Tue 4OOlUnaavARrABLE

PutsE aENERATIR

Operation Manual

1486 Highland Avenue, Unit 2Cheshire, CT 06410(203)27 2-3285 FAX: (203)27 2-4330

WARRANTYGlobal Specialties@ warrants this device to

be free from defective material or workman-ship for a period of one full year from the dateof original purchase.

- Global Specialties@ under this warranty islimited to repairing the defective device whenreturned to the factory, shipping charges pre-paid, within one year from date of originalpurchase.

Units returned to Global Specialties@ thathave been subject to abuse, misuse, damage oraccident, or have been connected, installed oradjusted contrary to the instructions furnishedby Global Specialties@, or that have been re-paired by unauthorized persons will not becovered bv this warrantv.

Global Specialties@ reserves the right to dis-continue models, change specifications, priceor design of this device at any time withoutnotice and without incurring any obligationwhatsoever.

The purchaser agrees to assume all liabilities for any damages and / or bodily inj ury whichmayresultfromthe use ormisuse of this deviceby the purchaser, his employees, or agents.

This warranty is in lieu of ali representa-tions or warranties expressed or implied andno agent or representative of Global Special-ties@ is authorized to assume any other oUtiga-tioninconnectionwiththe sale and purchase ofthis device.

FACTORY SERVICE AND

Global Specialties@ will service and repair this instrument free of charge for a period of one fullyear, subject to the warranty conditions above.

To obtain a return merchandise authorization (RMA) required for all returns, phone ourCustomer Service Department for an RMA and all shipping instructions:

Tel. 1-800-572-1.028 or write:

GLOBAL SPECIALTIES1486 Highland Avenue, Unit 2Cheshire, CT 06410(203)272-3285 FAX: (203)272-4330

ATTN: CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT

BREADBOARDING SOCKETS LIFETIME GUARANTEE

All Global Specialties@ breadboarding sockets are guaranteed for life. If a socket ever fails tomeet your requirements, return it and we will replace it,

NO QUESTIONS ASKED.

Specifications subject to change without notice.

@ and TM trademarks are the property of INTERPLEX ELECTRONICS, INC., New Haven, CT.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIFICATIONS.. . .PAGE 2INTRODUCTION... . . .PAGE 4DESCRIPTION.. . . . . . . .PAGE 4LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF OPERATING CONTROLS... . . . . . . . . .PAGE 5CHECKING OUT THE 4OO1 .. . . .PAGE 9APPLICATIONS.. . . . . . .PAGE 14CIRCUIT DESCRI PTION.. . . . . .REcALIBRATIoN PRocEDURE AND ;usE nepLACEMENi............ B1BE ??CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC. . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 27SERV|CE AND WARRANTY tNFORMAT|ON.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pne e ze

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE 1. Location of Operat ing Contro1s.. . . . . . . . . . . . PAGE 5FIGURE 2. Run lMode and com[lemented waveforms... . . . . . . . . . . . pAGE 5l99l ! q Tr ig Mode Waveforms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 6FIGURE 4. Gate Mode Waveforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .PAGE 6FIGURE 5. One-Shot Mode Waveforms... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 6FIGURE 6. Run Mode and Squared Waveforms.. . .PAGE 7FIGURE Z. Checkout Conf igurat ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 9FIGURE 8. Waveforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE 10FIGURE 9. Checking Trigger and Gate Modes... . . .PAGE 14FIGURE 10. Miss ing pu lse Detector Appt icat ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pAGE 15II9yl_E 11 Ampti f ier Frequency Response Test.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pAGE 17FIGURE 12. Transmission Line Test. . . . . .PAGE 1gFIGURE 13. Scope Waveform Patterns-Transmission Line Testing.......pAGE 20FIGURE 14. Case Disassembly and Assembty . . . . . . .PAGE 25FIGURE 1s. Ci rcu i t Schemat ic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . .pAGE 27

LIST OF TABLES

IlPf_E 1. Typical square-wave patterns and Interpretation...................pAGE 16TABLE 2. Power/Output Retat ionships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .pAGE 17

Frequency Range:

Pulse Width andSpacing Controls:

Duty Cycle:

Accuracy:(Pulse Width and Spacing)

(Amplitude)

Jitter:

Operating Modes(pushbu tton selectable)

Run:

Trig:

Gate:

One Shot:

Square Wave:

4OO1 SPECIFICATIONS

0.5 Hz to 5 MHz

1O0nsec.-1sec in 7 overlapping ranges.Independent variable width and spaiingcontrols. Two concentric, single-turn verniersprovide continuous adjustment betweenranges.

107-to-1 range, cont. adjustable

+5% typical,tlso/o @ maxvernier setting.+5o/o of control setting.

Less than 0.1%+S0psec.

0.5 Hz to 5 MHz, frequency settablethrough pulse width/spacing controls.

DC to approximately 10 MHz fromexternal source.

Generator starts synchronously withleading edge of gate signal-"One Shot"pushbutton can manually activate gate in thismode.

Enables manual"One Shot" pushbutton.

Square wave may be obtained at theoutputs by depressing "Square Wave"pushbutton.

Complement:

Trig/Gate Input:

Output:Var Out

TTL Out:

Sync Out:

Power:

Operating Tem perature:

Size (WxHxD):

Weight:

Q{guts may be inverted by depressing the"COMPL" pushbutton, without losing synctime reference.

NOTE: pulse spacing controls not activeduring "Trigger" and "One-Shot" modes.

TTL compatible input, DC coupled logic input:pulses>2.4V peak>4Onsec wide. Sine waveinput:>1.7V RMS<1OMHz. Input impedance:400Q max. input: r10V.

Amplitude, 0.S-10V, adjustable via single turnvernier; rise/fall time 3Onsec; impedande,50CI

Fan out,40 TTL loads; sink, 64mA at O.gVmaximum; rise/fall time: less than 2Onsec.

Amplitude 2.4V minimum; fan out, 1O TTLloads; sink, 16mA at O.8V maximum; riseifalltime, less than 2Onsec; sync pulse lead time,greater than 2Onsec.

105-125VAC, 50/60 Hz220-240VAC, 50i60 Hz (Optionat)

0 " C t o 5 0 " C(calibrated at 25" C t55" C).32" F to 122" F

'(calibrate d al 72" F*9" F).

10" x 3" x7" (254 x 76 x 178mm).

2.2tbs. (1 kg)

INTRODUCTION

The Global Specialties 4001 Ultravariable Pulse Generator is a reliable low cost pulseGenerator. lts uncomplicated rugged.design and high quality components ensure longand dependable service. The 4oo1 offers these feaiures:

Separate TTL OutputA Variable Output from O.5V to 10V5Q Output lmpedancePulse Width Range from lOOnsec to lsec

DESCRIPTION:

The Model 4001, primarily designed as a pulse or clock source, is compatible with lCand discrete component circuits. lt also finds application as a syste. sieppet (One-Shot Mode), gated oscillator (Gate Mode), or prir" stretcher (Tiigger Mode). With aminimum of adjustments, the 4oo1 can also serve as a missirig illse detector or afrequency discriminator. The output can be complemented or converted to a squarewave with a push of the button.

The Model 4001 offers two Simultaneous Independent Outputs (TTL and Variable)with rise and fall times less than 30nsec; 2Onsec TTL compatible leading-edge Syncpulse output' There are independent pulse width and pulse spacing controls (bothselectable form lOonsec to lsec) eliminating incompaiible frequenJy ano pulse widthsettings. Also on the panel are four pushbutton selectable operatind mooe switchesmarked (Run, Trigger, Gate and One-Shot).

LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF

Refer to Figure 1 for the location of all operatingreferred to throughout the text.

NOTEAll pushbutton switches are push-to-activate switches.

1 2 3 4 5

' 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 8

FIGURE 1. Location of Operating Controls

POWER Switch and LED Indicator: (1)MODE Switch (2)

NOTEThe four Mode Switches(2) are mechanically interlocked allowing only one switch tobe activated at a time. They are designated RUN, TRIG ano ofr-sHor.

RUN:In the Run mode, the 4OO1 is self-oscillating. All external inputs are disconnected, andall timing controls are functional. (See figure Z)

aOpr3^. 20 nsec1 l* { z.a V Min.

SyncOut n n n n :n nI Run

TTL or t-t t-l f-l f-l l-l l-l ModeVar Out

TTL or Complemented

Var our --l

l-'l f-] l-] f-l l-l l-

FIGURE 2. Run Mode and Complemented

OPERATING CONTROLS

controls. These numbers will be

* r r r o r x l - E ' | . - - . - - ' , 5 , 1 . f . - , 1 9 , /

;Ai.f f i : /n[( | l]-- aoor eulse GENERAToer ,\-/..\ lZ o^rt [ . rc * tY* ar rr ! out va. ovr

TRIG:In the Trig mode, the 4001 outputs produce a synchronous positive going output pulsefor each positive input trigger. The output pulse width is adjusted byihe pulse Widthand Width Vernier controls. The output puise is initiated by the posltiu"-.dge of theinput trigger. When the mode switch.is in the Trigger mode, the pulse Spacing andSpacing Vernier are inact ive. (See Figure B)

ve' i "v-Y' rrrv ' v 'vv

Trig

TTL orVar Oul

f ,,,nI tvtode

FIGURE 3. Trig Mode Waveforms.

GATE:In the Gate mode, the 4991 outputs produce trains of pulses for the duration of theapplied gallng signal. The leading edge of the gating signal starts the output pulse!ai1 The first pulse in the train ii synchronized'witti teioing edge of the gating signat.Both the Pulse Spacing and Pulse wiotn controls the program pulse train parameters.lf the gating pulse ends while an output is present, the lait pulse will becomplemented. (See Figure 4).

I 2.4 V Min

lcate.Irloi l;il'"Var Oul With Lead Edge )

of Gate Signai

FIGURE 4. Gate Mode Waveforms.

ONE-SHOT:In the One-Shot mode, the mode switch is latched and the One-Shot pushbutton(-s)'when pressed,. initiates an'output pulse. Pulse parameters are set by the pulseWidth (11) and Width Vernier controls.,Pulse Spacing and Spacing Vernier controlsare not active. (See Figure 5)

Pushbuttonone Shot ---r,/ oepressed

lone-snot.IrlolVar out

-l

Figure 5. One-Shot Waveforms.

6

l0 V Max

SQUARE WAVE: (3)when this button is depressed the output is converted to a square wave. The outputnow changes state with every positive edge of the original "piogrammed" waveform.This divides the frequency of the signal Oy two. All inputs and controls are stillfunctional. (See Figure 6)-

TTL orRunModeVar out i-t_i-i_ro*r"o

FIGURE 6. Run Mode and Squared Waveforms

COMPLEMENT: (a)When this button is depressed the TTL and Variable outputs are automaticallycomplemented. All inputs and controls are stil l functionat. 1net. Figure 2)

ONE-SHOT MODE SWTTCH: (5)See MODE switches (2) for details.

AMPLITUDE CONTROL: (6)The AMPLITUDE control adjusts the amplitude of the vottage at the VAR OUT BNCconnector from 0.5 Volts to 10 Volts.

VAR OUT: (7)The VAR OUT BNc connector provides a convenient means for interconnecting thegenerator output to its destination. The VAR OUT signal has a rise and fall time of3Onsec and output impedance of 50 ohms.

TTL OUT: (8)The TTL Output BNC connector is fed by four TTL gates in parallel, providing a TTLfanout of 40. Rise and fall times are less than 20ns6c. Both'TTL and'vAR ouT pulsesare derived from the same internal source and are svnchronous.

SYNC OUT: (9)The SYNC OUT BNC connector produces an output pulse 2onsec wide and 2onsec inadvance of the main output pulses. The Sync pulse amplitude is a minim um ol 2.4Volts and can drive 10 TTL loads.

GATE\TRIG INPUT: (10)The GATE\TRIG input terminals are DC coupled to the 4001 internal circuitry. Theinput signal can be a sine wave greater than 1.7V RMS or a positive pulse greaterthan 2.4V

NOTE Amplitude must not exceed tlOV.

WIDTH VERNTER: (11)The WIDTH VERNIER is used for continuous adjustment of pulse width between thelimits 9f. the range set on the PULSE wIDTH sWtrcH. A stight overtap at both endsof the Vernier range insures continuous adjustment over the entire seven decades ofpulse width adjustment.

PULSE WIDTH SWTTCH: (12)The PULSE WIDTH switch is used to select output pulse widths from 1oonsec to lsecin.seven ranges' When used in conjunction with the Width Vernier, continuousadjustment over the instrument range is achieved.

SPACING VERNTER: (13)The SPACE VERNIER is used for continuous adjustment of pulse spacing betweenthe limits of the range set on the pulse spacing sr,vitch. n stight ou"ri"p at both ends ofthe vernier range insures continuous adjustment ouer the entire seven decades ofpulse spacing adjustment.

PULSE SPACING SWTTCH: (1a)The PULSE WIDTH switch is used to select output pulse spacing from 1ggnsec tolsec in seven ranges. when used in conjunction wiin the SpACI-ruG vrnrutrn,continuous adjustment over the entire instrument range is achieved.

FLIP-UP LEG rM : (15)Easily raised or folded. Elevates the front of the generator 1 i/2 inches.

FUSE HOLDER: (REAR PANEL)The fuse post is mounted to the rear panel. (see Figure 14).

CHECKING OUT THE 4OO1

To check out the Model 4001 Pulse Generator the following equipment is required.(See Figure 7).

1. A dual-trace oscilloscope, 100MHz bandwidth minimum. (Hewlett packard Model1740 or equivalent)

2. A TTl-level frequency source. (Global Specialties Model 2001 or equivalent)

3' Three BNC-to BNC cables (Global Specialties Model PSA-2 or equivalent)

4. A 50 ohm terminator.

ProcedurePlug the 4001 into a power source of the proper voltage and frequency. (105 to11SVAC, 60Hz or 210 to 230VAC, 50 to 6OHz) Press in the pOWrn ON switch.LED adjacent to the switch will i l luminate.

FIGURE 7. Checkout Configuration.

Step A:Set the controls on the4001 as follows:

CONTROLPower SWPulse Width SWPulse Spacing SWWidth VernierSpacing VernierRun Mode SWSquare Wave SWCompl SWAmplitude Cntrl

The

POSITIONON100ns100nsXl (fully clockwise)X1 (fully clockwise)I NNormal Out PositionNormal Out Position10V (fully clockwise)

o @o

oo oo ooB'3o

Y Fauln nl o S o

Step B:Connect one BNC-Io-BNC cable from the 4001 TTL OUT BNC to the oscilloscopechannel "A" input.

connect the second BNC-Io-BNC cabte from the 4001 syNc ourBNC to the oscilloscope channel "B', input.

Step C:Set the oscilloscope in the ALT mode to trigger on the rising edges of the ,,61,, input,with a sweep speed of 50ns per division or faster.

observe that the""syNc purse rise and fat times are ress than 2ons.

Pulse width is approximately 2Ons.Amplitude is 2.4V minimum.Rising edge of the syNc pulse leads the rising edge of the TTLpulse by approximately 20ns.

Step D:Press in the COMP switch on the 4001.

observe that the"" Rising. edge of the syNc pulse leads the falling edge of the TTLpulse by approximately 20ns. (See Figure g).

Width - 1 gsec

_:l-l*_i ( nl<- sPbcine r sec -->f

-:l l.<- width l sec ---->l

Spacing1 zsec

FIGURE 8. Waveforms.

1 0

Step E:Return the COMP switch to it,s normal position.

Observe that the.....Rise and fall times of the TTL output are less than 20ns.

NOTE:some overshoot or ringing may have been observed on the TTL signal. This is aresult of the undampened transmission line effects of the BNC cabl6 and is notinherent to the waveform. The same form of distortion may also be in evidence duringthe following steps where the VAR OUT signal is used. These reflections will cease toexist once proper impedance matching is obtained.

Step F:Disconnect the BNC cable from the TTL our and connect to VAR our.Rotate the AMPLITUDE pot from its fully clockwise position to its fuliycounterclockwise position.

Observe that the.....waveform amplitude decreases from its initial 1oV value to a o.5Vlevel.

Step G:Set output amplitude to 5V.Connect the 50fJ terminator at the oscilloscope "A" channel input in-line with the BNCcable.

NOTEMany oscilloscopes have a 5OO terminator that may be used in place of the externalterminator.

Observe that the....output amplitude is now 2.5V and that ringing previously presentdue to impedance mismatching no longer lpfears.

NOTEVAR OUT rise and fall times are less than 30ns.

observe that the"" urse width and purse spacing are each 100ns xso/o.

1t_

Step H:Rotate the WIDTH VERNIER to its uX10" position. Note that the pulse width is nowlpsec *15o/o and that the pulse spacing is unchanged.

Press in the coMp switch and note the waveform inversion.

Press in the SQUARE WAVE switch. Note that the resulting waveform has a pulsewidth of. 1.1psec and a pulse spacing of 1.1psec,(the.r* i f the wIDTH and rf". ingsettings) for a total of 2.2p"s.

Return the SQUARE WAVE and COMP switches to their normat (OUT) positions.

STEP I:Rotate the SPACING VERNIER to its "X10" position. Note that the pulse spacing isnow lusec t15%.

Change PULSE SPACING and pULSE WTDTH to 1ps.

Observe.. . .A pulse width and pulse spacing of lOpsec +11o/o.

STEP J:Observe....

A pulse width and pulse spacing of 1ps xlo/o.

Change PULSE WTDTH and pULSE SPAC|NG to 1Ops.

Observe....A pulse width and pulse spacing of 10ps r5%.

STEP K:Rotate the WIDTH VERNIER and SPACING VERNIER to . .X10...

Observe....A pulse width and pulse spacing of l0Oprsec t15%.

change the PULSE wtDTH and pULSE spActNG to 1oops.

Observe....A pulse width and pulse spacing of lmsec +1|o/o.

L 2

STEP L:

Observe....A pulse width and pulse spacing of 100ps xilo/o.

change the PULSE wtDTH and pULSE spActNG to 1ms +\-5%.

STEP M:Rotate the WIDTH VERNIER and SPAOING VERNIER to ,'X1O'..

Observe....A pulse width and pulse spacing of lOmsec +15"/o.

change PULSE wrDTH and pULSE spAcrNG to 10ms.

Observe.. . .A pulse width and pulse spacing of 100mse c x15o/o.

STEP N:Rotate the WIDTH VERNIER and SPAOING VERNIER to , ,X1,,.

Observe....A pulse width and pulse spacing of lOms +So/o.

change the PULSE wtDTH and pULSE spActNG to 100ms.

Observe.. . .A pulse width and a pulse spacing of 100ms xlyo.

STEP O:Rotate the WIDTH VERNIER and SPAOING VERNIER to ,,X10,'.

Observe....A pulse width and pulse spacing of lsec xl}o/o.

change the PULSE wrDTH and pULSE spAcrNG to 1ms.

Press in the ONE-SHOT mode switch.

Momentarily push in the white oNE-sHor pushbutton.

Observe....One single 1Oms pulse is generated for each actuation of the pushbutton.

1_3

STEP P:Press in the TRIG mode switch.

connect a TTL-level, l\z signal from a TTL-level frequency source to the GATE\TRIGlN connector on the 4001 pulse generator using a BNC cabte.

Observe..A 10ms pulse occurring at the 2Hz rate.

STEP Q:Press in the GATE Mode switch.

Observe....Pulse bursts occurring at a 2Hz rale.

STEP R:Turn off the power and disconnect all cables. This concludes the 4oO1 pulse generatorcheckout.

Gate/Trigger Pulse Source

i-.- L- (a) t")

4001 Under Test

Figure g. Checking Trigger and Gate Modes.

APPLICATIONS

The 4001 Pulse Generator with its many features and ease of operation make it awelcome addition to any lab.

The following is just a sampling of the varied uses of the 4001.

o oo

AlV

o oo o

t ) ( J

s'soE E .

L 4

Missing-Pulse DetectorProgram the 4001 pulse width for 1Opsec. Set the input trigger pulse repetition period(.pnpl to Sprsec. Each time the trigger pulse goes positive,-the ioot i. reset and mustt ime out to i ts ful l 10psec.

The outputs of the 4001 remain in the High State. lf one of the trigger putses is notpresent (missing) the 4001 output will tim-e out to 1Opsec and then return to its lowstate until the next trigger pulse occurs. (see Figure 10).

III_ > 1 l o g s e c

FIGURE 10. Missing pulse Detector Application.

TRACING DIGITAL LOGIC FLOWThe 4001 and a digital logic probe such as the Global Specialties Lp-B make anexcellent troubleshooting system. Just use the 4001 as a signal injector to inject eithera pulse train, a single one-shot, or the complement of eitherl Then trace through thecircuits with the LP-3 and quickly find the defective component.

ANALYZING A MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMBy substituting your 4001 for the microprocessor system clock you can give yourmicroprocessor th_e capability of stepping through iis microprogiam either a step at atime (in the One-Shot mode) or at much- reducdd speed, oy uiing tong timing periodsin the "RUN" mode.

Note, however, that some microprocessors have a minimum clock speed, below whichcorrect operation is not assured. lf in doubt, check the data sheet toi tfremicroprocessor that you are using.

TESTING RADIO CONTROL RECEIVERSProportional radio control is usually implemented by sending a variable mark-spaceratio low frequency modulation on a radio frequency signal.-your 4001 may be used tosimulate the radio transmitter when testing the low-irequency stages of your receiver.The 4001 is also ideal for simulating the joystick input to the transmitter.

----l t /sec f*t'199::Inpu t I4oor I

1 5

AUDIO TESTINGThe 4001 again shows its versatility in testing audio amplifiers. Square waves areused in audio testing to. display a wioe rangjof frequencies simulianeously. Squarewaves consist of a fundamental frequency, and a series of odd harmonics to squareoff the wave shape.

WaveformLF Gain LF Gain l-{F Gain HF Gain Damping

qr- oK OK oK OK oK

a l L O K H O K H^

H O K L O K H

+ ' o K H o K L Hl:l" OK L OK H H

'az' H H L L H

qJ- H L L H H

4 . L H H L H' "u oK oK H OK OK'- 'Ll- OK OK H OK Lt-

O K O K H O K L L

r i r o K o K * o K L

'Sharp Cutoff orPeaked

L = L o wLL = Very LowH = HighOK= Sui table

Proper

TABLE 1. Typical Square wave Patterns and an Interpretation of These Shapes.

For an amplifier to reproduce a square wave it must have a flat frequency responsefrom 0.1F to 10F where "F" is the fundamental frequency of the square wave.

The traditional test frequencies are SOHz for the low frequency test and 1gKHz for thehigh frequency end. (See Table 1)

connect the 4001 to the amplifier under test as shown in Figure 12 and observe theoutput on the scope. Table 2 shows the table of power and voltage relationships for40 and SOspeakers. lt also liststhe output voltage level for lOdB below the maximumoutput of amplifiers with different power ratings. bhoose the rating closest to theamplifier under test. Testing at 1OdB below maximum output ensures that the amplifierwill not be in saturation. This level is approximately 2lS of the full power output.

1 6

o

oo oo o

Amp Under Test

FIGURE 11. Amplifier Frequency Response Test.

TABLE 2. Power/Output Relationships

L 7

Power Ratings (RMS) Output (RMS)

8(l 4J) E2Full

Outputl0 dB BelowMax Output

1 W5 W

1 0 w20w50w

100 w

2 W1 0 w20w40w

100 w200 w

8 V

,40 v80v

160 V

400 v800 v

2 .8V6.3 V

8.9 V

12.6 V

20.0 v28.0 V

2.3 V5.2V7.3 V

10.3 V16.3 V23.1V

TESTING TRANSMISSION LINESlf a transmission line is not terminated at the far end by its characteristic impedance,reflections will occur. This phenomenon can be used to find faults on transmissionlines' Using your 4001 you can find out if the cable under test is open, or shortcircuited, and with some simple calculations, you can find the lengih of tn" cable.

Equipment1-4001 Pulse Generator1-50Q coaxial cable to be tested(=1Om long)1-oscilloscope1-passive probe 10:11-50Q termination1-adaptor banana female-BNC male1-BNC T connector

Banana Female 10:l Passive Probe

FIGURE 12. Transmission Line Test

Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 12.

Set the 4001 to:Amplitude-6.5VPulse width time-SprsecPulse space time-S l-rsecSquare Wave-engaged l(use VAR. output connector)

Set the scope to:Vertical Display- 1 V/cmInput Coupl ing-DCTrig Source-lntTrig Mode-AudioTrig Level-AdjustedSweep Time-2psec/cm

1_8

o oo

oo ao o

With the far end open, the scope should display a signal as shown in Figure 13. Thefinal amplitude is reached in two steps. At the moment the 4001 meets the 50e of thecable itself, the output is at nominal value (midscale dots B on Figure 13) and areflection takes place at the open end. When this reflection feeds back to the pulsegenerator output, it tells the 4001 that the far end is open, and the open circuii voltageof the 4001 appears.

Now-change the Time/Div of the scope to 0.1psec and observe the signal in Figure13. The time between points "A" and "B" is the time it takes for the miising sigriat toreach the open end and return. For example, assume that (as in Figure tsny lnereflection takes 12Onsec. lt is known that ihe velocity of a signat in I coaxial cable isabout 0.7c (c=3x 108 m/sec). lf the cable has the length "L'iit will take 2uo.7c beforethe signal returns as a reflection. Using the time observed on the scope the cablelength is calculated as shown:

2 l,=ffC where "T,, is TIME for Reflection

Solving for "L" we get:

t _ 0 . 7 c T- _ - 2

2= (0. 7) x(3x/08/ ms?c) x( 120 xf2'sec)2

Remember that the accuracy of this result is determined by the Time-Base accuracy.9!fn clrcuiting the end of the cable results in the waveform shown in Figure 138 and13C' After 12Onsec the 4001 "knows" that its output is short circuited and the voltagedrops to zero. The cable load influences this ideal behavior and zero means"almost"zero. The cable load influences this ideal behavior and zero means "almost,,zero, which can be noticed from the offset level with respect to the start.Terminating the far end with 5OO results in the waveform(shown in Figure 1gD).Matching the far end of the cable with a resistor equal to itre characteiistic impedancecompletely eliminates reflections from the far end, iesulting in a perfect square waveat the generator end of the cable.

L 9

2rceclDiv <->

-1

\ AI

A

"u"Y-L L -

FIGURE 13. scope waveform patterns-Transmission Line Testing.

0.1psec/Div <--+

t

ft--B

I

- A0 'olts

FIGURE 13A. scope waveform patterns-Tnansmission Line Testing.

2 0

2rcec/Div €

0 V cIts r t r J\,E J

FIGURE 138. scope waveform patterns-Transmission Line Testing.

0.' l6ec/Div €

0 V rtlts . -:t F -t l

I.;;f.T2nd Re?t

rflecliont l

\- f1r;t Reflectior

t l

FIGURE 13c. scope waveform patterns-Transmission Line Testing.

2 L

2 psec/Div <+

r I0 V (tts J ' t

FIGURE 13D. Scope Waveform Patterns-Transmission Line Testing.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Figure 15 shows the schematic diagram of the 4001 Pulse Generator. The heart of thepulse generator is the integrated circuit A-1 dual monostable multi-vib rator #74123.The two monostable multi-vibrators are cross-coupled from the "e,, output of the firstto the "A" input of the second and vice_versa.

Anti-Latch Circuit OperationThe cross-coupled monostabled multi-vibrator circuits as long as their ,,8,, inputs arehigh' However, since the coupling between the two circuits ii purely Dc it is possiblefor he oscillator to latch-up. The froblem is overcome by a special triggering cir:cuit!9t is gated on if a1 fails to osciilate. Transistors Q3 and e4 form a hook oscillator.R30 and R32 bias the base of Q3 to 1/2Vcc while the emitter of e3 is controiled byR28 and R29. These resistors are connected to the e output of the nt-t ano 41-8.As long as 41 oscillates, one of the Q outputs will be high. The average voltage at theemitter of Q3 will be half the Q high voltage. This holds the emitter of e3 morenegative than its base, and e3 is tut off.

lf the oscillator stops, b-o!h Qs go high. Q3 emitter voltage rises above its base voltageand starts to conduct. Q3 and Q4 turn on and latch, dis;harging Cre. ns eB and e4recover from the latch condition, the "B" input of At-n goes high, forcing e of 41_Alow, turning off the hook circuit and restarting the oscillator.

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Timing Circuit OperationThe timing of A1-A is controlled bythe selection of capacitors C1 throughcT and R1through R10.The timing resistor R9 or R10 and the trim pots R1 and R7 set the range for Rg, theSpacing Vernier, Jor each of the pulse spacing switch positions. 41-B timing system isthe same as A1-A.

Mode Switch Operation

Run Positionln the run mode, 53 removes the 5 volts from the input to A5-B causing the output togo high, enabling the oscillator.

Trig. Position:In the trig' position, 54 applies 5 volts to R31, Q4 saturates and shorts the,,B', input ofthe.A1-A to ground, disabling 41-A. When a positive trigger pulse appears at J4, e5emitter goes high and A5-A low, A5-B goes high, triggeiing 41-B on.'

Gate Position:ln the gate position, 55 ties both the base of Q3 and the "8" input of A1-A to the Svolt.l ine through a 1K resistor (R33) turning off Q3 and insuring that 41-A is in theoscillator mode.To gate the oscillator on, a positive voltage is applied to J4, which via emitter{ollowedQ5 causes A5-A to go low, A5-B to go high, and'the oscillator to start. The oscillatorwill continue to run while the gate signal is present. When the gate is removed, theoscillator completes its final cycle.

One-Shot Position:The pushbutton fires ? J-K Flip Flop (A2-A) whose output turns off e5 through CR2and R44. This manuaily simurates the inpui of a triggei purse.

Output Circuit Operation

TTL Out:The TTL output is derived from four two-input NAND gates. A 4.7? resistor limits theoutput drive to 40 TTL loads.

Var Out:Q2 is the final driver for the VAR output. The collector of Q2 is tied to Vcc while thebase is tied to the collector of Q1 through a 47Q resistor. The collector of e1 is tiedhigh through a 330Q resistor and is also shunted to ground by a 2.SK a amptitude pot.Q1 and cR1 also provide active pulldown for the output when it is low.The output is fed via a 47o resistor, providing the correct impedance and overloadprotection.

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Sync. Out:The inputs of A4-D are connected to a timing chain consisting of 3 TTL gates (AO-A,A3-8,A4-A) and R39,C19. The output of n-s-o is normally high. When it goes low,there will be a brief interval before the signal reaches te ortpi,t of A4-A in whichneither input of A2-D.will be high, and sJa sync wilr be generated. Depending on theposition of the complement switch, the first trinsition of ine output witieither besimultaneous with the falling edge of the sync pulse or lsnsec after it.

Power Supply:A plug-in type power supply supplies raw DC, plus (+) and (-) through the powerswitch direcily to the regulators.

RECALIB RATION PROCEDURES

Fuse ReplacementThe 4o01 is protected by a type 3AG slo blo 114 amp (1/8 amp for 230V) 25oV powerfuse' The fuse is accessible at the rear panel of the'unit. lf replacement of the fuseshould become necessary, follow this procedure:

1. Disconnect the AC power cord.2' Use a screwdriver to remove the fuse cap holding the fuse and remove the fuse.3. lnsert fuse with correct rating.

NOTE: New fuses seldom fail without malfunction of the instrument. Repeatedreplacement of the fuse without correcting the problem may cause further damage.

Case Disassembly and AssemblyTo open the case, turn the unit upside down with the rubber feet facing up (see Figure14). Remove the four pads from ihe plastic feet. Remou. tn" ;;;";; i;"m the centerrecess of each of the four feet.

NoteThe flip-up leg will automatically come free with the front feet.

Carefully separate the two halves of the case and recalibrate the unit. To close thecase, lower the case bottom and guide the front and rear panels into their slots.Position the rubber feet as illustraied and screw the two halves of the case together.Do not overtighten screws. Instail the four rubber pads.

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Recalibration ProcedureBgfore being shipped, your 4001 Pulse Generator went through a very thorough seriesof tests and calibration. lf recalibration becomes necessary, f|llow the instructionsoutlined below carefully. Do not attempt to recalibrate this'unit unlessyou havee19ugh experience in ihe use of an oscilloscope. See warranty (back cover) for limitsof liability.

During this recalibration procedure, refer to Figure 1, control Locations:

1. Disconnect all cabres from the 40-01. Remove power cord from wail prug.2' Remove the top case half as outlined in the Case Disassemory piocboure. (SeeFigure 14)

Fuse HolderAnd Llne Cord

FIGURE 14. Case Disassembly and Assembly

3' Reconnect power and connect the oscilloscope to the TTL ouT BNC on the 4001.

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4. Set up 4001 front panel as follows:

CONTROL POSITION

Power (1) ONMode (2) RUNPulse Width Sw (12) 100nsPulse Spacing SW (14) 100nsSpace Vernier (10) X1Width Vernier (11) X1

Square Wave (3) OUTComptement (4) OUT

5. Adjust R17 for a pulse width of 10Ons r5o/o.6. Adjust R7 for a pulse spacing of 10Ons xlo/o.7' Switch PULSE WIDTH and PULSE SPACING controls to their 1ps positions.B. Adjust R16 for a pulse width of 1ps +So/o.9. Adjust R6 for a pulse spacing of 1ps xlo/o.10' Switch PULSE WIDTH and-PULdE SPACING controls to their 1oprs positions.11. Adjust R15 for a pulse width of 10ps 5%.12. Adjust R5 for a pulse spacing of 16ps 5%.13' Switch PULSE WIDTH anO pUtSE SPACING controls to their 100ps positions.14. Adjust R14 for a pulse width of 100ps xlo/o.15. Adjust R4 for a pulse spacing of lObps l:lo/o.16' Switch PULSE WIDTH ano putsr SpnCtruG controls to their 1ms positions.17. Adjust R13 for a pulse width of 1ms xlo/o.18. Adjust R3 for a pulse spacing of 1ms xlo/o.19' Switch PULSE WIDTH ano pUtSE SPACING controls to their 1Oms positions.20. Adjust R12 for a pulse width of 1Oms xl"/o.21. Adjust R2 for a pulse spacing of lOms +So/o.22' Switch PULSE WIDTH ano putsE SPACING controls to their 100ms positions23. Adjust R11 for a pulse width of lOOms +5o/o.24. Adjust R1 for a pulse spacing of 100ms xlo/o.25'.Turn off power, disconnect ail cables from the 4001, and reassemblethe case asoutlined in the Case Reassembly proceclure.

This completes recalibration of the 4001.

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