44p. · 2014-05-19 · DOCUMENT RESUME. IR 019 114. Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards for Information and Technology Literacy. Bulletin No. 90002. Wisconsin State Dept. of Public

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IR 019 114

Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards for Information andTechnology Literacy. Bulletin No. 90002.Wisconsin State Dept. of Public Instruction, Madison.ISBN-1-57337-070-31998-00-0044p.

Publications Sales, Wisconsin Department of PublicInstruction, Drawer 179, Milwaukee, WI 53293-0179; Tel:800-243-8782 (Toll Free).Reports Descriptive (141)MF01/PCO2 Plus postage.*Academic Achievement; *Academic Standards; CommunicationSkills; Community Involvement; Computer Attitudes; *ComputerLiteracy; Critical Thinking; *Educational Objectives;Educational Technology; *Elementary Secondary Education;Information Processing; Productivity; *State Programs;TeamworkComputer Use; *Wisconsin

This publication defines academic standards and describesthe development, adoption, and use of Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards,as well benefits of academic standards and application of the standardsacross the curriculum. The five categories that applications fall intoinclude: (1) application of the basics; (2) ability to think; (3) skill incommunication; (4) production of quality work; and (5) connections withcommunity. The information and technology literacy standards are grouped intofour categories or content standards specifying what a student should knowand be able to do. The first two content standards focus on technology useand information processing skills; the latter two build upon these by addingperformance standards that deal with attitudes, appreciation, independentlearning, teamwork skills, and personal and social responsibility. The fourcontent standards are: media and technology; information and inquiry;independent learning; and the learning community. Each content standard isfollowed by performance standards that tell how students will show that theyare meeting the content standard. Each performance standard includes a numberof indicators that detail how students will demonstrate proficiency in aparticular area. (Contains a glossary.) (AEF)

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WISCONSIN'S MODELACADEMIC STANDARDS FOR

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U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and Improvement

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATIONCENTER (ERIC)

0 This document has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizationoriginating it.

0 Minor changes have been made toimprove reproduction quality.

Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocument do not necessarily representofficial OERI position or policy.

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

G. Doyle

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction

vv

BEST COPY AVAILABLE I

Wisconsin's Model Academic Standardsfor Information and Technology Literacy

John D. FortierAssistant State Superintendent

Division for Learning Support: Instructional Services

Calvin J. PotterAssistant Superintendent

Division for Libraries and Community Learning

Susan M. GradyDirector

Content and Learning Team

Neah J. LohrDirector

Instructional Media and Technology Team

Jim KleinConsultant

Instructional Technology

40scoN0,4,

DPI

John T. BensonState Superintendent

Wisconsin Department of Public InstructionMadison, Wisconsin

This publication is available from

Publication SalesWisconsin Department of Public Instruction

Drawer 179Milwaukee WI 53293-0179

(800) 243-8782

Bulletin No. 9002

ISBN 1-57337-070-3

©1998 by Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction

The Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction does not discriminate on the basis ofsex, race, religion, age, national origin, ancestry, creed, pregnancy, marital or parentalstatus, sexual orientation or physical, mental, emotional or learning disability.

Printed on recycled paper.

4

ii WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS

Table of Contents

Letter from the State Superintendent

Acknowledgments vi i

Introduction ix

Overview of Information and Technology Literacy 1

A. Media and Technology 4

B. Information and Inquiry 8

C. Independent Learning 12

D. The Learning Community 14

Summary 16

Glossary of Terms 17

Bibliography 29

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WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS ii

A Letter From the State Superintendent

To the Citizens of Wisconsin:

Wisconsin has long been a model for other states in terms of education quality. However, the world israpidly becoming a more complex place. As a result, we must expect greater academic achievementfrom our children today if they are to be adequately prepared for the challenges of tomorrow.

The only way to ensure that Wisconsin's students have the skills and abilities to be successful in thisrapidly changing technological world is to set clear, high academic standards that describe preciselywhat today's students must learn and be able to do in order to be successful in their adult lives. This iswhy we focused our efforts over the past two years creating model academic standards in all subjectareas. While Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards do demand more of our students, we are confi-dent that our stu&nts are equal to the task.

These model academic standards represent the work of a task force made up of people from diversebackgrounds. Educators, parents, and business people produced the academic content and perfor-mance standards in this document. Drafts were subjected to public engagement in which many addi-tional people offered input.

It must be stressed that these standards are not intended to limit local districts. Instead they are amodel to be met or exceeded. Our hope is that the standards will shape teaching and learning inWisconsin's more than 2000 school buildings. The standards will define the criteria by which one canjudge the quality of education programs. While many schools already have clearly defined high aca-demic standards, many others may wish to review and perhaps change their learning goals and teach-ing methods.

Standards logically provide the foundation for testing; and, testing results are a critical barometer ofboth student and teacher success. Local tests that are well-aligned to the standards are a clear indica-tor of students' preparation for future education, civic responsibility, and meaningful employment.

In closing, I want to commend the members of the task force who gave freely of their time to producethe standards in this document. Finally, the citizens of Wisconsin must be thanked for devoting theirtime and effort to the developmerit of the final draft of Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards.

JgMin T. BensonState Superintendent

6WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS V

Acknowledgments

Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards for Information and Technology Literacy would not have beenpossible without the efforts of many people. Members of the task force, writing team, and reactor groupgave their time and expertise in developing these standards. In addition, their employing agencies gener-ously granted them time to work on this initiative.

Task Force

Dennis R. Allmon Robin C. GettelmanCoordinator of Instructional IMC Specialist/District Media Coordinator

Technology and Media Services D. C. Everest Area SchoolsSchool District of West Allis/West Milwaukee et al SchofieldWest Allis

Barry GoldenMary Jo Aman PresidentSenior Outreach Specialist Golden and AssociatesEducation TechnologyDivision of Outreach and Continuing Education MiddletonUniversity of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Bob Houts*

Dr. Jeffrey C. Barnett Instructional Technology Consultant

Dean, College of Education CESA #9

University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Tomahawk

Chuck HowardCatherine BeyersTeacherLibrary Media SpecialistMilwaukee Technical High SchoolSouthern Bluffs Elementary School

LaCrosse Sheryl MillerParent

James M. Bowen JanesvilleDistrict Media CoordinatorGreen Bay Area Public Schools Beverly Monigal

Director of Information SystemsKate Bugher Wisconsin Manufacturers & CommerceLibrarian/AV Director MadisonJames Madison Memorial High School

Dr. Martin RayalaMadisonArt Education Consultant

Jo Ann Carr* Wisconsin Department of Public InstructionDirector, Instructional Materials Center MadisonSchool of Education

Bill ShirerUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison

SuperintendentTeyulelu Debra Cornelius Mosinee School DistrictChallenge Project Director Nancy Sikorsky, Task Force ChairOneida Nation School System Principal

GartiesPeggy Blair-Taylor Elementary and Middle SchoolsBlairMultimedia Analyst

Wisconsin Educational Communications Board Roger L. WeberMadison Wisconsin Association of School Boards (WASB)

* On Writing Team7

PresidentNorthland Pines School DistrictEagle River

WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS vii

0

Reactor Group

Dianne McAfee HopkinsAssociate ProfessorSchool of Library and Information StudiesUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison

Tim LaatschExecutive DirectorAssociation of Wisconsin School

Administrators (AWSA)Madison

Carol NelsonMedia DirectorEau Claire Area School District

Vonna PitelIMC Director/District Media CoordinatorCedarburg School District

Steve SandersDistrict Computer CoordinatorMarshfield Area School District

Robert ScidmoreTechnology Staff Development SpecialistEau Claire Area School District

Donna SteffanDistrict Director of Library, Media, andTechnologyBeaver Dam Unified Schools

On Writing Team Only

Carolyn Cain*Library Media Consultant; RetiredMadison Metropolitan School District

A number of people from the Department of Public Instruction contributed ideas, input, and technicalassistance to the Information and Technology Literacy Standards Project. From the Division for Librariesand Community Learning, the former division administrator, Carolyn Winters Folke, provided invaluablesuggestions and ideas. The Instmctional Media and Technology Team (IMT), under the direction of NeahLohr, with team members Richard J. Sorensen, Gordon P. Hanson, Jim Klein, Jim Kasum, and Mark Parrishprovided ongoing support and input into the project.

Several people from other divisions or teams within the Department of Public Instruction provided a greatdeal of information processing and technical assistance to the organization, layout, and printing of thisstandards publication. Special thanks go to Greg Doyle, Kathy Addie, Debra Bougie, Sandra Brandt, DonnaCollingwood, Cathy Debevec, Amy French, Victoria Horn, Beverly Kniess, Sandi Ness, Karen Nowakowski,Edy Paske, and Tammy Wylesky for their valuable contributions to this publication. Their talents andassistance are greatly appreciated.

Cover and page 3 photos courtesy of Apple Computer, Inc.

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Viii WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS

Introduction

Defining the Academic StandardsWhat are academic standards? Academic standards specify what students should know and be able to do,what they might be asked to do to give evidence of standards, and how well they must perform. They in-clude content, performance, and proficiency standards.

Content standards refer to what students should know and be able to do.

Performance standards tell how students will show that they are meeting a standard.

Proficiency standards indicate how well students must perform.

Why are academic standards necessary? Standards serve as rigorous goals for teaching and learning. Set-ting high standards enables students, parents, educators, and citizens to know what students should havelearned at a given point in time. The absence of standards has consequences similar to lack of goals in anypursuit. Without clear goals, students may be unmotivated and confused.

Contemporary society is placing immense academic demands on students. Clear statements about whatstudents must know and be able to do are essential to ensure that our schools offer students the opportu-nity to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for success.

Why are state-level academic standards important? Public education is a state responsibility. The statesuperintendent and legislature must ensure that all children have equal access to high quality educationprograms. At a minimum, this requires clear statements of what all children in the state should know andbe able to do as well as evidence that students are meeting these expectations. Furthermore, academic stan-dards form a sound basis on which to establish the content of a statewide assessment system.

Why does Wisconsin need its own academic standards? Historically, the citizens of Wisconsin are veryserious and thoughtful about education. They expect and receive very high performance from theirschools. While educational needs may be similar among states, values differ. Standards should reflect thecollective values of the citizens and be tailored to prepare young people for economic opportunities thatexist in Wisconsin, the nation, and the world.

Developing the Academic StandardsWho wrote the academic standards and what resources were used? Academic standards for the non-state-assessed subjects were drafted by task forces appointed by the state superintendent. The task forcesconsisted of educators, parents, board of education members, and business and industry people. Afterreviewing national standards in the subject area, standards from other states, and standards from localWisconsin school districts, each task force diligently and thoughtfully composed the academic standardsfor its respective subject.

How was the public involved in the standards process? Public input is crucial to the success of imple-menting high-quality standards. It was absolutely essential that the final academic standards reflect thevalues of Wisconsin's citizens.

Forums, focus groups, and input on the discussion drafts of the academic standards were used for get-ting citizens' ideas. Drafts of the standards were widely available throughout the stateincluding the DPIhome page available on the Internet. All input received serious consideration.

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WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS iX

00Using the Academic StandardsMust a district adopt Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards? Adopting Wisconsin's Model AcademicStandards is voluntary, not mandatory. By law, however, districts must have academic standards in placeby August 1, 1998, in reading and writing, geography and history, mathematics, and science. Districts mayadopt the model state standards, or standards from other sources, or develop their own standards. Al-though not required by law to have standards in the other subjects, districts may choose to adopt or de-velop academic standards in those areas as well.

How will local districts use the academic standards? Districts may use the academic standards as guidesfor developing local grade-by-grade curriculum. Implementing standards may require some school districtsto upgrade school and district curriculums. In some cases, this may result in significant changes in instruc-tional methods and materials, local assessments, and professional development opportunities for theteaching and administrative staff.

What is the difference between academic standards and curriculum? Standards are statements aboutwhat students should know and be able to do, what they might be asked to do to give evidence of learn-ing, and how well they should be expected to know or do it. Curriculum is the program devised by localschool districts used to prepare students to meet standards. It consists of activities and lessons at eachgrade level, instructional materials, and various instructional techniques. In short, standards define what isto be learned at certain points in time, and from a broad perspective, what performances will be acceptedas evidence that the learning has occurred. Curriculum specifies the details of the day-to-day schooling atthe local level.

What is the link between statewide academic standards and statewide testing? Statewide academicstandards in mathematics, English language arts, science, and social studies determine the scope of state-wide testing. While these standards are much broader in content than any single Wisconsin Student As-sessment System (WSAS) test, they do describe the range of knowledge and skills that may appear on thetests. If content does not appear in the academic standards, it will not be part of a WSAS test. The statewidestandards clarify what must be studied to prepare for WSAS tests. If students have learned all of the mate-rial indicated by the standards in the assessed content areas, they should do very well on the state tests.

Relating the Academic Standards to All StudentsParents and educators of students with disabilities, with limited English proficiency (LEP), and with accel-erated needs may ask why academic standards are important for their students. Academic standards serveas a valuable basis for establishing meaningful goals as part of each student's developmental progress anddemonstration of proficiency. The clarity of academic standards provides meaningful, concrete goals forthe achievement of students with disabilities, LEP, and accelerated needs consistent with all other students.

Academic standards may serve as the foundation for individualized programming decisions for studentswith disabilities, LEP, and accelerated needs. While the vast majority of students with disabilities and LEPshould be expected to work toward and achieve these standards, accommodations and modifications tohelp these students reach the achievement goals will need to be individually identified and implemented.For students with disabilities, these decisions are made as part of their individualized education program(IEP) plans. Accelerated students may achieve well beyond the academic standards and move into ad-vanced grade levels or into advanced coursework.

Clearly, these academic standards are for all students. As our state assessments are aligned with thesestandards and school districts adopt, adapt, or develop their own standards and multiple measures for de-termining proficiencies of students, greater accountability for the progress of all students can be assured. InWisconsin this means all students reaching their full individual potential, every school being accountable,every parent a welcomed partner, every community supportive, and no excuses.

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X WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS

S S S S

Applying the Academic Standards Across the CurriculumWhen community members and employers consider what they want citizens and employees to know andbe able to do, they often speak of broad areas of applied knowledge such as communication, thinking,problem-solving, and decision-making. These areas connect or go beyond the mastery of individual subjectareas. As students apply their knowledge both within and across the various curricular areas, they developthe concepts and complex thinking of educated persons.

Community members need these skills to function as responsible citizens. Employers prize thoseemployees who demonstrate these skills because they are people who can continue learning and connectwhat they have learned to the requirements of a job. College and university faculty recognize the need forthese skills as the means of developing the level of understanding that separates the expert from thebeginner.

Teachers in every class should expect and encourage the development of these shared applications,both to promote the learning of the subject content and to extend learning across the curriculum. Theseapplications fall into five general categories:

1) Application of the Basics

2) Ability to ThinkProblem-solvingInformed decision-makingSystems thinkingCritical, creative, and analytical thinkingImagining places, times, and situations dif-ferent from one's ownDeveloping and testing a hypothesisTransferring learning to new situations

3) Skill in CommunicationConstructing and defending an argumentWorking effectively in groupsCommunicating plans and processes forreaching goalsReceiving and acting on instructions, plans,and modelsCommunicating with a variety of tools andskills

11

4) Production of Quality WorkAcquiring and using informationCreating quality products and performancesRevising products and performancesDeveloping and pursuing positive goals

5) Connections with CommunityRecognizing and acting on responsibilitiesas a citizenPreparing for work and lifelong learningContributing to the aesthetic and culturallife of the communitySeeing oneself and one's community withinthe state, nation, and worldContributing and adapting to scientific andtechnological change

WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS Xi

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Xii WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS

Overview of Information andTechnology Literacy

DefinitionInformation and Technology Literacy is the ability of an individual, working independently or with others, to usetools, resources, processes, and systems responsibly to access and evaluate information in any medium, and to usethat information to solve problems, communicate clearly, make informed decisions, and construct new knowledge,products, or systems.

BackgroundToday's society is witnessing an unprecedented explosion of information and knowledge. In an environ-ment where information is doubling every three to five years and technology is providing increased accessto previously restricted or unknown information sources, students face both difficult challenges and un-limited opportunities. The successful students, workers, and citizens of tomorrow will be self-directed, life-long learners.

Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards for Information and Technology Literacy identifies and defines theknowledge and skills essential for all Wisconsin students to access, evaluate, and use information and tech-nology. These standards connect and interrelate current perspectives in information literacy, media lit-eracy, and technology literacy into a unified conceptual framework. This framework demonstrates a pro-gression from the physical access skills for the use of media and technology, to the intellectual access skillsof information use, to skills and attitudes for learning independently, and finally to the skills needed forworking responsibly and productively within groups.

IntegrationThe purpose of these standards is to identify information and technology content and performance stan-dards for all students throughout the pre-kindergarten to grade twelve (PK-12) curriculum. The standardsare designed to be integrated into the various content and skill areas of the school curriculum. The focus ison learning with information and technology rather than learning about information and technology. Thisintegration will be varied and diverse based on the curricula of individual schools and school systems. Thetask force hopes that much reflective dialogue will occur in school districts among administrators, curricu-lum directors, library media specialists, technology coordinators, teachers, parents, and community mem-bers as each district adopts or modifies these standards and integrates them into the local instructionalprogram for students.

The focus is on a sequential and broad set of information and technology content and performance stan-dards that are necessary for full development of skills for "learning how to learn" addressed in the core ar-eas of the PK-12 curriculum. The task force recognizes that some of these standards are included in otheracademic standards and believes this inclusion underscores the importance of information and technologyliteracy skills by providing entry points for integrating them into a variety of curricular areas. The taskforce also recognizes that elective programs or advanced courses that are not a part of the curriculum re-quired for all students may require additional or very specific technology skills beyond those listed inthese standards.

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WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS

'Finally, it is important to recognize that accomplishing many of the performance standards listed here willrequire access to technology by individual students or student workgroups. The task force believes thesestandards can be achieved with a strong district commitment to a technological infrastructure includingsufficient equipment, materials and staffing; appropriate technical support; and a comprehensive, ongoingprogram of teacher training and staff development.

OrganizationThe information and technology literacy standards are grouped into four categories or content standardsspecifying what a student should know and be able to do. The first two content standards focus ontechnology use and information processing skills. The latter two build upon these by adding performancestandards that deal with attitudes, appreciation, independent learning, teamwork skills, and personal andsocial responsibility.

The four content standards are:

A. Media and TechnologyStudents in Wisconsin will select and use media and technology to access,organize, create, and communicate information for solving problems and constructing new knowledge,products, and systems.

B. Information and InquiryStudents in Wisconsin will access, evaluate, and apply informationefficiently and effectively from a variety of sources in print, non print, and electronic formats to meetpersonal and academic needs.

C. Independent LearningStudents in Wisconsin will apply technological and information skills toissues of personal and academic interest by actively and independently seeking information;demonstrating critical and discriminating reading, listening, and viewing habits; and, striving forpersonal excellence in learning and career pursuits.

D. The Learning CommunityStudents in Wisconsin will demonstrate the ability to work collabora-tively in teams or groups, use information and technology in a responsible manner, respect intellectualproperty rights, and recognize the importance of intellectual freedom and access to information in ademocratic society.

Each content standard is followed by performance standards that tell how students will show that they aremeeting the content standard. Each performance standard includes a number of indicators that detail howstudents will demonstrate proficiency in a particular performance area. When students demonstrate profi-ciency in these performance standards and indicators, they will have mastered a literacy that is basic tosuccess in the world of the 21st century.

In this document the term "media" refers to a wide range of formats including print, non print, and elec-tronic. The term "information" reflects narrative, factual, and creative expressions in any of these formats."Technology" refers to the application of knowledge, tools, and skills to solve practical problems and ex-tend human capabilities. Though technology is often described as process, it is more commonly known byits products and tools and their effects on society. An extensive glossary is included in this document sothe reader can find definitions of terminology used in these standards.

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2 WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS

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15WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS 3

INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY LITERACY

A. MEDIA ANDTECHNOLOGY

CONTENT STANDARD

Students in Wisconsin will select and usemedia and technology to access, organize,create, and communicate information forsolving problems and constructing newknowledge, products, and systems.

Rationale: Success in the 21st century will dependupon an understanding of and the capability to usecurrent and emerging media and technology. Thefollowing performance standards list the behaviorswhich show that students recognize the varioustypes of media and technology, know how tooperate and use these technologies, and make soundjudgments regarding the most effective technologiesto use in specific situations. As the growth of mediaand technology continues to escalate, studentsmeeting these performance standards will be betterprepared to continue to learn and utilize them forthe analysis, construction, and presentation ofknowledge.


PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

BY THE END OF GRADE 4V STUDENTS WILL:

A.4.1 Use common media and technology terminology andequipment

identify and define basic computer terminology(e.g., software, hardware, cursor, startup/shutdown,storage medium, file, memory)

identify and explain the functions of thecomponents of a computer system (e.g., monitor,central processing unit, storage devices, keyboard,mouse, printer)

demonstrate proper care and correct use of mediaand equipment

demonstrate the correct use of input devices (e.g.,mouse, keyboard) and output devices (e.g., monitor,printer, speakers)

develop touch keyboarding techniques using bothhands

save and backup files on a computer hard drive,storage medium, or server

demonstrate the use of still and video cameras andscanners

solve problems using the basic four arithmeticfunctions of a calculator when appropriate

operate basic audio and video equipment to listento and view media programs

A.4.2 Identify and use common media formats

identify the wide variety of current media formats(e.g., video programs, magazines, computer software,audio cassettes, CD-ROM and DVD, newspapers, books,the Internet)

recognize the common organizationalcharacteristics of print media (e.g., title page, table ofcontents, copyright statement, index)

differentiate among the common types of computersoftware (e.g., drawing programs, utilities, wordprocessing, simulations)

listen to and view common audio and video mediaaccess information using common electronic

reference sources (e.g., indexes, almanacs, on-linecatalogs, encyclopedias)

describe the purpose and use of a virus detectionprogram

demonstrate how to open and run a softwareprogram from a local storage device or network server

create, save, move, copy, retrieve, and deleteelectronic files

incorporate graphics, pictures, and sound intoanother document

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A.4.3 Use a computer and productivity software to organizeand create information

identify and define basic word processingterminology (e.g., cursor, open, save, file, I-beam,window, document, cut, copy, paste)

produce a document using a word processingprogram

edit a word-processed document using a spellchecker

demonstrate the text editing features of a wordprocessing program (e.g., bold face, italics, underline,double spacing, different size and style of fonts) toproduce a finished product

explore special formatting features (e.g., borders,shading, centering, justification) of a word processingprogram

identify a database and define basic database terms(e.g., file, record, field)

use a prepared database template to enter and editdata, and to locate records

identify a spreadsheet and explain basic spreadsheetterms (e.g., column, row, cell)

use a prepared spreadsheet template to enter andedit data, and to produce and interpret a simple graphor chart

A.4.4 Use a computer and communications software to accessand transmit information

describe and explain an on-line informationnetwork

generate, send, retrieve, save, and organizeelectronic messages

log on and view information from preselected siteson the Internet

use the functions of a web browser to navigate andsave World Wide Web sites

identify and use simple search engines anddirectories

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A.4.5 Use media and technology to create and presentinformation

use draw, paint or graphics software to createsimple signs, posters, banners, charts, visuals, etc.

plan a multimedia production using an outline orstoryboard

create and present a short video or hypermediaprogram

A.4.6 Evaluate the use of media and technology in aproduction or presentation

identify the media and technology usedexplain how well the media and technology

contributed to its impactidentify simple criteria for judging the quality of a

production or presentationjudge how well a particular production meets the

identified criteriasuggest ways to improve future productions or

presentations

WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS 5



identify and define computer and networking terms(e.g., modem, file server, client station, LAN, Internet/Intranet, data storage device)

demonstrate the correct operation of a computersystem on a network

demonstrate touch keyboarding skills at acceptablespeed and accuracy levels (suggested range 20-25 wpm)

organize and backup files on a computer disk,drive, server, or other storage device

recognize and solve routine computer hardware andsoftware problems

use basic content-specific tools (e.g., environmentalprobes, measurement sensors) to provide evidence/support in a class project

scan, crop, and save a graphic using a scanner,digital camera, or other digitizing equipment

use simple graphing calculator functions to solve aproblem

capture, edit, and combine video segments using amultimedia computer with editing software or a videoediting system


describe the operating and file managementsoftware of a computer (e.g., desktop, file, window,folder, directory, pull-down menu, dialog box)

identify the various organizational patterns used indifferent kinds of reference books

define the basic types of learning software (e.g.,drill and practice, tutorial, simulation)

use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes,and catalogs to retrieve and select information

describe the various applications of productivitysoftware programs (e.g., word processing, database,spreadsheet, presentation, communication, drawing,desktop publishing)

identify common integrated software packages orapplications suites

use a graphics program to create or modify detail toan image or picture

A.8.3 Use a computer and productivity software to organizeand create information

explain the use of basic word processing functions(e.g., menu, tool bars, dialog boxes, radio buttons,spell checker, thesaurus, page layout, headers andfooters, word count, tabs)

use the spell checker and thesaurus functions of aword processing program

move textual and graphics data from one documentto another

use graphics software to import pictures, images,and charts into documents


use a graphical organizer program to constructoutlines or webs that organize ideas and information

compose a class report using advanced textformatting and layout styles (e.g., single and doublespacing, different size and style of fonts, indents,headers and footers, pagination, table of contents,bibliography)

classify collected data and construct a simpledatabase by defining fields, entering and sorting data,and producing a report

construct a simple spreadsheet, enter data, andinterpret the information

plot and use different types of charts and graphs(e.g., line, bar, stacked, scatter diagram, area, piecharts, pictogram) from a spreadsheet program

incorporate database and spreadsheet information(e.g., charts, graphs, lists) in word-processed documents

A.8.4 Use a computer and communications software toaccess and transmit information

define basic on-line searching and Internetterminology (e.g., website, HTML, home page,hypertext link, bookmark, URL address)

send an e-mail message with an attachment toseveral persons simultaneously

access information using a modem or networkconnection to the Internet or other on-lineinformation services

view, print, save, and open a document from theInternet or other on-line sources

use basic search engines and directories to locateresources on a specific topic

demonstrate efficient Internet navigationorganize World Wide Web bookmarks by subject or

topic


use draw, paint, or graphics software to createvisuals that will enhance a class project or report

design and produce a multimedia programplan and deliver a presentation using media and

technology appropriate to topic, audience, purpose, orcontent


determine the purpose of a specific production orpresentation

describe the effectiveness of the media and .

technology used in a production or presentationidentify criteria for judging the technical quality of

a production or presentationjudge how well the production or presentation

meets identified criteriarecommend ways to improve future productions or

presentations

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identify and define basic on-line andtelecommunications terminology or concepts (e.g.,bandwidth, satellite dish, distance learning, desktopconferencing, listserv, downlink, teleconference,virtual reality)

demonstrate proper keyboarding mechanics andtouch type accurately (suggested range 30-35 wpm)

use a camcorder, VCR, multimedia computer, orediting equipment to produce a short video program

identify common graphic, video, and sound fileformats (e.g., JPEG, GIF, MPEG, QUICKTIME, WAV)

use desktop or video conferencing equipment andsystems


identify examples of agents, expert systems, orartificial intelligence (e.g., search engine, grammarchecker, voice recognition, translators)

describe the common organizational patterns indifferent types of print media

identify and explain the use of commonmicroforms

demonstrate how to import and export text,graphic, and sound files

distinguish between an individual productivityprogram and an integrated software program orapplications suite

edit, import, and export movie or video files

A.12.3 Use a computer and productivity software toorganize and create information

explain terminology and concepts connected withintegrated software or an applications suite (e.g., toolpalette, bulleted or numbered lists, macros, auto-correct, find-and-replace, stylesheets)

use an integrated program or applications suite tocomplete a class assignment

proofread and edit a document using the spell,thesaurus, and grammar checking functions of aword processing program

manipulate graphics objects in a word processingprogram (e.g., select, move, modify, delete, duplicate,arrange)

use desktop publishing and graphics software toproduce page layouts in different formats (e.g.,brochure, tri-fold, newsletter)

analyze data from a database and presentconclusions in a document or report

construct a spreadsheet, enter data into cells, usemathematical functions to manipulate/process data,generate a chart or graph, and interpret the results

use a computer and graphical organizer softwareto generate modifiable flow charts, project time lines,organizational charts, or calendars

19

A.12.4 Use a computer and communications software toaccess and transmit information

choose most appropriate search engines anddirectories to locate specific resources on the Internetor other on-line services

distinguish between "pull" and "push" or"broadcast" methods of acquiring information froman on-line source

employ FTP (file transfer protocol) to retrieve anddownload computer files from a remote computer

use desktop conferencing, e-mail, or groupware tocommunicate with others regarding assignments orclass projects

establish access to primary sources and otherexperts for class reports or projects

participate in an on-line discussion group orlistserv appropriate to a content area

gather and organize statistical or survey datausing e-mail, listservs, or on-line news or discussiongroups


use draw, paint, graphics, or presentation softwareto visually communicate ideas or concepts

produce a multimedia program using text,graphics, moving images, and sound

develop a document or file for inclusion into awebsite or web page

participate in a desktop conferencing session topresent and share information with others


assess the purpose and effectiveness of aproduction or presentation

evaluate the appropriateness and effectiveness ofthe media and technology used

determine criteria for judging the delivery,pacing, focus, and technical quality of theproduction or presentation

judge how well the production or presentationmeets specified criteria

specify ways to improve future productions orpresentations



B. INFORMATIONAND INQUIRY

CONTENT STANDARD

Students in Wisconsin will access, evaluate,and apply information efficiently andeffectively from a variety of sources inprint, nonprint, and electronic formats tomeet personal and academic needs.

Rationale: Today's students face a present andfuture in which they will encounter unprecedentedaccess to ever increasing amounts of information.Students must be prepared to evaluate critically eachitem of information in order to select and useinformation effectively in learning and decision-making for personal growth and empowerment. Thiscritical evaluation requires that students havefrequent opportunities to learn how knowledge isorganized, how to find information, and how to useinformation in such a way that others can learn fromthem. Mastery of information and inquiry skills willprepare students to participate in a rapidlychanging, information-based environment.

0



B.4.1 Define the need for information

identify the information problem or question to beresolved

determine what is already known about theinformation problem or question

formulate initial questions to define what additionalinformation is needed

determine a specific focus for the informationsearch questions

B.4.2 Develop information seeking strategies

identify possible sources of information includingprint, nonprint, electronic, and human resources

evaluate possible sources based on currency, genre,and relevance to topic

select more than one resource when appropriateidentify keywords and phrases for each information

sourcerecognize different ways to organize ideas, concepts,

and phrases

list steps to follow in carrying out the informationsearch

B.4.3 Locate and access information sources

recognize that materials in the school library mediacenter are organized in a systematic manner

locate materials using the classification system ofthe school library media center

identify and use printed or electronic catalogs toaccess materials in the school library media center

search for information by keyword, author, title,and topic or subject

8 WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS 20

use an encyclopedia, dictionary, almanac, and atlasin print or electronic formats

use the index or table of contents of a book,magazine, or reference set to locate specificinformation

locate information from preselected Internet sitesand web pages

B.4.4 Evaluate and select information from a variety ofprint, nonprint, and electronic formats

preview selected resources using table of contents,index, and other simple scanning strategies

differentiate between fiction and nonfictionresources

distinguish between fact and opiniondetermine timeliness and validity of information

sources

recognize that graphics and images can be used toconvey a message

identify the sponsoring organization or author forall resources

choose resources appropriate to their interests,abilities, and information need

B.4.5 Record and organize information

take notes or record information in their own wordsrecord the sources of information as notes are takenrecognize the need to identify the author of any

information copied verbatimarrange notes to help answer the information

problem or questionorganize information using simple outlining

techniqueslist basic bibliographic sources for information used

B.4.6 Interpret and use information to solve the problem oranswer the question

identify new information and integrate it with priorknowledge

determine if information is relevant to theinformation question

select information applicable to the informationquestion

seek additional information if neededapply the information gathered to solve the

information problem or question

B.4.7 Communicate the results of research and inquiry in anappropriate format

identify the audience for the product or presentationidentify whether the purpose of the product or

presentation is to inform, entertain, or persuaderecognize the three common types of

communication or presentation modes (written, oral,visual)

choose a presentation format (e.g., speech, paper,web page, video, hypermedia)

develop a product or presentation to communicatethe results of the research

B.4.8 Evaluate the information product and process

review the criteria to be used in judging both theproduct (or presentation) and the process

determine how well the product or presentationmeets the original information need based on thecriteria

review the process based on the criteriasuggest ways in which the process and product can

be improved


000000BY THE END OF GRADE 8

V STUDENTS WILL:


identify the information problem or question to beresolved

relate what is already known to the informationneed

formulate general and specific research questionsusing a variety of questioning skills

revise and narrow the information questions tofocus on the information need

B.8.2 Develop information seeking strategies

identify relevant sources of information includingprint, nonprint, electronic, human, and communityresources

evaluate possible sources of information based oncriteria of timeliness, genre, point of view, bias, andauthority

select multiple sources that reflect differing orsupporting points of view

identify and select keywords and phrases for eachsource, recognizing that different sources use differentterminology for similar concepts

organize ideas, concepts, and phrases using webbing,outlines, trees, or other visual or graphic tools

focus search strategies on matching informationneeds with available resources


identify the classification system used in the schoollibrary media center, public library, and other locallibraries

locate materials using the classification systems ofthe school library media center and the public library

use an on-line catalog and other databases of printand electronic resources

recognize differences in searching bibliographicrecords, abstracts, or full text databases

search for information by subject, author, title, andkeyword

use Boolean operators with human or programmedguidance to narrow or broaden searches

use biographical dictionaries, thesauri, and othercommon reference tools in both print and electronicformats

use a search engine to locate appropriate Internet orIntranet resources

B.8.4 Evaluate and select information from a variety of print,nonprint, and electronic formats

examine selected resources for pertinent informationusing previewing techniques to scan for major conceptsand keywords

differentiate between primary and secondary sourcesdistinguish between fact and opinion; recognize

point of view or biasdetermine if information is timely, valid, accurate,

comprehensive, and relevant


analyze and evaluate information presented incharts, graphs, and tables

locate indicators of authority for all sources ofinformation

select resources in formats appropriate to contentand information need and compatible with their ownlearning style


use notetaking strategies including summarizingand paraphrasing

record concise notes in a prescribed manner,including bibliographic information

cite the source of specific quotations or visuals usingfootnotes, endnotes, or internal citation formats

organize and compare information using graphicorganizers, storyboarding, and other relationaltechniques

organize information in a systematic mannerappropriate to question, audience, and intendedformat of presentation

record sources of information in a standardizedbibliographic format

B.8.6 Interpret and use information to solve the problem oranswer the question

compare and integrate new information with priorknowledge

analyze information for relevance to the questionanalyze findings to determine need for additional

informationgather and synthesize additional information as

neededdraw conclusions to address the problem or question

B.8.7 Communicate the results of research and inquiry in anappropriate format

determine the audience and purpose for the productor presentation

identify possible communication or productionformats

select a presentation format appropriate to thetopic, audience, purpose, content, and technologyavailable

develop an original product or presentation whichaddresses the information problem or question


identify the criteria to be used in judging both theproduct (or presentation) and the process

determine how well research conclusions andproduct meet the original information need orquestion based on the identified criteria

assess the process based on identified criteriasummarize ways in which the process and product

can be improved

22



state the information problem or question in clearand concise terms

relate prior knowledge to the problem or questiondevelop specific research questions or a thesis

statement based on the nature, purpose, and scope ofproject

conduct a preliminary search to determine if theresearch questions or thesis statement is clear andsearchable; refine and revise if necessary

B.12.2 Develop information-seeking strategies

identify a full range of appropriate and availableinformation from local, national, and global sources

determine and apply evaluative criteria toprioritizing potential sources

pursue a variety of resources reflecting differingpoints of view, cultures, and disciplines

identify and evaluate keywords, concepts, subjectheadings, and descriptors for each informationsource

organize ideas, concepts, and issues in a mannerappropriate to the subject and purpose

develop a plan to obtain needed informationusing a variety of research and investigativestrategies (e.g., interviews, questionnaires, experi-ments, surveys)


identify the different classification systems used inlocal school, public and post-secondary libraries, andresource agencies

locate information using the classification systemand catalog in use at a variety of libraries andresource agencies

use increasingly complex organizational featuresof print and electronic resources such as cumulativeand cross-database indexes

use different search strategies for bibliographiccitations, abstracts, and full-text resources inelectronic formats

construct effective electronic and manual searchesusing keywords, phrases, Boolean logic, and limiters

determine when to use general or specialized printand electronic reference tools

compare, evaluate, and select appropriate Internetsearch engines and directories

B.12.4 Evaluate and select information from a variety ofprint, nonprint, and electronic formats

select information clearly related to the problemor question

evaluate information for stereotyping, prejudice,and misrepresentation

distinguish among fact, opinion, point of view,and inference

determine if sources are authoritative, valid,reliable, accurate, relevant, and comprehensive

23

evaluate graphic images for misleadingpresentation and manipulated data

determine authorship for all resources andidentify points of agreement and disagreementamong sources

select information in formats and genre mostappropriate to content


use data-gathering strategies that includesummarizing, paraphrasing, comparing, and quoting

follow standardized notetaking processes andcompile bibliographic information in an approvedformat

credit sources for all quotations, visuals, majorideas, and specific facts or data using acceptedcitation formats

analyze and relate information using a variety ofrelational techniques (e.g., graphic organizers,database reports, spreadsheet charts, graphs)

organize information in systematic manner forunity, coherence, clarity, and emphasis

compile a bibliography in a format stipulated byan accepted manual of style

B.12.6 Interpret and use information to solve the problemor answer the question

interpret new information to formulate ideaswhich address the question or problem usingcomparison, evaluation, inference, and generaliza-tion skills

synthesize new ideas, evidence, and priorknowledge to address the problem or question

draw conclusions and support them with credibleevidence

B.12.7 Communicate the results of research and inquiry inan appropriate format

determine the audience and purpose forcommunicating the information

compare strengths and weaknesses of possiblepresentation methods and products

select the most appropriate format for the productor presentation

develop a product or presentation that utilizes thestrengths of the medium and supports theconclusions drawn in the research effort


establish the criteria to be used in judging boththe product (or presentation) and the process

assess how well the research conclusions andproduct satisfy the defined information need

critique the process and identify steps which needfurther study, skill development, or practice

evaluate how the research question or problem,search strategy, resources, and interpretation couldhave been expanded or modified



C INDEPENDENTLEARNING

CONTENT STANDARD

Students in Wisconsin will apply informa-tion and technology skills to issues of per-sonal and academic interest by actively andindependently seeking information; demon-strating critical and discriminating reading,listening, and viewing habits; and, strivingfor personal excellence in learning andcareer pursuits.

Rationale: Independent learning is central to theeffective use of information and technology forpersonal, career, and recreational choices. Skills inindependent learning are developed and used in theclassroom and are essential for participation ineducation beyond the formal structures of schooling.Students should be able to select, evaluate, andrelate literature, media, and other creativeexpressions of information to their own experience.Independent learners will demonstrate self-motivation in identifying information needs, solvinginformation problems, evaluating solutions, anddeveloping personal goals.


S O S 0 0



C.4.1 Pursue information related to various dimensions ofpersonal well-being and academic success

identify topics of interest and seek relevantinformation about them

recognize that information can be used to makedecisions or satisfy personal interest

recognize that accurate information is basic tosound decisions

C.4.2 Appreciate and derive meaning from literature andother creative expressions of information

choose fiction and other literature of personalinterest

recognize that award winning books reflect literaryand artistic excellence

relate literature and other creative expressions ofinformation to personal experiences

compare their own interpretations of literature andother creative expressions of information with those ofothers

C.4.3 Develop competence and selectivity in reading,listening, and viewing

choose materials at appropriate developmentallevels

identify materials that reflect diverse perspectivesdifferentiate among written, oral, and visual forms

of literaturerecognize that media can be constructed to convey

specific messages, viewpoints, and values

C.4.4 Demonstrate self-motivation and increasingresponsibility for their learning

contribute to group or classroom decisions aboutlearning objectives

identify topics suitable for independent learning orin-depth exploration

apply prescribed criteria for judging success oflearning projects

establish goals and determine steps for completing aproject

assess progress and quality of work

29




identify information appropriate for decision-making and personal interest

recognize that accurate and complete information isbasic to sound decisions in both personal and academicpursuits


recognize that reviews, evaluations, and guidancefrom teachers, library media specialists, and othersassist in the selection of appropriate literature andcreative expressions of information

identify and use personal criteria for choosingliterature and other creative expressions of information

relate literature and creative expressions ofinformation to personal experiences

relate literature and creative expressions ofinformation to other literature or creative expressionsof information



identify and select materials that reflect diverseperspectives

identify characteristics of common literary formsrecognize how words, images, sounds, and

illustrations can be constructed to convey specificmessages, viewpoints, and values


participate in decisions about group and classroomprojects and learning objectives

identify and select topics of personal interest toexpand classroom learning projects

recommend criteria for judging success of learningprojects

establish goals and develop a plan for completingprojects on time and within the scope of theassignment

evaluate progress and quality of personal learningestablish personal goals in pursuit of individual

interests, academic requirements, and career paths

25




evaluate information for decision-making andpersonal interest

recognize that accurate and complete informationis essential to sound decisions in personal, academic,and career pursuits


recognize that core lists of classics andrecommended titles for precollege reading providefor a well-rounded literary background

apply personal criteria for choosing literature andother creative expressions of information

relate literature and other creative expressions ofinformation to personal experiences

compare and contrast examples of literature andcreative expressions of information with otherexamples of literature and creative expressions ofinformation



identify and select materials that reflect diverseperspectives

contrast characteristics of common literary formsevaluate how words, images, sounds, and

illustrations are constructed to convey specificmessages, viewpoints, and values to shape attitudesand influence action


make decisions about group and classroomprojects and learning objectives

identify topics for independent study to meetindividual learning needs and interests

develop and apply criteria for judging success oflearning projects

establish goals, plans, budgets, and timelines forcompleting a project

recognize gaps in personal knowledge and applystrategies for addressing them

evaluate progress and quality of personal learningarticulate personal goals in pursuit of individual

interests, academic requirements, and career paths



D. THE LEARNINGCOMMUNITY

CONTENT STANDARD

Students in Wisconsin will demonstrate theability to work collaboratively in teams orgroups, use information and technology in aresponsible manner, respect intellectualproperty rights, and recognize theimportance of intellectual freedom andaccess to information in a democraticsociety.

Rationale: As a member of a community of learners,each individual's actions impact all members of thatcommunity. The workplace in the 21st century will bea collaborative environment requiring a high level ofcommunication, problem-solving, and teamworkskills. The concept of the larger learning communitysuggests that all of usstudents, teachers,administrators, parents, and other citizensareinterconnected in a lifelong quest to understand andmeet our constantly changing information needs.The new learning community is not limited by time,place, age, occupation, or individual fields of study.Rather, this community is linked by mutual respectfor the opinions and work of others; by interests andneeds; by open and equitable access to information;and by a continually expanding and improvingglobal telecommunications network.

14. WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS



D.4.1 Participate productively in workgroups or othercollaborative learning environments

share information and ideas with othersrespect the ideas of othersarticulate workgroup goals and individual

responsibilities within the groupparticipate in the development of individual and

workgroup tasks and prioritiesrecognize that individual achievement is linked to

the successful completion of workgroup projectscomplete workgroup projects to meet an established

timelinereview workgroup projects and suggest

improvements

D.4.2 Use information, media, and technology in aresponsible manner

return all borrowed materials on timeidentify the school's rules on student use of the

Internet and other resourcesdemonstrate use of the Internet and other on-line

sources consistent with the school's acceptable usepolicy

employ proper etiquette in all forms ofcommunication

recognize that altering or destroying anotherperson's program or file constitutes unacceptablebehavior

differentiate between copying and summarizingrecognize that using media and technology to

defame another person or group constitutesunacceptable behavior

recognize the need for privacy of personalinformation

D.4.3 Respect intellectual property rightsexplain the concept of intellectual property rightsdescribe how copyright protects the right of an

author or producer to control the distribution,performance, display, or copying of original works

recognize that the copying of commercial orlicensed media is a violation of the copyright law

identify violations of the copyright law as a crimefor which there are serious consequences

explain why the use of all or parts of anotherperson's work requires prior permission or citation

recognize that a quoted work must be stated in theauthor's exact words

list sources quoted verbatim and visuals used in apresentation

recognize that reports or articles they write must beput in their own words

D.4.4 Recognize the importance of intellectual freedom andaccess to information in a democratic society

define the concept of intellectual freedomidentify examples of censorshiprecognize the importance of free and open access to

information for all citizensacknowledge the right of classmates to express

opinions different from their owndescribe situations or conditions where information

is repressed or restricted

OOOOO

BY THE END OF GRADE 8STUDENTS WILL:


collaborate with others to identify informationneeds and seek solutions

demonstrate acceptance to new ideas and strategiesfrom workgroup members

determine workgroup goals and equitabledistribution of individual or subgroup responsibilitiesand tasks

plan for the efficient use and allocation of timecomplete workgroup projects on timeevaluate completed projects to determine how the

workgroup could have functioned more efficiently andproductively


return all borrowed materials on timedescribe and explain the school policy on

technology and network use, media borrowing, andInternet access

demonstrate responsible use of the Internet andother electronic resources consistent with the school'sacceptable use policy

recognize that using media and technology todefame or libel another person or group constitutesunacceptable behavior

identify and define the consequences of violations tothe school's policies on media and technology use

recognize the need for privacy and protection ofpersonal information

D.8.3 Respect intellectual property rightsdefine the purpose of copyright and copyright lawidentify what kinds of works of authorship can be

copyrightedexplain the concept of "fair use" as it pertains to the

copyright law

recognize that the "fair use" provisions may differdepending on the media format

relate examples of copyright violationscite the source for words which are quoted verbatim

and for pictures, graphics, and audio or video segmentswhich are used in a product or presentation

explain and differentiate the purposes of a patent,trademark, and logo

D.8.4 Recognize the importance of intellectual freedom andaccess to information in a democratic society

explain the concept of intellectual freedomidentify examples and explain the implications of

censorship in the United States and in other countriesexplain the importance of the principle of equitable

access to information

compare and contrast freedom of the press indifferent situations and geographic areas

recognize that the free-flow of informationcontributes to an informed citizenry resulting in sounddecisions for the common good

9 "1



collaborate with others to design and developinformation products and solutions

incorporate effective group processes and shareddecision-making in project development

specify and detail workgroup goals and individualand subgroup responsibilities

finalize workgroup strategies, resources, budget,and timeline

allocate time for a project based on an inventoryof the responsibilities of workgroup members

complete specific projects within a timeline andbudget

critique completed projects and workgroupprocesses for future improvement


return all borrowed materials on timeassess the need for different information policies

and user agreements in a variety of settings (e.g.,private employer, university, government agency)

demonstrate use of the Internet and otherresources consistent with acceptable use policies

recognize that using media or technology todefame, libel, or misrepresent another person orgroup constitutes unacceptable behavior

identify and define consequences of violations tothe school's policies on media and technology use

recognize the need for privacy of certain data filesor documents

D.12.3 Respect intellectual property rightsexplain the difference between copyright and

copyright registrationexplain why "fair use" is !permitted for educa-

tional purposes but not in "for profit" situationsdistinguish among freeware, shareware, and

commercial softwarerecognize the legal consequences of plagiarism

and the need for personal authenticity in their workexplain conditions under which permission must

be obtained for the use of copyrighted materialsdescribe how to correspond with authors,

publishers, or producers to obtain permission to usecopyrighted materials in their work

D.12.4 Recognize the importance of intellectual freedomand access to information in a democratic society

summarize how the basic principles of democracyrelate to intellectual freedom

distinguish between intellectual freedom as itrelates to children versus adults

investigate a specific censorship situation (e.g.,challenge to a book or magazine in a local library)

recommend strategies for ensuring that othershave equitable access to information, mediaresources, and technology

project what conditions might result ifintellectual freedom were ignored in their owncommunity or in the United States



SummaryMedia and Technology

Use common media and technology terminology andequipment

Identify and use common media formatsUse a computer and productivity software to organize and

create informationUse a computer and communications software to access

and transmit informationUse media and technology to create and present

informationEvaluate the use of media and technology in a production

or presentation

Information and InquiryDefine the need for informationDevelop information seeking strategiesLocate and access information sourcesEvaluate and select information from a variety of print,

nonprint, and electronic formatsRecord and organize informationInterpret and use information to solve the problem or

answer the questionCommunicate the results of research and inquiry in an

appropriate formatEvaluate the information product and process


0

Independent LearningPursue information related to various dimensions of

personal well-being and academic successAppreciate and derive meaning from literature and other

creative expressions of informationDevelop competence and selectivity in reading, listening,

and viewingDemonstrate self-motivation and increasing responsibility

for their learning

The Learning CommunityParticipate productively in workgroups or other

collaborative learning environmentsUse information, media, and technology in a responsible

mannerRespect intellectual property rightsRecognize the importance of intellectual freedom and

access to information in a democratic society

28

AASL (American Association of School Librarians). A di-vision of the American Library Association, the oldest andlargest library association in the world.

Abstract. A short summary in which the writer highlightsall essential points of an article, book, or media resource.

Academic Standards. Standards that specify what studentsshould know and be able to do (content), what they mightbe asked to do to give evidence of meeting standards (per-formance), and how well they must perform (proficiency).

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP). A school or organization'sofficial policy statement regarding the use of the Internetor other computer networks.

Address. A name, group of numbers, or bits used to iden-tify a specific device (e.g., server, printer, computer) on anetwork.

AECT (Association for Educational Communicationsand Technology). A major international professional asso-ciation dedicated to the improvement of instructionthrough the effective use of media and technology.

Agent. A program that does things for a user like filteringe-mail and finding web sites to suit the users interests; alsocalled an expert or intelligent agent.

ALA (American Library Association). The voice ofAmerica's libraries and the people who depend on them. Itis the oldest and largest library association in the worldwith members in academic, public, school, government,and special libraries.

Analog. A signal that transmits information by modulat-ing a continuous signal, such as a radio wave (see Digital).

Analog Signals. Signals that vary continuously by ampli-tude or frequency. Historically, older transmission systems,like the telephone service, have been analog, while mostnewer systems are digital in nature (see Digital).

Analyze. To determine the components of or separate intocomponent parts; to divide into parts and determine therelation of each part to the other parts, or the whole.

Application. A computer or software program a user acti-vates to perform a specific function or functions for theuser; applications are often referred to as productivity soft-ware.

29

Glossary of Terms

Artificial Intelligence. Computer software packages thattry to emulate human intelligence in order to solve prob-lems using reasoning and learning.

Attachment. A document or file appended or "attached" toan e-mail message. An attachment retains the formatting ofthe original provided the receiver has the same or compat-ible software on his/her computer that created the attach-ment.

Audio Conferencing. A conferencing system employingvoice-only communications.

Bandwidth. The amount of the electromagnetic spectrumthat a given signal occupies; usually expressed in kilohertz(thousands of hertz, or Khz) or megahertz (millions of hertzor Mhz). It may also refer to the amount of data that can becarried by a channel; usually expressed in bits per second.

Baud Rate. The speed of data transmission over telephonelines; approximately equal to bits per second. A measure ofa modem's speed in terms of the amount of informationthat modem can transfer from one computer to another inone second.

BBS (Bulletin Board System). A computer that stores infor-mation and allows users to post and retrieve files to it byway of a modem or network connection.

Bibliographic Database. A database listing in which theinformation is presented as citations that include the au-thor, title, publisher, publication date, and other publica-tion facts.

Bibliographic Record. A listing of information receivedfrom a library or electronic database that can be brief (au-thor, title, publisher, etc.) or full (abstract, summary, hold-ings information, and location).

Bibliography. A list of works such as books, articles, mediaresources, etc. on a particular subject, usually arranged al-phabetically by author.

Binary Code. The base 2 numbering system comprised ofthe numbers 0 and 1. All computers are based upon thisnumbering system.

Bitmap. Any picture or image a user sees on a Web page.Bitmaps come in many file formats such as GIF, PICT, JPEG,etc. They can be read and edited by paint programs and im-age editors. As its name suggests, a bitmap is a map of dotsor "pixels."


0 0

Bits (short for binary digit). The most basic, or smallest,unit in a computer system. In accordance with binary code,each bit is designated as either a 1 or a 0.

BPS (Bits Per Second). A measure of a modem's speed interms of the number of bits that modem can transfer inone second; synonymous with baud rate.

Boolean Logic. A logic system used by computers that em-ploys the words AND, OR, and NOT to increase search pre-cision. The use of the word OR expands a search. The use ofthe words AND and NOT narrows a search.

Boolean Operators. AND, OR, and NOT are the most com-monly used operators; used to increase the precision of anon-line or electronic search.

Boot. A term for turning on a computer and having it auto-matically load a set of software the computer requires to doall of its basic operations; sometimes also referred to as .

"booting up" a computer.

Bridge. A device similar to a gateway except it connectssimilar networks to one another and is normally pro-grammed. A major advantage of bridges is that any type ofprotocols being used on the subnets can be forwardedwhether they are TCP/IP packets, OSI packets, or whatever.

Broadcast. Television and radio signals designed to reach amass audience. In Internet technology, broadcasting (alsocalled "push" technology) is like e-mail. When you log onto a computer there will likely be e-mail waiting for you.Broadcasting uses sophisticated software or "agents" thatwill operate in the background, search and retrieve infor-mation needed by the user, and place that information in amailbox or directory on the user's computer.

Browser. A software program used to view World WideWeb pages; also called a web browser. Currently, the twomost popular web browsers are Netscape Navigator andMicrosoft's Internet Explorer.

Byte. A combination of 8 bits. One byte represents a singleletter, symbol, or number between 0 and 9. Hard disk andother storage devices and a computer's RAM (random ac-cess memory) are measured in thousands of bytes (kilo-bytes), millions of bytes (megabytes), or billions of bytes(gigabytes).

Cable Modem. A modem that uses two cable TV channelsto establish a two-way flow of computer information overthe coaxial cables used to bring cable TV into the home orbusiness.


Cache. In a computer or local area network this refers tothe amount of RAM (random access memory) set aside tohold data that may be frequently accessed again. Data in acache will be retrieved much faster than data which mustbe read from a storage medium or device.

CAD/CAM (Computer Assisted Design/Computer As-sisted Manufacturing). A computer software drawing pro-gram designed to create visual representations in color, ac-cording to scale, and in multiple dimensions.

Call Number. A unique letter/number combination as-signed to each book or media resource in a library used toidentify its location on the shelves.

Capture. Saving a file to your computer from a remote sys-tem. Capturing data, graphics, sound, or video files allowsthe user to listen, view, or print on-line data at a later time.

CATV (Cable Television). The term originally stood forcommunity antenna television.

CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory). A com-puter storage medium similar to the audio CD which canhold more than 600 megabytes of read-only digital infor-mation.

CESA (Cooperative Educational Service Agency). A non-profit organization based on contiguous school districts ina geographic area of the state, created by the WisconsinLegislature to address educational needs by sharing the costof services. Wisconsin currently has 12 CESAs which pro-vide a variety of services to the school districts in their ar-eas.

Channel. In data communications, a one-way path alongwhich signals can be sent between two or more points. Intelecommunications, a transmission path between two ormore points provided by a common carrier.

Chat. Communication between members of an on-line ser-vice using text. The messages are sent between users in realtime as in a conversation by typing in short statements.

Citation. A reference or a note referring to a document orfile from which text is quoted.

Classification. The process of arranging and assigningunique codes or numbers to print, nonprint, or electronicmaterials according to their subject, format, or any otherlegitimate method in a logical sequence.

Client. A software application on a computer or terminalthat allows the user to extract some service from a networkserver.

3 0

Codec (Coder/Decoder). An electronic device that con-verts standard television signals into compressed digital sig-nals for transmission. The same device can convert incom-ing compressed digital signals back into viewable televisionsignals.

Command. An instruction given by a computer user (mostoften by pointing at menu options on the monitor screenusing a mouse or by typing a certain function key or key-board sequence) in order to complete a certain task or op-eration.

Common Carrier. A government-regulated private com-pany that furnishes the public with telecommunicationsservices (e.g., phone companies).

Communication Software. A program that connects youto another computer or network in order to communicatewith that computer or network.

Compressed File. A computer file that has been reduced insize through a compression software program. The usermust decompress these files before they can be viewed orused.

Compressed Video. A method of sending video signals us-ing less bandwidth than normal by transmitting onlychanges in moving frames rather than full motion. The re-constituted image exhibits some motion and depending onthe available bandwidth and capacity of transmitters andreceivers, the motion may appear somewhat irregular. Thiseffect occurs in compressed video technology because themoving areas of the image are only approximated.

Computer Catalog. A computerized listing that enables us-ers to access the record of holdings of a particular library, li-brary network, or information agency or service.

Concentrator. Another term for a networking hub (seeHub).

Conference. A meeting of individuals for consulting or dis-cussion on topics of common interest.

Connect Time. Usually this term refers to the amount oftime that a terminal or computer has been logged on to acomputer or server for a particular session.

Content Standard. Refers to what students should knowand be able to do.

Contrast Ratio. The ratio of brightness between the whiteand black areas of an image.

Copyright. The property right granted by a government tothe originator (e.g., author, organization) of an intellectualproperty to reproduce, copy, print, duplicate, publish, sell,

and distribute any section or part of an existing originalwork (e.g., book, article, video program).

Copyright Registration. The process of applying for andobtaining formal U. S. Copyright Office acknowledgmentof copyright.

CPU (Central Processing Unit). Another name given to acomputer. CPU usually denotes the box that contains themicroprocessor, power supply, and disk drives.

Creative Expressions of Information. Creative or artisticworks in a variety of media formats or creative or artisticproductions and presentations (e.g., plays, exhibitions,concerts).

Curriculum. The program devised by local school districtsused to prepare students to meet standards. It consists ofactivities and lessons at each grade level, instructional ma-terials, and various instructional techniques. Curriculumspecifies the details of the day-to-day schooling at the locallevel.

Cursor. The pointer on the screen whose position you con-trol by moving a mouse or other input device.

Cut, Copy, and Paste. A set of computer commands thatallow sections of documents or graphics to be moved fromone place to another within a document or from one docu-ment to another.

Cyberspace. The collection of computers located on mul-tiple networks that communicate with other computersacross the Internet.

Database. A collection or listing of information, usually or-ganized with searchable elements or fields. For example, alibrary catalog can be searched by author, title, or subject.

Dedicated Line. A leased or private line is a communica-tion line used exclusively by one customer.

Default. A setting that a computer system uses automati-cally, unless otherwise changed by the user.

Definition. The sharpness or resolution of a picture orgraphics image.

Descriptor. A synonym for a subject heading or keyword.

Desktop. The background area on a computer screenwhich usually contains an icon for the hard drive and trashcan (used to remove files). Folders, files, applications, and aworking document may also appear on the desktop win-dow.


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Desktop Conferencing. The process by which an indi-vidual or small group uses a personal computer, small videocamera, microphone, and special software to "teleconfer-ence" or communicate with another individual, individu-als, or small group via the monitors and speakers of per-sonal computers.

Desktop Publishing. The process of using a computer andspecial software to produce a document with complex for-matting and layout styles such as newsletters, brochures,and ad copy.

Dial-Up. To open a connection between a user's computerand another computer via a modem.

Dialog Box. A computer screen window that asks a ques-tion or allows users to input information.

Digital. Signal based on a binary code in which informa-tion is sent as a series of "on" and "off" signals ( or is andOs). It is more precise and less subject to interference thanan analog signal (see Analog).

Digital Signals. Signals which consist of a series of discreteelements that have only one value at a time. Digital trans-mission systems are the heart of most modern communica-tion systems (see Analog).

Directory. A list of files or documents on a computer or apublished material that has a listing of names, addresses,phone numbers, and other useful material.

Discussion Group. A group of people who exchange mes-sages about particular topics; often associated withnewsgroups.

Distance Learning or Education. Instruction that takesplace using telecommunications technologies even thoughteacher and students are geographically separated. Tele-communications technologies link them on aninterdistrict, interstate, intrastate, or international basis.

DOA (Wisconsin Department of Administration). An ex-ecutive branch agency in Wisconsin that provides leader-ship to state agencies in fiscal and budget policy, informa-tion technology policy and planning, state energy plan-ning, intergovernmental relations, and state procurementactivities. DOA provides state agencies with services in tele-communications, mainframe, and related informationtechnologies; print, mail and records management; andstate building design, construction, and maintenance.

Document. What a computer user creates with an applica-tions program. Documents store information that the userhas inputted using an application software program.


Domain Name. The address or URL of a particular website.

Downlink. The portion of a satellite circuit extending fromthe satellite to an earth station.

Download. The electronic transferring, or copying, of a filefrom one computer to another. Files may be downloadedfrom another connected individual computer, from a com-puter network, a commercial on-line service, or from theInternet.

DPI (Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction). Theofficial state agency charged with providing direction andtechnical assistance for public elementary and secondaryeducation in Wisconsin. It offers a broad range of programsand services to local school administrators and faculty. Thedepartment distributes state school aids, administers fed-eral program funds that supplement local tax resources,develops curricula, recommends policy for effective schooloperations, ensures education for children with disabilities,and develops school and public library resources.

Drag. To move a file or folder by holding the mouse buttondown while simultaneously moving the mouse. Dragging afile or folder provides the computer user with a convenientway to move and organize information.

Drill-and-Practice. A type of computer software meant tosupplement the introduction of new material by a class-room teacher. After the introduction of new concepts andideas, this computer software provides regular review andpractice by students of basic concepts and skills.

Driver. A computer program used to control external de-vices or run other programs. For instance, printers requirespecial driver software programs to control them from acomputer.

DVD (Digital Video Disk). A digital storage medium thesame physical size as a CD-ROM disk that can store massiveamounts of data including graphics and full motion video.

Dynamic Range. The highest and lowest signal levels of aspecific audio or video device.

E-Mail (Electronic Mail). A message that is sent electroni-cally from the computer of one person to the computer ofanother person.

ECB (Wisconsin Educational Communications Board). Astate agency that plans, develops, constructs, and operatesstatewide public radio, public television, and educationalcommunication systems.

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Electronic Literacy. The ability to search, retrieve, orga-nize, employ, and evaluate information derived from elec-tronic information resources.

Encyclopedia. A general reference source (print, nonprint,or electronic) that contains information on all subjects or islimited to a specific subject.

Equity. In the context of instructional technology, refers tothe availability of instructional technology to all studentsregardless of socioeconomic status, culture, locale, gender,age, or race.

Ergonomics. Design principles for tools, workstations, fur-niture, etc., relating to the comfort, efficiency, and safety ofusers.

ETN (Educational Teleconference Network). A statewideinstructional telephone network managed by the Instruc-tional Communications Systems (ICS) of the University ofWisconsin-Extension.

Expansion Card. A circuit board or card that when in-serted into a computer allows that computer to perform anadditional function or functions.

Expansion Slot. Physical slots or sets of pins inside a com-puter where expansion cards may be installed to enhance acomputer's capacity or enable that computer to perform ad-ditional functions.

Expert System. A program that does things for a user likefiltering e-mail and finding web sites to suit the users inter-ests; also called an intelligent agent or agent.

Facsimile Machine (Fax). An electronic device that trans-mits written or graphic information over telephone lines toother locations.

Fair Use. Provisions in the U. S. Copyright Code providingfor limited use of copyrighted materials for educationalpurposes.

Fax. A telecommunications device used to send facsimilesof documents over telephone lines to other fax machinesor computers. Fax machines use a combination of photo-copier and modem technologies (see Facsimile Machine).

Fiber Optics. A technology for transmitting voice, video,and data via light over thin fibers of glass. This technologyhas much greater bandwidth capacity than conventionalcable or copper wire.

Field. A database term for a specific area of a bibliographicor database record containing specific identifying charac-teristics of an item (e.g., date field, name field, or authorfield).

File Compression. Software that makes files smaller thantheir original size so they take up less space on a disk orother storage medium.

File Server. Computers with large storage devices on a net-work that store files and software that can be shared by us-ers on the network (see Server).

File Sharing. The ability to share files with other computerson the same network.

File. Information, often a document or an application,saved on a disk or other storage medium.

Footer. The bottom portion of a word processing page thattypically contains information such as source or destina-tion, page numbers, date, time of origination, etc. (seeHeader).

Footprint. The region on the earth to which a communica-tions satellite can transmit.

Frame. A single, complete picture in a video recording.

Freeware. Software, usually available via the Internet orother on-line service, that is free to download and use byindividual computer owners. Freeware is not always free fororganizations or agencies that may want to use the product,however.

Frequency. The number of cycles per second of an electro-magnetic transmission, usually described in hertz.

Frequency Response. The frequency range over which sig-nals are reproduced within a specific amplitude range. Thefrequency response of the human ear, for instance, is fromabout 20 to 20,000 hertz (Hz).

FTP (File Transfer Protocol). A standard protocol for send-ing computer files from one computer to another on theInternet.

FIT Site. A computer dedicated to the storage of files, usu-ally organized by subject, that can be accessed throughanonymous FTP or e-mail.

Full-Text Database. An electronic information resource ordatabase that contains entire documents.

Gateway. A device connecting two dissimilar networks thatadds security, flow control, and protocol conversion. Gate-ways typically handle protocol conversion operationsacross a wide spectrum of communications function or lay-ers, and they require software programming and centralmanagement.


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Genlock. A device that synchronizes one video source withanother for mixing and recording.

Genre. A distinctive type or category of literary composi-tion, such as poetry, essay, short story, etc.

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format). A widely used formatfor image files.

Gigabyte. One billion bytes.

Graphing Calculator. A calculator with a larger than aver-age screen that provides a visual representation of plotteddata.

GUI (Graphical User Interface). An alternative to charac-ter-based computer interfaces, such as MS-DOS. TheMacintosh OS and Microsoft Windows are two popular ex-amples of GUI's.

Hardware. Physical equipment components or devices.

Header. The top portion of a word processing page thattypically contains information such as the source or desti-nation, chapter title, length of message, date, time of origi-nation, etc. (see Footer).

Hertz. A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second(cps). One kilohertz equals 1,000 cps; one megahertz equalsone millions cps; one gigahertz equals one billion cps.

Hits (Matches). Terms used to describe the locating of rel-evant information that corresponds to specific searchterms.

Home Page. The first or introductory page that appearswhen accessing a World Wide Web site. The home page of-ten provides the table of contents to a specific website.

Hotlist. A list of frequently accessed, popular, or best WorldWide Web sites on a single topic or subject.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language). The computer lan-guage used to design, or write World Wide Web pages orwebsites.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). The means or com-puter protocol by which people using the World Wide Weband web servers communicate with one another.

Hub. An equipment piece that connects two or more de-vices together in order for them to communicate on a net-work.

Hypermedia. A software program that contains dynamiclinks to other media, such as audio, video, or graphics files.The World Wide Web is made up of hyperlinked web pages.


Hypermedia Program. A software program that providesdynamic links and seamless access to text, graphics, audio,and video images.

Hypertext. A system of writing and displaying text that en-ables the text to be linked at several levels of detail, and tocontain links to related documents or sites. Hypertext iskey words or phrases in a WWW page that are "linked"electronically to other websites or pages on the Internet.

Icon. A symbol that provides a visual representation of anaction or other information. For example, a representationof an arrow on a computer screen or desktop is often usedto denote directional movement (forward or back) in manysoftware programs. Clicking on the arrow with a mousewill take the user in the direction indicated by the arrow.

ILS (Integrated Learning System). A complete software,hardware, and network system used for instruction. In ad-dition to providing the curriculum and lessons organizedby level, an ILS usually includes a number of tools such asassessment components, record keeping, and user informa-tion files that help to identify learner needs, monitorprogress, and maintain student records.

Information. Knowledge communicated or received con-cerning a particular fact or circumstance; facts, data, im-ages, or sounds which may be unorganized or even unre-lated.

Information Literacy. The ability to access, evaluate, anduse information from a variety of sources.

Initialize. A means of preparing a disk to receive informa-tion by organizing its surface into tracts and sectors; sameas formatting a disk. Initializing a disk that already holdsinformation will erase the information.

Installer. A program used to update or install software.

Interface. The way in which a computer communicateswith external devices or with the user (e.g., printer inter-face, human interface, user interface).

Intellectual Property Rights. The concept that the creatorof an idea or expression of an idea in any format retainsownership of that idea or expression.

Interlibrary Loan. A service provided by many librariesand information agencies that enables a user to obtain cop-ies of articles and borrow books and other media materialsfrom other libraries and information centers.

Internet. The huge world-wide network or "network ofnetworks" of government, business, and university com-puters. Currently, there is only one Internet, but due to thehuge (and growing) numbers of sites coupled with slow ac-cess speeds, others are being planned.

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Interoperability. The ability to connect to and exchangedata with other hardware and software systems.

IP (Internet Protocol). A common layer or protocol usedon the Internet to connect dissimilar networks.

Intranet. A private network inside a company or organiza-tion that uses the same kinds of software that you wouldfind on the Internet, but that it is only for internal use.

I/0 (Input/Output). The processes involved in transferringinformation into or out of a central processing unit orcomputer.

ISBN. (International Standard Book Number). A 10-digitunique number assigned to each book published to identifythe publisher, title, edition, and volume.

ISSN (International Standards Serial Number). A distinc-tive number assigned to a serial publication.

ISTE (International Society for Technology in Educa-tion). A major international professional association forcomputer and technology educators, MIS (Management In-formation Systems) professionals, and technology directorsand coordinators.

Journal. A periodical publication that contains scholarlyarticles written by professionals, researchers, and other ex-perts in a particular field.

JPEG (Joint Photographics Experts Group). A commoncomputer file format for images.

K (Kilobyte). 1,024 bytes (see Byte).

Kilohertz. 1,000 hertz.

Keyword. A significant identifying word from the title,subject, or content of a particular document or file.

Keyword Searching. In a search, using significant wordsthat describe a subject under which entries for all docu-ments or publications on the subject are filed in a catalog,bibliographic record, or electronic resource.

kHz (Kilohertz). Unit of measurement of frequency orcycles per second; equal to 1,000 hertz.

Knowledge. The acquaintance with facts, truths or prin-ciples as the result of a study or investigation; familiaritywith a particular subject or branch of learning; an orga-nized body of information or the comprehension or under-standing consequent on having acquired or organized abody of facts.

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LAN (Local Area Network). A number of computers andother peripheral devices connected to a file server for thepurpose of sharing resources, such as software applications,files, peripherals, and services. A LAN usually refers to anetwork in one room or building.

Laserdisc. A plastic disk or platter that can have text,video, and graphic images encoded in a series of micro-scopic pits engraved in the disk; also known as a videodisc.Laserdiscs are read by special players which transmit a laserbeam onto the disks.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). A popular presentationtechnology in flat panel display systems used in conjunc-tioti with overhead projectors (LCD projection panels); alsoused in laptop computer screens and in video/data projec-tors.

LEA (Local Educational Agency). The official designationor title of a local school district in Wisconsin.

Limiters. Words or terms that limit or "narrow" a search ofan electronic or on-line database or service.

Link. A connection from one place or medium to another.For example, button or underlined print that when clickedon takes you to another website or page on the Internet.

Listserv. A powerful software program for combining andautomating mailing lists and discussion groups on a com-puter network or the Internet. A form of one-to-many com-munication using e-mail.

Log In or Log On. The process of establishing a connec-tion over a network or modem with a remote computer sothat the user's computer may exchange information.

Log Off. The process of terminating a connection to ancomputer or network.

Logo. A name, symbol, or trademark of a company orpublication borne on one printing plate or piece of type._Today, a logo would be created and printed with a com-puter and graphics or desktop publishing software.

Macro. A program within a program that allows complexfunctions to take place with a single keystroke or simplecombination of keystrokes.

Magazine. A periodic publication which contains articles,news, advertisements, etc.

Manual of Style. A guide prescribing rules for writing pa-pers and reports including the elements and sequence to beused for citations and bibliographies. Recent manuals ofstyle include information on citations for Internet and elec-tronic resources.


MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging). A standard devel-oped by the Library of Congress and others to define the el-ements (fields) within a bibliographic record.

Master. The original video or audio recording, as opposedto a dub or copy.

MB (Megabit or Megabyte). 1,000,000 bytes (see Byte).

Media. Formats (e.g., CD-ROM, newspapers, laserdiscs,magazines, films, the Internet) of communication that canbe grouped as print, nonprint, or electronic.

Media Literacy. The ability to conduct a critical analysis ofimages and the sounds, special effects, and text that accom-pany them. Media literacy also aims to provide studentswith the ability to create media and multimedia productsfor specific purposes and audiences.

Media Retrieval Network. An audio and video network forsending and receiving analog audiovisual resources to a re-mote site, normally a classroom or large group instructionarea.

Megabyte. 1 million bytes.

Microfiche. A flat sheet of plastic containing microimageinformation on a particular subject and requires a micro-fiche reader or printer for accessing its content.

Microforms. Any materials, film or paper, printed or pho-tographic, containing microimages which are units of in-formation; such as, a page of text or graphics, too small tobe read without magnification.

Microwave. High frequency radio waves used for audio,video, and data transmissions; requires clear line of sightbetween the transmitter and the receiver.

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). A standardfor communicating information between synthesizers, se-quencers, percussion machines, computers, and other elec-tronic musical equipment.

MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second). A measure ofcomputer performance.

Modem (Modulator/Demodulator). An electronic devicethat attaches to a computer and enables it to transmit andreceive data from another computer over a telephone lineby converting the digital data into sound.

Monitor. A device that is connected to a computer andused to display text and graphics. Monitors are similar totelevision sets, but use a digital signal rather than an ana-log signal like television receivers.


Mouse. A pointing and input device that allows the user tocontrol the movement of the cursor to any area of themonitor screen.

MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group). A digital videofile format commonly used on the World Wide Web.

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). The operat-ing system designed for the original IBM and IBM-compat-ible personal computers.

Multimedia. A general term that usually refers to non-print media that uses a combination of sound, video, ani-mation, pictures, and text.

Multiplexer or MUX. A device that combines two or moresignals into a single composite data stream for transmissionon a single channel.

Multitasking. The ability to run more than one program ata time on a computer.

Navigate. To move around on the World Wide Web by fol-lowing hypertext paths from document to document ondifferent computers linked to the WWW and Internet.

Netiquette. The rules of conduct for on-line or Internet us-ers.

Network. Two or more computers that are interconnectedin some fashion so that users can share files and devices(e.g., printers, servers, storage devices).

Newsgroups. A part of the Internet that allows users to"post" and "reply to" messages from .other users.Newsgroups are the basic unit of organization on theUSENET bulletin board of the Internet. Newsgroups are in-dependent discussions on a specific topic.

Node. A termination point for two or more communica-tions links. In local area networks it also refers to a com-puter or single PC on a network.

Noise. In audio, electrical interference or unwanted sound.In video, this interference appears as "snow" on a televi-sion set or monitor.

Nonprint Media. Audio and video formats of communica-tion (e.g., films, video tapes, audio cassettes). The threetypes of media formats are print, nonprint. and electronic.

OCLC (On-line Computer Library Center). Located inDublin, Ohio, and is an international bibliographic utilityused by libraries for cataloging, interlibrary loan, acquisi-tions, and other related services. Over 10,000 libraries in 40countries are members of OCLC.

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On-line. The state a computer is in when it is connected toanother computer or server via a network; a computer com-municating with another computer.

On-line Catalog. A computerized listing that enables usersto access the record of holdings of a particular library, li-brary network, or information agency or service.

OPAC (On-line Public Access Catalog). An on-line infor-mation retrieval system that helps users access the holdingsof a library or other information agency.

Open. A command that makes a file available so that a usercan modify its contents, display it on screen, or send itscontents to a printer or other network device for output.

Operating System. The program that organizes and man-ages the internal activities and functions of a computer andperipheral devices.

OS (Operating System). The operating system or systemmanagement program of a computer (see Operating Sys-tem).

Packet. A unit of data that is transmitted at the networklayer. It is also commonly used to denote an envelope ofdata bundled with addressing information for transmissionover a network.

Password. A secret combination of letters and other sym-bols needed to log in to a computer system.

Patent. An official document issued by a governmentgranting an inventor (individual or organization) the rightto make, produce, and manufacture an invented materialfor a given number of years.

PC (Personal Computer). Before the arrival of the IBM-PC,most PCs were called microcomputers. After the arrival ofthe IBM-PC, the term PC came to be applied to all personalcomputers, even those not produced by IBM.

Performance Standard. Tells how students will show thatthey are meeting a content standard.

Peripheral Device. A device outside the user's computer(e.g., modem, disk drive, printer) that is connected to andunder the computer's control.

Pixel. A single dot or point of an image on a computerscreen. Pixel is a contraction of the words "picture ele-ment."

PK-12. Elementary, middle, and secondary schools rangingin grades from pre-kindergarten to grade 12.

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Port. An interface on a computer, terminal, network, orother electronic device for the transferring of data; also apoint of access into a communications switch.

Primary Source. First-hand information or information inoriginal or first-published format.

Proficiency Standard. Indicates how well students mustperform on a content standard.

Program. A set of instructions describing operations for acomputer to perform to accomplish a task. Computer pro-grams are commonly referred to as software (see Software).

Projection System. A large screen system to show video,television, or computer images.

Proprietary. Belonging to a single corporation or agency.In the context of technology, proprietary usually refers to aset of protocols used by only one or a limited number ofcompanies, as opposed to standards that are shared by alarge part of a particular industry.

Protocol. A standard set of procedures that regulates howcomputers communicate and exchange information.

Pull-Down Menu. A menu (commonly found in the menubar) whose name and/or icon is shown. Essentially, a userpulls down the menu by pointing at, pressing down themouse button, and dragging the mouse until he/shereaches the option to be selected and then releasing themouse button.

Pull Technology. In reference to the Internet or other on-line services, pull technology is where users, utilizing soft-ware such as a web browser, are required to locate and "pulldown" the information for themselves.

Push Technology. In reference to the Internet or other on-line services, push technology is like e-mail. When you logon to a computer there will likely be e-mail waiting foryou. Push technology uses sophisticated software and"agents" that will operate in the background, search andretrieve information needed by the user, and place that in-formation in a mailbox or directory on the user's computer.Also known as broadcasting.

QuickTime. An integrated, cross-platform architecture formultimedia production and playback developed by AppleComputer, Inc.

RAM (Random Access Memory). The memory the com-puter uses to temporarily store information that the micro-processor needs to operate a computer program. Theamount of RAM determines the number of programs thatcan be open on a computer simultaneously.


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Real Time. Communication where information is receivedat (or nearly at) the instant it is being sent.

Receive Site. A location that can receive transmissionsfrom another site for distance learning.

Repeater. A device that boosts an electrical signal thus in-creasing the transmission distance possible.

Research. Careful study, investigation, and experimenta-tion aimed at discovering or interpreting facts to createnew knowledge or understandings on the part of the re-searcher.

Resolution. The clarity or graininess of a video or com-puter image as measured by lines (of resolution) or pixels;the smallest resolvable detail in an image.

ROM (Read-Only Memory). ROM stores special instruc-tions that the computer needs in order to operate properly.As the name implies, information stored in ROM is neverchanged, only read as needed by the computer.

Router. A hardware module and component of a networkwhich receives transmissions and forwards them to theirintended destinations by the shortest route possible.

Save. Storing information by transferring it from mainmemory (RAM) to a disk or other storage medium or de-vice.

Satellite Dish. A dish-like device for sending and/or receiv-ing signals from a satellite.

Scan Rate. The speed with which the electron beam scansthe picture tube.

Scanner. A device that converts a printed page or imageinto an electronic representation that can be viewed andmanipulated on a computer. Scanners are often used toconvert photographs into electronic representations so thatthey can be included in documents created on a computer.

Scroll. Using scroll arrows, scroll bars, or scroll boxes al-lows a computer user to move vertically or horizontallywithin a window thereby enabling the user to view more ofa document or directory.

SEA (State Education Agency). The agency primarily re-sponsible for the state supervision of public elementaryand secondary education. In Wisconsin, this is the Depart-ment of Public Instruction.

Search Engine. An Internet site and software program thatallows for keyword searching of on-line information.


Search Strategy. The organized plan by which an on-lineuser conducts a search of an electronic information re-source. It usually involves the use of Boolean operators toincrease search precision.

Secondary Source. Information contained in, or takenfrom, general or compiled published sources.

Serial. A publication that is issued in successive pieces andintended by its publishers to continue indefinitely.

Server. A central computer with special software that pro-vides services to other computers on a network (see fileserver).

Service Provider. An organization that provides networkaccess to users via modem or some sort of high capacitynetwork connected via coaxial or fiber optic cable.

Session. A period during which a connection exists be-tween two points in a network so that commands or datamay be exchanged.

Shareware. A category of software usually available overthe Internet or other on-line services that is shared by pub-lishers with the general public. Shareware is not free. Pub-lishers ask that if you like the product and plan to use it,you send the author the required fee. The collection ofshareware fees is based largely on the honor system.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio. A measurement of noise introducedin an audio component expressed as the difference in deci-bels between the desired signal and the unwanted noise.

Simulation. A software program that imitates reality, in-volves a realistic setting, and presents students with a prob-lem or series of problems and choices. The program pre-sents students with opportunities for inquiries, actions anddecisions, and shows them how their actions and decisionschange the way the simulation evolves. The best simula-tions allow students to control events that are realistic,making decisions with consequences that teach them ac-tual, probable outcomes they may encounter in real life.

Software. A set of instructions, procedures, and relateddocumentation on a disk, file, or CD-ROM which when in-put into a computer cause it to perform certain actions orfunctions.

Still Frame. A single frame of video information; some-times called a freeze frame.

Storage Device. An equipment item, like a hard disk drive,in which digital information (voice, video and data) can berecorded and stored for future use.

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Storage Medium. A media item, like a diskette, CD-ROM,or laserdisc, on which digital information (voice, video,and data) can be recorded and stored for future use.

Switch. A hardware device that routes packets of informa-tion across a network.

Synthesize. To combine the parts or elements so as to forma coherent whole; to combine so as to form a new, complexproduct.

Synthesizer. An electronic device for creating musicalsounds and sound effects.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/InternetProtocol). A protocol for the transmission of electronicdata from one computer to another. TCP/IP is currently thede facto transmission protocol for the Internet.

Technology. The application of knowledge, tools, andskills to solve practical problems and extend human capa-bilities. Technology is best described as a process, but it ismore commonly known by its products and their effects onsociety.

Technology Literacy. The ability to use, manage, and un-derstand technology.

Telecommunications. The exchange of voice, video, ordata through digital or analog electromagnetic or elec-tronic signals (e.g., radio, telephone, television, facsimile,computer/modem).

Teleconference. Communication via audio, video, or com-puter between two or more groups in separate locations.

Thesis Statement. A position or proposition which is ad-vanced and is to be supported by information and evi-dence.

Throughput. The rate at which data may be transferredfrom one computer to another via some sort of electronicmedium. Usually measured in bits per second, kilobytes persecond, or megabytes per second.

Topology. The physical layout of a network. It refers to theway in which transmission technologies are interconnectedto form a complete system.

Track. The location or path of a recorded signal on a tapeor disk.

Trademark. A name, symbol, word, figure, letter, or markadopted and used by a manufacturer, business firm, oragency in order to designate the products the firm manu-factures or sells and to distinguish them from other prod-

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ucts. Any trademark is entitled to be registered under theprovisions of a government statute so that it can only beused by the firm who registered it.

Transponder. The equipment on a satellite that receivesthe signal, amplifies it, and then retransmits it to receivingstations on the earth.

Trees. A visual method of linking information that followsa tree-like pattern with major concepts as trunk, limbs,branches, and leaves as extensions or sub-units of mainconcepts.

Tutorial. Software that attempts to present new conceptsand information to students and then helps them to un-derstand the concepts and develop skill in using them. Theprogram provides periodic checks on a student's progressand will then "branch" them to the appropriate next stepin the learning process. Sometimes, this means a studentwill advance to a higher level, or be sent back in the pro-gram to review concepts or skills that should have beenpreviously learned.

Uplink. The portion of a satellite circuit or a satellite dishwhich transmits signals from a ground station to the satel-lite.

Upload. To send a file to another computer or server.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator). The address andmethod used to locate a specific resource or single docu-ment on the World Wide Web or Internet.

User ID. A unique number or name or both that is associ-ated with a user name on a server system.

User Interface. The system of computer screen images, de-vices, and software components that allow the user to in-teract with and control the computer's operating system.Graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user to interactwith the OS by manipulating icons or visual menus via amouse. Command-line interfaces allow user to interactwith the OS by entering commands from the keyboard.

VCR. Abbreviation for videocassette recorder, a device usedto record and play video programs.

Version. In reference to computer software programs, anumber that states a program's chronological position rela-tive to old and new releases of the program.

Video Adapter. A board or card that plugs into a slot con-nected to the computer's main circuit board and allows thecomputer to display text and graphics on a monitor.


000000000000000000000000000000600Video Conferencing. Using video and audio signals to linkparticipants at different and remote locations for a specificpurpose.

Virtual Memory. A function that allows a computer to usea specified amount of hard disk space as if it were RAM.

Virtual Reality. Highly realistic computer simulations thatuse 3-dimensional displays to create the impression of be-

ing inside a place.

Virus. A destructive type of computer program that at-tempts to disrupt the normal operation of a computer, re-write, or delete information from storage devices, and insome cases, cause physical damage to the computer.

Virus Detection Program. A software program to detect,diagnose, and destroy computer viruses.

Visual Literacy. The ability to recognize and understandideas conveyed through visible actions or images.

WAN (Wide Area Network). A network of LANs (local areanetworks) linked by backbone cabling for the purpose ofelectronically connecting several sites or buildings.

WASL (Wisconsin Association of School Librarians). Adivision for school librarians in the Wisconsin Library As-sociation (see WLA).

WAV. A common sound file format often used in conjunc-tion with the World Wide Web.

Web Page. A single on-line document or screen containinginformation that can be accessed over the World Wide Web(WWW).

Webbing. A visual method of linking ideas to one anotherin a web-like pattern.

Website. An entire location or site of a business, agency, or-ganization, or individual on the World Wide Web. Awebsite may consist of several web pages.


WECB (Wisconsin Educational CommunicationsBoard). A state agency that plans, develops, constructs,and operates statewide public radio, public television, andeducational communication systems.

WEMA (Wisconsin Educational Media Association). Thelargest K-12 library media and educational technology as-sociation in Wisconsin.

Window. A computer monitor's screen or portion of thescreen that displays information on the desktop. Windowsenable the user to view the contents of disks as well as tocreate and view documents. Most windows include scrollbars that allow the user to move up and down and right orleft in a document and buttons that allow you to close thewindow or make the window smaller or larger.

Windows. A graphical user interface (operating system) forIBM and IBM-compatible personal computers. Windows isa product of Microsoft Corporation.

WISTE (Wisconsin Society for Technology inEducation). A professional association in Wisconsin forcomputer and technology educators and coordinators.

WLA (Wisconsin Library Association). The largest libraryassociation in Wisconsin with members from academic,public, school, and special libraries.

Workstation. A device, often a personal computer, thatserves as an interface between a user and a file server or

host computer.

World Wide Web. A web-like interconnection of millionsof pieces of information and documents located on com-puters around the world. Web documents use a hypertextlanguage which incorporates text, sound, and graphicalimages and "links" to other documents and files on Inter-net-connected computers. The WWW allows for "point-and-click" navigation of the Internet.

WPM (Words Per Minute). Refers to the number of wordsa student can type or keyboard in one minute.

4 0

American Association of School Librarians and the Associa-tion for Educational Communications and Technology.AASL/AECT National Guidelines Vision Committee. In-formation Literacy Standards for Student Learning Draft #5.Chicago, IL: AASL; Washington, DC: AECT, 1996.

Bellingham Public Schools. Elementary Student TechnologyOutcomes. (On-line) Available http://www.bham.wednet.edu/elmankat.htm, December,1997.

Bellingham Public Schools. Middle School Student TechnologyOutcomes. (On-line) Available http://www.bham.wednet.edu/msmankat.htm, December,1997.

Bellingham Public Schools. High School Student TechnologyOutcomes. (On-line) Available http://www.bham.wednet.edu/hsmankat.htm, December,1997.

Donohoe, Alycia, et. al. Making Sense of Technology Terminol-ogy for Adult Literacy: A Glossary and Annotated Bibliogra-phy. Philadelphia, PA: National Center on Adult Lit-eracy. University of Pennsylvania, 1995.

Eisenberg, Michael B. and Doug Johnson. "Computer Skillsfor Information Problem-Solving: Learning and Teach-ing Technology in Context." ERIC Digest EDO-IR-94-1(May 1994). n.p.

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Fulton, Kathleen. Learning in a Digital Age: Insights into theIssues (The Skills Students Need for Technological Fluency).Santa Monica, CA: Milken Exchange on Education Tech-nology. Milken Family Foundation, 1997.

Governor's Council on Model Academic Standards.Wisconsin's Model Academic Standards. Madison, WI:WDPI, 1998.

International Technology Education Association. Technol-ogy for All Americans: A Rationale and Structure for theStudy of Education. Reston, VA: ITEA, 1996.

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"27)b

WISCONSIN'S MODEL ACADEMIC STANDARDS

4 2

Notes

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