4 IPasolink Ethernet Functions 1

iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

iPASOLINK

Ethernet Functions Overview

1

Latest NEC Radio Product

iPASO 1000

iPASO 400

iPASO 200

NEO HP

Hybrid ( Native Ethernet & TDM) ○ ○ ○ ○

Packet Radio (PWE Inside) ○ ○ ○ ×

QoS

VLAN ○ ○ ○ ○

QoS/Diffserve ○ ○ ○ ○

Policer/Shaper ○ ○ ○ ×

All IP PWE(E1) ○ ○ ○ ×

Clock Synch. Sync Ether IEEE1588V2

○ ○ ○ ×

OAM

Ethernet OAM ○ ○ ○ ×

Link Protection

Hot Standby(1+1) ○ ○ ○ ○

RF Link Aggregation ○ ○ ○ ○

E1 SNCP ○ ○ ○ ×

RSTP ○ ○ ○ ×

Ethernet Ring(G.8032) ○ ○ × ×

What is new in iPASO Series Product ?


2

Hub, Bridge & Switches


3

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address

Ethernet Equipments

(HUB / Switch / Bridge)

Terminal “A”

MAC=111

Terminal “B”

MAC=222

Data SA

MAC=111

DA

MAC=222

Data SA

MAC=222

DA

MAC=111 DA: Destination Address

SA: Origination Address

Ethernet Frame

The Ethernet is the most popular LAN technology, and represents the protocol itself as well.

Developed by DEC, Intel and Xerox corporations, the Ethernet is standardized by the IEEE 802.3.

The most important technologies on the Ethernet are: Layer 2 based protocol and standards

IEEE 802.3 standard

48 bits MAC is used to identified the nodes

Commonly known as the CSMA/CD protocol.

Currently 4 data rates are defined for operation over optical fiber and twisted-

pair cables:

10Base-T Ethernet (10 Mbps)

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)

10 Gigabit Ethernet (10,000 Mbps)


4

HUB

HUB

Collision Domain

Collision Domain

HUB

Bridge / Switch / Router Collision Domain A Collision Domain B

Host A Host B Host C Host n


5

What is L2 Switch?

L2 Switch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

PC“A” PC“B” PC“C”

Hub

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


Hub

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


Hub

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8


Hub

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

L2 Switch performs the frame forwarding based on Ethernet MAC

address of the L2 frame.

Each port of the L2 switch act like a bridge.

Each port of a L2 switch is a collision domain.


6

Ethernet Frame and MAC Address

Preamble

(7B)

SFD: Start of Frame Delimiter

DA: Destination address

SA: Source Address

FCS: Frame Check Sequence

1bit 1bit 3~24bit 25~48bit

Universal (0) / Local (1) address

Vender ID

Serial Number

Uni-cast (0) / Multi-cast (1) address

SFD

(1B)

DA

(6B)

SA

(6B)

Length

(2B)

Data

(46 to 1500B) FCS

Ethernet Frame Format

MAC Address Format

Usual untagged Ethernet Frame: Normal PC

Max. MTU 1518 Byte

Broadcast Address: “all 1”, these frames sent out through all ports

Multicast Address: these frames goes to some or all ports

Unicast Address: these frames goes to only one port


7

Port MAC address

1 A 00-00-00-00-00-01

4 D 00-00-00-00-00-04

MAC A

1 2 3 4

MAC Address Table

Forwarding Data Table (FDB)

FDB of iPASOLINK is 32K

Default FDB Aging Time 300 sec

Dst MAC: A

Src MAC: D

Dst MAC: D

Src MAC: A

Basic Ethernet Switching Procedure

Frame transmission on Ethernet switch is realized by MAC address learning

MAC B MAC C MAC D 00-00-00-00-00-01

00-00-00-00-00-04


What is VLAN?

8 iPASOLINK Ethernet Functions

9

ＶＬＡＮ１

０

ＶＬＡＮ２

０

Broadcast frame is

transmitted to all port

except received port

Broadcast frame is not

transmitted to different

VLAN group

VLAN setting

Advantages of VLAN (Virtual LAN)

Enables to make virtual group in LAN

– But communication between different VLAN group can be processed by router

Enables to divide broadcast domain

– Broadcast frame is transmitted to all port except port where broadcast frame was received when VLAN is not used

– Broadcast frame is not transmitted to different VLAN group


10

Features of VLAN

Traffic Control

In a network where no VLAN is introduced, large amount of broadcast data are delivered to

all network devices regardless of their necessity, which easily causes network congestion.

Introducing VLANs allows to create small broadcast domains, which can limit communications

among devices concerned, thus resulting in higher efficiency of the network bandwidth usage.

Improvement of Security Performance

A device that belongs to a certain VLAN can communicate only with devices belonging to the

same VLAN.

For example, communication between the VLAN of a marketing division and that of a

commercial division must go through a router. Since direct communication is not possible

between these two divisions, the security performance of the system can be enhanced a great

deal.

Easily Replacing and Moving Network Devices

Conventional networks require a lot of network administrator’s manpower for replacing and

moving network devices. When a user moves to another subnet, it is necessary to reset all

addresses of the user’s terminal devices. Introducing VLANs can exempt administrators from

this kind of troublesome work for resetting.

For example, when moving a terminal in the VLAN of a marketing division to another network

port and maintaining the subnet setting, it is sufficient only to change the setting of the port so

as to belong to the VLAN of the marketing division.

VLAN Architecture


VLAN Architecture - 1

Conventional LAN

2nd Floor (Department B)

VLAN

2nd Floor

1st Floor

VLAN Switch

VLAN Switch

VLAN-1(Department A)

VLAN2

(Department B)

VLAN3

(Department C)

Router/L3 Switch Router

The VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a technology to construct a virtual network independent of

physical network structure. The conventional LANs centering around hubs and routers

take a lot of time and cost because of their physical restrictions encountered during the

initial designing or expansion stages. Introducing VLAN makes it possible to construct or

modify the network more easily and flexibly.

HUB

HUB

1st Floor (Department A)

Need to change

physical connections

Just change setting, not

physical connections


12

Port Based VLAN and Tag Based VLAN

VLAN Switch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

VLAN 1 VLAN 2 VLAN 3

(VLAN ID 10)

(VLAN ID 20)

VLAN SW

1 2

3

4

6 5

1 (VLAN ID 10)

(VLAN ID 20)

2

3

4

6

5

Tag 10 Tag 20

VLAN SW

Port Based VLAN

Tag Based VLAN

iPASO200 named

it as Access VLAN type

iPASO200 named

it as Trunk VLAN type


13

Why Jumbo Frame Support is necessary ?

1500 18

Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + 4 bytes VLAN Tag

Max Frame Size = 1522 Bytes

Max 1518 Bytes

1500 18 4

Max 1526 Bytes

4

Efficient Through-put for application which supports jumbo MTU size (e.g. IP-SAN)

Support Ethernet Expansion Frames like VLAN tag, QinQ, MPLS Label etc..

iPASO200 supports frame size of FE ports to 2000 Byte and GbE port to 9600 Byte

Usual

Ethernet

Frame

1500 18

Max 1522 Bytes 802.1q

Ethernet

Frame 4

Q in Q

Ethernet

Frame

Max MTU Size = 1500bytes (Ethernet Standard)

Max Frame Size = 1518bytes

Max MTU Size = MTU1500bytes + (2 x 4 bytes VLAN

Tag)

Max Frame Size = 1526 Bytes

Ethernet Header 18Bytes


14

Extended VLAN ( Q in Q)

Extended VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1ad

VLAN tag (4byte) is stacked to Ethernet frame

iPASO200 named the extended VLAN as Tunnel VLAN

Common Network

VLAN100

VLAN100

VLAN100

VLAN100

Company A

Company A Company B

Company B

Data 100

Data 100

Data 100 200 Data 100 300

Data 100

Data 100


15

Ethernet Packet Format

Tag VLAN is standardized by IEEE802.1q

VLAN tag (4byte) is inserted to Ethernet frame

IFG

12 Byte

Preamble

8 Byte

Destination

MAC

address

(DA)

6byte

Source MAC

address

(SA)

6byte

VLAN

tag

4byte

Length

/ typeﾟ

2byte

Data

46 - 1500byte

FCS

4byte

802.1q tag type

2byte

TCI field

2byte

Priority

3bit

CFI

1bit

VLAN-ID

12bit

Range: 1 - 4094

(0, 4095 reserved)

IFG: Inter Frame Gap

CFI: Canonical Format Indicator


TCI: Tag Control Information

TOS: Type Of Service

7 (High) Traffic management

6 Voice

5 Video

4 Control signal

3 Excellent effort

2 Best effort

1 Reserved

0 (Low) Background

Example: traffic assignment

CoS value


QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame

To MAC

Address

Fm MAC

Address

TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

8100

Priority

bit

CFI VLAN

ID

2Bytes





COS: Class Of Service 802.1q Q-in-Q

VLAN Tag

DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point

TPID: Tag Protocol Identifier

To MAC

Address

Fm MAC

Address

TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

8100

Priority

bit

CFI VLAN

ID

2Bytes

8100

Priority

bit

CFI VLAN

ID VLAN Tag-1 (inner) VLAN Tag-2(outer)

To MAC

Address

Fm MAC

Address

TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

8100

Priority

bit

CFI VLAN

ID

2Bytes

802.1ad Q-in-Q

VLAN Tag

To MAC

Address

Fm MAC

Address

TPID TCI TPID TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

88a8

Priority

bit

CFI VLAN

ID

2Bytes

8100

Priority

bit

CFI VLAN

ID VLAN Tag-2(outer) VLAN Tag-1 (inner)


17

Overall view of iPASOLINK L2 Switch

L2 SW

GbE

Trunk

VLAN

1.Access

2.Trunk

3.Tunnel

FE1/GbE

FE1/GbE

FE1/GbE

FE1/GbE

GbE

Modem1

Modem2

L2 SW S-Trunk

VLAN

1. C-Access

2. S-Trunk

3.C-Bridge

FE1/GbE

FE1/GbE

/GbE

GbE

Mod(slot1)

Mod (slot2)

MC-A4

Mod (slot3)

Mod (slot4)

L2 SW Trunk

VLAN

1. Access

2. Trunk

3.Tunnel

FE1/GbE

FE1/GbE

/GbE

GbE

Mod(slot1)

Mod (slot2)

MC-A4

Mod (slot3)

Mod (slot4)

iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1q iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1q

iPASOLINK 400 , 802.1ad

iPASOLINK 200 , 802.1ad

not available

In-band

NMS NE

In-band

NMS NE

NMS NE

In-band

In-band

Main Board


18

VLAN Setting (1)– Types of VLAN setting at ports

Types of VLAN port supported in iPASO200 are named Access, Trunk and Tunnel

How to create Access type (port base) VLAN?

1. FE Port set to access port type VLAN

2. Modem port set to trunk type VLAN

FE Port 1:

Access

VLAN 10

Modem 1:

Trunk

VLAN 10

iPASO200

Data 100

Data Data 10

Drop

Send with VLAN 10

Default VLAN is 1 , here we set to 10 as example

Recommendation: To be used for base station with un-tag traffic


19

VLAN Setting (2) – Types of VLAN setting at ports

1. FE port set to trunk port type VLAN (802.1q) and un-tag frame to be access

2. Modem port set to trunk port VLAN

FE Port 2:

Access LAN 2

Trunk VLAN 20

Modem 1:

Trunk VLAN 2, 20

iPASO200

Data 100

Drop

Send with VLAN 20 Data 20

Data Send with VLAN 2

Data

Data

20

Set for Un-tag packet

Recommendation: To be used for base station with VLAN tag interface

How to create tag base type (802.1q) VLAN and also supported with un-tag traffic?

2


20

VLAN Setting (3) – Types of VLAN setting at ports

FE port set to tunnel port type VLAN (almost 802.1ad or Radio Hop Q in Q)

Modem port set to trunk port VLAN

All packets will be sent transparently with additional tag added on

FE Port3:

Tunnel VLAN 30

Modem 1:

Trunk VLAN 30

iPASO200

Add on tag VLAN 30

Add on tag VLAN30

No packets will

be drooped

Data Data 20

Data Data

20

30

30

Recommendation: To be used when required Q in Q features

How to create tunnel type ( Q in Q ) VLAN?


21

VLAN Setting (4) – Setting methods at Modem ports

Modem port parameter setting methods

Modem 1:

Trunk

VLAN 2,10,20,30

iPASO200

Data

Data 30

Data 20

Data 10

Data 40

Drop

2 Data

Data 30

Data 20

Data 10

2


22

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Access Port

P1 (FE)

Only Untagged frames and all

C-tag frames are processed on

Port 1, and these frames are

assumed to belong to S-VLAN

ID = 200 any incoming S-VLAN

tag frames are dropped

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

any

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

MSG FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

200

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

200

C-VLAN

Y

MSG

Modem port Type: S-Trunk

S-VLAN: 100, 200,300

802.1ad


23

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of S-Trunk Port

P1 (FE)

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

other

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

MSG FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

200

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

200

C-VLAN

any

MSG


S-VLAN: 100, 200,300

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

100

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

300

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

100

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

300

C-VLAN

any

MSG

At port 1, Frames without a S-Tag

will have S-VLAN ID 200 and

forwarded (both untagged and

with any C-tag)

Frames with S-VLAN IDs

100,200,300 are only passed. Any

othe S-VLAN ID will be dr opped

802.1ad


24

VLAN Mode 802.1ad- Example of C-Bridge Port

Only frames with C-VLAN IDs, defined will pass at

port1 with corresponding S-VLAN inserted:

C-VLAN 10, 20 will be inserted with S-VLAN 100 and

forwarded

P1 (FE)

FM-

A

To-

B

MSG


S-VLAN: 100, 200,300

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

100

C-VLAN

10,20

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

300

C-VLAN

any

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

200

C-VLAN

25,30

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

C-VLAN

10,20

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

C-VLAN

25,30

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

100

C-VLAN

10,20

MSG

FM-

A

To-

B

S-VLAN

200

C-VLAN

25,30

MSG

C-VLAN 25, 30 will be inserted with S-VLAN 200 and

forwarded

All the other C-VLANs are dropped

In the example shown: 802.1ad

Any S-VLANs are dropped


Quality of Service


26

Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping

FE Port Modem Port Modem Port FE Port

Ingress

Egress

Summary of locations for Policing and Shaping

Default Setting Shaping: 4XSP

Default Setting of Policing : Nil

iPASOLINK iPASOLINK


Classify/Policing

Classify/Policing Scheduling/Shaping

Classify/Policing

Scheduling/Shaping

Scheduling/Shaping

27

QoS Bit Assignment in Ethernet Frame

To MAC

Address

Fm MAC

Address

Type TCI Type IP Header IP data FCS

Version Header

Length

TOS IP address etc.

Priority

bit (CoS)

CFI VLAN

ID

8bits

3bits

2Bytes





COS: Class Of Service

EXP : experimental bits ( iPASO200 will supports in future)

MPLS

Label

MPLS

Label

IP Header IP data

Label Exp S TTL

3bits

1) IP Packet

2) MPLS Packet

VLAN Tag

(802.1q CoS)

ToS(3bit)

DSCP/Diffserve(6bit)

DSCP: Differentiated Services Code Point

IP ECN Explicit Congestion Notification


28

SP: Strict Priority, DWRR: Deficit Weighted Round Robin, WRED: Weighted Random Early Detection

Classify (Mapping) for

Egress Queue with

internal priority

Determine

equipment

internal priority

VLAN CoS

IPv4 precedence

IPv4/v6 DSCP

MPLS EXP

Ingress Policer

Class 3 queue

Class 2 queue

Class 1 queue

Class 0 queue

Egress Queue

Sent

frames

TDM

TDM +

Packet

QoS

AMR with Advanced QoS

TDM

Packet

User can define TDM

bandwidth for each radio

modulation

Ether

Classification

Radio Capacity

TDM

Packet

Radio Capacity

TDM

Packet

Protected

Policing/Shaping

according to QoS

Token bucket

Token

Two-Rate,

Three-Color Metering

Token bucket

Token


Scheduling &

Shaping

Summary of iPASOLINK QoS Functions and Features

• iPASOLINK series supports fully functioned QoS control

• Supported classification methods: CoS/IP Precedence/DSCP/EXP

• Internal Classification: 8 classes (8 classes mapped to 4 classes (default) / 8 classes (option) for Egress Queue)

• Internal Priority to CoS Mapping

• Ingress policing: CIR, EIR (Two-Rate Three-Color Marking)

• Profile based QoS management is supported

• Scheduling: SP, SP+3DWRR, 4DWRR (default) / SP+7DWRR, 2SP+6DWRR (option)

• Congestion Avoidance: Weighted Tail Drop / WRED

• Egress hierarchical shaping (Port + each QoS Class)


Classification Modes

• Port Based QoS Mode

– Port (Default Priority for each port can be set)

– CoS (C-Tag) ( use Port priority or CoS)

– DSCP IPv4/v6 (set DSCP to internal Priority)

Frame Classification Mode & Internal Priority

Port CoS (C-Tag) DSCP IPv4/v6

Untag IP packet Default Port Priority Default Port Priority DSCP IPv4/v6

Non-IP packet Default Port Priority Default Port Priority Default Port Priority

Tagged IP packet Default Port Priority CoS DSCP IPv4/v6

Non-IP packet Default Port Priority CoS Default Port Priority

• Equipment Based QoS Mode

– Profile Based ( one profile for the equipment)


31

Classification

VLAN CoS Internal

priority

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0

IP

Precedence

Internal

priority

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0

DSCP Internal

priority

63 7

: :

47 5

: :

31 3

: :

15 1

0 0

Classification profile is configurable.

Profile No.0 (ex) Profile No.1 (ex) Profile No.2 VLAN CoS

IPv4

precedence

IPv4/v6 DSCP

MPLS EXP

Determine equipment internal priority

Classification –process of

distinguishing one kind of

traffic from another by

examining the Layer 2

through Layer３ and QoS

fields in the packet


Port Base QoS Mode (Port classification)

• Classifies according to ingress physical port

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS0)

iPASOLINK

Port No. Default Port

priority

1 7

2 6

3 5

4 4

MODEM 1 3

MODEM 2 2

MODEM 3 1

MODEM 4 0

IP packet DA SA

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS7)

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS7)

Port 1

(access/

trunk)

Modem

(trunk)

Port mode

Update CoS value to

Default port priority value


Port Base QoS Mode (CoS classification)

• Classifies according to CoS value

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS0)

iPASOLINK

IP packet DA SA

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS0)

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS1) Port 1

(access+

trunk)

Modem

(trunk)

CoS (C-Tag) mode

Default Port priority = 1

Update CoS value to

Default port priority value

No update CoS value


Port Base QoS Mode (DSCP classification)

• Classifies according to DSCP value even if the frame is VLAN

tagged frame

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS7)

IP header

(DSCP=47)

DSCP Internal

priority

63 7

: :

47 5

: :

31 3

: :

15 1

0 0

Classifies by this value

IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS5)

IP header

(DSCP=0)

Update CoS value to

internal priority value

iPASOLINK

IP packet DA SA DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS5)

Port 1

(access/

trunk)

Modem

(trunk)

IP header

(DSCP=0) IP packet

IP header

(DSCP=0)

Non-IP packet DA SA Non-IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS1)

Update CoS value to

default port priority value

DSCP IPv4/v6 mode

Default Port priority = 1

DSCP Classification Mapping

Non-IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS7) Non-IP packet DA SA

VLAN

Tag

(CoS1)

Update CoS value to

internal priority value


35

What is CIR, EIR?

CIR Conformant

Traffic ≤ CIR

EIR Conformant

Traffic ≥ CIR

No traffic

Traffic ≥ PIR

CIR (Committed Information Rate) -

Minimum BW guaranteed for an Ethernet service.

Policing is enforcement of CIR

Zero CIR means Best effort (no BW is guaranteed)

EIR (Exceeded Information Rate) -

Service frames colored yellow may be

delivered but with no performance commitment.

PIR (Peak Information Rate) -

Maximum rate at which packets are allowed to be forwarded.

PIR = CIR + EIR (greater or equal to the CIR)

Service frames exceeding PIR are red packets and

are unconditionally dropped


36

Dual Token bucket (TRTCM)

Dual rate token bucket with a programmable CIR and EIR, as well as CBS and EBS. It also

named as Two rate ,Three-Colour Metering

Example: consider the extreme case

One bucket is used:

CIR=2Mbps, CBS=2KB, EIR=0,EBS=0

Case 1:

Two 1518 byte frames coming back to back

First frame take 2000-1518 token remain

482 byte, the second frame is immediately

Discarded

Case 2:

One frame 1518 is sent, 8 ms later, another

1518 byte arrive, since token bucket

Refill with CIR/8=250Kb/s

The token bucket is full again and able to

sent the second frame out with green

color.

CBS/EBS should be set depend on traffic

type

1. Bursty TCP-based traffic

2. UDP based type such as VoIP

Our Recommendations:

Note: Color Blind and Color Aware Rate Metering ( iPASO200 is color blind system)


37

Service Provider Business Oriented Parameter in iPASO

Voice

Data / VPN

Video Conf.

iPASO200

Recognize the

service according to

DSCP/TOS/IP and

prioritize it.

VLAN 20

Business Package:

30Mbps PIR

15Mbps CIR

15Mbps EIR

0 Mb

10 Mb

20 Mb

30 Mb

CIR

EIR

PIR

iPASO400

iPASO400


38

Scheduling or Queuing Methods


39

Methods of Scheduling

FIFO

Strict Priority

WFQ(WRR)


40

Control the output sequence and bandwidth of frames from each queue according to

Output condition defined by Marker/Priority Determination.

Strict Priority Queuing (SPQ), Weighted Control (WRR) can be used as queuing method.

Round Robin (RR)

ETC Car

ETC Car

High Priority

Police Car

Elements of QoS - Scheduling /Queuing

ETC System

＝Electronic Toll Collection System


41

Deficit Round Robin

50 50 50

50 50 50

150

75 50 100

75

75

75

Credits

50 50 50

50 50

50

150

75 50 100

25

25

75

Credits

150

50 50

50 50

150

50 100

100

100

150

Credits

Tim

e

Credit counter:

Initially the counter start or reset from zero.

For this example, it was set to size value

of 75 for all the queue. When the queue is

not serve to send any packet, the credit

counter will be increased with another 75

1st round:

The first and fourth queue packet size is

bigger than credit counter value, these

two queue will hold back and not sending

any packets, but second and third queue

sent out 50 packets. And their credit

counter reduce to 25.

2nd round:

The first and fourth queue counter credit

increase to 150 byte

The result is Q1 send 150 byte

Q2 send 100 byte

Q3 send 100 byte

Q4 send 150 byte

50 50

50 50

150

50 100

7

5 75

75

75

3rd round:

All credit counter with value 75 byte

Credits


Egress Scheduling and Shaping (4 Class queue)

SP

Class 3

DWRR

Class 0 Divided throughput

by weighted condition

Class 3 absolute priority

Shaper Class 2

Class 1

Classify (Mapping) for Egress

Queue with internal priority Scheduling and Shaping

Mapping table is

Configurable.

“SP” or “1SP + 3 DWRR” or “4 DWRR”

Shaper

Shaper

Shaper

Shaper

WTD/WRED discard based on

color (Green/Yellow)


43

Egress Scheduling and Shaping ( 8 class queue)

SP

Class 7

DWRR

Class 0

Divided throughput

by weighted condition

Class 7 absolute priority

Shaper

Class 5

Class 2

Classify (Mapping) for Egress

Queue with internal priority Scheduling and Shaping

Mapping table is

Configurable.

“1SP + 7 DWRR” or “2SP + 6 DWRR”

Shaper

Shaper

Shaper

Shaper

WTD/WRED discard based on color

(Green/Yellow)

Class 4

Class 1

Class 3

Class 5

Class 6


44

Strict Priority mode

1. Operation of the output port shaper function

2. The total value 70 Mbps of class-a to class-d will be shrank to 60 Mbps by the output

shaper function when it is output.

3. The total value 70 Mbps of output frames class-a to class-d will be shrank by the output

port shaper function to 60 Mbps (class-a 25 Mbps; class-b 20 Mbps; class-c 10 Mbps;

class-d 5 Mbps) in the order of the priority from the lowest class to be output (when the

frame length for the output bandwidth for each input frame is 1500 bytes).

[Breakdown]

Class-a 25 Mbps

Class-b 20 Mbps

Class-c 10 Mbps

Class-d 5 Mbps

How it works?

iPASO200

Class-a

25 Mbps

Class-c

10 Mbps

Class-d

15 Mbps

Class-b

Class-c

Output port

shaper

function

Rate 60 Mbps

Class-b

20 Mbps

Rate 25

Mbps Class-a

Rate 20

Mbps

Rate 10

Mbps

Rate 15

Mbps Class-d

Strict Priority Scheduling :The queue with the highest priority that contains

packets is always served (packet from that queue are de-queued and transmitted).

Packets within a lower priority queue will not transmit until all the higher-priority

queues become empty


45

Out port control -- SP + D-WRR mode How it works?

Class-a

42 Mbps

Class-c

50 Mbps

Class-d

50 Mbps

class-c DWRR

Output port

shaper

function

Rate 60 Mbps Class-b

50 Mbps

iPASO200

Rate42 Mbps class-a

SP (Strict Priority)

Rate 9 Mbps

Rate 6 Mbps

Rate 3 Mbps

[Breakdown]

class-a 42 Mbps

class-b 9 Mbps

class-c 6 Mbps

class-d 3 Mbps

class-b DWRR

class-d DWRR

Weighted Round Robin uses a number that indicates the importance (weight) of

each queues. WRR scheduling prevents the low-priority queues from being

completely neglected during periods of high-priority traffic. The WRR scheduler

transmits some packets from each queue in turn. The number of packets it

transmits corresponds to the relative importance of the queue.

WRR only fair and good solution for data traffic with rather fixed packet length,

instead D-WRR will be perfect fair for variable packet size oriented data traffic,

iPASO support with D-WRR scheduling or shaping


46

Determines whether the current frame to be queued or discarded, depending on the

packet priority and the state of the queue.

Not connected well…

Too Late!!

Little slow..

Comfortable!!

Average Utilization

Average Utilization

Traffic

Concentration

Window Size decrease globally

Ban

dw

idth

Time

Ban

dw

idth

Early detect and

restrain

Effective Window size variation

Elements of QoS ( Discard Control)

Time


47

Congestion Avoidance ( Discard Control)

iPASO200 support Weight Tail Drop at Release

1.07and later with WRED

Congestion avoidance techniques on the

egress queues.

Both techniques will drop packets when pre-

configured thresholds on the egress queues

have been reached.

Weighted Tail Drop (WTD), with thresholds

Setting on each queue, for congestion

avoidance

Threshold2

(75%)

Threshold1

(50%)

Threshold3

(100%)

Queuing Priority2: 0％ discard

Queuing Priority3: 0% discard


Queueing Priority1:100%discard



Queueing Priority1:100%discard




Operation Administration & Maintenance (OAM)


49

Fault Management

– CC (Continuity Check)

– LB (Loop Back) → It corresponds to “ping” in IP.

– LT (Link Trace) → It corresponds to “trace route” in IP.

To maintain the service availability and quality for the packet networks, powerful OAM toolset is required.

Provide Fault management by

Ethernet OAM (ITU-T Y.1731 and CFM or IEEE 802.1ag).

BTS/Node-B BSC/RNC Operator A Operator B

Provider X

CC

LB

LT

Ethernet OAM

Y.1731 Performance Management not yet supported

By iPASO200


50

Ethernet OAM

Function Y.1731 802.1ag Mechanism

Connectivity Fault

Management

Fault Detection ● ● CCM

Fault verification-Loop back ● ● LBM / LBR

Fault isolation ● ● LTM / LTR

Discovery ● ● LTM / LTR

Fault Notification ● - AIS RDI

Performance

Monitor

Frame Loss ● - CCM, LTM, LTR

Frame Delay ● - DM(1 way) DMM, DMR

Delay Variation ● - DM(1 way) DMM, DMR

CCM : Continuity Check Message

LBM: Loopback Message

LBR: Loopback Reply

LTM: Link Trace Message

LTR: Link Trace Reply

DM: Delay Measurement

DMM: Delay Measurement Message

DMR: Delay Measurement Reply


51

Customer Customer

Operator

Level (0-2)

Service

Provider

Level (3-5)

Customer

Level (5-7)

Operator A Operator B

1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9

Maintenance Entity Points

Maintenance Intermediate Points Maintenance Entities

Provider X

Example of Maintenance Entities


52

To Establish OAM connections on the Ethernet-based networks.

To understand fault detection by sending and receiving ETH-CC frames between MEPs periodically

Each MEP transmits ETH-CC frames periodically

If MEP does not receive any ETH-CC frames for 3.5 times of the ETH-CC frame

transmission interval, it provide alarm indication (loss of connectivity)

1 2 3 4

: MEP

: CCM

: CCM

Legend

Objectives

Operations

ETH-CC (Fault Detection)


53 © NEC Corporation 2010

To verify the connectivity between multiple equipments

Unicast ETH-LB ： verification between the designated 2 equipments

Multicast ETH-LB： verification the existence of the nodes in the same MEG

MEP#1 sends a Unicast ETH-LBM frame to MEP#4

MIP(#2,3) forwards the ETH-LBM frame to the far-end

MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LBM frame and reply a ETH-LBR frame

MEP#1 receive the ETH-LBR frame

1 2 3 4

:　MEP

:　MIP

:　LBM

:　LBR

Legend

ETH-LB (Fault Verification)

Objectives

Operations


54

To verify the route status and localization of the fault

MEP#1 sends a ETH-LTM frame to MEP#4

Each MIP (#2,#3) sends a reply ETH-LTR to MEP#1, and forwards the ETH-LTM frame with the decreased TTL value to the far-end

MEP#4 terminates the ETH-LTM frame and reply a ETH-LTR frame

MEP#1 receives the ETH-LTR frames which have the different TTL value.

ETH-LT (Fault Isolation)

Objectives

Operations

1 2 3 4

: MEP : MIP

Legend

: LTM

: LTR

TTL=n

TTL=n

TTL=n-1

TTL=n-1

TTL=n-2

TTL=n-2


55

iPASO200 #1

MODEM LAN

MODEM LAN

Reply frame NG Reply frame OK

ETH-CC/LB/LT

Reply frame NG

For this application, ETH-CC/LB/LT reply frame only at iPASO #1MODEM port

The MEP of IPASO #1should be set only at Modem port

iPASO200 #2

iPASO200 Ethernet OAM functions (2)

iPASOLINK200 supports only Down MEP/MIP

Ether OAM reply frame from Switch to LAN/MODEM port outward direction is okay

But from LAN/MODEM toward Switch directional is not supported

L2SW


56

OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (1)

By external OAM Test Set

Left Access One MEP Index: 1

Right Access One MEP Index: 2

MEG ID: ABC (Domain Name)

MEG Level: 0

VLAN ID: 20

MEP 2

MEP 1

VLAN ID 20

Use Access One test set to perform OAM Test

Check ETH CC ETH LB/LT results

Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup OAM

Access One

OAM Test Set

Access One

OAM Test Set

Set as MIP

MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP MIP


57

OAM Parameter Setting and Testing Example (2)

MEP Index: 1

MEG ID: ABC (Domain Name)

MEP ID: 1 at IDU1

MEP ID: 2 at IDU4

MEG Level: 0

VLAN ID: 20

Peer MEP ID: 2 at IDU1

VLAN ID 20

1

2

Note: Create VLAN 20 before setup

OAM

From left to right perform ETH LB/LT control to check result

From right to left perform ETH LB/LT control to check result

2 1

SW SW SW SW

2 1

Modem port

set as MEP1 Modem port

set as MEP2

MIP MIP MIP MIP

1 2 MEP


What is STP/RSTP?


59

Problems of L2 Loop

(1)Storming:

Broadcast / Multicast Storm

DLF (Destination Lookup Failure)/Unknown Uni-cast Storm

(2)MAC Mis-Learning

Storm Frames rewrite MAC Table.

It caused flapping of Mac Learning Table.

MAC A

<MAC Table>

MAC A -- Port# 1

MAC A -- Port# 2

??


60

STP Parameter - Bridge ID & Path Cost

Path Cost is accumulated Cost between a Bridge to Root Bridge. Root Bridge

100Base-Tx 1000Base-T

100Base-Tx

Link Speed Cost

10Gbps 2

1Gbps 4

100Mbps 19

10MBps 100

Path Cost defined in IEEE802.1d

0+4=4

4+19 =23

0+19 =19

19+100 =119

10Base-T

*Port Cost is manually configurable

Bridge ID is main Parameter for

Spanning Tree Algorithm,

The Bridge with lowest Bridge ID

is selected as “Root Bridge”

Bridge ID (STP, RSTP)

Bridge Priority Bridge MAC Address

Bridge ID (8 Bytes)

2bytes 6bytes

Default Bridge Priority = 32768 (IEEE 802.1d)


61

Root Port

Designated Port

Data Flow

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)

Loop#1

Root Bridge

Disabled Redundant Path

Blocking Port

1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)

2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)

3- Designated port per segment

Blocking Port


62

Difference between STP and RSTP

STP RSTP

STABLE

TOPOLOGY

ONLY THE ROOT SEND BPDU AND

OTHERS RELAY THEM.

ALL BRIDGES SEND BPDU EVERY HELLO (2SEC) AS A

KEEP ALIVE MECHANISM.

PORT ROLES

ROOT (FORWARDING)

DESIGNATED (FORWARDING)

NON-DESIGNATED (BLOCKING)

ROOT (FORWARDING)

DESIGNATED (FORWARDING)

ALTERNATE (DISCARDING)

BACKUP ( DISCARDING)

PORT STATES DISABLED , BLOCKING, LISTENING,

LEARNING FORWARDING

DISCARDING (DISABLED, BLOCKING, LISTENING)

LEARNING, FORWARDING

TOPOLOGY

CHANGES

USE TIMERS FOR CONVERGENCE

INFORMED FROM THE ROOT.

HELLO (2SEC)

MAX AGE (20SEC)

FORWARDING DELAY TIME (15SEC)

PROPOSAL AND AGREEMENT PROCESS FOR

SYNCHRONIZATION (LESS THAN 1 SEC)

HELLO, MAX AGE AND FORWARDING DELAY TIMERS

USED ONLY FOR BACKWARD COMPATIBILITY WITH

STP. ONLY RSTP PORT RECEIVING STP

TRANSITION

SLOW: (50SEC), BLOCKING (20SEC)=>

LISTENING (15 SEC) => LEARNING

(15SEC) => FORWARDING.

FASTER: NO LEARNING STATES. DOESN’T WAIT TO

BE INFORMED BY OTHERS, INSTEAD, ACTIVELY

LOOKS FOR POSSIBLE FAILURE BY A FEED BACK

MECHANISM. (RLQ)

TOPOLOGY

CHANGE

WHEN A BRIDGE DISCOVER A CHANGE

IN THE NETWORK IT INFORM THE ROOT.

THEN ROOT INFORMS THE OTHER

BRIDGES BY SENDING BPDU AND

INSTRUCT THE OTHERS TO CLEAR THE

DB ENTRIES AFTER THE FORWARDING

DELAY

EVERY BRIDGE CAN GENERATE TOPOLOGY CHANGE

AND INFORM ITS NEIGHBORS WHEN IT IS AWARE OF

TOPOLOGY CHANGE AND IMMEDIATELY DELETE OLD

DB

CHANGE ROOT

IF A BRIDGE (NON-ROOT) DOESN'T

RECEIVE HELLO FOR 10X HELLO TIME,

FROM THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING

THE ROOT ROLE BY GENERATING ITS

OWN HELLO.

IF A BRIDGE DOESN’T RECEIVE 3X HELLOS FROM

THE ROOT, IT START CLAIMING THE ROOT ROLE BY

GENERATING ITS OWN HELLO


63

Bridge: A

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01

Bridge: B

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03

Bridge: C

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Port 1

Port 2

Port 1 Port 2

Port 1

Port 2

Step 1:

All bridges will send

BPDU packets to each other to elect

who will be the Root bridge

How to decide:

Smallest ID win

Smallest MAC Address win

Step 2:

Result: Bridge A is the Root bridge

Bridge B, Bridge C are non Root

bridge

STP IEEE 802.1D - Theory background (1)

1- Root Bridge- one root bridge per network ( lowest BID)

2- One root Port per non root bridge. (port forwarding to root bridge)

3- Designated port per segment


64

Root Bridge

Bridge: A

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01

Port 1 as

Root port

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Port 1

Port 2

Port 2

Port 2

Step 3

Every non root bridge must select

one root port to send traffic to root

Bridge based on best root path cost

Suppose all connections are 100M

FE speed for this example

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: B

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03

Port 1 as

Root port

RP

RP



65

Root Bridge

Bridge: A

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01

Port 1 as

Root port

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Port 1

Port 2

Port 2

Port 2

Step 4

Selections of Designated Ports

Port provided the least parth cost

from the segment to the root

is elected as designated port

Result:

Since the ports on Bridge A are directly

connected to the root bridge, these ports

become the DP for S1 and S2

Port 1 of Bridge A as Designated port for

Segment 1

Port 2 of Bridge A as Designated port for

Segment 2

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: B

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03

Port 1 as

Root port

RP

RP

Segment 3

Segment 1

Segment 2

DP

DP



66

Root Bridge

Bridge: A

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01

Port 1 as

Root port

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Port 1

Port 2

Port 2

Port 2

Continue on Step 5:

Election of Designated Ports

for segment 3

The path cost to the RB is the same for

Bridge B and Bridge C

The tie breaker is the lower MAC address of

bridge C

Result:

Port 2 of Bridge B as DP

Step 6:

RP and DP ports go into the forwarding states

Step 7:

Ports that are not DP or RP go to the blocking

state

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: B

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03

Port 1 as

Root port

RP

RP

Segment 3

Segment 1

Segment 2

DP

DP


DP

BP


67

Root Bridge

Bridge: A

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01

Port 1 as

Root port

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Port 1

Port 2

Port 2

Port 2

Step 8

At this point STP has

fully converged

Bridge C continuous to send

BPDU advertising its superiority

Over Bridge B

As long as this condition remain good

The port 2 of Bridge-B remain blocked

For any reason if Bridge B –port2 not

Receive a BPDU for max. 20 sec

It will start to transition to forwarding

mode

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: B

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03

Port 1 as

Root port

RP

RP

DP

DP


DP

Forwarding

Blocked

Forwarding

Forwarding

Forwarding

Forwarding

BPDU

BP


68

Root Bridge

Bridge: A

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-01

Port 1 as

Root port

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: C

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-02

Port 1

Port 2

Port 2

Port 2

Spanning Tree Failure

The blocked port has gone into

Forwarding

Non Root Bridge

Bridge: B

Bridge ID 32768

MAC Address 00-00-00-00-00-03

Port 1 as

Root port

RP

RP

DP

DP


Forwarding

Was Blocked

Now forwarding

Forwarding

Forwarding

Forwarding

Summary of STP Port States

1. Blocking

2. Listening

3. Learning

4. Forwarding

5. Disabled

BPDU

DP


69

How STP and RSTP works (1)?

2

2

1

1

1

111

222 333

444

1

2 2

B

Designated

Root Port

Blocked

FOR STP CASE

2

2

1

1

1

222

444

1

2 2

Switch 222 and 444 wait for 20 seconds for Max

Age Time

+ 15 seconds (listening)

+ 15 seconds ( learning)

Total 50 seconds to converge

111

333

B

R

D

D

D

D D

R

R R

R

R

R

D

D

D


How STP and RSTP works (2)?

2

2

1

1

1

111

222 333

444

1

2 2

FOR RSTP CASE

2

2

1

1

1

222

444

1

2 2

When 222 loses it connection to 111, it immediately

Start it port 2 to inform 444, then 444 place it P2 to

Forwarding. 444 perform a hand shake with 222

Called “sync operation” The sync required a BPDU

Exchange, but does not use timers, and therefore

Perform fast switching!

111

333

B

Designated

Root Port

Blocked

R

D

B

D

D

D

D

R

R R

R

R

R

R

D

D

D


Ether Ring Protection


72

G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection Switching

ETH-CC

Client #1

Signal

Client #2

Signal

Traffic

separation

with VLAN

Tag

RPL

(Ring Protection Link)

• Utilizing widely-deployed Ethernet (802.1,3) with OAM (802.1ag/Y.1731)

• Loop-free protection mechanism

• Protection Switching Time <50ms

• Scalable topologies

– Single ring, interconnected rings, and logical rings

– No. of nodes per ring: no limitation in theory

• Administrative operation

– Forced switching

– Manual switching

– Revertive/ Non-revertive

RPL

(Ring Protection Link)


73

G.8032 is an ITU Recommendation

Defines the APS (Automatic Protection Switching ) protocol and protection switching

mechanisms for ETH layer ring topologies.

Use of standard 802 MAC and OAM frames around the ring

Uses standard 802.1Q , but with xSTP disabled.

Prevents loops within the ring by blocking one of the links

Monitoring of the ETH layer for discovery and identification of Signal Failure (SF)

conditions.

Protection and recovery switching within 50 ms for typical rings.

Submission of FDB Flush, Unblock blocking Port

Blocking Port

Unblock blocking Port

1) Normal Condition

2) Failure Event 3) Switchover Condition

Client Traffic

G.8032 Ethernet Ring Protection


74

Synchronization in iPASOLINK


75

Type of Synchronization

System A

System Bt

t

Timing signal of system B

Timing signal of system A

00:00:00

00:00:00

00:00:01

00:00:01

00:00:03

00:00:03

00:00:04

00:00:04

System A

System Bt

t

Timing signal of system B

Timing signal of system A

00:00:00

00:00:00

00:00:01

00:00:01

00:00:03

00:00:03

00:00:04

00:00:04

Frequency Synchronization ：all nodes align in

both clock and radio channel frequencies generated

by the same frequency source.

Time Synchronization ：

all nodes have access to the information on

the reference time. The time synchronization is

also referred to as time-of-day synchronization

or wall-clock synchronization, where the clocks

in question are traceable to a time-base such

as UTC. Usually, this can be used as an

alternate of phase synch. ToD( time of day)

signals are applied for this synch..

Phase Synchronization ： all nodes have access to a

reference timing signal whose rising edges occur at the

same instant in time. This process is also referred to as

relative-time synchronization or “adaptive frame

alignment” in 3GPP mobile system. In phased 1PPS

(pulse per second) signal is applied for phase

synchronization of 3GPP2(cdmaOne/cdma2000）and

WiMAX.

T A =1/f A

T B =1/f B

t

t

T iming signal of system A

T iming signal of system B

T A =1/f A

T B =1/f B

t

t


T iming signal of system B T B =1/f B

t

t


T iming signal of system B

t

t T iming signal of system B



76

Synchronous Ethernet Concept

Uses the PHY clock

– Generates the clock signal from “bit stream”

– Similar to traditional SONET/SDH/PDH PLLs

Each node in the Packet Network recovers the clock

Performance is independent of network loading

There are four quality levels for clocks in SDH:

Primary Reference Clock G.811 SSU Slave clock (transit node) G.812

SSU Slave clock (local node) G.812 SDH network element clock (SEC) G.813


77

IEEE1588v2 End-to-End Synchronization Concept

(1) Boundary Clock (BC)

(2) Transparent Clock (TC)

M :Time synchronization Master

S :Time synchronization Slave

Intermediate node doesn’t terminate messages but add delay information node-by-node.

All intermediate node terminates messages link-by-link.

CX2200 CX2600

PRC (Primary Reference

Clock)

M S M S M S M S

Sync Sync Sync Sync

CX2200 CX2600

PRC

Clock (PDU Information)

Timestamp = t

A B C Forwarding

delay = tA

Forwarding

delay = tB

Forwarding

delay = tC

t1 = t – tA t2 = t1 – tB t3 = t2 – tC t

M S

Sync

Defined on version 2

(3) Slave Clock (SC)

CX2200 CX2600

A B C

Defined on version 2

S

M

PTP Server


78

Circuit Emulation – pseudo wire


79

Packet Network

TDM(PDH/SDH)

Node

Data over E1

Data over Packet

PWE

Circuit Emulation

/Pseudo Wire Emulation

PWE3 (Pseudo Wire Emulation Edge to Edge)

TDM

ATM

TDM

ATM

TDM

ATM

TDM

ATM

Node Node

PWE Node

Pseudo Wire Emulation (PWE)

E1

TDM

TDM -> CES SAToP/

CESoPSN E1

ETH

E1

TDM


TS-3

1

.

TS-2

TS

-1

E1 F

RA

ME

80

PWE-SAToP

TS-3

1

.

TS-2

TS

-1

E1 F

RA

ME

…..…………

CTRL W

ORD

RT

P

PW

HE

AD

ER

…..…………

TS-3

1

.

TS-2

TS

-1

E1 F

RA

ME

…..…………

CTRL W

ORD

RT

P

PW

HE

AD

ER

CTRL W

ORD

RT

P

PW

HE

AD

ER

PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD

E1

FR

AM

E

E1

FR

AM

E

SUITABLE FOR UNSTRUCTURED TDM, IGNORE IF THERE IS A STRUCTURE

SAToP ENCAPSULATED N BYTES OF TDM STREAM IN EACH PACKET IGNORING ANY TDM FRAME ALIGNMENT

THE ENTIRE E1 IS PACKETIZED INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS WHETHER USED OR NOT.,

THE E1 STREAM IS SLICED INTO FIXED SIZE BLOCKS OF EQUAL SIZE FOR PACKETIZATION. THE SLICE POSITION IS

RANDOM AND NOT RELATED TO THE E1 FRAMING BITS (TS0)

PSEUDO WIRE REQUIRE AN OVERHEAD TYPICALLY 10 TO 20 % OVER THE NATIVE TDM BANDWIDTH.

CESoP

…

… …

… … … …

Header Header

… … … …

Frame/Packet

E1 Payload Transport

Packet Header (IP/VLAN/MPLS)

CES

…

… …

… … … …

Ch32

Header Header

… … … …

Ch32

TDM

ch0

Ch32 ch0 ch0 Ch32 ch0

Ch32 ch0 Ch32 ch0

RFC4553 - Structure-Agnostic Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)over Packet

(SAToP)

- whole E1/T1 Frame based packetization (Unstructured)


TS-3

1

.

TS-2

TS

-1

E1 F

RA

ME

81

PWE-CESoPSN

TS-3

1

.

TS-2

TS

-1

E1 F

RA

ME

…..…………

CTRL W

ORD

RT

P

PW

HE

AD

ER

…..…………

TS-3

1

.

TS-2

TS

-1

E1 F

RA

ME

…..…………

CTRL W

ORD

RT

P

PW

HE

AD

ER

CTRL W

ORD

RT

P

PW

HE

AD

ER

PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD PW PAYLOAD

UN

US

ED

TS

UN

US

ED

TS

UN

US

ED

TS

UN

US

ED

TS

UN

US

ED

TS

UN

US

ED

TS

CESoPSN IS STRUCTURE –AWARE TRANSPORT CONSIDER THE TDM STRUCTURE INTO ACCOUNT

THE FRAME ALIGNMENT SIGNAL (FAS) IS MAINTAINED AT PSN EGRESS POINT.

ENTIRE E1 STREAM CAN BE PACKETIZED, INCLUDING ALL TIME SLOTS USED OR NOT USED

IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE NOT TRANSPORT UNUSED TIME SLOTS IN THE PAYLOAD SAVING BANDWIDTH

…

… …

Header Header

… …

Ch2 Ch2 Ch2 Ch2

Header Header

… …

Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1 Ch32 Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1

CESoP

Payload

…

… …

Header Header

… …

Ch2 Ch2 Ch32 Ch2 Ch2

Header Header

… …

Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1 Ch2 Ch2 Ch1 Ch1

CES

E1

Ch32 ch0

Ch32 ch0

Transport

Packet Header (IP/VLAN/MPLS)

Ch32

Ch32

RFC5086 - Structure-aware TDM Circuit Emulation Service over Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN)

- N×DS0 based packetization (structured)


About ACR (Adaptive Clock Recovery)

• Inserts clock information to packet header (Control Word or RTP)

• Recover clock information at clock slave node

Customer

Premises

Central

Office Master Node

TDM

Equipment

Slave Node TDM

Equipment

Filter

Queue

Service Service

E1 T1/E1

Clock Encode

Carrier PSN

Time

Stamp

TDM to

Packet

Packet

to TDM

In-Band

Primary

Reference

Source

fReference

Time

Stamp

ACR is used at slave node E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node


iPASOLINK PWE configuratgion

ACR is used at slave node E1 Line sync or NE clock is used at master node

STM-1 -Chanellized

MSE L2SW

XC

MB

16E1

Modem-2 Modem-1

PWE CH1

PWE CH64

E1

Ethernet BUS

Modem

FE / GbE Ports


84

Ethernet Cables

Ethernet Specification Speed Cable Type Distance

10BASE-T 10M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m

10BASE2 10M Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 5mm) 185m

10BASE5 10M Coaxial cable (50 ohms, diameter of 10mm) 500m

100BASE-T

100BASE-X 100BASE-FX 100M Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) 2000m

100BASE-TX 100M UTP cable (CAT5) 100m

100BASE-T4 100M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m

100BASE-T2 100M UTP cable (CAT3) 100m

1000BASE-X

1000BASE-FX

1000BASE-LX 1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm MMF) 550m

1000M Fiber optic cable (1300nm SMF) 5000m

1000BASE-SX 1000M Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 550m

1000BASE-CX 1000M Coaxial cable 25m

1000BASE-T 1000M UTP cable (CAT5 e/CAT6) 100m

10GBASE-X 10GBASE-TX1 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm MMF) 300m

10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km

10GBASE-R

10GBASE-SR 10G Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 65m

10GBASE-LR 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km

10GBASE-ER 10G Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) 40km

10GBASE-W

10GBASE-SW 10G Fiber optic cable (850nm MMF) 65m

10GBASE-LW 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km

10GBASE-EW 10G Fiber optic cable (1550nm SMF) 40km

10GBASE-LW4 10G Fiber optic cable (1310nm SMF) 10km


85

Ethernet Standards

Layer 7 Application Layer

IEEE802.1

Layer 6 Presentation Layer

Layer 5 Session Layer

Layer 4 Transport Layer

Layer 3 Network Layer

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

LLC IEEE802.2

MAC

IEEE802.3 ..

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Standard Working Group

IEEE802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols

IEEE802.2 Logical Link Control

IEEE802.3 Ethernet

IEEE802.4 Token Bus

IEEE802.5 Token Ring

IEEE802.6 Metropolitan Area Network

IEEE802.7 Broadband

IEEE802.8 Fiber Optic

IEEE802.9 Isochronous LAN

IEEE802.10 Security

IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN

IEEE802.12 Demand Priority

IEEE802.14 Cable Modem

IEEE802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

IEEE802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX)

IEEE802.17 Resilient Packet Ring

IEEE802.18 Radio Regulatory

IEEE802.19 Coexistence

IEEE802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)

The standardization of LAN is conducted by the IEEE（Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers）. It has already standardized many LAN-related technologies that we are familiar with

in everyday life. They includes IEEE802.3, standards on the Ethernet, and IEEE802.11a/b/g,

standards on the Wireless LAN.

Ethernet - 2


86

Thank you

This training document describes the current version of the equipment.

The specifications or configuration contained in this document are subject to change

without notice.


Documents

4 IPasolink Ethernet Functions 1