12 Reconstruction and Its Effects QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Politics of Reconstruction

12 Reconstruction and Its Effects

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY

TIME LINETIME LINE

VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION The Politics of Reconstruction1

SECTION Reconstructing Society2

SECTION The Collapse of Reconstruction3

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12 Reconstruction and Its Effects

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To understand the political struggle, accomplishments, and failures of Reconstruction in the years following the Civil War

12W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

What goals should the government set to reconstruct the South? Examine the Issues

The year is 1865, and at last the Civil War is over. The South’s primary labor system, slavery, has been abolished. About 4.5 million African Americans now have their freedom but lack money, property, education, and opportunity. Southern states are beginning the process of readmission to the Union, but the effects of war continue to be felt throughout the South. Rail lines are unusable. Farms, plantations, and factories lie in ruins.

• In what ways can the South rebuild its economy?

• How can Northern resources help the South?

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• What can the government do to assist African Americans?

Reconstruction and Its Effects

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The United States The World

1864 Confederacy surrenders at Appomattox.

1865 Andrew Johnson becomes president after Lincoln’s assassination.

1866 President Johnson presses for moderate Reconstruction policies.

1866 Austro-Prussian War is fought.

1868 Congress impeaches President Johnson. Ulysses S. Grant is elected president.

1869 Mohandas K. Gandhi is born in India.

TIME LINE

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continued . . .

1867 U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.

1867 First South African diamond field is discovered.


12

The United States The World

1870 Unification of Italy is completed.

1872 Horace Greeley runs for president as a Liberal Republican. President Grant is reelected.

1874 British declare Gold Coast of Africa a colony.

1876 Hayes-Tilden presidential election results in deadlock.

TIME LINE

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1875 France’s National Assembly votes to continue the Third Republic.

1871 U.S. and Great Britain sign Treaty of Washington.

1871 Kaiser Wilhelm I unifies Germany.

1877 Federal troops withdraw from the South. Rutherford B. Hayes is inaugurated.


1The Politics of Reconstruction

Congress opposed Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

Congress opposed Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implemented its own plan to rebuild the South.

Reconstruction was an important step in African Americans’ struggle for civil rights.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• Andrew Johnson

• Thaddeus Stevens

• Wade-Davis Bill

• Freedmen’s Bureau

• Radical Republicans

• Fourteenth Amendment

• Fifteenth Amendment

• black codes

• impeach

• Reconstruction

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT


ASSESSMENT

Presidential Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction

1. Look at the chart to help organize your thoughts. List several features of presidential Reconstruction and congressional Reconstruction.

continued . . .

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• Punish slaveholders• Congress should lead Reconstruction• Blacks needed land, the vote, and

legal protection to effect Reconstruction

• Passage of Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and Reconstruction Act

• Executive branch should lead Reconstruction

• Return South to the Union quickly• States to rejoin the Union if they

withdrew their secession, swore allegiance to the Union, annulled Confederate war debts

• Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment


2. Describe how Reconstruction might have been different if Abraham Lincoln had lived.

ANSWERANSWER

Presidential reconstruction may have been viewed more favorably because of Lincoln’s stature and his increased wartime powers.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. What was the primary focus of the major Reconstruction legislation?

ANSWERANSWER

Granting and providing legal protection of African Americans’ civil rights

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Do you think the Radical Republicans were justified in impeaching President Johnson? Why or why not? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Yes: Johnson was not carrying out his constitutional obligation to enforce the Reconstruction Act. For instance he removed military officers who attempted to enforce the act.

No: Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, which Johnson believed to be unconstitutional. When Johnson forced a test of this act, the House impeached him.

• the controversy over Reconstruction policies • the meaning of the Tenure of Office Act • Johnson’s vetoes

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

2Reconstructing Society

Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war.


KEY IDEA

HOMEMAP


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OVERVIEW

Various groups contributed to the rebuilding of Southern society after the war.

Many African-American institutions, including colleges and churches, were established during Reconstruction.




• Hiram Revels

• sharecropping

• tenant farming • scalawag

• carpetbagger

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Problem Attempted Solution


1. List five problems facing the South after the Civil War and at least one attempted solution for each one.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

Former slaves separated from theirfamilies

Public works programs

Search for family members

New schools established

Physical devastation

Lack of education

Lack of land Southern Homestead Act

Labor shortage Sharecropping or tenant farming

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2. How did the Civil War weaken the Southern economy? Give examples to support your answer.

ANSWERANSWER

• It destroyed the South’s infrastructure, including bridges and roads.

• devastated the population

• devalued property

• increased personal and government debts

• increased taxes

• limited land available for freedmen

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. Thaddeus Stevens believed that giving land to former slaves was more important than giving them the vote. Do you agree or disagree? Why?

ANSWERANSWER

Agree—because freed persons needed their own land in order to gain economic independence.

Disagree—because the right to vote gave freed men the power to change society’s laws.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Which accomplishment of African Americans during Reconstruction do you consider most significant? Explain your choice. Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Churches: controlled by African Americans, ministers emerged as leaders

Schools: increased African American literacy

Political involvement: power to attain equal rights

• the development of a free African-American community

• the lingering effects of slavery

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ASSESSMENT

• opportunities for leadership

End of Section 2

3The Collapse of Reconstruction

Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction.


KEY IDEA

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• Compromise of 1877

• panic of 1873

• Samuel J. Tilden

• Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

• Rutherford B. Hayes

• home rule

• redemption


OVERVIEW

Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction.

The failure of Congress and the Supreme Court to protect the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction delayed blacks’ achievement of full civil rights by over a century.



1. Look at the time line below to help organize your thoughts. List the major events that ended Reconstruction.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

1870–1871 Enforcement Acts passed.

1866 Ku Klux Klan

founded.

1872 Crédit Mobilier

1872 Amnesty Act

passed.

1873 Panic

1876 Hayes elected

president.

Event Two

Event One

Event Four Event Six

Event Three Event Five Event Seven

1873 Supreme Court

issued Slaughterhouse

rulings.


2. What were the positive and negative effects of Reconstruction?

ANSWERANSWER

Negatives—Democrats overthrew Radical reforms and curtailed African Americans’ civil rights; many African Americans and poor whites were trapped in a cycle of poverty due to sharecropping;

Positives—African Americans founded churches, schools, and volunteer groups; they also displayed political and social leadership that inspired their descendants.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. During Reconstruction, was the presidency weak or strong?

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSE:

Weak—During Reconstruction, presidents were hampered in their leadership by the following: poor relations with Congress, failure to use the power of their office, political inexperience, and economic turmoil.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. Do you think the political deal to settle the election of 1876 was an appropriate solution? Explain why or why not. Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Yes: Each group was satisfied with its gains: The Republicans got the presidency, and the Democrats were able to put an end to Radical Reconstruction in the South.

No: The presidency should not be negotiable. The candidate who wins the popular vote should become President.

• the causes of the conflict over the election

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ASSESSMENT

• other possible solutions to the controversy • the impact of the settlement

End of Section 3

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12 Reconstruction and Its Effects QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE VISUAL SUMMARY SECTION The Politics of Reconstruction