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DNV GL © 2013 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENERDNV GL © 2013
01 March 2014
1
45 ANNUAL CSA MEETING, CARTAGENA
Jan Hagen Andersen P.E., Senior Principal Engineer
2015-10-20
LNG Basics and status of LNG fuelled ships
DNV GL © 2013
DNV GLFOUNDED
• DNV in 1864 and GL in 1867 with purpose of Safeguarding Life, Property & the Environment
PEOPLE
• 16,000 employees with 400 offices in 100 countries (almost 600 years of experience)
• Highly qualified surveyors & engineers with extensive knowledge in all disciplines
TECHNOLOGY
• 5% Revenue (MUSD170) devoted to R&I => Leadership in Standards & Innovation
2
PEOPLEEurope,Africa &Middle East
Asia &Oceania
Americas
Maritime Services:o Ship & Offshore Classificationo Advisory Serviceso Verification
DNV GL © 2013
Agenda
3
A
B Safety challenges, risks and hazards with LNG
C Rules and regulations on vessels and bunkering
D Innovation in vessel design and concepts
2 November 2015ECO Insight
The background and drivers for the use of LNG as a marine fuel
E LNG Ready
DNV GL © 2013
The drivers for alternative fuels in shipping are interlinked
4
DRIVERS FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Fuel prices and competiveness
More stringent environmental regulations
Availability of new energy sources
Stakeholder pressure to manage environmental and climate risks
DNV GL © 2013
Possible developments towards 2030 -
5
2016
NOx tier III for new builds in North
America
2015 2018 2030
EEDI phase 4
20252020
Additional ECAs established
Operational requirements on
CO2
HK Recycling convention ratified
Adopted
Possible
Global CO2monitoring, reporting
and verification
0.1% ECA sulphurlimit
EU CO2 monitoring, reporting and verification
BC, noise, bio-fouling and VOC
regulation
EEDI phase 1 EEDI phase 2
EEDI phase 3
0.5% global sulphurcap
EU Recycling Regulation
EU 0.5% sulphurcap
US BW requirements
0.5% global sulphurcap
DNV GL © 2013
More stringent regulations on emissions to air
6
Requirement
2012: SOx < 1,0%2015: SOx < 0,1%
Compliance option
• HFO + scrubber• Distillate fuels• LNG
Existing fleets
Requirement
2016: NOx Tier 3
Compliance option
• Scrubber + SCR• LNG, NOx abatement
Newbuilds
HOW TO COMPLY?
DNV GL © 2013
Current status of LNG fuelled ships
8
DNV GL © 2013
Gas for propulsion- before year 2000
9
CNG as fuel in ships in Russia, Netherlands, US, Canada, Australia
Gas engine installations offshore (FPSOs)
LNG carriers (dual fuel boiler / steam turbine propulsion)
Today about 420 LNG Carriers in operation
DNV GL © 2013
Market Change
10
Photo: Tarbit Shipping / Maritimt Magasin
Courtesy: NVG Global News
Courtesy: Seatrade Global
Courtesy: Fjordline Courtesy: Crowley
Courtesy: Rolls-Royce
DNV GL © 2013
150 confirmed LNG fuelled ship projects + Abt 40 Gas Ready
11
Updated Aug 2015Excluding LNG carriers and inland waterway vessels
0
50
100
150
200
250
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Nu
mb
er o
f sh
ips
Year of delivery
Development of LNG fuelled fleet
Ships in operation Ships on order LNG ready ships
DNV GL © 2013
LNG uptake by vessel segment
12
0
0
25
0
0
6
4
1
2
4
17
3
2
5
1
1
2
10
14
4
15
0
0
7
0
9
4
3
6
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Bulk shipCar carrier
Car/passenger ferryContainer ship
Cruise shipGas carrier
General CargoHSLC
Oil/chemical tankerPatrol vessel
PSVRoPaxRo-Ro
TugSpecialized vessel
In operation On orderUpdated Aug.2015
Excluding LNG carriers and inland waterway vessels
DNV GL © 2013
DNV GL – trusted partner for LNG fuelled projects
13
Updated Aug.2015Excluding LNG carriers and inland waterway vessels
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Not decided
KR
NK
CCS
LR
ABS
BV
DNV GL
Cla
ss s
oci
ety
LNG fuelled fleet by class society
In operation
On order
DNV GL © 2013
Agenda
14
A
B Safety challenges, risks and hazards with LNG
C Rules and regulations on vessels and bunkering
D Innovation in vessel design and concepts
E LNG Ready
2 November 2015ECO Insight
The background and drivers for the use of LNG as a marine fuel
DNV GL © 2013
Contents
Properties of Natural Gas
LNG Hazards and Safety issues
Risk mitigation
15
DNV GL © 201316
Why is natural gas better?
Sulphur free- SOx emissions 100 % reduction
Burned in lean mixture in combustion engine- Low temperature → NOx emissions substantially reduced (~ 90% reduction)- Lean burn engine- efficient engine without “engine knocking” (uncontrolled self-
ignition)- Gas diesel: Also some reduction in NOx
Clean combustion – particles almost eliminated
Methane, CH4 , has less carbon to hydrogen than oils- CO2 emissions reduced compared to oil combustion (~ 20% reduction)
VS
16
DNV GL © 201317
LNG Properties
17
96% methane (CH4) => Cleanest burning fuel Flammable 5 to 15% conc. in air => burns with lazy flame Liquefied at -259 deg F (-162 deg C) => Stored in Cryogenic materials Density 42% of water Expands 600 times Colorless Odorless Non Toxic Non Corrosive
In liquid, not flammable or explosive In gaseous state is not explosive if unconfined Is flammable, but with high auto ignition temp of 595 C (vs 210 C for
diesel) If released will initially settle to bottom and rise as it warms up. Is lighter than air, and vaporise and disperse with prevailing wind Ignited cloud will not burn back to source, unless its concentration is in
flammable range
Facts
DNV GL © 2013
LNG Basics and Risk
18
Main safety challenges using natural gas as fuel
18
Fire/ explosion risk
Low temperature (Cryogenic spill)
Tank high energy content
DNV GL © 2013
LNG Basics and Risk
19
Main safety challenges using natural gas as fuel
Explosion/ fire risk
Natural gas
Ignition source
Oxygen
19
High auto ignition temperature: around 600ºC (~ 210ºC for diesel)
Ignitable by sparks in mixture with air: 5-15%
DNV GL © 2013
LNG Basics and Risk
Low temperature of liquid gas / cold jets from compressed natural gas– LNG at -163C– Normal steel will become brittle
Human exposure – Frost burns
20
Main safety challenges using natural gas as fuel
DNV GL © 2013
LNG Basics and Risk
What are potential consequences of an LNG tank failure?
Gas tank large energy content- Protection from ship side and bottom (collision and grounding)- Protection from external fire- Protection from mechanical impact
21
Main safety challenges using natural gas as fuel
DNV GL © 2013
Risk Mitigation and Safety measures
23
DNV GL © 2013
Risk Mitigation and Safety Measures
24
Principle: Equivalent safety as with diesel fuel
Measures
• Containment and protection
• Design, analysis and material selection
• Segregation of spaces - Area classification
• Removal of ignition sources
• Monitoring, safety systems, ESD
• Ventilation
• Active and passive fire protection
• Training and competence
DNV GL © 2013
Materials for LNG
25
Low temperature; steels may become brittle (break like glass)
Shrinkage when cooling down
1. What is special about materials related to LNG?
DNV GL © 2013
- Fine grained C-Mn Steels- Ni - alloy steels- Invar (36% Ni)- Austenitic (stainless) steels- Aluminium
with good toughness properties at low temperatures
Metallic materials for Low Temperature Service
DNV GL © 2013
Segregation
27
Bunkeringstation
Double pipe
LNG fuel tank
Tank connectionspace
Gasengine
Gasvalveunit
Fuel storagehold space
Air lock
Inherently gas safemachinery space
Air lock
Fuel prep.room
DNV GL © 2013
Arrangement of Engine Room
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Gas safe machinery space Machinery space consideredgas safe under all conditions
Fully enclosed gas tight doublegas pipes in engine room, all theway to the combustion chamber
Double pipes with extractionventilated 30 air changes and gasdetection or inert gas filled withpressure monitoring (same as IGCcode)
The concept is mandatory forhigh pressure piping (>10 bar),but can also be used with lowpressure installations
DNV GL © 2013
Arrangement of Engine Room
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ESD protected machineryspaces are considered non-hazardous under normalconditions, but under certainabnormal conditions may havethe potential to becomehazardous
Single wall gas piping
Pressure in gas supply linesshall be less than 10 bar
ESD Protected machinery space
DNV GL © 2013
Agenda
32
A
B Safety challenges, risks and hazards with LNG
C Rules and regulations on vessels and bunkering
D Innovation in vessel design and concepts
E LNG Ready
2 November 2015ECO Insight
The background and drivers for the use of LNG as a marine fuel
DNV GL © 2013 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENERDNV GL © 2013
Overview on applicable Regulations and Rules
33
DNV GL © 2013
LNG as a fuel for ships - the rules and regulations
2000 2001 first DNV Class rules for gas fuelled ships 2004 NMD proposal to develop the IMO IGF Code 2010 IMO MSC.285(86) issued DNV GL RP-0006: Recommended Practice for the
development and operation of LNG bunker facilities (published Nov 2013)
IMO IGF-Code: International Code of safety for ships using Gases or other low-flashpoint Fuels (adopted by MSC 95 on 12th of June 2015, in force January 2017)
ISO TS 18683, Jan 2015: ISO Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships
DNV GL rules for LNG bunker ships (June 2015) DNV GL class notation on GAS READY(June 2015)
August 2015:In operation: 65 ships (2000/2015)Under construction: 79 ships (2015/2018)
2015
DNV GL © 2013
Agenda
36
A
B Safety challenges, risks and hazards with LNG
C Rules and regulations on vessels and bunkering
D
LNG ReadyE
Innovation in vessel design
2 November 2015ECO Insight
The background and drivers for the use of LNG as a marine fuel
DNV GL © 2013
More real life examples supporting innovation [1/2]
37
DNV GL © 2013
More real life examples supporting innovation [2/2]
38
Crowley (Con-Ro vessels)
Crowley Maritime is building two con-ro vessel (2400 TEU + abt. 400 vehicles) at VT Halter with US flag and to DNV class. The ships will enter service in 2017 and engage in Jones Act trade between Jacksonville, FL and Puerto Rico. The vessels have a single low speed dual fuel engine.
DNV GL © 2013
LNG Fuelled Kamsarmax Bulk Carrier (Oshima & DNV GL)
39
DNV GL © 2013
The innovative Oshima solution – vessel design
Key challenges:
Keep the same cargo capacity
Limited space on deck
Accommodate up to 3,000m3 of LNG
Solution:
Unique U-shaped superstructure
LNG tank protected by a steel cover forming a box which is part of the hull structure and provides additional safety
40
DNV GL © 2013
LNG Fuelled Bulk Carrier concept by GTT
41
DNV GL © 2013
FSG Sea Road LNG-powered 181-meter RoRo ferry
42
DNV GL © 2013
Portable LNG fuel tanks
43
DNV GL © 2013
The number of LNG bunker vessels is growing rapidly –bunkering by ship seems to be a preferred solution
LNG bunker vessel overview NumberLNG bunker vessels in operation 1Existing small scale LNG carriers capable of performing bunkering
2
LNG bunker vessels on order 4LNG bunker barges on order (US) 1
44
DNV GL © 2013
Agenda
47
A
B Safety challenges, risks and hazards with LNG
C Rules and regulations on vessels and bunkering
D
LNG ReadyE
Innovation in vessel design
2 November 2015ECO Insight
The background and drivers for the use of LNG as a marine fuel
DNV GL © 2013
There are four steps to become LNG ready
48
LNG READY SERVICE
2. CONCEPT REVIEW Review of engine and tank type selection
Concept Design Review
Rules and regulations
Fit for purpose and best practice
Concept HAZID
1. FUEL DECISION SUPPORT Operational profile
Concept design (tank size & location)
Financial assessment (CAPEX, OPEX,
pay-back time and sensitivity analysis)
Fuel availability
3. APPROVAL IN PRINCIPLE For novel designs
For LNG Ready designs
4. RISK ASSESSMENT Assessment of safety level of LNG fuel
system (mandatory by IMO)
Basis for investment decision and outline
specification
Basis for yard/designer negotiations
Basis for contract
Basis for acceptance by administration
Decision Points. Proceed with the LNG option or not.
CLASS APPROVAL (after vessel is ‘LNG Ready’)
DNV GL © 2013
DNV GL believe that LNG will become a major fuel
49
Partnerships and close cooperation is vital for commercial projects to succeed in this early phase
The (commercial) risk of choosing LNG is still perceived high – but what is the risk of not considering LNG as a fuel?
LNG as a fuel must be seriously considered for all new builds
LNG as a fuel is now a proven and available solution and potential to be the most relevant fuel for environmental sustainable shipping
The barriers to using LNG as fuel are being dismantled.
DNV GL © 2013
Your questions!
DNV GL © 2013
SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
www.dnvgl.com
Thank you for your kind interest!
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