Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
IntroductionIntroductionThe manufacturing of multi layer fabrics is The manufacturing of multi layer fabrics is the very first step towards the evolution of the very first step towards the evolution of 3D-woven performs In opposite to 2D-woven 3D-woven performs In opposite to 2D-woven fabrics the use of 3D-woven fabrics provides fabrics the use of 3D-woven fabrics provides important advantages The production important advantages The production process is less time-consuming and the fabric process is less time-consuming and the fabric offers a high-quality surface offers a high-quality surface By now there is a possibility to adjust textile By now there is a possibility to adjust textile fabrics already to a certain shape during the fabrics already to a certain shape during the weaving process These fabrics are called 3D-weaving process These fabrics are called 3D-textiles textiles Due to its specific properties it is used in Due to its specific properties it is used in sports marine defensesports marine defense etc etc
Definition of 3D-Fabrics Definition of 3D-Fabrics bull In most general form we can define 3D-In most general form we can define 3D-
fabrics as ldquothe single fabric system the fabrics as ldquothe single fabric system the constituent yarns of which are supposedly constituent yarns of which are supposedly dispose in three mutually perpendicular dispose in three mutually perpendicular plane relationshiprdquoplane relationshiprdquo
Classification of Woven Classification of Woven FabricsFabrics
bull 2D fabrics 2D fabrics Normal two dimensional Normal two dimensional flat fabricsflat fabrics
bull 25D fabrics25D fabrics The fabrics which are in The fabrics which are in between 2D and 3D like pile fabricsbetween 2D and 3D like pile fabrics
bull 2D woven 3D fabrics2D woven 3D fabrics The 3D fabrics The 3D fabrics made by conventional weaving systemmade by conventional weaving system
bull 3D fabrics3D fabrics The pure 3D fabrics which The pure 3D fabrics which do not need any additional binding do not need any additional binding yarnsyarns
Fibres used in 3D-Fibres used in 3D-FabricsFabrics
bullGlass fibreGlass fibre
bullCarbon fibreCarbon fibre
bullAramid fibreAramid fibre
Manufacturing of 2D woven Manufacturing of 2D woven 3D fabrics3D fabrics
bull There are four picks one above the other and There are four picks one above the other and like a multi plane the weft layers are changing like a multi plane the weft layers are changing their position intermingle as visible from their position intermingle as visible from different threads moving up and down The different threads moving up and down The figure also demonstrate very straight stands of figure also demonstrate very straight stands of warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-plane strength and modulus which is an plane strength and modulus which is an important property of todays most modern high important property of todays most modern high performance performs The binding threads are performance performs The binding threads are of much finer count as compared to the main of much finer count as compared to the main enforcing-threads and this techniques is now enforcing-threads and this techniques is now being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs The use was thick floor-covering Matts etcThe use was thick floor-covering Matts etc
Cross-sectional view of 2D woven 3D fabrics
3D Weave3D Weave
bull In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns highly oriented so good tensile yarns highly oriented so good tensile properties should be expected from the properties should be expected from the composites made by this performcomposites made by this perform
bull Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave the fabric weave the fabric (xyz)(xyz) out of which there are out of which there are two major yarns groups two major yarns groups (xy)(xy) and a binding and a binding yarns group yarns group (z)(z) XX yarns are used as the yarns are used as the major warp and major warp and Y Y yarns are used as major yarns are used as major weft The z yarns are used as the binding weft The z yarns are used as the binding yarns in the fabric yarns in the fabric
bull Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been developed with considerable width The weight developed with considerable width The weight proportion of the binding threads is a very proportion of the binding threads is a very small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the composites are not sufferedproperties of the composites are not suffered
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Definition of 3D-Fabrics Definition of 3D-Fabrics bull In most general form we can define 3D-In most general form we can define 3D-
fabrics as ldquothe single fabric system the fabrics as ldquothe single fabric system the constituent yarns of which are supposedly constituent yarns of which are supposedly dispose in three mutually perpendicular dispose in three mutually perpendicular plane relationshiprdquoplane relationshiprdquo
Classification of Woven Classification of Woven FabricsFabrics
bull 2D fabrics 2D fabrics Normal two dimensional Normal two dimensional flat fabricsflat fabrics
bull 25D fabrics25D fabrics The fabrics which are in The fabrics which are in between 2D and 3D like pile fabricsbetween 2D and 3D like pile fabrics
bull 2D woven 3D fabrics2D woven 3D fabrics The 3D fabrics The 3D fabrics made by conventional weaving systemmade by conventional weaving system
bull 3D fabrics3D fabrics The pure 3D fabrics which The pure 3D fabrics which do not need any additional binding do not need any additional binding yarnsyarns
Fibres used in 3D-Fibres used in 3D-FabricsFabrics
bullGlass fibreGlass fibre
bullCarbon fibreCarbon fibre
bullAramid fibreAramid fibre
Manufacturing of 2D woven Manufacturing of 2D woven 3D fabrics3D fabrics
bull There are four picks one above the other and There are four picks one above the other and like a multi plane the weft layers are changing like a multi plane the weft layers are changing their position intermingle as visible from their position intermingle as visible from different threads moving up and down The different threads moving up and down The figure also demonstrate very straight stands of figure also demonstrate very straight stands of warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-plane strength and modulus which is an plane strength and modulus which is an important property of todays most modern high important property of todays most modern high performance performs The binding threads are performance performs The binding threads are of much finer count as compared to the main of much finer count as compared to the main enforcing-threads and this techniques is now enforcing-threads and this techniques is now being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs The use was thick floor-covering Matts etcThe use was thick floor-covering Matts etc
Cross-sectional view of 2D woven 3D fabrics
3D Weave3D Weave
bull In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns highly oriented so good tensile yarns highly oriented so good tensile properties should be expected from the properties should be expected from the composites made by this performcomposites made by this perform
bull Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave the fabric weave the fabric (xyz)(xyz) out of which there are out of which there are two major yarns groups two major yarns groups (xy)(xy) and a binding and a binding yarns group yarns group (z)(z) XX yarns are used as the yarns are used as the major warp and major warp and Y Y yarns are used as major yarns are used as major weft The z yarns are used as the binding weft The z yarns are used as the binding yarns in the fabric yarns in the fabric
bull Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been developed with considerable width The weight developed with considerable width The weight proportion of the binding threads is a very proportion of the binding threads is a very small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the composites are not sufferedproperties of the composites are not suffered
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Classification of Woven Classification of Woven FabricsFabrics
bull 2D fabrics 2D fabrics Normal two dimensional Normal two dimensional flat fabricsflat fabrics
bull 25D fabrics25D fabrics The fabrics which are in The fabrics which are in between 2D and 3D like pile fabricsbetween 2D and 3D like pile fabrics
bull 2D woven 3D fabrics2D woven 3D fabrics The 3D fabrics The 3D fabrics made by conventional weaving systemmade by conventional weaving system
bull 3D fabrics3D fabrics The pure 3D fabrics which The pure 3D fabrics which do not need any additional binding do not need any additional binding yarnsyarns
Fibres used in 3D-Fibres used in 3D-FabricsFabrics
bullGlass fibreGlass fibre
bullCarbon fibreCarbon fibre
bullAramid fibreAramid fibre
Manufacturing of 2D woven Manufacturing of 2D woven 3D fabrics3D fabrics
bull There are four picks one above the other and There are four picks one above the other and like a multi plane the weft layers are changing like a multi plane the weft layers are changing their position intermingle as visible from their position intermingle as visible from different threads moving up and down The different threads moving up and down The figure also demonstrate very straight stands of figure also demonstrate very straight stands of warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-plane strength and modulus which is an plane strength and modulus which is an important property of todays most modern high important property of todays most modern high performance performs The binding threads are performance performs The binding threads are of much finer count as compared to the main of much finer count as compared to the main enforcing-threads and this techniques is now enforcing-threads and this techniques is now being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs The use was thick floor-covering Matts etcThe use was thick floor-covering Matts etc
Cross-sectional view of 2D woven 3D fabrics
3D Weave3D Weave
bull In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns highly oriented so good tensile yarns highly oriented so good tensile properties should be expected from the properties should be expected from the composites made by this performcomposites made by this perform
bull Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave the fabric weave the fabric (xyz)(xyz) out of which there are out of which there are two major yarns groups two major yarns groups (xy)(xy) and a binding and a binding yarns group yarns group (z)(z) XX yarns are used as the yarns are used as the major warp and major warp and Y Y yarns are used as major yarns are used as major weft The z yarns are used as the binding weft The z yarns are used as the binding yarns in the fabric yarns in the fabric
bull Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been developed with considerable width The weight developed with considerable width The weight proportion of the binding threads is a very proportion of the binding threads is a very small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the composites are not sufferedproperties of the composites are not suffered
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Fibres used in 3D-Fibres used in 3D-FabricsFabrics
bullGlass fibreGlass fibre
bullCarbon fibreCarbon fibre
bullAramid fibreAramid fibre
Manufacturing of 2D woven Manufacturing of 2D woven 3D fabrics3D fabrics
bull There are four picks one above the other and There are four picks one above the other and like a multi plane the weft layers are changing like a multi plane the weft layers are changing their position intermingle as visible from their position intermingle as visible from different threads moving up and down The different threads moving up and down The figure also demonstrate very straight stands of figure also demonstrate very straight stands of warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-plane strength and modulus which is an plane strength and modulus which is an important property of todays most modern high important property of todays most modern high performance performs The binding threads are performance performs The binding threads are of much finer count as compared to the main of much finer count as compared to the main enforcing-threads and this techniques is now enforcing-threads and this techniques is now being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs The use was thick floor-covering Matts etcThe use was thick floor-covering Matts etc
Cross-sectional view of 2D woven 3D fabrics
3D Weave3D Weave
bull In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns highly oriented so good tensile yarns highly oriented so good tensile properties should be expected from the properties should be expected from the composites made by this performcomposites made by this perform
bull Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave the fabric weave the fabric (xyz)(xyz) out of which there are out of which there are two major yarns groups two major yarns groups (xy)(xy) and a binding and a binding yarns group yarns group (z)(z) XX yarns are used as the yarns are used as the major warp and major warp and Y Y yarns are used as major yarns are used as major weft The z yarns are used as the binding weft The z yarns are used as the binding yarns in the fabric yarns in the fabric
bull Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been developed with considerable width The weight developed with considerable width The weight proportion of the binding threads is a very proportion of the binding threads is a very small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the composites are not sufferedproperties of the composites are not suffered
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Manufacturing of 2D woven Manufacturing of 2D woven 3D fabrics3D fabrics
bull There are four picks one above the other and There are four picks one above the other and like a multi plane the weft layers are changing like a multi plane the weft layers are changing their position intermingle as visible from their position intermingle as visible from different threads moving up and down The different threads moving up and down The figure also demonstrate very straight stands of figure also demonstrate very straight stands of warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving warp and weft yarns with zero crimps giving higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-higher yarn orientations resulting in higher in-plane strength and modulus which is an plane strength and modulus which is an important property of todays most modern high important property of todays most modern high performance performs The binding threads are performance performs The binding threads are of much finer count as compared to the main of much finer count as compared to the main enforcing-threads and this techniques is now enforcing-threads and this techniques is now being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 being used by 3D ndashfabric manufactures like 3 tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs tex( USA) for their most modern glass performs The use was thick floor-covering Matts etcThe use was thick floor-covering Matts etc
Cross-sectional view of 2D woven 3D fabrics
3D Weave3D Weave
bull In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns highly oriented so good tensile yarns highly oriented so good tensile properties should be expected from the properties should be expected from the composites made by this performcomposites made by this perform
bull Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave the fabric weave the fabric (xyz)(xyz) out of which there are out of which there are two major yarns groups two major yarns groups (xy)(xy) and a binding and a binding yarns group yarns group (z)(z) XX yarns are used as the yarns are used as the major warp and major warp and Y Y yarns are used as major yarns are used as major weft The z yarns are used as the binding weft The z yarns are used as the binding yarns in the fabric yarns in the fabric
bull Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been developed with considerable width The weight developed with considerable width The weight proportion of the binding threads is a very proportion of the binding threads is a very small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the composites are not sufferedproperties of the composites are not suffered
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Cross-sectional view of 2D woven 3D fabrics
3D Weave3D Weave
bull In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns highly oriented so good tensile yarns highly oriented so good tensile properties should be expected from the properties should be expected from the composites made by this performcomposites made by this perform
bull Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave the fabric weave the fabric (xyz)(xyz) out of which there are out of which there are two major yarns groups two major yarns groups (xy)(xy) and a binding and a binding yarns group yarns group (z)(z) XX yarns are used as the yarns are used as the major warp and major warp and Y Y yarns are used as major yarns are used as major weft The z yarns are used as the binding weft The z yarns are used as the binding yarns in the fabric yarns in the fabric
bull Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been developed with considerable width The weight developed with considerable width The weight proportion of the binding threads is a very proportion of the binding threads is a very small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the composites are not sufferedproperties of the composites are not suffered
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
3D Weave3D Weave
bull In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of In 3D weave all the three orthogonal sets of yarns highly oriented so good tensile yarns highly oriented so good tensile properties should be expected from the properties should be expected from the composites made by this performcomposites made by this perform
bull Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to Three orthogonal sets of yarns are used to weave the fabric weave the fabric (xyz)(xyz) out of which there are out of which there are two major yarns groups two major yarns groups (xy)(xy) and a binding and a binding yarns group yarns group (z)(z) XX yarns are used as the yarns are used as the major warp and major warp and Y Y yarns are used as major yarns are used as major weft The z yarns are used as the binding weft The z yarns are used as the binding yarns in the fabric yarns in the fabric
bull Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been Very thick fabrics up to 2rdquo have been developed with considerable width The weight developed with considerable width The weight proportion of the binding threads is a very proportion of the binding threads is a very small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile small about 2 of the fabric weight) so tensile properties of the composites are not sufferedproperties of the composites are not suffered
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Carbon Glass HybridCarbon Glass Hybrid100 Carbon Warp with Glass 100 Carbon Warp with Glass
Filling and ZFilling and Z
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
3D_fabric3D_fabric dimensionsdimensions1048707 1048707 Width Width (y) - 2 in to (y) - 2 in to 72 in72 in1048707 1048707 Thickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 inThickness (z) - lt 01 in to 2 in1048707 1048707 Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to Length (x) - continuous cut lengthlt1ft to
20ftgt20ftgt1048707 1048707 Shapes Shapes plates sheets T I Π plates sheets T I Π angles pockets tubes boxesangles pockets tubes boxes1048707 1048707 Controlled Fiber DistributionControlled Fiber Distribution1048707 1048707 XYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090ZXYZ 3D Orthogonal Weave 090Z1048707 1048707 Fiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as wovenFiber Vol Fractions gt 55 as woven1048707 1048707 Tow packing factors gt 65Tow packing factors gt 651048707 1048707 Uni-directional to XYZ balancedUni-directional to XYZ balanced1048707 1048707 Straight internal tow ndash non-crimpStraight internal tow ndash non-crimp
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
2D vs 3D Woven 2D vs 3D Woven compositescomposites
bull The unidirectional composites undergo extensive The unidirectional composites undergo extensive delaminating damage The main method of delaminating damage The main method of through thickness reinforcement include 3D through thickness reinforcement include 3D weaving in improving the delaminating weaving in improving the delaminating resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit resistance3D Woven fabric composites exhibit higher fraction toughness which is about four to higher fraction toughness which is about four to five times as compared to uni directionalfive times as compared to uni directional
bull 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical 3D woven composites exhibit better mechanical
properties than the conventionally 2D woven properties than the conventionally 2D woven laminates as shown in the graphlaminates as shown in the graph
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
A B C
Tensilestrength
Compressionstrength
Compressionstrength afterimpact
A2D woven composites B2D woven 3D compositesC3D woven 3D composites
MPa
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D 3TEX 3WEAVEtrade 3D WeavingWeaving
Relative to Standard 2DRelative to Standard 2Dbull Improves material performanceImproves material performance
bull ndash ndash Non-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessNon-crimp straight fibers = higher strength and stiffnessbull ndash ndash Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and Z direction fiber = improved fracture toughness and
damagedamagebull tolerancetolerancebull Lowers fabricated component costLowers fabricated component cost
bull ndash ndash Faster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesFaster resin wet-out = shorter processing timesbull ndash ndash Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor Thickernet-shape and higher conformability = labor
savingssavingsbull ndash ndash Better properties = use less materialBetter properties = use less materialbull bull bull Improves qualityImproves quality
bull ndash ndash Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly Thicker andor net-shape = fewer pieces less assembly errorerror
bull ndash ndash Automated textile processing = consistent qualityAutomated textile processing = consistent quality
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Mechanical PropertiesMechanical Properties
bull High tensile strengthHigh tensile strength
bull High compression strengthHigh compression strength
bull Compression strength after impactCompression strength after impact
bull High stiffnessHigh stiffness
bull ElasticElastic
bull Low weightLow weight
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Textile CompositesTextile Composites
bull The textile composites are composed of two materials The textile composites are composed of two materials ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) ie a textile Skelton for reinforcement (called performs) and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep and a binding adhesive ( called matrix) material to keep the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without the Skelton integrated into a specific shape Without retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite retaining a specific shape the properties of a composite can not be utilizedcan not be utilized
bull Parts of a compositeParts of a composite
bull PerformPerform
bull matrixmatrix
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
The PerformsThe Performsbull Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or Performs of two types either comprising short fibres or
continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different continuorsquos fibres These may be produced in three different ways as indicated belowways as indicated below
Short Fibres yarn Fabric Short Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Continuous Fibres yarn Fabric Composite materialsComposite materials
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Requirements for the Requirements for the perform manufactureperform manufacture
bull High degree of structural integrityHigh degree of structural integrity
bull Controlled distribution of yarnControlled distribution of yarn
bull Proper orientation of the yarnsProper orientation of the yarns
bull Preferably uncrimped yarn Preferably uncrimped yarn
bull Adequate fibre- volume fractionAdequate fibre- volume fraction
bull Well defined shape and dimensionsWell defined shape and dimensions
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Classification The Classification The composites wrt Matrixcomposites wrt Matrix
bull With respect to matrix we can classify With respect to matrix we can classify composite materials ascomposite materials as
bull Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)Polymer Matrix composites (PMCrsquos)bull Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)Metal Matrix composites (MMCrsquos)bull Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)Ceramic matrix composites (CMCrsquos)
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Examples of Forms made byExamples of Forms made by Integral 3D WeavingIntegral 3D Weaving
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Applications of Applications of 3D3D Performs Performs
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Marine
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Aircrafts
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Defense
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
Other fieldsOther fields
bull Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
bull SportsSports
