38

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. WHO. Physical Activity 2015 [cited 2015]. Available from:

http://www.who.int/topics/physical_activity/en/.

2. Toskovic NN, Blessing D, Williford HN. Physiologic profile of recreational

male and female novice and experienced Tae Kwon Do practitioners. The

Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 2004;44(2):164-72.

3. Shirley SMF, Gabriel YF. Does Taekowndo Training Improve Physical

Fitness? 2010.

4. WTF. Global Membership of the WTF 2016 [cited 2016]. Available from:

http://www.worldtaekwondofederation.net/about-wtf/members/.

5. Pons van Dijk G, Huijts M, Lodder J. Cognition Improvement in Taekwondo

Novices Over 40. Results from the SEKWONDO Study. Frontiers in aging

neuroscience. 2013;5:74.

6. Sidiarto L, Kusumuputro S. Memori Anda setelah Usia 50. Jakarta: Universitas

Indonesia; 2003.

7. Green CS, Bavelier D. Action video game modifies visual selective attention.

Nature. 2003;423(6939):534-7.

8. Putri I. Pengaruh Olahraga Aerob Rutin terhadap Atensi Mahasiswa FK Undip

yang Diukur dengan Attention Network Test: Universitas Diponegoro; 2015.

9. Arifian A. Pengaruh Bermain Video Game Tipe First Person Shooter terhadap

Atensi yang Diukur dengan Attention Network Test: Universitas Diponegoro;

2014.

10. PBTI. Sejarah Taekwondo 2011 [cited 2015]. Available from:

http://www.taekwondo-indonesia.com/profil-taekwondo.php.

11. Tirtawirya D. Perkembangan dan peranan Taekwondo dalam pembinaan

manusia di Indonesia. JORPRES. 2005;1(2).

12. Irfan M. Pedoman olahraga yang menyehatkan. Unimed Journal. 2011;17.

13. Kyong ML, Ki-young J, Jung-heon K. The Book of WTF Poomsae

Competition: World Taekwondo Federation and Jungdam Media; 2008.

39

14. WTF. World Taekwondo Federation Competition Rules & Interpretation.

2015.

15. Haddad M, Ouergui I, Hammami N, Chamari K. Physical Training in

Taekwondo: Generic and Specific Training. Performance Optimization in

Taekwondo: From Laboratory to Field, OMICS Group Incorporation, Nevada,

USA. 2014.

16. WTF. World Taekwondo Federation Poomsae Competition Rules &

Interpretation. 2014.

17. Gitelman DR. Attention and its disorders. British medical bulletin. 2003;65:21-

34.

18. Heimann M, Tjus T, Strid K. Attention in Cognition and Early Learning. 2011.

19. Petersen SE, Posner MI. The attention system of the human brain: 20 years

after. Annual review of neuroscience. 2012;35:73-89.

20. Fan J, McCandliss BD, Sommer T, Raz A, Posner MI. Testing the efiiciency

and independence of attentional networks. Journal of cognitive neuroscience.

2002.

21. Coull JT. Modulation of attention by noradrenergic alpha2-agents varies

according to arousal level. Drug news & perspectives. 2001;14(1):5-11.

22. Wilson KD, Woldorff MG, Mangun GR. Control networks and hemispheric

asymmetries in parietal cortex during attentional orienting in different spatial

reference frames. NeuroImage. 2005;25(3):668-83.

23. Corbetta M, Shulman GL. Human cortical mechanisms of visual attention

during orienting and search. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of

London Series B, Biological sciences. 1998;353(1373):1353-62.

24. Bush G, Luu P, Posner MI. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior

cingulate cortex. Trends in cognitive sciences. 2000;4(6):215-22.

25. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Research on attention networks as a model for the

integration of psychological science. Annual review of psychology. 2007;58:1-

23.

26. Stroop effect: University of Washington; [cited 2016].

27. Eriksen flanker task: Cognitive Atlas; [cited 2016].

40

28. Sack I, Streitberger KJ, Krefting D, Paul F, Braun J. The influence of

physiological aging and atrophy on brain viscoelastic properties in humans.

PloS one. 2011;6(9):e23451.

29. Kensinger EA. Cognition in Aging and Age Related Disease Departement of

Psychology. 2011:1-10.

30. Liu GHP, Fan J, Wang K. Gender Differences Associated with Orienting

Attentional Networks in Healthy Subjects. Chinese Medical Journal. 2013.

31. Brown ET. Attention Deficit Disorder: The Unfocused Mind in Children and

Adults. London: Yale University Press. 2005.

32. Espeland MA, Bryan RN, Goveas JS, Robinson JG, Siddiqui MS, Liu S, et al.

Influence of type 2 diabetes on brain volumes and changes in brain volumes:

results from the Women's Health Initiative Magnetic Resonance Imaging

studies. Diabetes care. 2013;36(1):90-7.

33. Petrella RJ, Shlyakhto E, Konradi AO, Berrou JP, Sedefdjian A, Pathak A, et

al. Blood pressure responses to hypertension treatment and trends in cognitive

function in patients with initially difficult-to-treat hypertension: a retrospective

subgroup analysis of the Observational Study on Cognitive Function and SBP

Reduction (OSCAR) study. Journal of clinical hypertension. 2012;14(2):78-

84.

34. Katan M, Moon YP, Paik MC, Sacco RL, Wright CB, Elkind MS. Infectious

burden and cognitive function: the Northern Manhattan Study. Neurology.

2013;80(13):1209-15.

35. Stringa E, Knauper V, Murphy G, Gavrilovic J. Collagen degradation and

platelet-derived growth factor stimulate the migration of vascular smooth

muscle cells. Journal of cell science. 2000;113 ( Pt 11):2055-64.

36. Nyberg F. Cognitive Impairment in Drug Addict. Uppsala: Departement

Pharmaceutical Biocscience of Uppsala University; 2012.

37. Parkin AJ. Memory: A guide for professionals: John Wiley & Sons

Incorporated. 1999.

38. Plassman BL, Williams JW, Jr., Burke JR, Holsinger T, Benjamin S.

Systematic review: factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of

41

cognitive decline in later life. Annals of internal medicine. 2010;153(3):182-

93.

39. Freidl W, Schmidt R, Stronegger WJ, Irmler A, Reinhart B, Koch M. Mini

mental state examination: influence of sociodemographic, environmental and

behavioral factors and vascular risk factors. Journal of clinical epidemiology.

1996;49(1):73-8.

40. Association MP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, (DSM-

5®). American Psychiatric Pub. 2013.

41. Niogi S, Mukherjee P, Ghajar J, McCandliss BD. Individual Differences in

Distinct Components of Attention are Linked to Anatomical Variations in

Distinct White Matter Tracts. Frontiers in neuroanatomy. 2010;4:2.

42. Seifert T, Secher NH. Sympathetic influence on cerebral blood flow and

metabolism during exercise in humans. Progress in neurobiology.

2011;95(3):406-26.

43. Eggermont L, Swaab D, Luiten P, Scherder E. Exercise, cognition and

Alzheimer's disease: more is not necessarily better. Neuroscience and

biobehavioral reviews. 2006;30(4):562-75.

44. Meeusen R. Exercise and the brain: insight in new therapeutic modalities.

Annals of transplantation. 2005;10(4):49-51.

45. Stroth S, Hille K, Spitzer M, Reinhardt R. Aerobic endurance exercise benefits

memory and affect in young adults. Neuropsychological rehabilitation.

2009;19(2):223-43.

42

Lampiran 1. Ethical Clearance

43

Lampiran 2. Surat Ijin Penelitian

44

Lampiran 3. Informed Consent

JUDUL PENELITIAN :

HUBUNGAN LATIHAN TAEKWONDO TERHADAP ATENSI PADA

USIA REMAJA YANG DIUKUR DENGAN ATTENTION NETWORK

TEST

INSTANSI PELAKSANA : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro

PELAKSANA : Fauzi Hestu Harmoni

PERSETUJUAN SETELAH PENJELASAN

(INFORMED CONSENT)

Yth. Saudara :

Nama saya Fauzi Hestu Harmoni, saya adalah mahasiswa Program Studi S1 Ilmu

Pendidikan Dokter Fakultas Kedokteran UNDIP. Saya melakukan penelitian

dengan judul : Hubungan Latihan Taekwondo terhadap Atensi pada Usia Remaja

yang diukur dengan Attention Network Test. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk

mengetahui pengaruh latihan taekwondo terhadap atensi pada kelompok usia

remaja. Saya menjamin kerahasiaan identitas dan informasi yang diberikan.

Informasi tersebut hanya digunakan untuk kepentingan penelitian. Saudara berhak

menolak dan keluar dari penelitian sesuai dengan keinginan.

Apabila ada informasi yang belum jelas atau pertanyaan mengenai penelitian ini

audara bisa menghubungi saya (Fauzi Hestu Harmoni), mahasiswa Program Studi

S1 Ilmu Pendidikan Dokter FK UNDIP (HP 082132948936).

Demikian penjelasan saya. Terima kasih atas kerjasama Saudara dalam penelitian

ini.

45

Judul Penelitian :

HUBUNGAN LATIHAN TAEKWONDO TERHADAP ATENSI PADA

USIA REMAJA YANG DIUKUR DENGAN ATTENTION NETWORK

TEST

Setelah mendengar dan memahami penjelasan tentang penelitian, dengan ini saya

menyatakan:

Nama :..………………………………………………

Usia :………………………………………………..

Alamat :………………………………………………..

Menyatakan : SETUJU / TIDAK SETUJU* (coret yang tidak perlu)

Untuk berpartisipasi sebagai subyek penelitian pada penelitian tersebut.

Peneliti

(Fauzi Hestu Harmoni)

Semarang, ........................2016

Saya yang membuat pernyataan

( )

Contact : Fauzi Hestu Harmoni (082132948936)

46

Lampiran 4. Identitas Subyek Penelitian

KUESIONER PENELITIAN

Judul Penelitian :

HUBUNGAN LATIHAN TAEKWONDO TERHADAP ATENSI PADA

USIA REMAJA YANG DIUKUR DENGAN ATTENTION NETWORK

TEST

No. :

Tanggal pengisian :

A. IDENTITAS RESPONDEN

Nama :

Usia :

Jenis Kelamin :

Alamat :

No Telepon :

B. ANAMNESIS

1. Apakah Saudara memiliki kelainan refraksi mata?

a. Ya

b. Tidak

2. Apakah kelainan refraksi anda dikoreksi dengan kaca mata atau lensa

kontak?

a. Ya

b. Tidak

47

3. Apakah Saudara saat ini sedang dalam kondisi stress?

a. Ya

b. Tidak

4. Apakah Saudara mengkonsumsi alkohol dan/atau obat-obatan sedatif?

a. Ya

b. Tidak

5. Apakah Saudara saat ini sedang mengidap infeksi?

a. Ya, Sebutkan.................

b. Tidak

6. Apakah Saudara sudah mengikuti latihan rutin selama minimal satu tahun?

a. Ya

b. Tidak

7. Berapa frekuensi latihan Saudara selama ini (dalam satu minggu)?

a. <2 kali

b. ≥2 kali

8. Apakah Saudara sudah pernah mengikuti latihan Taekwondo sebelumnya

(sebelum menjadi mahasiswa) ?

a. Ya, selama......... tahun/bulan

b. Tidak

9. Apakah Saudara sudah pernah mengikuti kompetisi Taekwondo selama ini?

a. Sudah

b. Belum

48

10. Apakah Saudara mengikuti UKM olahraga lain?

a. Ya, sebutkan......................

b. Tidak

11. Apakah Saudara sering melakukan latihan fisik lainnya?

a. Ya, sebutkan........................

b. Tidak

49

Lampiran 5. Hasil Analisis SPSS

Explore

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Usia 48 100.0% 0 0.0% 48 100.0%

Descriptives

Statistic Std. Error

Usia Mean 19.81 .170

95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound 19.47

Upper Bound 20.15

5% Trimmed Mean 19.77

Median 20.00

Variance 1.390

Std. Deviation 1.179

Minimum 18

Maximum 23

Range 5

Interquartile Range 2

Skewness .380 .343

Kurtosis -.169 .674

Tests of Normality

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Usia .192 48 .000 .920 48 .003

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

50

Usia

51

Explore

Kelompok

Case Processing Summary

Kelompok

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Alerting Non Taekwondo 24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%

Taekwondo 24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%

Orienting Non Taekwondo 24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%

Taekwondo 24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%

Excecutive Non Taekwondo 24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%

Taekwondo 24 100.0% 0 0.0% 24 100.0%

52

Descriptives

Kelompok Statistic Std. Error

Alerting Non

Taekwondo

Mean 49.00 6.865

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 34.80

Upper Bound 63.20

5% Trimmed Mean 49.47

Median 45.00

Variance 1131.217

Std. Deviation 33.634

Minimum -26

Maximum 112

Range 138

Interquartile Range 45

Skewness .056 .472

Kurtosis .021 .918

Taekwondo Mean 30.67 4.498

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 21.36

Upper Bound 39.97

5% Trimmed Mean 30.74

Median 31.50

Variance 485.536

Std. Deviation 22.035

Minimum -2

Maximum 62

Range 64

53

Interquartile Range 41

Skewness .031 .472

Kurtosis -1.534 .918

Orienting Non

Taekwondo

Mean 50.50 6.875

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 36.28

Upper Bound 64.72

5% Trimmed Mean 51.84

Median 50.50

Variance 1134.261

Std. Deviation 33.679

Minimum -49

Maximum 117

Range 166

Interquartile Range 37

Skewness -.656 .472

Kurtosis 2.575 .918

Taekwondo Mean 44.88 3.928

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 36.75

Upper Bound 53.00

5% Trimmed Mean 45.50

Median 43.50

Variance 370.288

Std. Deviation 19.243

Minimum -5

Maximum 82

54

Range 87

Interquartile Range 22

Skewness -.506 .472

Kurtosis 1.034 .918

Excecutive Non

Taekwondo

Mean 164.00 15.564

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 131.80

Upper Bound 196.20

5% Trimmed Mean 157.69

Median 144.00

Variance 5813.478

Std. Deviation 76.246

Minimum 71

Maximum 378

Range 307

Interquartile Range 72

Skewness 1.351 .472

Kurtosis 1.599 .918

Taekwondo Mean 108.04 6.847

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 93.88

Upper Bound 122.21

5% Trimmed Mean 107.67

Median 97.00

Variance 1125.259

Std. Deviation 33.545

55

Minimum 46

Maximum 177

Range 131

Interquartile Range 57

Skewness .265 .472

Kurtosis -.816 .918

Tests of Normality

Kelompok

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Alerting Non Taekwondo .125 24 .200* .977 24 .831

Taekwondo .191 24 .024 .900 24 .022

Orienting Non Taekwondo .115 24 .200* .942 24 .177

Taekwondo .137 24 .200* .966 24 .576

Excecutive Non Taekwondo .203 24 .011 .873 24 .006

Taekwondo .171 24 .069 .954 24 .330

*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

56

Alerting

Normal Q-Q Plots

57

Detrended Normal Q-Q Plots

58

Orienting

Normal Q-Q Plots

59

Detrended Normal Q-Q Plots

60

61

Excecutive

Normal Q-Q Plots

62

Detrended Normal Q-Q Plots

63

T-Test

Group Statistics

Kelompok N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Orienting Non Taekwondo 24 50.50 33.679 6.875

Taekwondo 24 44.88 19.243 3.928

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of

Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error

Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the

Difference

Lower Upper

Orienting Equal variances assumed

2.536 .118 .710 46 .481 5.625 7.918 -10.312 21.562

Equal variances not assumed

.710 36.571 .482 5.625 7.918 -10.424 21.674

64

Mann-Whitney Test

Ranks

Kelompok N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Excecutive Non Taekwondo 24 30.54 733.00

Taekwondo 24 18.46 443.00

Total 48

Alerting Non Taekwondo 24 28.63 687.00

Taekwondo 24 20.38 489.00

Total 48

Test Statisticsa

Excecutive Alerting

Mann-Whitney U 143.000 189.000

Wilcoxon W 443.000 489.000

Z -2.991 -2.042

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) .003 .041

a. Grouping Variable: Kelompok

65

Lampiran 6. Dokumentasi Penelitian

66

Lampiran 7. Biodata Mahasiswa

Identitas

Nama : Fauzi Hestu Harmoni

NIM : 22010112110043

Tempat/tanggal lahir : Semarang, 3 Maret 1995

Jenis kelamin : Laki-laki

Alamat : Jl. Gedang Mas I No.35 RT 05, RW 08, Kel. Gedang

Anak, Kec. Ungaran Timur, Kab. Semarang

No.HP : 082132948936

Email : fauzihestuu@yahoo.com

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. SD : SD Negeri 3 Sidomulyo Lulus tahun : 2007

2. SMP : SMP Negeri 1 Ungaran Lulus tahun : 2010

3. SMA : SMA Negeri 3 Semarang Lulus tahun : 2012

4. FK Undip : Masuk tahun : 2012

Riwayat Keorganisasian

1. Staff Bidang Pengembangan Sumber Daya Mahasiswa Himpunan Mahasiswa

Kedokteran Umum Universitas Diponegoro (HIMA KU) tahun 2013

2. Staff Departemen Kajian Studi Kedokteran Islam Rohani Islam Kedokteran

Umum Universitas Diponegoro (ROHIS KU) tahun 2013

3. Ketua Bidang Pengembangan Sumber Daya Mahasiswa Himpunan Mahasiswa

Kedokteran Umum Universitas Diponegoro (HIMA KU) tahun 2014

4. Staff Ahli Departemen Kajian Studi Kedokteran Islam Rohani Islam Kedokteran

Umum Universitas Diponegoro (ROHIS KU) tahun 2014

5. Anggota Biasa Pecinta Alam Medica (MALADICA) 2014

6. Staff Leadership Development Pengurus Harian Nasional Ikatan Senat

Mahasiswa Kedokteran Indonesia (ISMKI) 2015

7. Anggota Biasa Pecinta Alam Medica (MALADICA) 2015