Resources Board, Initial Statement of Reasons for Rulemaking, Proposed Regulation forMandatory Reporting of

GreenhouseGasEmissionsPursuanttotheCaliforniaGlobalWarmingSolutionsActof2006(AB32),(2007).



Additionally,theOfficeofPlanningandResearchdirectsleadagenciesto“makeagood‐faitheffort,basedonavailable information, to calculate, model, or estimate…GHG emissions from a project, including theemissionsassociatedwithvehiculartraffic,energyconsumption,waterusageandconstructionactivities.”61Therefore,directandindirectemissionshavebeencalculatedfortheMasterPlanProject.

Forpurposesofthisanalysis,itisconsideredreasonableandconsistentwithcriteriapollutantcalculationstoconsiderthoseGHGemissionsresultingfromProject‐relatedincremental(net)increaseintheuseofon‐roadmobile vehicles, electricity, and natural gas compared to existing conditions. This includes Projectconstruction activities such as demolition, hauling, and construction worker trips. This analysis alsoconsidersindirectGHGemissionsfromwaterconveyance,wastewatergeneration,andsolidwastehandling.Sincepotential impactsresulting fromGHGemissionsare long‐termrather thanacute,GHGemissionsarecalculatedonanannualbasis.InordertoreporttotalGHGemissionsusingtheCO2emetric,theGWPratioscorrespondingtothewarmingpotentialofCO2overa100‐yearperiodisusedinthisanalysis.

(i) Construction Emissions

Construction emissions are forecastedby assuming a conservative estimate of construction activities (i.e.,assuming all construction occurs at the earliest feasible date) and applying themobile source emissionsfactors. The emissions are estimated using the CalEEMod (Version 2013.2.2) software, an emissionsinventory software program recommended by the SCAQMD. CalEEMod is based on outputs fromOFFROAD2011andEMFAC2011,which are emissions estimationmodelsdevelopedbyCARBandused tocalculateemissionsfromconstructionactivities,includingon‐andoff‐roadvehicles.TheoutputvaluesusedinthisanalysiswereadjustedtobeProject‐specificbasedonequipmenttypesandtheconstructionschedule.Thesevalueswerethenappliedtothesameconstructionphasingassumptionsusedforthecriteriapollutantanalysis (see Section 4.B., Air Quality, in this Draft EIR) to generate GHG emissions values for eachconstructionyear forCO2,CH4,N2O,andCO2e. Thevaluesarederived fromfactorspublished in the2006Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.62 Thesevalues are then converted to metric tons for consistency. The CO2e emissions are calculated for theconstructionperiodandfutureMasterPlanProjectbuildoutconditionsinordertoestimatethenetchangeinGHG emissions for Project construction and operation. In accordance with SCAQMD guidance, GHGemissions from construction have been amortized over the 30‐year lifetime of the Project (i.e., totalconstruction GHG emissionswere divided by 30 to determine an annual construction emissions estimatecomparable to operational emissions). Detailed construction GHG emissions calculations are provided inAppendixDofthisDraftEIR.

(ii) Operational Emissions

MobilesourceemissioncalculationsassociatedwithoperationoftheMasterPlanProjectarealsocalculatedusingtheCalEEModmodel.Incalculatingmobile‐sourceemissions,thetriplengthvaluesfortheProjectarebasedonCalEEModprovideddefaultsfortherelevantlanduses(e.g.,hospitallanduses).Thetripdistancesforthevariousoperationalactivitiesweremultipliedbytheaveragedailytripestimates foreach landusebased on the data provided by the Project traffic study to estimate the average daily VMT.63 Since GHG61 OfficeofPlanningandResearch,TechnicalAdvisory,p.5.62 IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,2006IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouse

GasInventories,(2006).63 Fehr&Peers,TrafficImpactAnalysisfortheHarbor‐UCLAMedicalCenterMasterPlanProject,(2016).



emissionimpactsareassessedonanannualbasis,theaveragedailyVMTforeachlanduseweremultipliedbythenumberofdayseachlandusewouldbeinoperationinayear.CalEEModmaynotadequatelyreflectfutureyearGHGemissionsbecauseitdoesnot incorporatetheemissionfactorsforthe2017‐2025vehicleemissionsstandards. Thenationalpolicy for fuelefficiencyandemissionsstandards for theUnitedStatesauto industry requires that new passenger cars and light‐duty trucks achieve an average fuel economystandard of 35.5 miles per gallon (mpg) and 250 grams of CO2 per mile by model year 2016 (Phase Istandards),basedonUSEPAcalculationmethods.InAugust2012,morestringentphased‐instandardswereadoptedfornewmodelyear2017through2025passengercarsandlight‐dutytrucks.By2020,newvehiclesare projected to achieve 41.7 mpg (if GHG reductions are achieved exclusively through fuel economyimprovements)and213gramsofCO2permile(PhaseIIstandards).By2023,newvehiclesareprojectedtoachieve49.4mpg(ifGHGreductionsareachievedexclusivelythroughfueleconomyimprovements)and180gramsofCO2permile(PhaseIIstandards).By2025,newvehiclesarerequiredtoachieve54.5mpg(ifGHGreductionsareachievedexclusively through fuel economy improvements)and163gramsofCO2permile(PhaseIIstandards).CARBstaffhasprovidedfutureyearCO2emissionfactorsforon‐roadmobilesourcesinCaliforniathatmaybeusediftheproject’smobilesourcesinclude“allvehicleclassifications.”64WithrespecttotheProject,allvehicletypesincludingpassengervehicles,light‐dutytrucks,andvendor/deliverytrucks,wouldvisittheMedicalCenterCampus.Therefore,thisassessmentusestheCO2emissionfactorsprovidedbyCARBstafftoestimatethefutureyearinterimandbuildout(2023and2030)GHGemissionsfrommobilesources. EmissionsofCH4andN2Owereestimatedbasedonthedirectresultoutputs fromtheCalEEModtoolforyears2023and2030. TheCO2,CH4,andN2Omobilesourceemissionswereaddedtogether,usingtheappropriateGWPvalues,toobtainemissionsinunitsofMTCO2e.

Withregardtoenergyusage, theconsumptionof fossil fuelstogenerateelectricityandtoprovideheatingand hotwater generates GHG emissions. Future fuel consumption rates are estimated based on specificsquarefootageofthehospitallanduses,aswellaspredictedwatersupplyneedsoftheMasterPlanProject.Energy usage (off‐site electricity generation and on‐site natural gas consumption) for the Project iscalculatedwithin CalEEMod using the CEC’s CEUS data set.65 This data set provides energy intensities ofdifferentlandusesthroughoutthestateanddifferentclimatezones.However,sincethedatafromtheCEUSis from 2002, the CalEEMod software incorporates correction factors to account for compliancewith theTitle24BuildingStandardsCode.Thisassessmentalsoincludeselectricity‐relatedGHGemissionsfromtheproposedenclosedparkingstructure,whichwouldincludeelevators,lighting,andaventilationsystem.

WaterandwastewatergeneratedfromtheMasterPlanProjectrequireenergytosupply,distributeandtreat.TheCalEEModsoftwareusestheelectricalintensityfactorsfromthe2006CECreportRefiningEstimatesofWater‐RelatedEnergyUseinCalifornia.66TheemissionsofGHGsassociatedwiththewastewatertreatmentprocessemissionsarealsocalculatedusingtheCalEEModsoftwareasdescribedintheCaliforniaEmissionsEstimatorModelUser’sGuide,AppendixA.67

64 CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,StatewideEmissionFactors(EF),March2014.65 CaliforniaEnergyCommission,CaliforniaCommercialEnd‐UseSurvey,http://capabilities.itron.com/CeusWeb/Chart.aspx.Accessed

December2013.66 CaliforniaEnergyCommission,RefiningEstimatesofWater‐RelatedEnergyUse inCalifornia,PIERFinalProjectReport,CEC‐500‐

2006‐118,(2006).67 CaliforniaAirPollutionControlOfficersAssociation,CaliforniaEmissionsEstimatorModelUser’sGuide,(2013).



EmissionsfromsolidwastehandlinggeneratedfromtheProjectarealsoaccountedforintheGHGemissionsinventory. The GHG emission factors, particularly for CH4, are based on default values, as provided inCalEEMod,forlandfillgascapture(e.g.,nocapture,flaring,energyrecovery).

Other sources of GHG emissions from operation of the Project include equipment used to maintainlandscaping, such as lawnmowers and trimmers. The CalEEMod tool uses landscaping equipment GHGemissionfactorsfromtheCARBOFFROAD2011modelandtheCARBTechnicalMemo:ChangeinPopulationandActivityFactorsforLawnandGardenEquipment(6/13/2003).68 TheCalEEModsoftwareestimates thatlandscapingequipmentoperatefor250daysperyearintheSouthCoastAirBasin.

(2) Consistency with Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plans

TheCCAPisaresourcefortheunincorporatedareasoftheCounty.PublicagenciesandprivatedeveloperscanalsousetheCCAPtocomplywithproject‐levelreviewrequirementspursuanttoCEQA.CEQAGuidelinesspecify that CEQA project evaluation of GHG emissions can “tier off” a programmatic analysis of GHGemissions, provided that the programmatic analysis (or climate action plan) does the following (CEQAGuidelinesSection15183.5):

Quantify greenhouse gas emissions, both existing and projected over a specified time period,resultingfromactivitieswithinadefinedgeographicarea.

Establishalevel,basedonsubstantialevidence,belowwhichthecontributiontoGHGemissionsfromactivitiescoveredbytheplanwouldnotbecumulativelyconsiderable.

Identify and analyze the GHG emissions resulting from specific actions or categories of actionsanticipatedwithinthegeographicarea.

Specifymeasuresoragroupofmeasures,includingperformancestandardsthatsubstantialevidencedemonstrates,ifimplementedonaproject‐by‐projectbasis,wouldcollectivelyachievethespecifiedemissionslevel.

Monitortheplan’sprogress.

AdopttheGHGReductionStrategyinapublicprocessfollowingenvironmentalreview.

TheCCAPmeetsCEQAGuidelinesSection15183.5 listedaboveby: (1) quantifyingall primary sectorsofGHGemissionswithintheunincorporatedareasfor2010and2020;(2)includingareductiontargetthatisconsistentwiththerecommendationsintheAB32ScopingPlanformunicipalitiestosupporttheoverallAB32 reduction targets; (3) analyzing community emissions for the unincorporated areas as a whole andincluding predicted growth expected by 2020; (4) including specific measures to achieve the overallreduction target; (5) including periodic monitoring of plan progress; and (6) submitting the CCAP to beadopted in a public process following compliance with CEQA. Therefore, the Project is evaluated forconsistencywiththeCCAP.

68 CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,OFFROADModelingChangeTechnicalMemo:Change inPopulationandActivityFactors forLawn

and Garden Equipment, (6/13/2003), http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/2001_residential_lawn_and_garden_changes_in_eqpt_pop_and_act.pdf.AccessedNovember2013.



Asdiscussedpreviously, theCountyadoptedTitle31of theCounty’sCodeofOrdinances(theLosAngelesCountyGreenBuildingStandardsCode)inNovember2013,whichadoptsbyreferencetheCALGreencodeexceptaschangedormodified inTitle31. TheCountyDepartmentofRegionalPlanning isworkingonanordinance to repeal the Green Building and Drought Tolerant Landscaping requirements from Title 22(Planning and Zoning Code). Additionally, the ordinance will update the Green Building Program’s treerequirements in order to increase shade to sidewalks and parking lots for human comfort, and to shadebuildingstoconserveenergyusedforairconditioning.Inaddition,theCountyofLosAngelesGeneralPlanprovides recommendations for emission reduction strategies for reducing GHG emissions. Thus, if theMasterPlanProject isdesignedinaccordancewiththesepoliciesandregulations, itwouldresult ina lessthan significant impact, since it would be consistent with the overarching local and regional plans andregulationsforreducingGHGemissions.

b. Thresholds of Significance

ThepotentialforgreenhousegasemissionsimpactsisbasedonthresholdsderivedfromtheCounty’sInitialStudy Checklist questions, which are based in part on Appendix G of the State CEQA Guidelines. Thesequestionsareasfollows:

(VII) Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Would the project:

a) Generategreenhousegasemissions,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,thatmayhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironment,basedonanyapplicablethresholdofsignificance;or

b) Conflict with any applicable plan, policy or regulation of an agency adopted for the purpose ofreducingtheemissionsofgreenhousegases.

(1) Direct or Indirect Project GHG Emissions

The State CEQA Guidelines do not provide numeric or qualitative thresholds of significance for GHGemissions. However,AB32requiresGHGsemittedinCaliforniatobereducedto1990levelsby2020and80%below1990levelsby2050.TheTechnicalAdvisoryonCEQAandClimateChangefromOPRsuggeststhat, in absence of regulatory guidance or standards, lead agencies, such as the County, must undertakeproject‐by‐project analyses consistent with available guidance and current CEQA practice to ascertainproject impacts under CEQA. In the latest StateCEQAGuidelines amendments,whichwent into effect onMarch18,2010,OPRencouragesleadagenciestomakeuseofprogrammaticmitigationplansandprogramsfromwhichtotierwhentheyperformindividualprojectanalyses.TheCountyhaspreparedaCCAPwhichmeets State CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5 and provides goals and strategies that would achieve areductiontargetofat least11percentbelow2010levels forunincorporatedareasof theCounty,which isconsistentwiththerecommendationsintheAB32ScopingPlan.69

AlthoughGHGemissionscanbequantified,CARB,SCAQMDandtheCountyhaveyettoadoptproject‐levelnumerical significance thresholds forGHG emissions thatwouldbe applicable to theMaster Plan Project.Assessing the significance of a project’s contribution to cumulative global climate change involves: (1)

69 CountyofLosAngeles,DepartmentofRegionalPlanning,FinalUnincorporatedLosAngelesCountyCommunityClimateActionPlan,

(August2015).



developingpertinentinventoriesofGHGemissions,and(2)consideringprojectconsistencywithapplicableemissionreductionstrategiesandgoals,suchasthosesetforthintheCountyofLosAngelesCCAP.Becausethe CCAP meets CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5, project‐specific environmental documents thatincorporateapplicableCCAPactionsmay“tieroff”theEIRcertifiedfortheCountyGeneralPlanandCCAPtomeetproject‐levelCEQAevaluationrequirementsforGHGemissions.ProjectsthatdemonstrateconsistencywithapplicableCCAPactionscanbedetermined tohavea less thansignificantcumulative impactonGHGemissionsandclimatechange(notwithstandingsubstantialevidencethatwarrantsamoredetailedreviewofproject‐levelGHGemissions). Basedon the above factors, a project that generatesGHGemissions, eitherdirectlyorindirectly,wouldhaveasignificantimpactonGHGEmissionsifitwouldresultinthefollowing:

GHG‐1 Would the Project result in GHG emissions that are not consistentwith the County of LosAngelesCommunityClimateActionPlan?

(2) Consistency with Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plans

AspartofAB32,theCountyandStaterecommendgeneralpoliciesandmeasurestominimizeandreduceGHGemissionsfromlandusedevelopmentproject.Thus,iftheprojectisdesignedinaccordanceandnotinconflictwiththesepoliciesandmeasures,itwouldresultinalessthansignificantimpactsinceitwouldbeconsistentwiththeCounty’sstrategiesandlocalactionsonreducingGHGemissions(CountyofLosAngelesCCAP).Therefore,asignificantimpactwouldoccurif:

GHG‐2 The Project would conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for thepurposeofreducingtheemissionsofGHGs.

c. Project Characteristics or Design Features

(1) Project Characteristics

The Master Plan Project includes characteristics consistent with the CAPCOA guidance document70formitigating or reducing emissions from land use development projects. The Project would renovate theexisting healthcare facilities to implement the County’s strategy to respond to the Affordable Care Act of2010 and modernize and integrate healthcare delivery and update facilities to modern standards byconstructingnewbuildingsthatmeetorexceedtheenergystandardsintheTitle24BuildingStandardsCodeand repurposing/remodeling existing buildings on the campus to improve operational efficiencies. TheProject would provide and encourage employees, patients, and visitors to utilize alternative modes oftransportationwhichwouldreducevehicletripsandVMT. Morespecifically, theProjectwouldbelocatedwithinaquarter‐mileofpublic transportation, includingexistingTorranceTransitSystembusroutes(e.g.,routes1,3,andRapid3)withstopsonSouthVermontStreetandWestCarsonStreet,andLosAngelesMetrobus routes (e.g., routes 205 and550)with stopson SouthVermont Street. In addition, thewestern two‐thirdsoftheCampusisdesignatedasaTransitOverlayDistrict(TOD)duetoproximitytotheMetroSilverLineTransitStationonCarsonStreetapproximately0.10milestotheeast,adjacenttotheHarborFreeway.While the Medical Center Campus’ transit accessibility would result in a corresponding reduction intransportation‐related GHG emissions, the emissions calculations do not incorporate reductions from thetransitaccessibilitycharacteristics.Asaresult,theemissionscalculationsareconsideredtobeconservativeandmayoverestimateactualemissions.

70 CaliforniaAirPollutionControlOfficersAssociation,QuantifyingGreenhouseGasMitigationMeasures,(2010).



(2) Project Design Features

TheMaster Plan Projectwould achieve the applicable objectives of the Los Angeles County General PlanFramework Element, SCAG Regional Transportation Plan, and SCAQMD Air QualityManagement Plan forestablishingaregionallandusepatternthatpromotessustainability.TheProjectwouldsupportpedestrianactivityontheMedicalCenterCampus,andincorporateenergyefficientandwaterefficientmeasures.

TheProjectwouldbedesignedtomeetthestandardsforLeadership inEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)SilverCertificationby theU.S.GreenBuildingCouncil (USGBC) through the incorporationofgreenbuilding techniques and other sustainability features. A sustainability program would be prepared andmonitoredbyaLEED‐accrediteddesignconsultanttoprovideguidanceinprojectdesign,constructionandoperations; and to provide performance monitoring during Master Plan Project operations to reconciledesignandenergyperformanceandenhanceenergysavings.TheProjectwouldalsobedesignedtocomplywiththeLosAngelesCountyGreenBuildingStandardsCode.ThefollowingProjectDesignFeatureswouldbeincorporatedintothebiddocumentrequirementsforthedesignandconstructionoffuturedevelopmentprojectsundertheMasterPlanProject,implementationofwhichwouldreduceGHGemissionsaswellasairpollutantemissions:

PDF‐AQ‐1,GreenBuildingMeasures: TheMasterPlanProjectwouldbedesignedandoperatetomeetorexceedtheapplicablegreenbuilding,energy,water,andwasterequirementsoftheStateofCaliforniaGreenBuildingStandardsCodeandtheLosAngelesCountyGreenBuildingOrdinanceandmeetthestandardsoftheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationlevelor its equivalent. Green building measures would include, but are not limited to thefollowing:

The Project would implement a construction waste management plan to recycleand/orsalvagenonhazardousconstructiondebristhatmeetsorexceedstheCounty’sadoptedConstructionandDemolitionDebrisRecyclingandReuseordinance.

TheProjectwouldbedesignedtooptimizeenergyperformanceandreducebuildingenergy cost by 5 percent ormore for new construction and 3 percent ormore formajor renovations compared to ASHRAE 90.1‐2010, Appendix G and the Title 24(2013)BuildingStandardsCode.

TheProjectwouldreduceindoorandoutdoorwaterusebyaminimumof20percentcompared to baseline standards by installingwater fixtures that exceed applicablestandards.Thereductioninpotablewaterwouldbeachievedthroughtheinstallationof high‐efficiency water faucets, high efficiency toilets, flushless urinals, water‐efficient irrigation systems, planting native or drought‐tolerant plant species, usingrecycledwaterforlandscaping,orothersimilarmeans.

TheProjectwouldincludelightingcontrolswithoccupancysensorstotakeadvantageofavailablenaturallight.

TheProject shall install cool roofs for heat island reduction and strive tomeet theCALGreenTier1SolarReflectanceIndex(SRI)orequivalent.

Projectbuildingsshallbeconstructedwithsolar‐readyrooftopsthatwouldallowforthefutureinstallationofon‐sitesolarphotovoltaic(PV)orsolarwaterheating(SWH)systems.ThebuildingdesigndocumentsshallshowanallocatedSolarZoneandthepathway for interconnecting the PV or SWH systemwith the building electrical orplumbing system. TheSolarZone is a sectionof the roof thathasbeenspecifically



designatedandreservedfortheinstallationofasolarPVsystem,SWHsystem,and/orother solar generating system. The Solar Zone must be kept free from roofpenetrationsandhaveminimalshading.

The Projectwould be design and operatedwithmechanically ventilated areas thatwouldutilize air filtrationmedia foroutsideand returnairprior tooccupancy thatprovidesatleastaMinimumEfficiencyReportingValue(MERV)of15asrequiredforhospitalinpatientcare.

To encourage carpooling and the use of electric vehicles by Project employees andvisitors, the Applicant shall designate a minimum of eight (8) percent on on‐siteparking for carpool and/or alternative‐fueled vehicles and shall pre‐wire, or installconduit and panel capacity for, electric vehicle charging stations for aminimum offive(5)percentofon‐siteparkingspaces.

The Project shall incorporate appropriate bicycle infrastructure including bicycleparkingand“end‐of‐trip”facilities incompliancewiththeapplicableportionsoftheCounty’sHealthyDesignOrdinance(HDO)(LosAngelesCountyCode,Title22,Section22.52.1225).

d. Project Impacts

(1) Greenhouse Gas Emissions

ThresholdGHG‐1:WouldtheProjectresultinGHGemissionsthatarenotconsistentwiththeLosAngelesCountyCommunityClimateActionPlan?

ImpactStatementGHG‐1:Impactsfromshort‐andlong‐termincreasesinGHGemissionswouldbelessthansignificant.TheMasterPlanProjectwouldgenerateGHGemissionsduetoconstructionandoperationalactivities; however, the net increase in annual GHG emissions, directly and indirectly, would beconsistentwiththeLosAngelesCountyCommunityClimateActionPlan.

(a) Project Consistency with CCAP

TheMasterPlanProject’ssignificancewithrespecttoGHGemissionsisevaluatedbasedonitsconsistencywithapplicableGHGreductionstrategiesintheCountyofLosAngelesCCAP.Table4.E‐3,ConsistencywithApplicable Community Climate Action Plan Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies, contains a list of GHG‐reducing strategies applicable to the Project. The project‐level analysis describes the consistency of theProjectwiththeseGHGemissionsreductionstrategies.AsdiscussedinTable4.E‐3,theMasterPlanProjectisconsistentwiththeapplicablestrategiesintheCountyofLosAngelesCCAP.Therefore,inaccordancewithCEQAGuidelinesSection15183.5,whichspecifiesthatCEQAprojectevaluationofGHGemissionscan“tieroff” a programmatic analysis ofGHGemissions such as theLosAngelesCountyCommunityClimateActionPlan,theMasterPlanProjectwouldresultinlessthansignificantGHGemissions.



Table 4.E‐3

Consistency with Applicable Community Climate Action Plan Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies

Strategy Category / Description Consistency Analysis

GreenBuildingandEnergyBE‐1:GreenBuildingDevelopment

PromoteandincentivizeatleastTier1voluntarystandardswithinCALGreenforallnewresidentialandnonresidentialbuildings.Developaheatislandreductionplanandfacilitategreenbuildingdevelopmentbyremovingregulatoryandproceduralbarriers.

Consistent.AccordingtotheCounty’sCCAP,adoptionoftheCALGreenTier1standardsisvoluntary,butwouldresultinapproximately10percentlessenergyusethanthe2013Title24standardforcommercialdevelopment,whichisprerequisiteforLEEDfortypicalcommercialbuildings.However,forhealthcarefacilities,LEEDrequiresa5percentreductioninenergyfornewconstruction,inconsiderationofthespecificelectricityneedsofhospitalsandotherhealthcarefacilities.Therefore,theProjectwouldbeconsideredtobegenerallyconsistentwiththismeasureastheProjectwouldachieveataminimumtheLEEDprerequisiteforhealthcarefacilitiesasrequiredinPDF‐AQ‐1,whichstatesthattheProjectwouldbedesignedtooptimizeenergyperformanceandreducebuildingenergycostby5percentfornewconstructionand3percentformajorrenovationscomparedtoASHRAE90.1‐2010,AppendixG,andtheTitle24BuildingStandardsCode.TheProjectshallinstallcoolroofsforheatislandreductionandstrivetomeettheCALGreenTier1SolarReflectanceIndex(SRI)orequivalent.TheProjectisconsistentwiththeGHGreductionsunderthisstrategy.

BE‐2:EnergyEfficiencyPrograms

Energyefficiencyretrofitsforatleast25percentofexistingcommercialbuildingsover50,000squarefeetandatleast5percentofexistingsinglefamilyresidentialbuildings.

NotApplicable.TheproposedProjectisnotanexistingbuilding;therefore,thisstrategydoesnotapplytotheProject.TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategyforexistingbuildings.

BE‐3:SolarInstallations

Promoteandincentivizesolarinstallationsfornewandexistinghomes,commercialbuildings,carportsandparkingareas,waterheaters,andwarehouses.(Emissionsreductionsassumeimplementationofsolarphotovoltaics;however,projectapplicantscaninstallothersolartechnologies,suchassolarthermal,asfeasible,whichmayincreaseGHGreductions,relativetostandardphotovoltaicssystems.)

Consistent.Projectbuildingsshallbeconstructedwithsolar‐readyrooftopsthatprovidefortheinstallationofon‐sitesolarPVorSWHsystems.ThebuildingdesigndocumentsshallshowanallocatedSolarZoneandthepathwayforinterconnectingthePVorSWHsystemwiththebuildingelectricalorplumbingsystem.TheSolarZoneisasectionoftheroofthathasbeenspecificallydesignatedandreservedfortheinstallationofasolarPVsystem,SWHsystem,and/orothersolargeneratingsystem.TheSolarZonemustbekeptfreefromroofpenetrationsandhaveminimalshading.

BE‐4:AlternativeRenewableEnergy

Implementpilotprojectsforcurrentlyfeasiblewind,geothermal,andother

NotApplicable.TheproposedProjectisnotautilityproject;therefore,thisstrategydoesnot


Table 4.E‐3 (Continued)




Programs formsofalternativerenewableenergy.(Potentialfutureformsofnon‐GHGenergycouldincludenuclearfusion,whichisbeingresearchedbymanyparties,includingtheLockheedMartinSkunkWorksinPalmdale,butwhichhasnotyetbeenexperimentallyprovenasaviablecommercialenergysource.Asnewtechnologiesbecomeproven,theCountywillconsiderhowtheycansupportfurtherdevelopmentanddeploymentofsuchtechnologies.)Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

applytotheProject.TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategyforutilitypilotprojects.

BE‐5:WastewaterTreatmentBiogas

Encouragerenewablebiogasprojects.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

NotApplicable.TheproposedProjectisnotabiogasproject;therefore,thisstrategydoesnotapplytotheProject.TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategyforbiogasprojects.

BE‐6:EnergyEfficiencyRetrofitsofWastewaterEquipment

Encouragetheupgradeandreplacementofwastewatertreatmentandpumpingequipment.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

NotApplicable.TheproposedProjectisnotawastewatertreatmentorpumpingproject;therefore,thisstrategydoesnotapplytotheProject.TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategyforwastewatertreatmentandpumpingprojects.

BE‐7:LandfillBiogas Partnerwiththeownersandoperatorsoflandfillswithatleast250,000tonsofwaste‐in‐placetoidentifyincentivestocaptureandcleanlandfillgastobeneficiallyusethebiogastogenerateelectricity,producebiofuels,orotherwiseoffsetnaturalgasorotherfossilfuels.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

NotApplicable.TheproposedProjectisnotalandfillproject;therefore,thisstrategydoesnotapplytotheProject.TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategyforlandfillprojects.

LandUseandTransportationLUT‐1:BicycleProgramsandSupportingFacilities

Constructandimprovebicycleinfrastructuretoincreasebikingandbicyclistaccesstotransitandtransitstations/hubs.Increasebicycleparking

Consistent.TheProjectwouldpromoteandsupportlocal,regional,andStatemobilityobjectivestoreducevehiclemilestraveledandinfrastructurecosts.Bicycleinfrastructure






and“end‐of‐trip”facilities. includingbicycleparkingand“end‐of‐trip”facilitieswouldcomplywiththeapplicableportionsoftheCounty’sHDO(LosAngelesCountyCode,Title22,Section22.52.1225).TheHDOrequiresthefollowingnumberofbicycleparkingspacesforcommercialbuildings: Short‐term(twohoursorless):

o GeneralRetail/Restaurants:Onespacepereach5,000squarefeetofgrossfloorarea(twospaceminimum).

o Office:Onespacepereach20,000squarefeetofgrossfloorarea(twospaceminimum).

Long‐term(twohoursorlonger):o GeneralRetail/Restaurants:Onespaceper

each12,000squarefeetofgrossfloorarea(twospaceminimum).

o Office:Onespacepereach10,000squarefeetofgrossfloorarea(twospaceminimum).

Inaddition,theHDOrequiresthatallnewcommercialandindustrialbuildingswith75,000ormoresquarefeetofgrossfloorareainstallshowersandchangingfacilitiesthatshallataminimumbeaccessibletoemployees.

LUT‐2:PedestrianNetwork

Constructandimprovepedestrianinfrastructuretoincreasewalkingandpedestrianaccesstotransitandtransitstations/hubs.Programtheconstructionofpedestrianprojectstowardthegoalofcompleting15,000linearfeetofnewpedestrianimprovements/amenitiesperyear.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldlocaterelatedhospitalusesincloseproximitytoeachother,whichwouldencouragepedestrianactivity.TheProjectwouldenhancethepedestrianexperiencethroughtheprovisionoflandscapedpedestrianwalkwaysthroughtheMedicalCenterCampus.

LUT‐3:TransitExpansion

CollaboratewiththeLosAngelesCountyMetropolitanTransportationAuthority(Metro)onatransitprogramthatprioritizestransitbycreatingbusprioritylanes,improvingtransitfacilities,reducingtransit‐passengertime,andprovidingbicycleparkingneartransitstations.Constructandimprovebicycle,pedestrianandtransitinfrastructuretoincreasebicyclistandpedestrianaccesstotransitandtransitstations/hubs.

NotApplicable.TheProjectisnotatransitexpansionproject;therefore,thisstrategydoesnotapplytotheProject.TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategyfortransitexpansionprojects.

LUT‐4:TravelDemandManagement

Encourageride‐andbike‐sharingprogramsandemployer‐sponsoredvanpoolsandshuttles.Encouragemarket‐basedbikesharingprograms

Consistent.TheProjectwouldprovideon‐sitebicycleparkingandend‐of‐tripfacilitiesarerequiredbyCounty’sHDO.TheProjectwouldalsoprovideparkingspacesdesignedforcarpool






thatsupportbicycleusearoundandbetweentransitstations/hubs.Implementmarketingstrategiestopublicizetheseprogramsandreducecommutetrips.

oralternativefueledvehicleswhichwillencourageProjectemployeesandvisitorstocarpooloruselessemittingvehicles.

LUT‐5:Car‐SharingProgram

Implementacar‐sharingprogramtoallowpeopletohaveon‐demandaccesstoasharedfleetofvehicles.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldprovideparkingspacesdesignedforcarpooloralternativefueledvehicleswhichwillencourageProjectemployeesandvisitorstocarpooloruselessemittingvehicles.

LUT‐6:LandUseDesignandDensity

Promotesustainabilityinlandusedesign,includingdiversityofurbanandsuburbandevelopments.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldbedesignedtoincorporatesustainabilityandenergyefficiencymeasuresandachieveLEEDcertification.TheProjectwouldpromoteandsupportlocal,regional,andStatemobilityobjectivestoreducevehiclemilestraveledbyprovidingbicycleparkingandend‐of‐tripfacilities.TheMedicalCenterCampusisalsoaccessibletoexistingpublictransportationroutes.

LUT‐7:TransportationSignalSynchronizationProgram

ImprovethenetworkoftrafficsignalsonthemajorstreetsthroughoutLACounty.

Consistent.TheProject’strafficimpactanalysisincludesanimpactassessmentofProjecttraffic.DetailsoftheanalysisareprovidedinSection4.L.,TransportationandTraffic,andinAppendixIofthisDraftEIR.RequiredimprovementstothenetworkoftrafficsignalsintheProjectareawouldbemadeinaccordancewiththefindingsandrecommendationsofthetrafficimpactanalysis.

LUT‐8:ElectricVehicleInfrastructure

Install500electricvehicle(EV)chargingfacilitiesatCounty‐ownedpublicvenues(e.g.,hospitals,beaches,stand‐aloneparkingfacilities,culturalinstitutions,andotherfacilities)andensurethatatleastone‐thirdofthesechargingstationswillbeavailableforvisitoruse.

Consistent.TheProjectshallpre‐wire,orinstallconduitandpanelcapacityfor,electricvehiclechargingstationsforaminimumoffive(5)percentofon‐siteparkingspaces.

LUT‐9:IdlingReductionGoal

Encourageidlinglimitsof3minutesforheavy‐dutyconstructionequipment,asfeasiblewithinmanufacturer’sspecifications.

Consistent.Section2485inTitle13oftheCaliforniaCodeofRegulationslimitstheidlingofalldiesel‐fueledcommercialvehicles(weighingover10,000pounds)duringconstructiontofiveminutesatanylocation.TheProjectshallcomplywiththisregulatoryrequirementandwouldencourageconstructioncontractorstofurtherlimitidlingto3minutesorlesswhenpracticableandfeasible.Constructioncontractorsshallberequiredtosubmitaconstructionvehiclemanagementplanthatincludesthefollowinginformation:idlingtimegoals;requiringhourmetersonequipment;anddocumentingtheserialnumber,horsepower,age,andfuelofallonsite






equipment.LUT‐10:EfficientGoodsMovement

Supportregionaleffortstomaximizetheefficiencyofthegoodsmovementsystemthroughouttheunincorporatedareas.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

NotApplicable.TheProjectisnotagoodsmovementproject;therefore,thisstrategydoesnotapplytotheProject.ThisemissionreductionstrategywouldprimarilybeimplementedbyLosAngelesCounty’sDepartmentofPublicWorksbysupportingeffortstoevaluatezeroand/ornear‐zeroemissionfreightcorridorsandworkingwithappropriateagenciesandpartnerstoidentifyandreplaceat‐graderailroadcrossingstoreducefreightdelayandvehicleidling(CCAP,p.C‐13).TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategytomaximizetheefficiencyofthegoodsmovementsystem.

LUT‐11:SustainablePavementsProgram

Reduceenergyconsumptionandwastegenerationassociatedwithpavementmaintenanceandrehabilitation.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

Consistent.AlthoughtheCountyhasindicatedthismeasurehasnotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget,theProjectwouldstrivetoreducewastefromthere‐pavement/maintenanceofroadwaysdirectlyadjacenttoProjectconstructionsiteareasthataredegradedbyconstructionactivityandheavy‐dutyequipmentusage.Recycled/reusedmaterialsshallbeusedtotheextentavailableandfeasible.

LUT‐12:ElectrifyConstructionandLandscapingEquipment

Utilizeelectricequipmentwhereverfeasibleforconstructionprojects.Reducetheuseofgas‐poweredlandscapingequipment.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

Consistent.AlthoughtheCountyhasindicatedthismeasurehasnotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget,theProjectwouldutilizeelectricequipmentforconstructionequipmentwherefeasible.Candidateequipmentincludeselectriccranes,whichhavebeendemonstratedasfeasibleandhavebeenusedinotherconstructionprojectsintheregion.TheProjectshallalsoprioritizetheuseoflandscapingcontractor(s)withelectric‐poweredequipmentwhereavailableandfeasible.

WaterConservationandWastewaterWAW‐1:PerCapitaWaterUseReductionGoal

MeettheStateestablishedpercapitawaterusereductiongoalasidentifiedbySBX7‐7for2020.(TheStategoalisa20percentreductioninpercapitawaterusecomparedtobaselinelevels.)

Consistent.AsstatedinPDF‐AQ‐1,theProjectwouldreduceindoorwaterusebyaminimumof20percentbyinstallingwaterfixturesthatexceedapplicablestandards.

WAW‐2:RecycledWaterUse,WaterSupplyImprovementPrograms,andStormwaterRunoff

Promotetheuseofwastewaterandgraywatertobeusedforagricultural,industrial,andirrigationpurposesconsistentwiththeappropriateprovisionsofTitle22andapprovaloftheCaliforniaDepartmentofHealthServices.Managestormwater,reducepotentialtreatment,andprotectlocal

NotApplicable.AsnotedbytheCounty,thismeasurehasnotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.






groundwatersupplies.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsoflargereffortstopromotetheuseofwastewaterandgraywaterhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

WasteReduction,Reuse,andRecyclingSW‐1:WasteDiversionGoal

FortheCounty’sunincorporatedareas,adoptawastediversiongoaltocomplywithallstatemandatestodivertatleast75percentofwastefromlandfilldisposalby2020.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocessandrecycleorreuse75percentofnonhazardousconstructionanddemolitiondebris.Project‐generatedsolidwastewouldbecollectedbyprivatewasteservicesprovidersthatwouldprocessmixedwastethatyieldsdiversionresultscomparabletosourceseparationandwouldachievetheCounty’sgoalof75percentwastediversionby2020.Medicalwastewouldbedisposedofinaccordancewithapplicableregulations.

LandConservationandTreePlantingLC‐1:DevelopUrbanForests

Supportandexpandurbanforestprogramswithintheunincorporatedareas.

Consistent.TheLandscapeMasterPlan,whichisincludedintheHarbor‐UCLAMedicalCenterCampusMasterPlan,wouldprovideacampus‐likesettingwheretheuseoflandscapewouldhelpreducedependencyonnaturalresourcesbycapturingandcleaningstormwaterrunoffandshadingbuildingstohelpreducecoolingdemands.Landscapedoutdoorspaceswouldaccommodateactivesocialgatheringsandpassivegardensforcontemplationandrelaxation.Landscapedareasforexercisewouldbeprovidedtoservestaffandeducatethepublicregardingpreventativehealthcare.TheLandscapeMasterPlanrecommendstheplantingofalandscapebufferalongtheHarbor‐UCLAMedicalCenterCampusperimeterthatincludestreesliningtheMedicalCenterCampusstreetfrontagesandmajorlandscapegroupingsidentifyingentrancestotheMedicalCenterCampus.ThroughouttheMedicalCenterCampusinterior,theMasterPlanProjectproposeslandscapedcourtyardgardensandplazasandanetworkofwalkwaysortrailsthatformacontinuouscirculationsystem,allowingstaffand






gueststoreachtheirdestinationswithminimizedopportunitiesforpedestrian/vehicularconflicts.TheProjectwouldalsousedrought‐tolerantandwater‐efficientlandscaping.

LC‐2:CreateNewVegetatedOpenSpace

Restoreandrevegetatepreviouslydisturbedlandand/orunusedurbanandsuburbanareas.

Consistent.SeediscussionunderLC‐1.

LC‐3:PromotetheSaleofLocallyGrownFoodsand/orProducts

Establishlocalfarmersmarketsandsupportlocallygrownfood.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

NotApplicable.AsnotedbytheCounty,thismeasurehasnotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

LC‐4:ProtectConservationAreas

Encouragetheprotectionofexistinglandconservationareas.Note:GHGemissionsreductionsfromthisstrategyhavenotbeenquantifiedorcountedtowardattainmentoftheCounty’sCCAPtarget.

NotApplicable.TheMedicalCenterCampusisnotanexistinglandconservationarea;therefore,thisstrategydoesnotapplytotheProject.TheProjectwouldnotconflictwithorimpedetheCounty’sabilitytoimplementthisstrategyforexistinglandconservationareas.


(b) Construction Emissions

In order to provide additional information to decision makers and the public, the emissions of GHGsassociatedwithconstructionoftheMasterPlanProjectwerecalculatedforeachyearofconstructionactivity.DetailedemissionscalculationsareprovidedinAppendixD. ResultsoftheGHGemissionscalculationsarepresented onTable4.E‐4,UnmitigatedConstructionGreenhouseGasEmissions. AlthoughGHGsgeneratedduringconstructionareconsideredone‐timeemissions,itisimportanttoincludethemwhenassessingallofthelong‐termGHGemissionsassociatedwithaproject.TheCCAPincludesgoalsandstrategiesthataddressconstruction‐relatedGHGemissions includingLUT‐9 (idling reductiongoal) andLUT‐12 (electrificationofequipmentasfeasible). AspreviouslydiscussedinTable4.E‐3,theProjectwouldbeconsistentwiththesemeasures. Asaresult,whiletheProjectwouldresult inone‐timeconstructionGHGemissions, theProjectwould be consistent with applicablemeasures andwould therefore not conflict with achievement of theCounty’sGHGemissionsreductiontarget.

(c) Operations

In order to provide additional information to decision makers and the public, the emissions of GHGsassociatedwith operation of theMaster Plan Projectwere calculated. The Projectmust complywith theportions of the County’s GreenBuilding Standards applicable to health care facilities. The Projectwouldincorporate Project Design Features in a manner to achieve the USGBC LEED Silver Certification orequivalent. Additionally, physical and operational Project characteristics for which sufficient data are



availabletoquantifythereductionsfrombuildingenergyandresourceconsumptionhavebeenincludedinthe quantitative analysis. However, specific measures for achieving LEED Silver Certification are notfinalized;therefore,theProject’sGHGemissionsanalysisprovidedhereindoesnotfullyaccountforallGHGreductions that would occur from Project implementation. Therefore, the GHG emissions analysisconservatively overestimates the Project’s emissions and it is likely that actual GHG emissions from theProjectwouldbelowerthanshowninthisanalysis.TheconservativelyestimatedmaximumannualnetGHGemissionsresulting frommotorvehicle, energy (i.e., electricity,naturalgas),waterconveyance,andwastesourceswerecalculatedforProjectbuildoutandareshowninTable4.E‐5,AnnualGreenhouseGasEmissions.The net annual emissions from the Project amounts to approximately 0.09 percent of the County’s totalestimatedGHGemissionstargetfor2020(6,440MTCO2efortheProjectcomparedto7,104,621MTCO2efortheCounty).

TheCounty’sCCAPprovidesgoalsandstrategiesthatwouldachieveareductiontargetofatleast11percentbelow2010levelsforunincorporatedareasoftheCounty.ThereductiontargetisspecificallyaCounty‐widetargetandnotamandatedreductiontargetforindividualprojects.TheCCAPdoesnotrequirereductionstooccuruniformlyfromallsourcesorsectorsofGHGemissions. BasedontheconservativelyestimatedGHGemissions, the Project would result in a net increase in GHG emissions from 2010 levels. However, thepotentialincreaseisextremelysmallcomparedtotheCounty’stotalinventory.AsdiscussedinTable4.E‐3,theProjectwouldbeconsistentwithapplicableCCAPmeasures,whichwouldminimizetheincreaseinGHGemissions that would otherwise occur without implementation of the various sustainability, energyefficiency,water efficiency, solidwaste, and transportation reductionmeasures. Furthermore, one of theProjectobjectivesistosecuretimelycompliancewiththeAlquistHospitalFacilitiesSeismicSafetyAct(alsoknownasSenateBill[SB]1953)tomaintaincriticaltraumaservicesintheSouthBayserviceregionoftheCountyofLosAngeles.AchievingthisobjectivebyredevelopinganexistinghospitalsitewouldbemoreGHGefficient (i.e., result in fewerGHGemissions) thandeveloping anewhospital campuson a greenfield site.Therefore,while theProjectresults isconservativelyestimatedtoresult inaminimalnet increase inGHGemissions,theProjectwouldbeconsistentwithapplicableCCAPmeasuretominimizeitsGHGemissionsandtheProjectwouldnotbeexpectedtoconflictwiththeCounty’sabilitytoachievetheCCAPtargetreduction.

Table 4.E‐4

Unmitigated Construction Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Emission Source CO2e (Metric Tons) a

ConstructionPhaseM 742ConstructionPhaseC 5,597ConstructionPhase1 1,845ConstructionPhase2 1,563ConstructionPhase3 2,707ConstructionPhase4 12,008ConstructionPhase5 11,342ConstructionPhase6 7,607ConstructionPhaseLABiomed 1,017Total 44,428 a Totals may not add up exactly due to rounding in the modeling calculations Detailed emissions calculations

are provided in Appendix D.




(2) Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plans

ThresholdGHG‐2: Would theProject conflictwithanyapplicableplan,policyor regulationof anagencyadoptedforthepurposeofreducingtheemissionsofgreenhousegases?

Impact Statement GHG‐2: Constructionand operation of theMasterPlanProjectwouldnot conflictwithapplicable GHG emissions reductions plans, policies, or regulations. As a result, construction andoperationof theProjectwouldnothavea significance impactwith respect to consistencywithGHGreductionplans,andimpactswouldbelessthansignificant.

Duetothecomplexphysical,chemical,andatmosphericmechanismsinvolvedinglobalclimatechange,thereisnobasis forconcluding that theProject'sGHGemissionswouldactuallycauseameasurable increase inglobal GHG emissions necessary to influence global climate change. Newer construction materials andpractices, current energy efficiency requirements, and newer appliances tend to emit lower levels of airpollutantemissions,includingGHGs,ascomparedtothosebuiltyearsago;however,theneteffectisdifficultto quantify. Thus, the estimated net increase in emissions resulting from implementation of the Projectpresentedabovemaybeanover‐orunderestimation. TheGHGemissionsof theProjectalonewouldnotlikelycauseadirectphysicalchangeintheenvironment.

According to CAPCOA, “GHG impacts are exclusively cumulative impacts; there are no non‐cumulative GHGemission impacts from a climate change perspective.”71 It is global GHG emissions in their aggregate thatcontribute to climate change, not any single source of GHG emissions alone. However, given 1) the lack ofevidenceindicatingthatthoseemissionswouldcauseameasurableincreaseinglobalGHGemissionsnecessaryto exacerbate global climate change and 2) the fact that the Project incorporates physical and operational

71 California Air Pollution Control Officer’s Association, CEQA and Climate Change: Evaluating and Addressing Greenhouse Gas

EmissionsfromProjectsSubjecttotheCaliforniaEnvironmentalQualityAct,January2008.

Table 4.E‐5

Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2030)

Emissions Sources CO2e (Metric Tons per Year) a

Existing Project NetChangeMobileSources 26,255 29,551 3,296Area <1 <1 —Energy(ElectricityandNaturalGas) 5,959 7,428 1,469Water/WastewaterConveyance 867 2,030 1,163Waste 2,209 2,721 512Subtotal 35,290 41,730 6,440

a Totals may not add up exactly due to rounding in the modeling calculations Detailed emissions calculations are provided in Appendix D of this Draft EIR.

b Source: PCR Services Corporation, 2016



ProjectcharacteristicsandProjectDesignFeaturesthatwouldreducepotentialGHGemissionstoaless‐than‐significantlevel,theProjectisconsiderednottoconflictwiththeGHGreductiongoalsofAB32.

Asdiscussedpreviously, theProject incorporates aProjectDesignFeature (PDF‐AQ‐1) thatwould reduceGHG emissions by increasing energy‐efficiency beyond requirements, reducing indoor and outdoorwaterdemand,and incorporatingwastereductionmeasures. TheProjectwouldalso incorporatecharacteristicsthatwouldreducetransportation‐relatedGHGemissionsbyprovidingbicycleandend‐of‐tripfacilities,andbybeinglocatedwithinone‐quartermileoftransit,therebyencouragingalternativeformsoftransportation.

TheProjectwouldbeconstructedandoperatedinamannerconsistentwithaSilverCertificationfromtheUSGBC’s LEED program. The LEED features that would be incorporated in the Project would includebuilding efficiencymeasures to reduce energy consumption,water‐savingmeasures, andwaste reductionmeasures.TheProjectwouldbedesignedtooptimizeenergyperformanceandreducebuildingenergycostbyaminimumof5percentfornewconstructionand3percentformajorrenovations.TreesplantedontheMedicalCenterCampusaspartoftheplannedlandscapingwouldsequesterCO2astheyage(notincludedinthequantitativeanalysis).Theaveragetreecansequesterapproximately330poundsofcarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereeveryyear. TheProjectwouldreduceindoorwaterusebyaminimumof20percentwithwaterfixturesthatexceedapplicablestandards.

InaccordancewiththeCounty’sGreenBuildingProgramandCALGreen,theProjectwouldincorporatethefollowingfeaturessupportiveofgoalstoreduceGHGemissions:

EnergyConservation:Buildingsmust reduce energy demand at least 15 percent below Title 24(2008 State of California Energy Efficiency Standards). The Projectwouldmeet this objective byachievingLEEDSilverCertificationandexceedingtheTitle24(2013)standards.

OutdoorWaterConservation:A smart irrigation controllermustbe installed for any landscapedareaoftheProject.Sixty‐fivepercentofthetotallandscapedareasshallusedrought‐tolerantplantspeciesselectedfromtheCounty’sDrought‐TolerantPlantList.

ResourceConservation:At least 65 percent of constructionwaste (byweight)must be recycled,reused, or diverted. The project would recycle, reuse, or divert 75 percent of its non‐hazardousconstructionwaste.

TreePlanting:Aminimumofone15‐gallontreemustbeplantedandmaintainedforevery10,000squarefeetofdevelopedarea.Atleast65percentofthetreesmustbelistedontheCounty’sDroughtTolerantPlantList.

High‐EfficiencyToilets:Newtoiletsmustberatedhighefficiency.

ConsistencywithGHGreductionstrategiesisanimportantpriority,andreasonablereductioneffortsshouldbetaken. Asdiscussedpreviously inTable4.E‐3, theMasterPlanProject isconsistentwiththeapplicableGHGreductionsstrategiesandlocalactionsintheCountyofLosAngelesCCAP. Additionally,theProjectisconsistent with GHG reduction measures from other applicable plans. Table 4.E‐6, Consistency withApplicable Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies, contains a list of GHG‐reducing strategies potentiallyapplicable to the Project. The Project‐level analysis describes the consistency of the Project with thesestrategies.



Table 4.E‐6

Consistency with Applicable Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies

Source Category / Description Consistency Analysis

AB1493(PavleyRegulations)

Reducesgreenhousegasemissionsinnewpassengervehiclesfrom2012through2016.Alsoreducesgasolineconsumptiontoarateof31percentof1990gasolineconsumption(andassociatedGHGemissions)by2020.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldbeconsistentwiththisregulationandwouldnotconflictwithimplementationofthevehicleemissionsstandards.

SB1368 EstablishesanemissionsperformancestandardforpowerplantswithintheStateofCalifornia.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldbeconsistentwiththisregulationandwouldnotconflictwithimplementationoftheemissionsstandardsforpowerplants.

LowCarbonFuelStandard

Establishesprotocolsformeasuringlife‐cyclecarbonintensityoftransportationfuelsandhelpstoestablishuseofalternativefuels.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldbeconsistentwiththisregulationandwouldnotconflictwithimplementationofthetransportationfuelstandards.

CaliforniaGreenBuildingStandardsCodeRequirements

AllbathroomexhaustfansshallbeENERGYSTARcompliant.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldutilizeenergyefficiencyappliancesandequipmentandwouldexceedtheenergystandardsinASHRAE90.1‐2010,AppendixGandtheTitle24BuildingStandardsCode.

HVACSystemswillbedesignedtomeetASHRAEstandards.


Energycommissioningshallbeperformedforbuildingslargerthan10,000squarefeet.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldbecommissionedaspartofitsUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocess.

AirfiltrationsystemsarerequiredtomeetaminimumofMERV8orhigher.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldmeetorexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocess.

RefrigerantsusedinnewlyinstalledHVACsystemsshallnotcontainanyCFCs.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldmeetthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocess.

Parkingspacesshallbedesignedforcarpooloralternativefueledvehicles.Uptoeightpercentoftotalparkingspaceswillbedesignedforsuchvehicles.


Long‐termandshort‐termbikeparkingshallbeprovidedforuptofivepercentofvehicletrips.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldprovidebicycleparkingandend‐of‐tripfacilitiesinaccordancewiththeapplicableportionoftheCounty’sHDO.

StormwaterPollutionPreventionPlan(SWPPP)required.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldmeetthisrequirement.






Indoorwaterusagemustbereducedby20%comparedtocurrentCaliforniaBuildingCodeStandardsformaximumflow.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocessandreduceindoorwaterusagebyaminimumof20percent.

Allirrigationcontrollersmustbeinstalledwithweathersensingorsoilmoisturesensors.


Wastewaterusageshallbereducedby20percentcomparedtocurrentCaliforniaBuildingStandards.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocessandreduceindoorwaterusagebyaminimumof20percent.

Requiresaminimumof50%recycleorreuseofnonhazardousconstructionanddemolitiondebris.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitsUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocessandrecycleorreuse75percentofnonhazardousconstructionanddemolitiondebris.

Requiresdocumentationoftypesofwasterecycled,divertedorreused.


RequiresuseoflowVOCcoatingsconsistentwithAQMDRule1168.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldbeconsistentwiththisregulationandwouldmeetorexceedthelowVOCcoatingrequirements.

100percentofvegetation,rocks,soilsfromlandclearingshallberecycledorstockpiledon‐site.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocess.TheProjectwouldrecycleorreuse75percentoftotalnonhazardousconstructionanddemolitiondebris(including100percentofnonhazardousvegetation,rocks,andsoils).

ClimateActionTeam Reducediesel‐fueledcommercialmotorvehicleidling.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldbeconsistentwiththeCARBAirToxicsControlMeasure(ATCM))tolimitheavydutydieselmotorvehicleidlingtonomorethan5minutesatanygiventime(seeSection4.B.,AirQuality,ofthisDraftEIR).






AchieveCalifornia’s50percentwastediversionmandate(IntegratedWasteManagementActof1989)toreduceGHGemissionsassociatedwithvirginmaterialextraction.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocessandrecycleorreuse75percentofnonhazardousconstructionanddemolitiondebris.Project‐generatedsolidwastewouldbecollectedbyprivatewasteservicesprovidersthatwouldprocessmixedwastethatyieldsdiversionresultscomparabletosourceseparationandwouldachievetheCounty’sgoalof75percentwastediversionby2020.Medicalwastewouldbedisposedofinaccordancewithapplicableregulations.

Plantfivemilliontreesinurbanareasby2020toeffectclimatechangeemissionreductions.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldprovideappropriatelandscapingontheMedicalCenterCampusincludingvegetationandtrees.

Implementefficientwatermanagementpracticesandincentives,assavingwatersavesenergyandGHGemissions.

Consistent.TheProjectwould,aspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocess,reduceindoorwaterusagebyaminimumof20percent.

ReduceGHGemissionsfromelectricitybyreducingenergydemand.TheCaliforniaEnergyCommissionupdatesapplianceenergyefficiencystandardsthatapplytoelectricaldevicesorequipmentsoldinCalifornia.Recentpolicieshaveestablishedspecificgoalsforupdatingthestandards;newstandardsarecurrentlyindevelopment.


Applystrategiesthatintegratetransportationandland‐usedecisions,includingbutnotlimitedtopromotingjobs/housingproximity,high‐densityresidential/commercialdevelopmentalongtransitcorridors,andimplementingintelligenttransportationsystems.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldincorporatephysicalandoperationalProjectcharacteristicsthatwouldreducevehicletripsandVMTandencouragealternativemodesoftransportationforpatronsandemployees.

Reduceenergyuseinprivatebuildings. Consistent.TheProjectwouldutilizeenergyefficiencyappliancesandequipmentandwouldexceedtheenergystandardsinASHRAE90.1‐2010,AppendixGandtheTitle24BuildingStandardsCode.

LosAngelesCountyGreenBuildingOrdinance

Installasmartirrigationcontrollerandrequire65percentofthelandscapedareatousedrought‐tolerantplantspecies.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldmeetthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilvercertification.






Achieve65percentwastediversionforconstructionwaste.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocessandrecycleorreuse75percentofnonhazardousconstructionanddemolitiondebris.

Minimumofone15‐gallontreemustbeplannedforevery10,000feetofdevelopedarea.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldmeetthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements.

Installhighefficiencytoilets Consistent.TheProjectwouldexceedthisrequirementaspartofitscompliancewiththeCounty’srequirements,theCALGreenCode,andtheUSGBCLEEDSilverCertificationprocessandreduceindoorwaterusagebyaminimumof20percent.

LosAngelesCountyLowImpactDevelopment(LID)Standards

AllDesignatedProjects(required)mustretain100percentofStormwaterDesignVolumeon‐sitethroughinfiltration,evapotranspiration,stormwaterrunoffharvest,oracombinationthereof.

Consistent.TheProjectwouldimplementstormwaterBMPsconsistentwiththeCounty’srequirements.


SincetheProjectwouldimplementProjectDesignFeaturesintendedtoachievetheequivalentofLEEDSilverCertification and would incorporate water conservation, energy conservation, tree planting, and otherfeaturesconsistentwiththeCounty’sGreenBuildingStandardsCode,theProjectwouldnotconflictwithanyapplicableplan,policy,orregulationtoreduceGHGemissionsandimpactswouldbelessthansignificant.

(a) Consistency with Executive Orders S‐3‐05 and B‐30‐15

AttheStatelevel,ExecutiveOrdersS‐3‐05andB‐30‐15areordersfromtheState’sExecutiveBranchforthepurposeofreducingstatewideGHGemissions. ExecutiveOrdersS‐3‐05’sgoaltoreduceGHGemissionsto1990levelsby2020wascodifiedbytheLegislatureasthe2006GlobalWarmingSolutionsAct(AB32).Asanalyzedabove, theMasterPlanProject isconsistentwithAB32. Therefore, theProjectdoesnotconflictwiththiscomponentoftheExecutiveOrders.

TheExecutiveOrdersalsoestablishthegoalstoreduceGHGemissionsto40percentbelow1990levelsby2030and80percentbelow1990levelsby2050.Thesegoalshavenotyetbeencodified.However,studieshaveshownthat,inordertomeetthe2030and2050targets,aggressivetechnologiesinthetransportationandenergysectors,includingelectrificationandthedecarbonizationoffuel,willberequired.InitsClimateChangeScopingPlan, CARB acknowledged that the “measures needed tomeet the 2050 are too far in the



future todefine indetail.”72 In the FirstUpdate, however, CARBgenerally described the type of activitiesrequired to achieve the 2050 target: “energy demand reduction through efficiency and activity changes;large‐scaleelectrificationofon‐roadvehicles,buildings,andindustrialmachinery;decarbonizingelectricityand fuel supplies; and rapidmarket penetration of efficiency and clean energy technologies that requiressignificant efforts to deploy and scale markets for the cleanest technologies immediately.”73Due to thetechnologicalshiftsrequiredandtheunknownparametersoftheregulatoryframeworkin2030and2050,quantitatively analyzing the Project’s impacts further relative to the 2030 and 2050 goals currently isspeculative for purposes of CEQA. Moreover, CARB has not calculated and released the BAU emissionsprojectionsfor2030or2050,whicharenecessarydatapointsforquantitativelyanalyzingaCEQAproject’sconsistencywiththesetargets.

AlthoughtheProject’semissionslevelsin2030and2050cannotyetbereliablyquantified,StatewideeffortsareunderwaytofacilitatetheState’sachievementofthosegoalsanditisreasonabletoexpecttheProject’sincremental emissions to decline as the regulatory initiatives identified by CARB in the First Update areimplemented,andothertechnologicalinnovationsoccur. Stateddifferently,theProject’semissionstotalatNewHospitalTowerbuildout represents themaximumemissions inventory for theProjectasCalifornia’semissionssourcesarebeingregulated(andforeseeablyexpectedtocontinuetoberegulatedinthefuture)infurtheranceoftheState’senvironmentalpolicyobjectives.Assuch,giventhereasonablyanticipateddeclinein Project emissions once fully constructed and operational, the Project is consistent with the ExecutiveOrders’goals.

Asdiscussedpreviously,CARBadoptedaCaliforniaCap‐and‐TradeProgrampursuanttoitsauthorityunderAB 32. The Cap‐and‐Trade Program is designed to reduce GHG emissions from major sources (deemed“coveredentities”)bysettingafirmcaponstatewideGHGemissionsandemployingmarketmechanismstoachieveAB32'semission‐reductionmandateofreturningto1990levelsofemissionsby2020.AsofJanuary1,2015,theCap‐and‐TradeProgramcoveredapproximately85percentofCalifornia’sGHGemissions.Whilethe2020capwouldremainineffectpost‐2020,74theCap‐and‐TradeProgramisnotcurrentlyscheduledtoextendbeyond2020 in termsof additionalGHG emissions reductions. However, CARBhas expressed itsintentiontoextendtheCap‐and‐TradeProgrambeyond2020inconjunctionwithsettingamid‐termtarget.The “recommendedaction” in theFirstUpdate to theClimateChangeScopingPlan for theCap‐and‐TradeProgramis:“Developaplanforapost‐2020Cap‐and‐TradeProgram,includingcostcontainment,toprovidemarket certainty and address a mid‐term emissions target.”75 The “expected completion date” for thisrecommendedaction is 2017.76 In addition toCARB’s FirstUpdate, in January2015, duringhis inauguraladdress,GovernorJerryBrownexpressedacommitmenttoachieve“threeambitiousgoals” thathewouldliketoseeaccomplishedby2030toreducetheState’sGHGemissions:(1)increasingtheState’sRenewablePortfolioStandardfrom33percentin2020to50percentin2030,(2)cuttingthepetroleumuseincarsand

72 CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,ClimateChangeScopingPlan,December2008,page117.73 CaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,FirstUpdatetotheClimateChangeScopingPlan,May2014,page32.74 CaliforniaHealth&SafetyCode§38551(a)(“TheStatewidegreenhousegasemissionslimitshallremainineffectunlessotherwise

amendedorrepealed.”).75 CARB,FirstUpdatetotheClimateChangeScopingPlan,op.cit,.page98.76 Ibid.



trucksinhalf,and(3)doublingtheefficiencyofexistingbuildingsandmakingheatingfuelscleaner.77Theseexpressions of Executive Branch policy may be manifested in adopted legislative or regulatory actionthrough the State agencies and departments responsible for achieving the State’s environmental policyobjectives,particularlythoserelatingtoglobalclimatechange.

Further, recent studies shows that the State’s existing and proposed regulatory framework can allow theStatetoreduceitsGHGemissionslevelto40percentbelow1990levelsby2030,andto80percentbelow1990 levels by 2050. Even though these studies did not provide an exact regulatory and technologicalroadmaptoachievethe2030and2050goals,theydemonstratedthatvariouscombinationsofpoliciescouldallow theStatewideemissions level to remainvery low through2050, suggesting that the combinationofnewtechnologiesandotherregulationsnotanalyzedinthestudycouldallowtheStatetomeetthe2030and2050targets.78

For the reasons described above, the Project’s post‐2020 emissions trajectory is expected to follow adecliningtrend,consistentwiththeestablishmentofthe2030and2050targets.

4. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

The emissionsof a singleprojectwill not causeor exacerbate global climate change. It ispossible that asubstantial increase in GHG emissions from multiple projects throughout the world could result in acumulative impact with respect to global climate change. CEQA requires that lead agencies considerevaluatingthecumulativeimpactsofGHGsfromevenrelativelysmall(onaglobalbasis) increasesinGHGemissions. Smallcontributionstothiscumulativeimpact(fromwhichsignificanteffectsareoccurringandareexpectedtoworsenovertime)maybepotentiallyconsiderableandthereforesignificant.Acumulativelyconsiderableimpactistheimpactofaproposedprojectinadditiontotherelatedprojects.However,inthecaseofglobalclimatechange,theproximityoftheprojecttootherGHG‐generatingactivitiesisnotdirectlyrelevant to thedetermination of a cumulative impact. Although the State requiresMetropolitanPlanningOrganizations and other planning agencies to consider how region‐wide planning decisions can impactglobal climate change, there is currently no established non‐speculativemethod to assess the cumulativeimpactofproposedindependentprivate‐partydevelopmentprojects.

The landuse sector canaccommodate growth and still be consistentwith statewideplans to reduceGHGemissions. To that end, various agencies have developed programs to guide future building andtransportationdevelopmenttowardsminimizedresourceconsumptionandloweredresultantpollution.TheCounty’s CCAPprovides goals and strategies thatwould achieve a reduction target of at least 11 percent

77 Transcript:Governor JerryBrown’s January5,2015, InauguralAddress,www.latimes.com/local/political/la‐me‐pc‐brown‐speech‐

text‐20150105‐story.html#page=1.AccessedMarch2,2015.78 EnergyandEnvironmentalEconomics(E3),“SummaryoftheCaliforniaStateAgencies’PATHWAYSProject:Long‐termGreenhouse

GasReductionScenarios,”April2015;Greenblatt,Jeffrey,EnergyPolicy,“ModelingCaliforniaImpactsonGreenhouseGasEmissions,”Vol.78,pages158‐172. TheCaliforniaAirResourcesBoard,CaliforniaEnergyCommission,CaliforniaPublicUtilitiesCommission,andtheCaliforniaIndependentSystemOperatorengagedE3toevaluatethefeasibilityandcostofarangeofpotential2030targetsalongthewaytothestate’sgoalofreducingGHGemissionsto80percentbelow1990levelsby2050.Withinputfromtheagencies,E3 developed scenarios that explore the potential pace at which emission reductions can be achieved as well as the mix oftechnologiesandpracticesdeployed.E3conductedtheanalysisusingitsCaliforniaPATHWAYSmodel.Enhancedspecificallyforthisstudy,themodelencompassestheentireCaliforniaeconomywithdetailedrepresentationsofthebuildings,industry,transportation,andelectricitysectors.



below2010levelsforunincorporatedareasoftheCounty,althoughthereductionsarenotexpectedtooccuruniformly from all sources or sectors of GHG emissions (refer to Table 4‐1 of the CCAP). This target isconsistent with the recommendations in the AB 32 Scoping Plan. Additionally, the County continues todevelopprogramstoreduceGHGemissionsincludingtheGreenBuildingCodeandLIDOrdinance.

Additionally, CARB has set targets specific to the transportation sector (land use‐related transportationemissions), for example, and under SB 375 SCAG must incorporate these GHG‐reduction goals into theRegional Transportation Plan and demonstrate that its Sustainable Communities Strategy or AlternativePlanning Strategy is consistent with the Regional Housing Needs Assessment. One of the goals of thisprocess is to ensure that the efforts of State, regional and local planning agencies accommodate thecontemporaneous increase inpopulationandemploymentwithadecrease inoverallGHGemissions. Forexample,adoptingzoningdesignationsthatreducedensityinareaswhichareexpectedtoexperiencegrowthin population and housing needs, is seen as inconsistent with anti‐sprawl goals of sustainable planning.AlthoughdevelopmentunderareduceddensityscenarioresultsinlowerGHGemissionsfromtheuseofthatlandcomparedtowhatiscurrentlyorhypotheticallyallowed(bycreatingfewerunitsandfewerattributablevehicletrips),totalregionalGHGemissionswilllikelyfailtodecreaseatthedesiredrateor,worse,increaseifregional housing and employment needs of an area are met with a larger number of less‐intensivedevelopment projects. Additionally, many of the Project‐related GHG emissions source sectors, such aselectricitygeneratedin‐stateorimportedandcombustionoftransportationfuels,arecovered‐entitiesunderthe Cap‐and‐Trade Program andwould be reduced sector‐wide. Therefore, it is not simply a cumulativeincreaseinregionaldevelopmentortheresultantGHGemissionsthatthreatensGHGreductiongoals.

AsdiscussedinTable4.E‐3andTable4.E‐6,theProjectwouldbeconsistentwithapplicableGHGreductionstrategiesrecommendedbytheCountyandState.Inaddition,theprojectwouldsupportandbeconsistentwithrelevantandapplicableGHGemissionreductionstrategiesinSCAG’sSustainableCommunitiesStrategy.Thesestrategies include locatinguseswithinarelativelyshortdistanceofexistingtransitstops;providingemploymentnear current transit stops; and improving theMedicalCenterCampus tobemorepedestrianand bicycle friendly. As a result, the project would be consistent with the County and State goals.Furthermore,theoverwhelmingmajorityoftheProject‐relatedGHGemissionsarefromsourcesectorsthatincludeelectricitygeneratedin‐stateorimportedandthecombustionoftransportationfuels.ThesesectorsarealreadycoveredentitiesundertheCap‐and‐TradeProgramandassuchwouldbereducedsector‐wideinaccordancewiththegoalsofAB32,inadditiontothepreviouslydiscussedGHGemissionsreductionsfromthe Project‐specific energy efficiency design features and VMT‐reducing characteristics. Given that theProjectwouldgenerateGHGemissionsthatare lessthansignificant,andgiventhatGHGemission impactsarecumulative innature, theproject’s incrementalcontributiontocumulativelysignificantGHGemissionswouldbelessthancumulativelyconsiderable,andimpactswouldbelessthansignificant.

5. MITIGATION MEASURES

TheMasterPlanProjectwouldresultinlessthansignificantimpactswithrespecttoemissionsofGHGsandconsistency with applicable GHG emissions reductions plans, policies, or regulations. Therefore, nomitigationmeasureswouldberequired.



6. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE AFTER MITIGATION

Impacts regarding emissions of GHGs and consistency with applicable GHG emissions reductions plans,policies,orregulationswouldbelessthansignificant.

Documents

4.E. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Los Angeles County ......4.E. Greenhouse Gas Emissions August 2016 Los Angeles County Department of Public Works Harbor‐UCLA Medical Center Campus