3/30 Warm Up 1.Where in the respiratory system does gas exchange take place? 2.What is Pulmonary Ventilation? 3.What are the 4 “events of respiration”?

3/30 Warm Up

1. Where in the respiratory system does gas exchange take place?

2. What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

3. What are the 4 “events of respiration”?

Respiratory Physiology II

Ch. 13c

Events of Respiration

• Pulmonary Ventilation

• External Respiration

• Respiratory Gas Transport

• Internal Respiration

External RespirationExternal Respiration

Slide 13.32a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxygen movement into the blood

The alveoli always has more oxygen than the blood

Oxygen moves by diffusion towards the area of lower concentration

Pulmonary capillary blood gains oxygen

External RespirationExternal Respiration

Slide 13.32b


Carbon dioxide movement out of the blood

Blood returning from tissues has higher concentrations of carbon dioxide than air in the alveoli

Carbon Dioxide diffuses out of pulmonary capillary blood in to the alveoli to be released from the lungs

Blood leaving the lungs is oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-poor

Gas Transport in the BloodGas Transport in the Blood

Slide 13.33a


Oxygen transport in the blood

Inside red blood cells attached to hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin [HbO2])

A small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma

Gas Transport in the BloodGas Transport in the Blood

Slide 13.33b


Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Most is transported in the plasma as bicarbonate ion (HCO3

–)

A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on hemoglobin, but at different binding sites than those of oxygen

Internal RespirationInternal Respiration

Slide 13.34a


Exchange of gases between blood and body cells

An opposite exchange to what occurs in the lungs

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of tissue to blood

Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissue

Internal RespirationInternal Respiration

Slide 13.34b


Figure 13.11

External Respiration, External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration Internal Respiration SummarySummary

Slide 13.35


Figure 13.10

Quick Quiz• What is occurring during External

Respiration?– Describe where Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are

coming from and going to

• What is occurring during Internal Respiration?– Describe where Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are

coming from and going to

Neural Regulation of RespirationNeural Regulation of Respiration

Slide 13.36


Activity of respiratory muscles is transmitted to the brain by the phrenic and intercostal nerves

Neural centers that control rate and depth are located in the medulla

The pons appears to smooth out respiratory rate

Normal respiratory rate (eupnea) is 12–15 respirations per minute

Hypernia is increased respiratory rate often due to extra oxygen needs

Neural Regulation of RespirationNeural Regulation of Respiration

Slide 13.37


Figure 13.12

Respiratory Rate & Depth

• What do you think will happen to your rate and depth of respiration in each of the following situations– Increased Carbon Dioxide in the blood– Decreased Oxygen in the blood

Factors Influencing Respiratory Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and DepthRate and Depth

Slide 13.38


Physical factors Increased body temperature

Exercise

Talking

Coughing

Volition (conscious control)

Emotional factors


Slide 13.39a


Chemical factors

Carbon dioxide levels

Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main regulatory chemical for respiration

Increased carbon dioxide increases respiration

Changes in carbon dioxide act directly on the medulla oblongata


Slide 13.39b


Chemical factors (continued)

Oxygen levels

Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid artery

Information is sent to the medulla oblongata

Quick Quiz

• What is the most important chemical influencing respiratory rate and depth?

Aging EffectsAging Effects

Slide 13.48


Elasticity of lungs decreases

Vital capacity decreases

Blood oxygen levels decrease

Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases

More risks of respiratory tract infection

Respiratory Disorders

• Worksheet

• Lung Cancer Article & Crossword

Documents

3/30 Warm Up 1.Where in the respiratory system does gas exchange take place? 2.What is Pulmonary Ventilation? 3.What are the 4 “events of respiration”?