Li Shen1, Juliane Haufe, Martin K. Patel2

bio-based plastics

technical

former

maximum

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

plastics

ethylene et al. Casein

soy plastics

Shellac

Coccus lacca or Laccifer laccaregenerated cellulose

cellophane

densely populatedindustrialized

et al. et al.

et al.

not bio-based durable

The plastics sector in perspective and its dynamics

non-plasticsplastics

Bio-based plastics as new option

et al.

Fully BiobasedPartially BiobasedFully fossil-based

Non

-B

iode

grad

able

Fully

B

iode

grad

able

etc.

Objectives and scope of this report

notcan

petrochemical

highlow

et al.

do

Structure of the report

plastics

non-plasticplastics

plastic

Euro

peW

orld

Euro

peW

orld

Euro

peW

orld

Euro

peW

orld

Euro

peW

orld

Euro

peW

orld

Euro

peW

orld

Euro

peW

orld

2.1 Starch plastics

et al.

et al.

et al.

Partially fermented starch Destructurised starch, also referred to as thermoplastic starch (TPS) Chemically modified starch

Starch blends Starch composites.

Partially fermented starch

Native starch

Starch waste slurry

Native Starch

Partially fermented starch

Starch compositee.g., PaperFoam®

Destructurised TPSe.g., Bioplast TPS®

Starch Blende.g., Mater-Bi®, BIOPAR®

Chemically modified starche.g., starch acetate

Partially fermented starch plastice.g., Solanyl®

Purified starch waste slurry

Destructurised starch (synonym: Thermoplastic starch, TPS)

Chemically modified starch

et al.

et al.

Starch blends

et al.

Addition Grafting

PolymerisationGrafting

Starch composites

FoamFoam

FoamFoam

Conversion technologies

Chemical and physical properties

et al.

Mechanical and thermal properties

et a

l.

full substitution partial substitution no substitution

Partially Fermented Starch Plastic

Destructurised starch

Chemically modified starch

et al.

et al.

Starch Blends

Europe

United States of America

Asia Pacific

Selling price

Cost structure

Expected price developments

2.2 Cellulosic polymers

Acetobacter xylinum et al.

et al.

cellulosic polymers for non-plastic applicationscellulose plastics cellulosic plastics

Non-plastic applications

cellulose plastics

et al.et al.

et al.

Organic cellulose estersRegenerated cellulose

Man-made cellulose fibres Organic cellulose esters Regenerated cellulose

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

Viscose process Lyocell process

Recent R&D on regenerated cellulose

et al. et al.

et al.et al.

et al. et al.et al.

et al. et al. et al.

et al.

et al.

f

2.3 Polylactic acid (PLA)

Lactic acid from a carbon substrate

et al.

et al.

et al. et al.

PLA from lactic acid

Oligomers

Lactide

Poly(lactic acid)

Lactic acidD- or L- or D,L-

Racemic mixture

Oligomers

Lactide

Poly(lactic acid)

Lactic acidD- or L- or D,L-

Racemic mixture

Stereocomplexation

Conversion technologies

Chemical Properties

Physical Properties

Mechanical Properties

Thermal Properties

Other properties

et al.

et al.

Properties of copolymers, blends and composites

et al.

et al.

in-situ et al.

Additives

Selling price

Cost structure

et al.

Expected price developments

2.4 PTT from bio-based PDO

et al.

E. coli 12

E.coli (GM)Enzymatic conversions

et al.

E. coli

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et a

l.

et al.

full substitution partial substitution no substitution

Selling price

Cost structure

Expected price developments

2.5 Bio-based polyamides (nylon)

et al.

et al.

et al. et al.

2.5.1.1 PA11 from castor oil

2.5.1.2 PA 610 from caster oil

2.5.1.3 PA 66 from bio-based adipic acid

E. coli

2.5.1.4 PA 69 from bio-based azelaic acid

et al.

2.5.1.5 PA6 from bio-based caprolactam

et al.

et al.

TTm

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

2.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)

-co-

-co--co-

cocococococo

etc.

et al.

co

co

co

co

co

cococococo

-co-

-co-

-co-

Production by Fermentation

E.coli co R. eutropha

co

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

Production in crops

et al.

et al.

et al.

Current and future feedstocks

et al.

-co- et al.

et al.

cococococo

cis

et al.

Properties of P(3HB) homopolymer

et al.

et al.

Copolymers of P(3HB) with hydroxyalkanoates (HA)

et al.

-co-

co R

R

R et al.

et al.

Ultra-high molecular weight P(3HB)

et al.

et al.E. coli R.

eutropha et al.

-co-

et a

l.

Conversion Technologies

Fillers and blends

et al.co

et al.

coet al.

co

et al.

co

-co-

Selling price

et al.

Cost of production

E.coli

et al.

Expected price developments

et al.

coco

2.7 Bio-based polyethylene (PE)

n

et al.

2.8 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) from bio-based PE

et al.

et al. et al.

2.9 Other emerging bio-based thermoplastics

technically

et al.

n-

et al.

et al.

Actinobacillus succinogenesAnarobiospirillum succiniciproducens

et al.

et al.

n

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

2.10 Polyurethane (PUR) from bio-based polyols

Production of fossil fuel-based PUR

PUR from bio-based polyol

Euphorbia lagascae

et al.

et al.

et al.

Europe

USA

Selling price

2.11 Bio-based thermosets

alc cidalkyd

et al.

et al.

et al.

GECO.GCO.

et al.

et al. et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al.et al.

unsaturatedsaturated

et al. et al.

et al.

does

may

technologicalfirst-of-its-kind plants

polymer

non-plastics plastic

maximum technical substitution potential

aggressive (i.e. non-selective) depolymerization

highly selective types of depolymerization

et al.

et al.

et al.

et al. et al. et al. et al.

et al.

first-of-its-kind plants

European Bioplastics

Projection based on company announcements

former

latter

all bio-based plastics

technical

maximum technical substitution

Projections based on company expectations for bio-based plastics market as a whole

PROBIP 2009 scenarios

identical

et al. et al. et al.

et al.not

Comparison with earlier projections

world-wide

commercialised and emerging

in Europe

mature bio-based polymers current

et al.

et al.

potentials

durable

biodegradable

only

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

Polymer Degradation and Stability

Kunststoffe

Composites Science and Technology

Kunststoffe

Biopack News

Bioplastics MagazineBioplastics

MagazineBioplastics

Magazine

Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Bioplastics Magazine

Trends in Biotechnology

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society

Green Chemistry

Chemical Week

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

OrganicSystheses, Coll

FEMS Microbiol Rev

Modern Plastics

New Crops, Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on New Crops

Macromolecules

Kunststoffe

Kunststoffe

Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry

Kunststoffe

Science

Journal of Polymers and the Environment

Industrial Crops and Products

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research

Prog.Polym. Sci.

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

Journal of Applied Polymer Science

Macromolecular Bioscience

Environmental Science and Technology

Journal of Coatings Technology

Forensic Science Communications

Biomass and Bioenergy

Sep Purif Technol

Journal of plastic film and sheeting

Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology

EUROPEAN PATENT EP1293560

European Physical Journal E

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Cellulose

Transgenic Research

KunststoffeKunststoffe

J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A

Biotechnology Progress

Materials Science and Engineering A

Polymer

Bioplastics Magazine

Materials Chemistry and Physics

Annual Review of Energy and the Environment

The Bridge - National Academy of Engineering of the National Academies,

Modern Plastics

Chem. Soc. Rev.

Biowerkstoff-Report

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Modern Plastics.06 March 2008

Industrial Crops and Products

Nandini Chemical Journal (online journal)

Polymer

Biotechnology Progress

Macromolecular Bioscience

Speciality Petrochemicals

Bioresource Technology

Composites Science and Technology

European Plastics News

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

Trends in Food Science and Technology

Composites Science and Technology

Polymer Reviews

Biomacromolecules

Biomass and Bioenergy

Bioplastics Magazine

Journal of American Chemistry Society

Science

Polymer Bulletin

Kunststoffe International

Prog. Polym. Sci.

J. Mater Sci.

Journal of

Applied Polymer Science

Progress in Polymer Science

Biotechnology Advances

Journal of the American Chemical Society

ChemSusChem

BioplasticsMagazine

Macromolecular Bioscience

Polymer

Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining

Trends in Biotechnology

J Appl Microbiol BiotechnolChemical Week

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Green Chemistry