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Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
What do you know about respiration?
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Where do heterotrophs get energy?• Autotrophs vs. heterotrophs• Chemical energy• Calories– 1Cal = 1000 cal– Carbs/proteins 4Cal/g– Fats 9 Cal/g
• Cells– Don’t burn food– Break down gradually– Produce ATP
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Respiration Overview• Oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy
6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy• Several steps– Slow release of energy– Useful forms of energy
• Glycolysis– Glucose into pyruvic
acid– Produces ATP– Cytoplasm
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
• Krebs cycle– Produces ATP– Releases CO2
– Mitochondria• Electron transport chain– Uses products of
Krebs cycle and glycolysis
– Oxygen into water– Mitochondria
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Oxygen’s Importance• Breathing = respiration• Aerobic– Electron transport
chain–Krebs cycle
• Anaerobic–Glycolysis– Fermentation
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Respiration vs. Photosynthesis
• Reverse of each other– True globally
• Use respiration–Nearly all forms
• Use photosynthesis–Plants, bacteria, algae
• Photosynthesis deposits energy, respiration withdraws it
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
How did you get to school today? How is that similar to
respiration?
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Glycolysis• 1st step– Uses glucose and 2 ATP– Makes two 3-carbon
molecules• 2nd step: makes– Two pyruvic acid molecules– 4 ATP– 2 NADH
• Overall– Reactants– Products– Anaerobic– Occurs quickly
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Krebs Cycle• Matrix of mitochondria• Pyruvic acid– 2 steps– Produces NADH, CO2
– Creates acetic acid• Acetic acid– Reacts with coenzyme A– Forms acetyl-CoA
• Acetyl-CoA– Joins 4-carbon compound– Forms citric acid
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Citric Acid
• Cycle• 5-carbon• 4-carbon• Releases 2 CO2
• Creates 3 NADH, FADH2
• ATP indirectly• 4-carbon continues cycle• 2 turns per glucose• So, 1 glucose =
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Electron Transport Chain• Where?– Inner membrane of mitochondria–Cell membrane
• NADH and FADH2
–Passed through proteins–Pump H+ into intermembrane space–Concentration gradient– Low energy electrons join oxygen water
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Chemiosmosis• Same as photosynthesis• ATP synthase– In inner mitochondrial
membrane–Uses concentration
gradient–Releases ATP in matrix
• 2 electrons 3 ATP
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Respiration Total• 1 glucose =– 36 ATP– 6 CO2
– 10 NADH– 2 FADH2
• 18x more energy when aerobic
• 36% efficient• Can be used with more
complex molecules– First broken down
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Fermentation• Anaerobic• Cytoplasm• Alcoholic fermentation– Yeasts,
microorganisms– Pyruvic acid + NADH
alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
– NAD+ reused– Alcoholic beverages– Bread
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Lactic Acid Fermentation• Major pathway• Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
• NAD+ reused• Creates cheese,
yogurt, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut
• Exercise “burn” in muscles– Removed with
enough oxygen
Lesson Overview Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Energy Use• Short bursts of energy–ATP in muscles–Lactic acid fermentation
• Longer than 90 sec. of energy–Respiration only method–15-20 min stored in glycogen in
muscles–Break down other stored molecules