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20 The New Frontier and the Great Society
QUIT
CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE
INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY
TIME LINETIME LINE
VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY
SECTION Kennedy and the Cold War1
SECTION The New Frontier2
SECTION The Great Society3
MAPGRAPH
20HOME
CHAPTER OBJECTIVE
To understand the achievements and challenges of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations
The New Frontier and the Great Society
20W I T H H I S T O R Y
I N T E R A C T
What are the qualities of effective leaders?Examine the Issues
Against the backdrop of an intense space race between America and the Soviet Union, the 1960 presidential election approaches. The leading candidates are a young, charismatic senator and the ambitious, experienced vice-president. The new president will face tremendous responsibilities. Abroad, the Soviet Union is stockpiling nuclear weapons. At home, millions suffer from poverty and discrimination.
• What skills are needed to persuade legislators?
• How can a leader motivate and influence the public?
HOME
• What enables a leader to respond to crises?
The New Frontier and the Great Society
20
The United States The World
1960 Seventeen African countries gain independence.
1960 John F. Kennedy is elected president.
1963 President Kennedy is assassinated; Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.
1962 John Glenn becomes the first American to orbit the earth. U.S. and USSR face off in the Cuban missile crisis.
1962 The drug thalidomide is pulled from the market after it is found responsible for thousands of birth defects in Europe.
1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected president. Congress passes the Economic Opportunity Act and Civil Rights Act.
TIME LINE
HOME
The New Frontier and the Great Society
1961 U.S. launches the Bay of Pigs invasion. 1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in outer space.
1965 United States troops enter Vietnam. 1965 Ferdinand Marcos becomes president of the Phillipines.
continued . . .
20
The United States The World
TIME LINE
HOME
1966 Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.
The New Frontier and the Great Society
1967 Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African-American justice of the Supreme Court.
1967 Israel wins Arab territories in the Six Day War.
1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president. 1968 Warsaw Pact troops invade Czechoslovakia.
1Kennedy and the Cold War
Foreign affairs dominate the presidential campaign of 1960 and the administration of John F. Kennedy. Kennedy faces some of the most dangerous Soviet-American confrontations of the Cold War.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
HOME
1Kennedy and the Cold War
OVERVIEW
The Kennedy administration faced some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in American history.
America’s response to Soviet threats developed the United States as a military superpower.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
HOME
• John F. Kennedy
• flexible response
• Limited Test Ban Treaty
• Fidel Castro
• hot line
• Berlin Wall
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
1Kennedy and the Cold War
ASSESSMENT
1. List two outcomes for each of these events: first Kennedy-Nixon debate, Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban missile crisis, and construction of the Berlin Wall.
DebateTV became important in
politics.
Kennedy won support.
HOME
Bay of PigsCuba moved
closer to Soviets.
United States embarrassed
Soviets backed down.
World at brink of nuclear war
Cuban Missile Crisis
Berlin WallSymbolized Communist oppression
Increased Cold War tensions
continued . . .
1Kennedy and the Cold War
2. How well do you think President Kennedy handled the Cuban missile crisis? Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
POSSIBLE RESPONSES:
Well-handled: The Cuban missiles were removed, nuclear war was averted, and there was no military engagement.
Not well-handled: He risked nuclear war over the crisis.
• Kennedy’s decision to impose a naval “quarantine” of Cuba
• the nuclear showdown between the superpowers
• Kennedy’s decision not to invade Cuba
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
1Kennedy and the Cold War
3. What kind of political statement was made by the United States’ support of West Berlin?
ANSWERANSWER
The United States was telling other nations, the Soviet Union especially, to keep their hands off West Berlin.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
End of Section 1
2The New Frontier
With the stirring phrase “the New Frontier,” Kennedy outlines a broad vision for progress, but Congress enacts few of his initiatives. His efforts are ended by his tragic assassination.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
HOMEMAPGRAPH
2The New Frontier
HOME
OVERVIEW
While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed, several goals were achieved.
Kennedy’s space program continues to generate scientific and engineering advances that benefit Americans.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
• Warren Commission
• New Frontier
• Alliance for Progress• mandate
• Peace Corps
MAPGRAPH
2The New Frontier
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five programs of the New Frontier.
continued . . .
The New Frontier
Peace Corps Civil rights bill
Tax cut
HOME
ASSESSMENT
Alliance for Progress
Moon program
MAPGRAPH
2The New Frontier
2. Why do you think Congress was so enthusiastic about allocating funds for the space program but rejected spending in education, social services, and other pressing needs?
ANSWERANSWER
It was largely a matter of pride, since the Soviets had already sent a cosmonaut into space.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
MAPGRAPH
2The New Frontier
3. Why do you think Kennedy lost popularity for supporting civil rights?
ANSWERANSWER
Kennedy lost popularity for supporting civil rights because people in some sections of the country opposed granting civil rights to African Americans.
HOME
ASSESSMENT
continued . . .
MAPGRAPH
2The New Frontier
4. Do you think President Kennedy was a successful leader? Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
Successful: popular; focused on projects that Congress would support; peacefully handled the missile crisis; arranged for the test-ban treaty
Not successful: tended to react to events rather than lead; did not get his legislative program enacted before his death
• the goals he expressed
• his foreign policy
HOME
ASSESSMENT
• his legislative record
End of Section 2
• the reasons for his popularity
MAPGRAPH
3The Great Society
Lyndon B. Johnson drives the most ambitious legislative agenda through Congress since the New Deal. The landmark decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren reflect the era of liberal activism.
OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
KEY IDEA
HOME
3The Great Society
HOME
TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES
• Lyndon Baines Johnson
• Medicare and Medicaid
• reapportionment
• Immigration Act of 1965
• Economic Opportunity Act
• Great Society
• Warren Court
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
OVERVIEW
The demand for reform helped create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.
Reforms made in the 1960s have had a lasting effect on the American justice system by increasing the rights of minorities.
MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW
3The Great Society
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List four or more Great Society programs and Warren Court rulings.
continued . . .
HOME
ASSESSMENT
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Economic Opportunity Act
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
Brown v. Board of Education
Baker v. Carr
Great Society Programs Warren Court Rulings
Escobedo v. Illinois
Medicare and Medicaid
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4. 4. Miranda v. Arizona
3The Great Society
2. Explain how Lyndon Johnson’s personal and political experiences might have influenced his actions as president. Think About:
ANSWERANSWER
Johnson’s upbringing might have taught him about the hardships of those in need; as a New Dealer, he learned how the government could help people in need; in Congress, he learned the importance of political connections and clout and the skills to negotiate political deals.
• his family’s background and education
HOME
ASSESSMENT
• his relationship with Franklin Roosevelt • his powers of persuasion
End of Section 3