32642520 Evidence Digests Part 3

8/13/2019 32642520 Evidence Digests Part 3

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Prof. V. A. Avena A2010Evidence

Late Digests (Round 1)

PEOPLE V FRAN!"O78 SCRA 696

HILADO; July 16, 1947(yella)

FA#"$- Defendant, !" !ad #een $%e&'"uly a%%eted "n

!a%*e "f %"##e%y %e+ueted $e%''"n f%" t!e!'ef "f $"l'e "f analay t" *" !"e t" ee !' 'fea#"ut t!e $%"u%eent "f #a'l f"% !' $%"&''"nal%eleae. /e%''"n a *%anted. He a all"ed t"*" 't! e%*eant /'entel.

- 0$"n %ea!'n* t!e !"ue, t!e e%*eant all"ed t!e$%'"ne% t" ee !' 'fe. Afte% a fe "ent,/'entel !ea%d t!e %ea "f a "an. St'll"ent late%, /'entel a defendant ly'n* d"n't! !' l'ttle "n R"e", a*ed "ne yea% and a !alf,

"n !' #%eat. /'entel al" f"und defendant t" !a&ea "und 'n !' #elly !'le !' !'ld !ad a "und 'nt!e #a. /'entel f"und t!e !'ld dead.

- 2!e $%"eut'"n, 'n %e"end'n* t!e '$"'t'"n "ft!e a$'tal $enalty u$"n t!e aued %el'e a'nly "nt!e aff'da&'t "f t!e aued, t!e a%%a'*nent "f t!edefendant u$"n !'! !e ade a $lea "f *u'lty, andt!e %e#uttal tet'"ny "f 3'l'a 2aladtad, 'fe "fa$$ellant.

!""%E$ (re&evant to t'e toic in t'e out&ine)O5 t!e tet'"ny "f 3'l'a 2aladtad, 'fe "fa$$ellant, ' ad''#le

ELD$

- 3S.2!e %ule "nta'ned 'n et'"n 6(d) "f Rule 1 ' an "ld"ne. C"u%t !a&e a'*ned a %ea"n t!e%ef"% t!ef"ll"'n* f'%t, 'dent'ty "f 'nte%et; e"nd, t!e"ne+uent dan*e% "f $e%:u%y; t!'%d, t!e $"l'y "f t!ela !'! dee 't neea%y t" *ua%d t!e eu%'ty and"nf'dene "f $%'&ate l'fe e&en at t!e %' "f and"a'"nal fa'lu%e "f :ut'e, and !'! %e:et u!e&'dene #eaue 't ad''"n "uld lead t" d"et'd'un'"n and un!a$$'ne; and, f"u%t!, #eaue !e%ea ant "f d"et' t%an+u'l'ty e't, t!e%e ' dan*e% "f$un'!'n* "ne $"ue t!%"u*! t!e !"t'le tet'"ny "ft!e "t!e%. H"e&e%, t!' %ule !a 't ee$t'"n a ell.

In t!e 'ntant ae, t!e 'fe d'd n"t tet'fy 'n t!e d'%ete&'dene f"% t!e $%"eut'"n. It 'll #e n"ted t!at t!e'fe "nly tet'f'ed a*a'nt !e% !u#and afte% t!e latte%,tet'fy'n* 'n !' "n defene, '$uted u$"n !e% t!e'll'n* "f t!e'% l'ttle "n. tet'"ny u$"n %e#uttal, e&en"n'de%'n* t!at u! "#:et'"n "uld !a&e #een

a&a'la#le at t!e "utet. A ell ettled a t!' %ule "fa%'tal 'n"$eteny 'telf ' t!e "t!e% t!at 't ay #ea'&ed.

L!A%O V A#LAN#!?R 5O.L-744

O@A32A; Au*ut , 1949("n!)

FA#"- A$$elant Atlant', ?ulf and /a'f' C"$any "f an'la' a f"%e'*n "%$"%at'"n duly %e*'te%ed and l'ened t"d" #u'ne 'n t!e /!'l'$$'ne, 't! 't "ff'e and

$%'n'$al $lae "f #u'ne 'n t!e C'ty "f an'la. R'!a%d2. ='t'"n a t!e $%e'dent and "ne "f t!ela%*et t"!"lde% "f a'd "$any !en t!e /a'f'a% #%"e "ut "n Dee#e% 8, 1941. He !eld 1,BB!a%e "f t", 4 "f !'! a n"t fully $a'd. Heeeuted $%"'"%y n"te 'n fa&"% "f t!e "$any"%t! /4,B (4B $e% !a%e) f"% t!"e !a%e. In1941 !e al%eady $a'd /64..- ='t'"n !ad an a*%eeent 't! t!e "$anyt!at !"uld !e d'e 't!"ut !a&'n* $a'd 'n full, t!e"$any, at 't "$t'"n, ay e't!e% %ea+u'%e t!e a'd4 !a%e "f t" #y %etu%n'n* t" !' etate t!ea"unt a$$l'ed t!e%e"n, "% 'ue 'n fa&"% "f !' etatet!e "%%e$"nd'n* nu#e% "f t!e "$any !a%e "f

t" e+u'&alent t" t!e a"unt $a'd t!e%e"n at /4B a!a%e.- On Jan 194, t!e Ja$anee "u$'ed an'la and e'edall aet "f t!e "$any. ='t'"n d'ed "n 1944and $e'al $%"eed'n* a 'nt'tuted. Atlant'

%eued #u'ne 'n 194.- Atlant' f'led a la' "n t!e etate "%t! /6,868.67='t'"n "ed t!e. It al" anted t" ee%'e 't"$t'"n t" a+u'%e t!e 4 !a%e #y %etu%n'n* t!e/64. ='t'"n $a'd. 2!ey %e+ueted a et-"ff.L'!au", t!e ad'n't%at"%, den'ed any 'nde#tedne.He e$%eed "nf"%'ty !"e&e% t" t!e %efund "f/64.. He al" 'nte%$"ed a "unte%la' "%t! /9Bf"% ala%'e alle*edly due.- Sant'a*" Inaay, !'ef "f t!e a"unt'n* de$a%tent"f t!e Atlant' tet'f'ed t!at t!e "ff'e% !ad a'nta'ned$e%"nal a"unt 't! t!e "$any. ='t'"na'nta'ned "ne. He tet'f'ed t!at at t!e end "f 1941,t!e a"unt !" t!at ='t'"n "ed 6 t" t!e"$any. He a'd t!at !e $e'f'ally ne t!e #alane

"f t!e a'd a"unt #eaue 't "uld #e &e%yE!aefulF "n !' $a%t 'f t!e "ff'e% aed !' f"% t!e'%#alane and !e d'dn>t n".- "det" =l"%e, t!e a'tant a"untant, al"tet'f'ed t!at ='t'"n !ad a #alane "f 6. Hene t!' #eaue a a"untant, !e ade t!e ent%'e'n t!e #"" "f t!e "$any. He al" '*ned %ee'$t!ene&e% ='t'"n "uld 't!d%a fund.- %. Hen%y J.


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deeaed $e%"n a%e d'+ual'f'ed f%" tet'fy'n* a t"any atte% "f fat "u%%'n* #ef"%e t!e deat! "f u!deeaed $e%"n unde% Rule 1, et'"n 6(), "f t!eRule "f C"u%t (n" Rule 1B.). O5 3!'#'t 1 ' ad''#le #eaue 't ' elf-e%&'n*

. O5 t!e deeaed R'!a%d 2. ='t'"n aent'tled t" !' ala%y a $%e'dent "f t!e Atlant', ?ulf G/a'f' C"$any "f an'la f%" Janua%y, 194, t" June7, 1944, !en !e d'ed 'n t!e Sant" 2"a 'nte%nenta$

ELD1. 5ORatio Rule 1 d'+ual'f'e "nly $a%t'e "% a'*n"% "f$a%t'e. 2!e "ff'e% and"% t"!"lde% "f a"%$"%at'"n a%e n"t d'+ual'f'ed f%" tet'fy'n*, f"% "%a*a'nt t!e "%$"%at'"n !'! ' a $a%ty t" an at'"nu$"n a la' "% deand a*a'nt t!e etate "f adeeaed $e%"n, a t" any atte% "f fat "u%%'n*#ef"%e t!e deat! "f u! deeaed $e%"n

Reasoning- 2!' $%"&''"n a taen f%" et'"n 8, $a%a*%a$!7, "f "u% f"%e% C"de "f C'&'l /%"edu%e, !'! 'n tu%na de%'&ed f%" et'"n 188B "f t!e C"de "f C'&'l/%"edu%e "f Cal'f"%n'a.- C'ty Sa&'n*


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!'! !a&'n* #een ad'n'te%ed #y !' f%" 194 t"1946; t!at f"% lea%'n* and '$%"&'n* t!e $"%t'"n "fland a#"&e-ent'"ned, !e 'nu%%ed e$enea"unt'n* t" /7,4BB !'! added t" !' ala%y aad'n't%at"% f%" l94 t" 1946 at %ate /1B a "nt!

"unt'n* t" /9,6BB, ae a t"tal "f /47,BBB;-In t!e &'"lat'"n "f t!e af"%ea'd &e%#al a*%eeent,Celet'na /e%e, at'n* t!%"u*! Le"&'*'ld" /e%e, t"!" !e etended a $"e% "f Att"%ney t" ell, "ldfe day #ef"%e !e d'ed a#"ut 17 !eta%e "f t!eland 'n +uet'"n 'n "ne+uene "f !'! Sant'a*"


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. . . 2!e %ea"n f"% t!' %ule ' t!at 'f deat! !a l"edt!e l'$ "f "ne $a%ty, t!e $"l'y "f t!e la ' t" l"e t!el'$ "f t!e "t!e%. An"t!e% %ea"n ' t!at Kt!ete$tat'"n t" fale!""d and "nealent 'n u! ae' "n'de%ed t"" *%eat t" all" t!e u%&'&'n* $a%ty t"

tet'fy 'n !' "n #e!alf. A"%d'n*ly, t!e'n"$eteny a$$l'e !et!e% t!e deeaed d'ed#ef"%e "% afte% t!e "eneent "f t!e at'"na*a'nt !', 'f at t!e t'e t!e tet'"ny a *'&en !ea dead and ann"t d'$%"&e 't, 'ne t!e %ea"n f"%t!e $%"!'#'t'"n, !'! ' t" d'"u%a*e $e%:u%y, e't 'n#"t! 'ntane.

Dis-ua&ification / Reason of Privi&egedounication

+AR#ON V LE#E A"PAL#?.R. L-17

S2R332; a%! , 194

(a'da)

FA#"- Jae "unel e$la'ned !" t!e lette%ae t" t!e defene> $"e'"n, !e $%"$"ed t""#:et t!e lette%> ad''"n "n t!e *%"und t!at 't aa "nf'dent'al "un'at'"n #eteen l'ent andlaye%.- 2!e t%'al :ud*e eluded t!e lette%.

!""%EO5 t!e lette% !"uld #e eluded

ELD5ORatio !en $a$e% a%e "ffe%ed 'n e&'dene a "u%t 'lltae n" n"t'e "f !" t!ey e%e "#ta'ned, !et!e%le*ally "% 'lle*ally, $%"$e%ly "% '$%"$e%ly; n"% 'll 't

f"% a "llate%al 'ue t" t%y t!at +uet'"n.Reasoning- 3&en u$$"'n* t!at t!e lette% a 't!'n t!e $%'&'le*e!'! $%"tet "un'at'"n #eteen att"%ney andl'ent, t!' $%'&'le*e a l"t !en t!e lette% ae t"t!e !and "f t!e ad&e%e $a%ty and 't ae n"d'ffe%ene !" t!e defene a+u'%ed $"e'"n.- 2!e la $%"tet t!e l'ent f%" t!e effet "fd'l"u%e ade #y !' t" !' att"%ney 'n t!e"nf'dene "f t!e le*al %elat'"n, #ut !en u! ad"uent, "nta'n'n* ad''"n "f t!e l'ent, "et" t!e !and "f a t!'%d $a%ty, and %ea!e t!e ad&e%a%y,'t ' ad''#le 'n e&'dene.

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- A"%d'n* t" '*"%e ES'ne t!e ean "f$%ee%&'n* e%ey "f "un'at'"n a%e ent'%ely 'n t!el'ent !and, and 'ne t!e $%'&'le*e ' a de%"*at'"nf%" t!e *ene%al tet'"n'al duty and !"uld #e t%'tly"nt%ued, 't "uld #e '$%"$e% t" etend 't

$%"!'#'t'"n t" t!'%d $e%"n !" "#ta'n n"led*e "ft!e "un'at'"n. One !" "&e%!ea% t!e"un'at'"n, !et!e% 't! "% 't!"ut t!e l'entn"led*e, ' n"t 't!'n t!e $%"tet'"n "f t!e $%'&'le*e.

2!e ae %ule "u*!t t" a$$ly t" "ne !" u%%e$t't'"uly%ead "% "#ta'n $"e'"n "f a d"uent 'n "%'*'nal "%"$y.FDispositionJud*ent %e&e%ed

PEOPLE v "AND!AN+AAN (onrada3 Paredes3"ansaet)

?.R. 5" 1149-41R3?ALADO; July 16, 1997

(""y)

NA#%RE$S$e'al '&'l at'"n f"% certiorari

FA#"$- anueta H"n%ada a t!e Cle% "f C"u%t and At'n*Sten"*%a$!e% "f t!e ='%t C2C, San =%an'"-


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d'%et e&'dene t" $%"&e t!e "nfa#ulated fal'f'at'"n"f d"uent #y H"n%ada and /a%ede.- Sand'*an#ayan %e"l&ed t" deny t!e de'%edd'!a%*e "n t!' %at'"'nat'"n

=%" t!e e&'dene addued, t!e "$$"'t'"n a

a#le t" eta#l'! t!at l'ent and laye% %elat'"n!'$e'ted #eteen Atty. Sanaet and Cefe%'n"/a%ede, J%., #ef"%e, du%'n* and afte% t!e $e%'"dalle*ed 'n t!e 'nf"%at'"n. In &'e "f u!%elat'"n!'$, t!e fat u%%"und'n* t!e ae, and"t!e% "nf'dent'al atte% ut !a&e #eend'l"ed #y aued /a%ede, a l'ent, t" auedSanaet, a !' laye% 'n !' $%"fe'"nal a$a'ty.

2!e%ef"%e, t!e tet'"ny "f Atty. Sanaet "n t!efat u%%"und'n* t!e "ffene !a%*ed 'n t!e'nf"%at'"n ' $%'&'le*ed.

!""%E"$1. O5 t!e $%":eted tet'"ny "f Sanaet, a$%"$"ed tate 'tne, ' #a%%ed #y t!e att"%ney-l'ent

$%'&'le*e. O5, a a "ne+uene t!e%e"f, !e ' el'*'#le f"%d'!a%*e t" tet'fy a aparticeps criminis

ELD$1. 5O. 2!e att"%ney-l'ent $%'&'le*e ann"t a$$ly 'nt!ee ae, a t!e fat and atuat'"n "f #"t!%e$"ndent t!e%e'n "nt'tute an ee$t'"n t" t!e %ule.a. It ay #e aued t!at t!e%e a a "nf'dent'al"un'at'"n ade #y /a%ede t" Sanaet 'n"nnet'"n 't! t!e %''nal ae f"% fal'f'at'"n, andt!' ay #e e$eted 'ne /a%ede a t!e auedand Sanaet !' "unel. 2!e fat t!at Sanaet aalled #y /a%ede and H"n%ada t" 'tne t!e$%e$a%at'"n "f t!e fal'f'ed d"uent a a el"+uent

a "un'at'"n, 'f n"t "%e t!an, a &e%#altateent #y /a%ede a t" t!e fat and $u%$"e "fu! fal'f'at'"n. It ' '*n'f'ant t!at t!e e&'dent'a%y%ule "n t!' $"'nt !a alay %efe%%ed t" any"un'at'"n, 't!"ut d't'nt'"n "% +ual'f'at'"n.In t!e Ae%'an :u%'d't'"n, t!e%e ' n" $a%t'ula% "de#y !'! a "nf'dent'al "un'at'"n !all #e ade#y a l'ent t" !' att"%ney. 2!e $%'&'le*e ' n"t "nf'nedt" &e%#al "% %'tten "un'at'"n ade #y t!e l'entt" !' att"%ney #ut etend a ell t" 'nf"%at'"n"un'ated #y t!e l'ent t" t!e att"%ney #y "t!e%ean.5"% an 't #e $%etended t!at du%'n* t!e ent'%e $%"e,"n'de%'n* t!e'% $at and e't'n* %elat'"n a "unel

and l'ent and, fu%t!e%, 'n &'e "f t!e $u%$"e f"% !'!u! fal'f'ed d"uent e%e $%e$a%ed, n" "%d at all$aed #eteen /a%ede and Sanaet "n t!e u#:etatte% "f t!at %''nal at. 2!e l'n!e% f"% t!'"nlu'"n ' t!at t!e d"uent e%e t!e%eafte% f'led

#y Sanaet a annee t" t!e "t'"n f"%%e"n'de%at'"n 'n t!e $%el''na%y 'n&et'*at'"n "f t!e*%aft ae #ef"%e t!e 2an"d#ayan. Al", t!e at and"%d "f t!e $a%t'e du%'n* t!e $e%'"d !en t!ed"uent e%e #e'n* fal'f'ed e%e neea%'ly"nf'dent'al 'ne /a%ede "uld n"t !a&e 'n&'tedSanaet t" !' !"ue and all"ed !' t" 'tne t!eae ee$t unde% "nd't'"n "f e%ey and"nf'dene.#. It ' $"tulated t!at a d't'nt'"n ut #e ade#eteen "nf'dent'al "un'at'"n %elat'n* t" $at%'e al%eady "'tted, and futu%e %'e 'ntendedt" #e "'tted, #y t!e l'ent. 2!e ann"uned'ntent'"n "f a l'ent t" "'t a %'e ' n"t 'nluded't!'n t!e "nf'dene !'! !' att"%ney ' #"und t"

%e$et. Re$"ndent "u%t a$$ea%, !"e&e%, t" #el'e&et!at 't ' !e%e deal'n* 't! a $at %'e, and t!atSanaet ' et t" tet'fy "n alle*ed %''nal at "f/a%ede and H"n%ada t!at !a&e al%eady #een"'tted and "nuated.It ' t%ue t!at by now, 'n"fa% a t!e fal'f'at'"n t" #etet'f'ed t" a%e "ne%ned, t!"e %'e e%eneea%'ly "'tted 'n t!e $at.


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' t!e at "f all, t!e ae $enalty !all #e '$"ed "nall e#e% "f t!e "n$'%ay. One "f t!e %e+u'%eentf"% a tate 'tne ' t!at !e d"e n"t a$$ea% t" #e t!e"t *u'lty and n"t t!at !e ut #e t!e leat *u'lty a' " "ften e%%"ne"uly f%aed "% u#'tted. 2!e +ue%y

"uld t!en #e !et!e% an aued !" a !eld *u'lty#y %ea"n "f e#e%!'$ 'n a "n$'%ay ' el'*'#le t"#e a tate 'tne. 2!e %ule "f e+ual'ty 'n t!e $enalty t"#e '$"ed u$"n "n$'%at"% f"und *u'lty "f a %''nal"ffene ' #aed "n t!e "nu%%ene "f %''nal 'ntent'n t!e'% 'nd and t%anlated 'nt" "ne%ted $!y'alat'"n alt!"u*! "f &a%y'n* at "% de*%ee "f de$%a&'ty.S'ne t!e R/C ' #aed "n t!e la'al !""l "ft!"u*!t, 't ' t!e 'dent'ty "f t!e mens rea !'! '"n'de%ed t!e $%ed"'nant "n'de%at'"n and,t!e%ef"%e, a%%ant t!e '$"'t'"n "f t!e ae $enalty"n t!e "ne+uent'al t!e"%y t!at t!e at "f "ne 't!e%e#y t!e at "f all. 2!' ' an affa'% "f u#tant'&ela !'! !"uld n"t #e e+uated 't! t!e $%"edu%al%ule "n t!e d'!a%*e "f $a%t'e$ %''n'. 2!'

ad:et'&e de&'e ' #aed "n "t!e% "n'de%at'"n, u!a t!e need f"% *'&'n* 'un'ty t" "ne "f t!e 'n "%de%t!at n"t all !all ea$e, and t!e :ud''al e$e%'enet!at t!e and'd ad''"n "f an aued %e*a%d'n* !'$a%t''$at'"n ' a *ua%anty t!at !e 'll tet'fy t%ut!fully.="% t!"e %ea"n, t!e Rule $%"&'de f"% e%ta'n+ual'fy'n* %'te%'a !'!, a*a'n, a%e #aed "n :ud''ale$e%'ene d't'lled 'nt" a :ud*ental $"l'y.#. 2!e "t!e% %e+u''te f"% t!e d'!a%*e "f Sanaet a atate 'tne a%e $%eent and !"uld !a&e #eenfa&"%a#ly a$$%e'ated #y t!e Sand'*an#ayan. Sanaet' t!e "nly ""$e%at'&e eye'tne t" t!e atual"''"n "f t!e fal'f'at'"n !a%*ed 'n t!e %''nalae, and t!e $%"eut'"n ' faed 't! t!e f"%'da#leta "f eta#l'!'n* t!e *u'lt "f t!e t" "t!e% "-

%e$"ndent !" teadfatly deny t!e !a%*e andt"utly $%"tet t!e'% 'nn"ene. 2!e%e ' t!u n" "t!e%d'%et e&'dene a&a'la#le f"% t!e $%"eut'"n, !enet!e%e ' a#"lute nee'ty f"% t!e tet'"ny "fSanaet. He !a 'nd'ated !' "nf"%'ty t!e%et" and!a, f"% t!e $u%$"e %e+u'%ed #y t!e Rule, deta'ledt!e u#tane "f !' $%":eted tet'"ny 'n !' Aff'da&'t"f 3$lanat'"n and Ret'f'at'"n. H' tet'"ny anal" #e u#tant'ally "%%"#"%ated "n 't ate%'al $"'nt#y %e$uta#le 'tnee. "%e"&e%, 't d"e n"t a$$ea%t!at Sanaet !a at any t'e #een "n&'ted "f any"ffene 'n&"l&'n* "%al tu%$'tude.Disosition %'t "f certiorari ' *%anted

REALA V" "AND!AN+AAN?.R. 5". 1B98

A/05A5; Se$te#e% B, 1996(e&a)

NA#%RE/et't'"n f"% Ce%t'"%a%'

FA#"- 2!e atte% %a'ed !e%e a%e an "ff!""t "f t!e'nt'tut'"n "f t!e C"$la'nt "n July 1, 1987 #ef"%e t!eSand'*an#ayan #y R/, t!%"u*! t!e /C?? a*a'nt3dua%d" . C":uan*", J%., a "ne "f t!e $%'n'$aldefendant, f"% t!e %e"&e%y "f alle*ed 'll-*"ttenealt!, !'! 'nlude !a%e "f t" 'n t!e naed"%$"%at'"n 'n /C?? Cae ent'tled R/ &. 3dua%d"C":uan*", et al. (C'&'l Cae 5".BB).- A"n* t!e defendant naed 'n t!e ae a%e !e%e'n$et't'"ne% 2e"d"%" Re*ala, 3d*a%d" J. An*a%a, A&el'n". C%u, J"e C. C"ne$'"n, R"*el'" A. 'nluan, 't"%

/. Laat'n, 3dua%d" 0. 3ueta and /a%a:a ?. Hayud'n',and !e%e'n $%'&ate %e$"ndent Raul S. R"", !" alle%e t!en $a%tne% "f t!e la f'% An*a%a, A#ell",C"ne$'"n, Re*ala and C%u La Off'e (ACCRA La='%).- ACCRA La ='% $e%f"%ed le*al e%&'e f"% 'tl'ent, !'! 'nluded, a"n* "t!e%, t!e "%*an'at'"nand a+u''t'"n "f #u'ne a"'at'"n and"%"%*an'at'"n, 't! t!e "%%elat'&e and 'n'dentale%&'e !e%e 't e#e% ated a 'n"%$"%at"%, "%'$ly, a t"!"lde%. "%e $e'f'ally, 'n t!e$e%f"%ane "f t!ee e%&'e, t!e e#e% "f t!e laf'% del'&e%ed t" 't l'ent d"uent !'!u#tant'ate t!e l'ent e+u'ty !"ld'n*, '.e., t"e%t'f'ate end"%ed 'n #lan %e$%eent'n* t!e !a%e

%e*'te%ed 'n t!e l'ent nae, and a #lan deed "ft%ut "% a'*nent "&e%'n* a'd !a%e. In t!e "u%e"f t!e'% deal'n* 't! t!e'% l'ent, t!e e#e% "f t!ela f'% a+u'%e 'nf"%at'"n %elat'&e t" t!e aet "fl'ent a ell a t!e'% $e%"nal and #u'ne'%utane.- A e#e% "f t!e ACCRA La ='%, $et't'"ne% and%e$"ndent Raul R"" ad't t!at t!ey a'ted 'n t!e"%*an'at'"n and a+u''t'"n "f t!e "$an'e 'nluded'n C'&'l Cae 5". BB, and 'n ee$'n* 't! t!e "ff'e$%at'e, ACCRA laye% ated a n"'nee-t"!"lde% "f t!e a'd "%$"%at'"n 'n&"l&ed 'ne+uet%at'"n $%"eed'n*.

- Au*ut B, 1991, /C?? f'led a "t'"n t" Ad't 2!'%dAended C"$la'nt and 2!'%d Aended C"$la'nt!'! eluded $%'&ate %e$"ndent Raul S. R"" f%"t!e "$la'nt 'n C'&'l Cae 5". BB a $a%ty-defendant. Re$"ndent /C?? #aed 't elu'"n "f

$%'&ate %e$"ndent R"" a $a%ty-defendant "n !'unde%ta'n* t!at !e 'll %e&eal t!e 'dent'ty "f t!e$%'n'$al f"% !" !e ated a n"'neet"!"lde%'n t!e "$an'e 'n&"l&ed 'n C'&'l Cae 5". BB.- /et't'"ne% e%e 'nluded 'n t!e 2!'%d AendedC"$la'nt "n t!e t%en*t! "f t!e f"ll"'n* alle*at'"nDefendant C":uan*", An*a%a, C"ne$'"n, Re*ala,C%u, 'nluan, 3ueta, Hayud'n' and R"" "f ACCRA$l"tted, de&'ed, !eed. "n$'%ed and"nfede%ated 't! ea! "t!e% 'n ett'n* u$, t!%"u*! t!eue "f t!e ""nut le&y fund, t!e f'nan'al and"%$"%ate f%ae"% and t%utu%e t!at led t" t!eeta#l'!ent "f 0C/ $a%t''$at'"n 'n t!e at't! !'! t!e'% "-defendant a%e !a%*ed, a 'nfu%t!e%ane "f le*'t'ate laye%'n*.Q In t!e "u%e "f %ende%'n* $%"fe'"nal and le*ale%&'e t" l'ent, defendant #eae !"lde% "f!a%e "f t" 'n t!e "%$"%at'"n l'ted unde% t!e'%%e$et'&e nae a 'n"%$"%at'n* "% a+u'%'n*t"!"lde% "nly and, a u!, t!ey d" n"t la' any$%"$%'eta%y 'nte%et 'n t!e a'd !a%e "f t".Q Defendant C%u a "ne "f t!e 'n"%$"%at"% 'n 1976"f e%a'd a%et'n* C"%$"%at'"n, !'! a"%*an'ed f"% le*'t'ate #u'ne $u%$"e n"t %elatedt" t!e alle*at'"n "f t!e e$anded AendedC"$la'nt. H"e&e%, !e !a l"n* a*" t%anfe%%ed any

35


8/33


ate%'al 'nte%et t!e%e'n and t!e%ef"%e den'e t!at t!e!a%e> a$$ea%'n* 'n !' nae a%e !' aet.- /et't'"ne% Hayud'n', !" !ad e$a%ated f%" ACCRA,f'led a e$a%ate ane% deny'n* t!e alle*at'"n 'n t!e"$la'nt '$l'at'n* !' 'n t!e alle*ed 'll-*"tten

ealt!.- ACCRA laye% u#e+uently f'led t!e'% CO352A5DOR O//OSI2IO5 't! C"unte%-"t'"n t!at%e$"ndent /C?? ''la%ly *%ant t!e ae t%eatent t"t!e (elu'"n a $a%t'e-defendant) a a"%dedR"".- In 't C"ent, /C?? et t!e f"ll"'n* "nd't'"n$%eedent f"% t!e elu'"n "f $et't'"ne%, naely (a)t!e d'l"u%e "f t!e 'dent'ty "f 't l'ent; (#)u#''"n "f d"uent u#tant'at'n* t!e laye%-l'ent %elat'"n!'$; and () t!e u#''"n "f t!e deed"f a'*nent $et't'"ne% eeuted 'n fa&"% "f 'tl'ent "&e%'n* t!e'% %e$et'&e !a%e!"ld'n*.- C"ne+uently, /C?? $%eented u$$"ed $%""f t"u#tant'ate "$l'ane #y R"" "f t!e "nd't'"n

$%eedent t" a%%ant t!e latte% elu'"n a $a%ty-defendant 'n C'&'l Cae 5". BB (a) Lette% t" /C?? "ft!e "unel "f R"" %e'te%at'n* a $%e&'"u %e+uet f"%%e'n&et'*at'"n #y t!e /C?? 'n /C?? Cae 5". (C'&'lCae 5". BB); (#) Aff'da&'t eeuted #y R"" aAtta!ent t" t!e lette% af"%etated; and () Lette% "ft!e R"",


9/33


='%t, t!e "u%t !a a %'*!t t" n" t!at t!e l'ent!"e $%'&'le*ed 'nf"%at'"n ' "u*!t t" #e $%"teted' fle! and #l""d. Se"nd, t!e $%'&'le*e #e*'n t" e't"nly afte% t!e att"%ney-l'ent %elat'"n!'$ !a #eeneta#l'!ed. 2!e att"%ney-l'ent $%'&'le*e d"e n"t

atta! unt'l t!e%e ' a l'ent. 2!'%d, t!e $%'&'le*e*ene%ally $e%ta'n t" t!e u#:et atte% "f t!e%elat'"n!'$. ='nally, due $%"e "n'de%at'"n %e+u'%et!at t!e "$$"'n* $a%ty !"uld, a a *ene%al %ule, n"!' ad&e%a%y.5"t't!tand'n* t!ee "n'de%at'"n, t!e *ene%al %ule' !"e&e% +ual'f'ed #y "e '$"%tant e4cetions.1) Cl'ent 'dent'ty ' $%'&'le*ed !e%e a t%"n*$%"#a#'l'ty e't t!at %e&eal'n* t!e l'ent nae "uld'$l'ate t!at l'ent 'n t!e &e%y at'&'ty f"% !'! !e"u*!t t!e laye% ad&'e.) !e%e d'l"u%e "uld "$en t!e l'ent t" '&'ll'a#'l'ty, !' 'dent'ty ' $%'&'le*ed.) !e%e t!e *"&e%nent laye% !a&e n" aea*a'nt an att"%ney l'ent unle, #y %e&eal'n* t!e

l'ent nae, t!e a'd nae "uld fu%n'! t!e "nly l'nt!at "uld f"% t!e !a'n "f tet'"ny neea%y t""n&'t an 'nd'&'dual "f a %'e, t!e l'ent nae '$%'&'le*ed.A$a%t f%" t!ee $%'n'$al ee$t'"n, t!e%e e't "t!e%'tuat'"n !'! "uld +ual'fy a ee$t'"n t" t!e*ene%al %ule. ="% ea$le, t!e "ntent "f any l'ent"un'at'"n t" a laye% l'e 't!'n t!e $%'&'le*e 'f 't' %ele&ant t" t!e u#:et atte% "f t!e le*al $%"#le"n !'! t!e l'ent ee le*al a'tane. "%e"&e%,!e%e t!e natu%e "f t!e att"%ney-l'ent %elat'"n!'$ !a#een $%e&'"uly d'l"ed and 't ' t!e 'dent'ty !'! ''ntended t" #e "nf'dent'al, t!e 'dent'ty "f t!e l'ent!a #een !eld t" #e $%'&'le*ed, 'ne u! %e&elat'"n"uld "t!e%'e %eult 'n d'l"u%e and t!e ent'%e

t%anat'"n. Sua%''n* t!ee ee$t'"n,'nf"%at'"n %elat'n* t" t!e 'dent'ty "f a l'ent ay fall't!'n t!e a#'t "f t!e $%'&'le*e !en t!e l'ent nae'telf !a an 'nde$endent '*n'f'ane, u! t!atd'l"u%e "uld t!en %e&eal l'ent "nf'dene.Reasoning 2!e '%utane 'n&"l&'n* t!een*a*eent "f laye% 'n t!e ae at #en!, t!e%ef"%e,lea%ly %e&eal t!at t!e 'ntant ae fall unde% at leatt" ee$t'"n t" t!e *ene%al %ule. ='%t, d'l"u%e "ft!e alle*ed l'ent nae "uld lead t" eta#l'! a'dl'ent "nnet'"n 't! t!e &e%y fat 'n 'ue "f t!eae, !'! ' $%'&'le*ed 'nf"%at'"n, #eaue t!e$%'&'le*e, a tated ea%l'e%, $%"tet t!e u#:et atte%

"% t!e u#tane ('t!"ut !'! t!e%e "uld #e n"att"%ney-l'ent %elat'"n!'$).

2!e l'n #eteen t!e alle*ed %''nal "ffene and t!ele*al ad&'e "% le*al e%&'e "u*!t a dulyeta#l'!ed 'n t!e ae at #a%, #y n" le t!an t!e

/C?? 'telf. 2!e ey l'e 'n t!e t!%ee $e'f'"nd't'"n la'd d"n #y t!e /C?? !'! "nt'tute$et't'"ne%> t'et t" n"n-$%"eut'"n !"uld t!eyaede t!e%et" t!e d'l"u%e "f t!e 'dent'ty "f 'tl'ent; u#''"n "f d"uent u#tant'at'n* t!elaye%-l'ent %elat'"n!'$; and t!e u#''"n "f t!edeed "f a'*nent $et't'"ne% eeuted 'n fa&"% "ft!e'% l'ent "&e%'n* t!e'% %e$et'&e !a%e!"ld'n*.=%" t!ee "nd't'"n, $a%t'ula%ly t!e t!'%d, e an%ead'ly dedue t!at t!e l'ent 'ndeed "nulted t!e$et't'"ne%, 'n t!e'% a$a'ty a laye%, %e*a%d'n* t!ef'nan'al and "%$"%ate t%utu%e, f%ae"% and et-u$"f t!e "%$"%at'"n 'n +uet'"n. In tu%n, $et't'"ne%*a&e t!e'% $%"fe'"nal ad&'e 'n t!e f"% "f, a"n*"t!e%, t!e af"%eent'"ned deed "f a'*nent

"&e%'n* t!e'% l'ent> !a%e!"ld'n*.2!e%e ' n" +uet'"n t!at t!e $%e$a%at'"n "f t!eaf"%etated d"uent a $a%t and $a%el "f$et't'"ne%> le*al e%&'e t" t!e'% l'ent. "%e'$"%tant, 't "nt'tuted an 'nte*%al $a%t "f t!e'% dut'ea laye%. /et't'"ne%, t!e%ef"%e, !a&e a le*'t'atefea% t!at 'dent'fy'n* t!e'% l'ent "uld '$l'ate t!e'n t!e &e%y at'&'ty f"% !'! le*al ad&'e !ad #een"u*!t, '.e., t!e alle*ed auulat'"n "f 'll-*"ttenealt! 'n t!e af"%eent'"ned "%$"%at'"n.- =u%t!e%"%e, unde% t!e t!'%d a'n ee$t'"n,%e&elat'"n "f t!e l'ent nae "uld "#&'"uly $%"&'det!e neea%y l'n f"% t!e $%"eut'"n t" #u'ld 't ae,!e%e n"ne "t!e%'e e't. It ' t!e l'n, 'n t!e "%d"f


10/33


C"n'de%at'"n fa&"%'n* "nf'dent'al'ty 'n laye%-l'ent%elat'"n!'$ a%e any and e%&e e&e%al "nt'tut'"naland $"l'y "ne%n. In t!e "nt'tut'"nal $!e%e, t!e$%'&'le*e *'&e fle! t" "ne "f t!e "t a%"ant%'*!t a&a'la#le t" t!e aued, t!e %'*!t t" "unel. If

a l'ent e%e ade t" !""e #eteen le*al%e$%eentat'"n 't!"ut effet'&e "un'at'"n andd'l"u%e and le*al %e$%eentat'"n 't! all !' e%et%e&ealed t!en !e '*!t #e "$elled, 'n "e'ntane, t" e't!e% "$t t" tay aay f%" t!e :ud''alyte "% t" l"e t!e %'*!t t" "unel. If t!e $%'e "fd'l"u%e ' t"" !'*!, "% 'f 't a"unt t" elf'n%''nat'"n, t!en t!e fl" "f 'nf"%at'"n "uld #eu%ta'led t!e%e#y %ende%'n* t!e %'*!t $%at'allynu*at"%y. 2!e t!%eat t!' %e$%eent a*a'nt an"t!e%a%"ant 'nd'&'dual %'*!t, t!e %'*!t t" #e $%eued'nn"ent ' at "ne elf-e&'dent. 3n"u%a*'n* fulld'l"u%e t" a laye% #y "ne ee'n* le*al e%&'e"$en t!e d""% t" a !"le $et%u "f le*al "$t'"n!'! "uld "t!e%'e #e '%u%'#ed #y l''ted

'nf"%at'"n en*ende%ed #y a fea% "f d'l"u%e. Aneffet'&e laye%-l'ent %elat'"n!'$ ' la%*ely #eteenlaye% and l'ent !'! 'n tu%n %e+u'%e a 'tuat'"n!'! en"u%a*e a dyna' and f%u'tful e!an*e andfl" "f 'nf"%at'"n. It neea%'ly f"ll" t!at 'n "%de%t" atta'n effet'&e %e$%eentat'"n, t!e laye% ut'n&"e t!e $%'&'le*e n"t a a atte% "f "$t'"n #ut a aatte% "f duty and $%"fe'"nal %e$"n'#'l'ty.- In "u% :u%'d't'"n, t!' $%'&'le*e tae "ff f%" t!e "ldC"de "f C'&'l /%"edu%e. Set'"n 8 $e'f'allyEf"%#'d "unel, 't!"ut aut!"%'ty "f !' l'ent t"%e&eal any "un'at'"n ade #y t!e l'ent t" !' "%!' ad&'e *'&en t!e%e"n 'n t!e "u%e "f $%"fe'"nale$l"yent.F- /aed "n 'nt" &a%'"u $%"&''"n "f t!e Rule "f

C"u%t, t!e att"%ney-l'ent $%'&'le*e, a u%%ently "%ded$%"&'de Se. 4. D'+ual'f'at'"n #y %ea"n "f$%'&'le*ed "un'at'"n. - 2!e f"ll"'n* $e%"nann"t tet'fy a t" atte% lea%ned 'n "nf'dene 'nt!e f"ll"'n* ae An att"%ney ann"t, 't!"ut t!e"nent "f !' l'ent, #e ea'ned a t" any"un'at'"n ade #y t!e l'ent t" !', "% !' ad&'e*'&en t!e%e"n 'n t!e "u%e "f, "% 't! a &'e t",$%"fe'"nal e$l"yent, an an att"%ney> e%eta%y,ten"*%a$!e%, "% le% #e ea'ned, 't!"ut t!e"nent "f t!e l'ent and !' e$l"ye%, "ne%n'n* anyfat t!e n"led*e "f !'! !a #een a+u'%ed 'n u!a$a'ty.

- Rule 18 "f t!e Rule "f C"u%t tate Se. B. It 't!e duty "f an att"%ney(e) t" a'nta'n 'n&'"late t!e "nf'dene, and at e&e%y$e%'l t" !'elf, t" $%ee%&e t!e e%et "f !' l'ent,and t" ae$t n" "$enat'"n 'n "nnet'"n 't! !'

l'ent> #u'ne ee$t f%" !' "% 't! !' n"led*eand a$$%"&al.- 2!' duty ' e$l''tly andated 'n Can"n 17 "f t!eC"de "f /%"fe'"nal Re$"n'#'l'ty !'! $%"&'de t!atCan"n 17. A laye% "e f'del'ty t" t!e aue "f !'l'ent and !e !all #e 'ndful "f t!e t%ut and"nf'dene %e$"ed 'n !'.- Can"n 1 "f t!e Can"n "f /%"fe'"nal 3t!' al"deand a laye% f'del'ty t" l'ent 2!e laye% "eent'%e de&"t'"n t" t!e 'nte%et "f t!e l'ent, a% eal'n t!e a'ntenane and defene "f !' %'*!t and t!eee%t'"n "f !' ut"t lea%n'n* and a#'l'ty, t" t!e endt!at n"t!'n* #e taen "% #e 't!!eld f%" !', a&e #yt!e %ule "f la, le*ally a$$l'ed. 5" fea% "f :ud''ald'fa&"% "% $u#l' $"$ula%'ty !"uld %et%a'n !' f%"

t!e full d'!a%*e "f !' duty. In t!e :ud''al f"%u t!el'ent ' ent'tled t" t!e #enef't "f any and e&e%y %eedyand defene t!at ' aut!"%'ed #y t!e la "f t!e land,and !e ay e$et !' laye% t" ae%t e&e%y u!%eedy "% defene.


11/33


laue "f t!e C"nt'tut'"n. It ' *%"ly unfa'% t" ee$t"ne ''la%ly 'tuated l't'*ant f%" $%"eut'"n 't!"utall"'n* t!e ae ee$t'"n t" t!e "t!e%. "%e"&e%,t!e /C??> deand n"t "nly t"u!e u$"n t!e +uet'"n"f t!e 'dent'ty "f t!e'% l'ent #ut al" "n d"uent

%elated t" t!e u$eted t%anat'"n, n"t "nly 'n&'"lat'"n "f t!e att"%ney-l'ent $%'&'le*e #ut al" "f t!e"nt'tut'"nal %'*!t a*a'nt elf-'n%''nat'"n.!'!e&e% ay "ne l"" at 't, t!' ' a f'!'n*e$ed't'"n, a f%ee %'de at t!e e$ene "f u! %'*!t.An a%*uent ' ad&aned t!at t!e 'n&"at'"n #y$et't'"ne% "f t!e $%'&'le*e "f att"%ney-l'ent"nf'dent'al'ty at t!' ta*e "f t!e $%"eed'n* '$%eatu%e and t!at t!ey !"uld a't unt'l t!ey a%ealled t" tet'fy and ea'ne a 'tnee a t"atte% lea%ned 'n "nf'dene #ef"%e t!ey an %a'et!e'% "#:et'"n.


12/33


$%'&'le*ed atte% !e%e t!e '%utane "f t!e aea%e u! t!at t!e nae "f t!e l'ent ' ate%'al "nly f"%t!e $u%$"e "f !"'n* an an"led*ent "f *u'lt "nt!e $a%t "f u! l'ent "f t!e &e%y "ffene "n a"unt"f !'! t!e att"%ney a e$l"yed. A '*n'f'ant

ee$t'"n t" t!' $%'n'$le "f n"n-"nf'dent'al'ty !"ldt!at u! 'nf"%at'"n ay #e $%'&'le*ed !en t!e$e%"n 'n&"'n* t!e $%'&'le*e ' a#le t" !" t!at at%"n* $"'#'l'ty e't t!at d'l"u%e "f t!e'nf"%at'"n "uld '$l'ate t!e l'ent 'n t!e &e%yatte% f"% !'! le*al ad&'e a "u*!t 'n t!e f'%tae. An"t!e% ee$t'"n t" t!e *ene%al %ule t!at t!e'dent'ty "f a l'ent ' n"t $%'&'le*ed a%'e !e%ed'l"u%e "f t!e 'dent'ty "uld #e tanta"unt t"d'l"'n* an "t!e%'e $%"teted "nf'dent'al"un'at'"n. 2" t!e *ene%al %ule ' an ee$t'"n,f'%ly e#edded a t!e %ule 'telf. 2!e $%'&'le*e ay#e %e"*n'ed !e%e " u! "f t!e atual"un'at'"n !a al%eady #een d'l"ed t!at'dent'f'at'"n "f t!e l'ent a"unt t" d'l"u%e "f a

"nf'dent'al "un'at'"n. 2!e $%'&'le*e ay #e%e"*n'ed !e%e " u! "f t!e atual "un'at'"n!a al%eady #een d'l"ed Tn"t neea%'ly #y t!eatt"%ney, #ut #y 'nde$endent "u%e a ellU t!at'dent'f'at'"n "f t!e l'ent T"% "f fee $a'dU a"unt t"d'l"u%e "f a "nf'dent'al "un'at'"n. An"t!e%ee$t'"n, a%t'ulated 'n t!e ='ft! C'%u't en #ande''"n "f In %e ?%and Ju%y /%"eed'n* (/a&l') '%e"*n'ed !en d'l"u%e "f t!e 'dent'ty "f t!e l'ent"uld $%"&'de t!e lat l'n "f e&'dene. 2!e $e%"n la''n* t!e $%'&'le*e "% 't ee$t'"n

!a t!e "#l'*at'"n t" $%eent t!e unde%ly'n* fatde"nt%at'n* t!e e'tene "f t!e $%'&'le*e.!en t!ee fat an #e $%eented "nly #y%e&eal'n* t!e &e%y 'nf"%at'"n "u*!t t" #e

$%"teted #y t!e $%'&'le*e, t!e $%"edu%e ' f"% t!elaye% t" "&e f"% an 'n$et'"n "f t!e e&'dene 'nand 'n ae%a !ea%'n*. 2!e !ea%'n* an e&en #e'n ae%a and e-$a%te. 2!u, 't !a #een !eldt!at a ell-%e"*n'ed ean f"% an att"%ney t"de"nt%ate t!e e'tene "f an ee$t'"n t" t!e*ene%al %ule, !'le 'ultane"uly $%ee%&'n*"nf'dent'al'ty "f t!e 'dent'ty "f !' l'ent, ' t""&e t!e "u%t f"% an 'n ae%a e-$a%te !ea%'n*.'t!"ut t!e $%""f addued 'n t!ee 'n ae%a!ea%'n*, t!e C"u%t !a n" fatual #a' t"dete%'ne !et!e% $et't'"ne% fall 't!'n any "f t!eee$t'"n t" t!e *ene%al %ule.

+ANO F!L!P!NO5 vs. 6ONE#AR +OARD5 E# AL.5?.R. 5". 7BB4 (R3SOL02IO5)

July B8, 1986

(SJ)NA#%RE/et't'"n f"% e%t'"%a%'

FA#"1

It a$$ea% t!at due t" t!e f'nan'al t%"u#le "f


13/33


!""%E"!et!e% "% n"t t!e l"e% "u%t "'tted *%a&e a#ue"f d'%et'"n !en 't *%anted t!e "t'"n f"% $%"dut'"n

"f d"uent.!et!e% "% n"t t!e ta$e and t%an%'$t "f t!e"neta%y


14/33


In t!e ae at #a%, t!e %e$"ndent !a&e n"teta#l'!ed t!at $u#l' 'nte%et "uld uffe% #y t!ed'l"u%e "f t!e $a$e% and d"uent "u*!t #y$et't'"ne%. C"n'de%'n* t!at $et't'"ne% #an a al%eadyl"ed a "f Janua%y , 198, any d'l"u%e "f t!e

af"%eent'"ned lette%, %e$"%t, and t%an%'$t at t!'t'e $"e n" dan*e% "% $e%'l t" "u% e"n"y. 5e't!e%'ll 't t%'**e% any #an %un n"% "$%"'e tatee%et. Re$"ndent %ea"n f"% t!e'% %e'tane t" t!e"%de% "f $%"dut'"n a%e tenu"u and $e'"u. If t!e%e$"ndent $u#l' "ff''al ated %'*!tfully and$%udently 'n t!e $e%f"%ane "f t!e'% dut'e, t!e%e!"uld #e n"t!'n* at all t!at "uld $%"&"e fea% "fd'l"u%e.

On t!e "nt%a%y, $u#l' 'nte%et 'll #e e%&ed #y t!ed'l"u%e "f t!e d"uent. 5"t "nly t!e #an and 'te$l"yee #ut al" 't nue%"u de$"'t"% and%ed't"% a%e ent'tled t" #e 'nf"%ed a t" !et!e% "%n"t t!e%e a a &al'd and le*al :ut'f'at'"n f"% t!e

$et't'"ne% #an l"u%e. It 'll #e ell t" "n'de% t!at/u#l' 'nte%et ean "%e t!an a e%e u%'"'ty; 'tean "et!'n* '"n !'! t!e $u#l', t!e "un'tyat la%*e, !a "e $eun'a%y 'nte%et #y !'! t!e'%le*al %'*!t "% l'a#'l't'e a%e affeted (State &. C%"et,B6, $. 816 'ted 'n "%d and /!%ae, "l. , $.9).

I5 I3 O= ALL 2H3 =OR3?OI5?, t!e "%de% t" $%"dued"uent dated =e#%ua%y 17, 1986 'ued #y t!e"u%t #el" 'n S.C.-?.R. 5O. 7BB4, ' !e%e#y aff'%ed,ee$t a t" t!e "$'e "f t!e ta$e %elat'&e t" t!e"neta%y


15/33


.Inf"%e% $%'&'le*e, "% t!e $%'&'le*e "f t!e?"&e%nent n"t t" d'l"e t!e 'dent'ty "f $e%"n !"fu%n'! 'nf"%at'"n "f &'"lat'"n "f la t" "ff'e%!a%*ed 't! t!e enf"%eent "f t!at la.

.A *ene%' $%'&'le*e f"% 'nte%nal del'#e%at'"n !a #een

a'd t" atta! t" 'nt%a*"&e%nental d"uent%eflet'n* ad&'"%y "$'n'"n, %e"endat'"n anddel'#e%at'"n "$%''n* $a%t "f a $%"e #y !'!*"&e%nental de''"n and $"l''e a%e f"%ulated.

In re Sealed Case$S'ne t!e #e*'nn'n* "f "u% nat'"n,eeut'&e "ff''al !a&e la'ed a &a%'ety "f $%'&'le*et" %e't d'l"u%e "f 'nf"%at'"n t!e "nf'dent'al'ty "f!'! t!ey felt a %u'al t" fulf'llent "f t!e un'+ue%"le and %e$"n'#'l't'e "f t!e eeut'&e #%an! "f "u%*"&e%nent. C"u%t %uled ea%ly t!at t!e eeut'&e !ada %'*!t t" 't!!"ld d"uent t!at '*!t %e&eal'l'ta%y "% tate e%et. 2!e "u%t !a&e al" *%antedt!e eeut'&e a %'*!t t" 't!!"ld t!e 'dent'ty "f*"&e%nent 'nf"%e% 'n "e '%utane and a

+ual'f'ed %'*!t t" 't!!"ld 'nf"%at'"n %elated t"$end'n* 'n&et'*at'"n.

-2!' $%'&'le*e, #aed "n t!e "nt'tut'"nal d"t%'ne "fe$a%at'"n "f $"e%, ee$t t!e eeut'&e f%"d'l"u%e %e+u'%eent a$$l'a#le t" t!e "%d'na%y't'en "% "%*an'at'"n !e%e u! ee$t'"n 'neea%y t" t!e d'!a%*e "f !'*!ly '$"%tanteeut'&e %e$"n'#'l't'e 'n&"l&ed 'n a'nta'n'n**"&e%nental "$e%at'"n, and etend n"t "nly t"'l'ta%y and d'$l"at' e%et #ut al" t" d"uent'nte*%al t" an a$$%"$%'ate ee%'e "f t!e eeut'&ed"et' de''"nal and $"l'y a'n* funt'"n, t!at', t!"e d"uent %eflet'n* t!e f%an e$%e'"nneea%y 'n 'nt%a-*"&e%nental ad&'"%y and

del'#e%at'&e "un'at'"n.#hat a type of information is recognied as privilegeddoes not, however, necessarily mean that it would beconsidered privileged in all instances or indetermining the validity of a claim of privilege, the*uestion that must be asked is not only whether there*uested information falls within one of the traditional

privileges, but also whether that privilege should behonored in a given procedural setting.

U.S. v. Nixon:In 'ue 'n t!at ae a t!e &al'd'ty "f/%e'dent 5'"n la' "f eeut'&e $%'&'le*e a*a'nt au#$"ena 'ued #y a d't%'t "u%t %e+u'%'n* t!e$%"dut'"n "f e%ta'n ta$e and d"uent %elat'n* t"

t!e ate%*ate 'n&et'*at'"n. 2!e la' "f $%'&'le*ea #aed "n t!e /%e'dent *ene%al 'nte%et 'n t!e"nf'dent'al 'ty "f !' "n&e%at'"n and"%%e$"ndene. 2!e 0.S. C"u%t !eld t!at !'le t!e%e 'n" e$l''t %efe%ene t" a $%'&'le*e "f "nf'dent'al'ty 'n

t!e 0.S. C"nt'tut'"n, 't ' "nt'tut'"nally #aed t" t!eetent t!at 't %elate t" t!e effet'&e d'!a%*e "f a/%e'dent $"e%. #he ourt, nonetheless, re)ectedthe !resident3s claim of privilege, ruling that the

privilege must be balanced against the public interestin the fair administration of criminal )ustice 4otably,the ourt was careful to clarify that it was not thereaddressing the issue of claims of privilege in a civillitigation or against congressional demands forinformation

In t!' :u%'d't'"n, t!e d"t%'ne "f eeut'&e $%'&'le*ea %e"*n'ed #y t!' C"u%t 'n 'lmonte v5as*ue.Al"nte ued t!e te% 'n %efe%ene t" t!eae $%'&'le*e u#:et "f 5'"n. It +u"ted t!e f"ll"'n*$"%t'"n "f t!e 5'"n de''"n !'! e$la'n t!e #a'

f"% t!e $%'&'le*e

2!e e$etat'"n "f a /%e'dent t" t!e "nf'dent'al'ty "f!' "n&e%at'"n and "%%e$"ndene, l'e t!e la'"f "nf'dent'al'ty "f :ud''al del'#e%at'"n, f"% ea$le,!a all t!e &alue t" !'! e a"%d defe%ene f"% t!e$%'&ay "f all 't'en and, added t" t!"e &alue, ' t!enee'ty f"% $%"tet'"n "f t!e $u#l' 'nte%et 'n and'd,"#:et'&e, and e&en #lunt "% !a%! "$'n'"n 'n/%e'dent'al de''"n-a'n*. A /%e'dent and t!"e!" a't !' ut #e f%ee t" e$l"%e alte%nat'&e 'nt!e $%"e "f !a$'n* $"l''e and a'n* de''"nand t" d" " 'n a ay any "uld #e un'll'n* t"e$%e ee$t $%'&ately. 2!ee a%e t!e "n'de%at'"n

:ut'fy'n* a $%eu$t'&e $%'&'le*e f"% /%e'dent'al

"un'at'"n. 2!e $%'&'le*e ' fundaental t" t!e"$e%at'"n "f *"&e%nent and 'net%'a#ly %""ted 'n t!ee$a%at'"n "f $"e% unde% t!e C"nt'tut'"n

Al"nte 'n&"l&ed a u#$"ena due teu 'ued #yt!e O#udan a*a'nt t!e t!e%e'n $et't'"ne%. It d'dn"t 'n&"l&e, a e$%ely tated 'n t!e de''"n, t!e%'*!t "f t!e $e"$le t" 'nf"%at'"n. 5"net!ele, t!eC"u%t %e"*n'ed t!at t!e%e a%e e%ta'n ty$e "f'nf"%at'"n !'! t!e *"&e%nent ay 't!!"ld f%"t!e $u#l', t!u an"led*'n*, 'n u#tane 'f n"t 'nnae, t!at eeut'&e $%'&'le*e ay #e la'ed a*a'nt't'en deand f"% 'nf"%at'"n.

In Chavez v. PCGG,t!e C"u%t !eld t!atthis )urisdictionrecognies the common law holding that there is a"governmental privilege against public disclosure withrespect to state secrets regarding military, diplomaticand other national security matters" #he same case

held that closed6door abinet meetings are also arecognied limitation on the right to information

S''la%ly, 'n Chavez v. Public Estates Authoritt!eC"u%t %uled t!at the right to information does note(tend to matters recognied as "privilegedinformation under the separation of powers," by whichthe ourt meant !residential conversations,correspondences, and discussions in closed6doorabinet meetings 7t also held that information onmilitary and diplomatic secrets and those affectingnational security, and information on investigations ofcrimes by law enforcement agencies before the

prosecution of the accused were e(empted from theright to information

3eut'&e $%'&'le*e, !et!e% ae%ted a*a'ntC"n*%e, t!e "u%t, "% t!e $u#l', ' %e"*n'ed "nly'n %elat'"n t" e%ta'n ty$e "f 'nf"%at'"n "f a en't'&e!a%ate%. !'le eeut'&e $%'&'le*e ' a "nt'tut'"nal"ne$t, a la' t!e%e"f ay #e &al'd "% n"t de$end'n*"n t!e *%"und 'n&"ed t" :ut'fy 't and t!e "ntet 'n!'! 't ' ade. 5"t'ea#ly a#ent ' any %e"*n't'"nt!at eeut'&e "ff''al a%e ee$t f%" t!e duty t"d'l"e 'nf"%at'"n #y t!e e%e fat "f #e'n*eeut'&e "ff''al. Indeed, t!e et%a"%d'na%y !a%ate%"f t!e ee$t'"n 'nd'ate t!at t!e $%eu$t'"n'nl'ne !ea&'ly a*a'nt eeut'&e e%ey and 'n fa&"%"f d'l"u%e.

al'd'ty "f S$e'f' 3O 464 $%"&''"n

- Se. 1 "f 3.O. 464It %e+u'%eent t" eu%e $%e'dent'al "nent, l''ted"nly t" eeut'&e de$t. !ead and t" a$$ea%ane 'nt!e +uet'"n !"u% (#eaue "f 't $e'f' %efe%ene t"e. "f a%t I) ae 't &al'd "n 't fae.- Se. (a) "f 3.O. 464It e%ely $%"&'de *u'del'ne #'nd'n* "nly "n t!e !ead"f "ff'e ent'"ned 'n et'"n (#), "n !at ' "&e%ed#y t!e eeut'&e $%'&'le*e. It d"e n"t $u%$"%t t" #e"nlu'&e "n t!e "t!e% #%an!e "f *"&e%nent. Itay #e "nt%ued a a e%e e$%e'"n "f "$'n'"n #yt!e /%e. %e*a%d'n* t!e natu%e and "$e "f eeut'&e$%'&'le*e.- Se. (#) "f 3.O. 464

43


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/%"&'de t!at "ne t!e !ead "f "ff'e dete%'ne t!at ae%ta'n 'nf". ' $%'&'le*ed, u! dete%'nat'"n '$%eued t" #ea% t!e /%e'dent> aut!"%'ty and !a t!eeffet "f $%"!'#'t'n* t!e "ff''al f%" a$$ea%'n* #ef"%eC"n*%e, "nly t" t!e e$%e $%"n"uneent "f t!e

/%e. t!at 't ' all"'n* t!e a$$ea%ane "f u! "ff''al.It all" t!e /%e. t" aut!"%'e la' "f $%'&'le*e #ye%e 'lene, and u! $%eu$t'&e aut!"%'at'"n '"nt%a%y t" t!e ee$t'"nal natu%e "f t!e $%'&'le*e. Duet" t!e fat t!at eeut'&e $%'&'le*e ' "f et%a"%d'na%y$"e%, t!e /%e. ay n"t aut!"%'e 't u#"%d'nate t"ee%'e 't. Su! $"e% ut #e 'elded "nly #y t!e!'*!et "ff''al 'n t!e eeut'&e !'e%a%!y.- Se. "f 3.O. 464Re+u'%e all $u#l' "ff''al enue%ated 'n et'"n (#)t" eu%e t!e "nent "f t!e /%e'dent $%'"% t"a$$ea%'n* #ef"%e e't!e% !"ue "f C"n*%e. 2!eenue%at'"n ' #%"ad. It ' 'n&al'd $e% e. In " fa% a 'td"e n"t ae%t #ut e%ely '$l'e t!e la' "feeut'&e $%'&'le*e. It d"e n"t $%"&'de $%e'e and

e%ta'n %ea"n f"% t!e la'. e%e 'n&"at'"n "f 3.O.464 "u$led 't! an ann"uneent t!at t!e /%e'dent!a n"t *'&en !e% "nent, ' "efully 'nuff''ent f"%C"n*%e t" dete%'ne !et!e% t!e 't!!"ld'n* "f'nf"%at'"n ' :ut'f'ed unde% t!e '%utane "f ea!ae, e&e%ely f%ut%at'n* 't $"e% "f 'n+u'%y.

Decision /et't'"n a%e /AR2L ?RA523D. Set'"n (#)and "f 3.O. 464 a%e dela%ed &"'d !'le et'"n 1and (a) a%e ALID.

Adissions and onfessions

E!R" OF PEDRO LE6ENA ,%R+ANOV E!R" OF !RENE +!EN

?.R. 1B8CORO5A; Se$te#e% 11, BB6

(a'a)

NA#%RE$ /et't'"n f"% %e&'e "n e%t'"%a%' unde% Rule4FA#"$ 2!' ae 'n&"l&e a land d'$ute #eteen/ed%" Cleena and I%ene !a%e 'n t!e !a%&et. 2!eyn" l"n*e% d'$ute I%ene> "ne%!'$ "f t!e $%"$e%ty.H"e&e%, t!ey la' t!ey ann"t #e !eld l'a#le t" t!e!e'% "f I%ene f"% t!e !a%&et #eaue (1) t!ey ne&e%t"" $"e'"n "f t!e $%"$e%ty and () t!e e&'denet!e CA %el'ed "n t" dete%'ne t!e a"unt "f daa*e,$%"eed'n* a 't d'd f%" "ne "f t!e !e'% "f I%ene, aelf-e%&'n* and t!e%ef"%e "uld n"t !a&e #een a $%"$e%

#a' f"% u! aa%d.!""%E*"$1. O5 t!e !e'% "f /ed%" !"uld n"t #e "%de%ed t" $ayt!e daa*e aa%ded #y CA f"% t!e %ea"n t!ata. t!ey ne&e% t"" $"e'"n "f t!e $%"$e%ty#. tet'"ny "f ?%e*"%'" a elf-e%&'n*, t!u an'$%"$e% #a' f"% t!e aa%d

ELD$1. a. 5O (!e'% "f $ed%" !"uld $ay)Ratio: A :ud''al ad''"n "nlu'&ely #'nd t!e $a%tya'n* 't. He ann"t t!e%eafte% "nt%ad't 't. 2!eee$t'"n ' f"und "nly 'n t!"e %a%e 'ntane !en

t!e t%'al "u%t, 'n t!e ee%'e "f 't d'%et'"n and#eaue "f t%"n* %ea"n t" u$$"%t 't tand, ay%el'e&e a $a%ty f%" t!e "ne+uene "f !' ad''"nReasoning:/ed%" !'elf alle*ed 'n !' ane% t!att!e land a 'n !' elu'&e $"e'"n. Su! t"" "n

t!e !a%ate% "f a :ud''al ad''"n !'! ann"t #e"nt%ated ee$t t!%"u*! !"'n* t!at 't a adet!%"u*! $al$a#le 'tae "% n" u! ad''"n aade. 2!e !e'% "f $ed%", a e%e u#t'tut'n*defendant, a%e #"und #y t!e ad''"n ade #y$ed%" !'elf.-fu%t!e%, t!e +uet'"n "f $"e'"n ' a +uet'"n "ffat, t!e f'nd'n* "f !'! SC !"uld n"t d'tu%#

1.#. 5O (tet'"ny a n"t elf-e%&'n*, t!u n"t an'$%"$e% #a' f"% t!e aa%d "f daa*e)Ratio ESelf-e%&'n* e&'deneF ' n"t t" #e taenl'te%ally t" ean any e&'dene t!at e%&e 't$%"$"nent> 'nte%et. 2!e te%, 'f ued 't! any le*alene, %efe% "nly t" at "% dela%at'"n ade #y a

$a%ty 'n !' "n 'nte%et at "e $lae and t'e out ofcourt, and 't d"e n"t 'nlude tet'"ny t!at !e *'&ea a 'tne 'n "u%t.Reasoning ESelf-e%&'n* e&'dene,F $e%!a$ "'n* t"'t de%'$t'&e f"%ulat'"n, ' a "ne$t u!'unde%t""d. 5"t 'nf%e+uently, t!e te% ' e$l"yeda a ea$"n t" de&alue and d'%ed't a $a%ty>tet'"ny fa&"%a#le t" !' aue. 2!at, 't ee, ' t!eene 'n !'! $et't'"ne% a%e u'n* 't n".- 3&'dene "f t!' "%t (elf-e%&'n*) ' eluded "n t!eae *%"und a any !ea%ay e&'dene, t!at ', la "f"$$"%tun'ty f"% %"-ea'nat'"n #y t!e ad&e%e $a%tyand "n t!e "n'de%at'"n t!at 't ad''"n "uld "$ent!e d""% t" f%aud and fa#%'at'"n. In "nt%at, a $a%ty>tet'"ny 'n "u%t ' "%n and u#:et t" %"-

ea'nat'"n #y t!e "t!e% $a%ty, and t!e%ef"%e, n"tue$t'#le t" an "#:et'"n "n t!e *%"und t!at 't ' elf-e%&'n*.- At any %ate, $et't'"ne% ne&e% alle*ed, n"% t%'ed t"!", t!at ?%e*"%'"> tet'"ny a 'nau%ate "%unt%ue. /et't'"ne%> "#:et'"n ' f"unded "lely "n t!ee%e fat t!at !e, #e'n* a $la'nt'ff, a a 'tne'nte%eted 'n t!e "ut"e "f t!e ae. 5", 't ' t%uet!at a $a%ty> 'nte%et ay t" "e etent affet !'%ed'#'l'ty a a 'tne. 2" 'n't "t!e%'e "uld #et!e !e'*!t "f na'&etV. 5"net!ele, t!e C"u%t ann"tu#%'#e t" t!e &'e, '$l''t 'n $et't'"ne%> a%*uent,t!at a $a%ty> tet'"ny fa&"%a#le t" !'elf ut #ed'%e*a%ded "n a"unt "lely "f !' 'nte%et 'n t!e

44


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ae. Ou% :ut'e yte 'll n"t u%&'&e u! a %ule f"%"#du%ate yn'' "n t!e $a%t "f a "u%t ' :ut a"d'"u t" t!e ad'n't%at'"n "f :ut'e a utte%*ull'#'l'ty.64ational Dev8t ompany v 9$ 'nte%et al"ne ' n"t a

*%"und f"% d'%e*a%d'n* a $a%ty> tet'"ny.-"#'te% 'n "t!e% ae 'nte%et "f a 'tne d"e n"tipso facto de$%'&e !' tet'"ny "f $%"#at'&e f"%e "%%e+u'%e 't t" #e d'%e*a%ded, and t!e t%'e% "f fat 'ent'tled t" ae$t a u! "f t!e 'tne> tet'"ny a!e f'nd %ed'#le and t" %e:et t!e %et.

D!"PO"!#!ON$ /et't'"n den'ed. CA de''"n aff'%ed.

D+P POOL OF ARED!#ED !N"%RANEO6PAN!E" V RAD!O 6!NDANAO NE#9OR:5!N

?.R. 5". 147B9A0S2RIA-AR2I53@; Janua%y 7, BB6

("en)

NA#%RE/et't'"n f"% e%t'"%a%' unde% Rule 4 R"C ee'n* t!e%e&'e "f t!e CA De''"n aff'%'n* R2C aat'De''"n %edu'n* 'nte%et %ate t" 6P $e% annu

FA#"- Rad'" 'ndana" 5et"%, In. (RADIO), !" "ne&e%al #%"adat'n* tat'"n all "&e% t!e "unt%y, f'leda '&'l ae a*a'nt D tat'"n 'n


18/33


Hene, !' "$'n'"n "n t!e 'dent'ty "% e#e%!'$ "f t!ea%ed en 't! t!e C//-5/A ' n"t ad''#le 'ne&'dene.. 5O- 0nde% Set'"n , Rule 1B R"C. An ad''"n '"$etent "nly !en t!e dela%ant, "% "e"ne'dent'f'ed 'n le*al 'nte%et 't! !', ' a $a%ty t" t!eat'"n.4. 3S- In 'nu%ane ae, !e%e a %' ' ee$ted #y t!ete% "f a $"l'y !'! 'nu%e a*a'nt "t!e% $e%'l "%!aa%d, l" f%" u! a %' "nt'tute a defene!'! t!e 'nu%e% ay u%*e, 'ne 't !a n"t auedt!at %', and f%" t!' 't f"ll" t!at an 'nu%e% ee'n*t" defeat a la' #eaue "f an ee$t'"n "% l''tat'"n'n t!e $"l'y !a t!e #u%den "f $%"&'n* t!at t!e l""e 't!'n t!e $u%&'e "f t!e ee$t'"n "% l''tat'"net u$. If a $%""f ' ade "f a l" a$$a%ently 't!'n a"nt%at "f 'nu%ane, t!e #u%den ' u$"n t!e 'nu%e% t"$%"&e t!at t!e l" a%"e f%" a aue "f l" !'! '

ee$ted "% f"% !'! 't ' n"t l'a#le, "% f%" a aue!'! l''t 't l'a#'l'ty.- C"ne+uently, 't ' uff''ent f"% RADIO t" $%"&e t!efat "f daa*e "% l". One RADIO ae "ut a$%'a fa'e ae 'n 't fa&"%, t!e duty "% t!e #u%den "fe&'dene !'ft t" D


19/33


- 2!e f'al f'led a "t'"n f"% t!e d''al "f t!e aea*a'nt 3ue#'" /e%e f"% 'nuff''eny "f e&'dene. 2!'a *%anted. He al" aed t!at t!e aued /ed%"Reye #e d'!a%*ed " t!at t!e latte% ay #e ued a$%"eut'"n 'tne. 2!' a al" *%anted.- 2!e C=I :ud*e f"und t!e aued a''n" Aut%'aal'a Se&e%'n" Aut%al'a al'a


20/33


#"a%d "f d'%et"% #ut al" &'e-$%e'dent-t%eau%e% and$%e'dent, %e$et'&ely, "f t!e la'ant "$any.H"e&e%, 'f all"ed t" tet'fy, t!ey a'd t!at t!ey "uldal" ay t!at t!ey !ad $e%"nal n"led*e t!at='t'"n "ed t!e "$any 6.- 2!e ad'n't%at"% a e&'dene !"ed 3!'#'t 1,!'! "nta'n t!e *%" &alue "f aet "f t!e "n:u*al$a%tne%!'$ "f ='t'"n and '*uela alayt". Hetet'f'ed t!at !e a t!e att"%ney 'n t!e d'&"%e ae(194) #eteen t!e and t!at ='t'"n $%e$a%ed3!'#'t 1 f"% t!e d'&''"n "f aet "f t!e $a%tne%!'$. Ina'd e!'#'t, t!e%e ' n" 'nd'at'"n "f any de#t t" t!e"$any

!""%E*"1. O5 t!e "ff'e% "f a "%$"%at'"n !'! ' a $a%ty t"an at'"n a*a'nt an eeut"% "% ad'n't%at"% "f adeeaed $e%"n a%e d'+ual'f'ed f%" tet'fy'n* a t"any atte% "f fat "u%%'n* #ef"%e t!e deat! "f u!deeaed $e%"n unde% Rule 1, et'"n 6(), "f t!eRule "f C"u%t (n" Rule 1B.). O5 3!'#'t 1 ' ad''#le #eaue 't ' elf-e%&'n*. O5 t!e deeaed R'!a%d 2. ='t'"n aent'tled t" !' ala%y a $%e'dent "f t!e Atlant', ?ulf G/a'f' C"$any "f an'la f%" Janua%y, 194, t" June7, 1944, !en !e d'ed 'n t!e Sant" 2"a 'nte%nenta$

ELD1. 5ORatio Rule 1 d'+ual'f'e "nly $a%t'e "% a'*n"% "f$a%t'e. 2!e "ff'e% and"% t"!"lde% "f a"%$"%at'"n a%e n"t d'+ual'f'ed f%" tet'fy'n*, f"% "%a*a'nt t!e "%$"%at'"n !'! ' a $a%ty t" an at'"nu$"n a la' "% deand a*a'nt t!e etate "f a

deeaed $e%"n, a t" any atte% "f fat "u%%'n*#ef"%e t!e deat! "f u! deeaed $e%"nReasoning- 2!' $%"&''"n a taen f%" et'"n 8, $a%a*%a$!7, "f "u% f"%e% C"de "f C'&'l /%"edu%e, !'! 'n tu%na de%'&ed f%" et'"n 188B "f t!e C"de "f C'&'l/%"edu%e "f Cal'f"%n'a.- C'ty Sa&'n*


21/33


and aed !ad !e "'tted t!e %'e "f !'! !e a!a%*ed, ad'tted t!at !e !ad. 2!e%eafte% t!e aueda ent t" t!e :ut'e "f t!e $eae, !" !eld !' f"%t%'al.

2!e aued a "n&'ted.

!""%EO5 f'nd'n* t!e aued *u'lty !a #a'

ELD3S. 2!e%e an #e n" $"'#le d"u#t t!at !e a$%eent !en t!e $a%ty "n #"a%d t!e #"at aatt%ated t" t!e $lae !e%e t!e &'t' %a'ed !e%"ut%y !a%*'n* !' 't! t!e aault, and t!at !e a$%eent late% "n !en t!e &'t' $%eented !e%"$la'nt t" t!e "un'lan "f t!e #a%%'". 0nde% u!'%utane, e a%e "n&'ned t!at an 'nn"ent an"uld 'ntantly and 'nd'*nantly %e$ud'ate u! a!a%*e, and atte$t t!e%e and t!en t" eta#l'! !''nn"ene, e$la'n'n* !" !e ae t" #e t!e%e $%eent't! t!e "an, and t!e "nd't'"n unde% !'! !e!ad ade t!e fale !a%*e; yet t!e%e ' n"t t!el'*!tet 'nd'at'"n 'n t!e e&'dene t!at t!e%e a "nt!e $a%t "f t!e aued any u! 'nd'*nant den'al and$%"tet a "uld #e e$eted f%" an 'nn"ent anuddenly "nf%"nted 't! u! a !a%*e unde% u!'%utane. Indeed, !' "ndut at t!at t'e a, t"t!e 'nd "f t!e C"u%t, !"lly at &a%'ane 't! t!at!'! '*!t fa'%ly #e e$eted f%" !', *%ant'n* t!et%ut! "f !' tet'"ny and t!at "f t!e "t!e% 'tneef"% t!e defene.

D!"PO"!#!ONJud*ent aff'%ed.

A+ALLE v PEOPLE=3R5A5; a%! 1, 199B

?.R. 5". 64B86(:":")

NA#%RE

- D'%et a$$eal f%" t!e de''"n "f t!e C=I "f Da&a"C'ty, f'nd'n* $et't'"ne% /ete% /aul A#alle *u'lty "f!"''de.=AC2S- At a%"und 7/ "f 5"&.7, 198B 'n Say$"n, 2"%'l,Da&a" C'ty, u'%'n" et%a:ud''al "nfe'"n taen du%'n* ut"d'al'n&et'*at'"n and 'n '$"'n* a $enalty !'! a n"t'n a"%dane 't! la.. O5 t!e *u'lt "f t!e aued !a #een eta#l'!ed#ey"nd %ea"na#le d"u#t

ELD1. 3S- A#alle et%a:ud''al ad''"n !"uld !a&e #eend'%e*a%ded #y t!e l"e% "u%t f"% !a&'n* #een"#ta'ned 'n &'"lat'"n "f A#alle "nt'tut'"nal %'*!t.

2!%"u*!"ut t!e ut"d'al 'nte%%"*at'"n, t!eaued $a%ent and %elat'&e e%e al"t alaya%"und #ut at n" ta*e "f t!e ent'%e $%"eed'n* a 't!"n t!at t!e y"ut!ful "ffende% a e&e% %e$%eented#y "unel. S'ne t!e eeut'"n "f t!e et%a:ud''altateent a ad'ttedly ade 'n t!e a#ene "f"unel, !et!e% de "f''" "% de $a%te, and t!e a'&e%"f "unel a n"t ade 't! t!e a'tane "f "unela andated #y t!e $%"&''"n "f Set'"n B, A%t'le I"f t!e 197 C"nt'tut'"n, a'd "nfe'"n !"uld !a&e#een d'a%ded #y t!e l"e% "u%t.- 3+ually 'nad''#le ' t!e 't!en n'fe %e"&e%edf%" A#alle afte% !' a$tu%e and afte% t!e $"l'e !adta%ted t" +uet'"n !'. 2"*et!e% 't! t!e et%a:ud''al"nfe'"n, t!e fatal ea$"n ' #ut a f%u't "f a"nt'tut'"nally 'nf'%ed 'nte%%"*at'"n and ut"ne+uently #e d'all"ed. 2!e #l""dta'ned 2-!'%t,!"e&e%, ' ad''#le, #e'n* 'n t!e natu%e "f ane&'dene 'n $la'n &'e !'! an a%%et'n* "ff'e% aytae and 'nt%"due 'n e&'dene.- 2!e $%e&a'l'n* %ule 'n t!' :u%'d't'"n ' t!at an

"ff'e% a'n* an a%%et ay tae f%" t!e $e%"na%%eted any "ney "% $%"$e%ty f"und u$"n !' $e%"n!'! a ued 'n t!e "''"n "f t!e %'e "% at!e f%u't "f t!e %'e "% !'! '*!t fu%n'! t!e$%'"ne% 't! t!e ean "f "'tt'n* &'"lene "%ea$'n*, "% !'! ay #e ued 'n e&'dene 'n t!e t%'al"f t!e aue. . .. 3S- It ' ell t" n"te t!at e&en #ef"%e t!e ta'n* "f t!eet%a:ud''al "nfe'"n, t!e aued, u$"n #e'n*$'ed u$ 'n t!e "%n'n* "f 5"&. 8, 198B a !e a"'n* "ut "f t!e "unal #at!%"" and ea%'n* a

2-!'%t "&e%ed 't! #l""dta'n !'! !e t%'ed t" "&e%'t! !' !and, uddenly #%"e d"n and nelt #ef"%e

49


22/33


S*t. a%ante and "nfeed t!at !e 'lled Jenn'et !"ut,


23/33


(A#ela%d") lay at deat! d""%, #leed'n* f%" ta#"und 'n !' "l"n and $'nal "%d, a a %eult "f!'! !e e$'%ed a fe !"u% late%. It a 'ndu#'ta#ly ady'n* dela%at'"n. All "f t!e '%utane %e+u'%ede%e $%eent !en A#ela%d" ade !' dy'n*dela%at'"n.

. 3SRatio!'le 't ' t%ue t!at t!e a$$ellant et%a:ud''al"nfe'"n a ade 't!"ut t!e ad&'e and a'tane"f "unel, !ene, 'nad''#le a e&'dene, 't "uld #et%eated a a &e%#al ad''"n "f t!e auedeta#l'!ed t!%"u*! t!e tet'"n'e "f t!e $e%"n !"!ea%d 't "% !" "nduted t!e 'n&et'*at'"n "f t!eaued (/e"$le &. Ca%'d", 167 SCRA 46; /e"$le &.=el''an", 8 SCRA 8; /e"$le &. ="ntan"a, B SCRA49).Reasoning 2!e alen'a /"l'e Stat'"n 'n&et'*at"%,/at%"lan /a+u't" =etal&e%", tet'fy'n* #ef"%e t!e t%'al"u%t "n Ot"#e% 16, 1984, +u"ted t!e ad''"n "ft!e aued. 2!e t%'al "u%t, !'! "#e%&ed !'de$"%tent "n t!e 'tne tand, f"und !' %ed'#le.- t!e t%'al "u%t d'd n"t %ely "lely "n t!e et%a:ud''al"nfe'"n "f t!e aued. 3&en 'f t!at "nfe'"n e%ed'%e*a%d, t!e%e a "%e t!at en"u*! e&'dene t"u$$"%t !' "n&'t'"n. H' at "f *'&'n* !'elf u$ t"t!e $"l'e "f /a$l"na 't! t!e u%de% ea$"n, !'#l""d-ta'ned l"t!'n* at t!e t'e "f t!e u%%ende% "nly!"u% afte% t!e 'll'n*, A#ela%d" dy'n* dela%at'"n,and t!e tet'"n'e "f t!e $"l'een 'n t!e $"l'etat'"n 'n /a$l"na and alen'a t" !" !ead'tted !' *u'lt "nt'tute an un#%"en !a'n $%"&'n*#ey"nd %ea"na#le d"u#t t!at 't a !e !" u%de%edA#ela%d", Dule'a and S"ledad Re"na#le.Disposition H3R3=OR3, t!e a$$ealed :ud*ent"n&'t'n* J"ue "la f"% t!e u%de% "f Dule'aRe"na#le, S"ledad Re"na#le and A#ela%d" Re"na#leand enten'n* !' t" uffe% t!e $enalty "f %elu'"n$e%$etua f"% ea! "f a'd u%de% ' A==IR3D, 't!"d'f'at'"n "f t!e deat! 'nden'ty !'! ' !e%e#y'n%eaed t" /B,BBB.BB f"% ea! ae. SO ORD3R3D.

PEOPLE V 6A;%EDA?.R. 5". 1198

DAID3, JR.; a%! , 199(%a!)

FA#"

- a+ueda a f"und gui&t/ e/ond reasona&edout of t'e crie of roer/


24/33


ad''"n #eaue u! tet'"ny a "#:eted t" a!ea%ay.

!""%E1. O5 a+ueda> S'nu$aan* Salayay ' ad''#le. O5 t!e et%a:ud''al ad''"n a%e ad''#le. O5 a+ueda ' *u'lty #ey"nd %ea"na#le d"u#t

ELD1. 5O Ratio "%ale &. 3n%'le At t!e t'e a $e%"n 'a%%eted, 't !all #e t!e duty "f t!e a%%et'n* "ff'e% t"'nf"% !' "f t!e %ea"n f"% t!e a%%et and !e ut #e!"n t!e a%%ant "f a%%et, 'f any. He !all #e'nf"%ed "f !' "nt'tut'"nal %'*!t t" %ea'n 'lentand t" "unel, and t!at any tateent !e '*!t ae"uld #e ued a*a'nt !'. 2!e $e%"n a%%eted !all!a&e t!e %'*!t t" "un'ate 't! !' laye%, a%elat'&e, "% any"ne !e !""e #y t!e "t e$ed'entean #y tele$!"ne 'f $"'#le "% #y lette% "%een*e%. It !all #e t!e %e$"n'#'l'ty "f t!e a%%et'n*"ff'e% t" ee t" 't t!at t!' ' a"$l'!ed. Anytateent "#ta'ned 'n &'"lat'"n "f t!e $%"edu%e !e%e'nla'd d"n, !et!e% eul$at"%y "% 'nul$at"%y, 'n !"le"% 'n $a%t, !all #e 'nad''#le 'n e&'dene.- 2!e Sinumpaang Salaysay "f a+ueda taen #y S/B"llen" afte% t!e f"%e% a%%et a ta8en ina&a&e vio&ation of 'is rig'ts under "ection12(1)5 Artic&e !!! of t'e onstitution. A d'l"ed#y a %ead'n* t!e%e"f,6a-ueda


25/33


?.R. 5". 1B6135DO@A; ay 11, 1999

(a$$le)

NA#%RE

A$$eal f%" a de''"n "f t!e R2C

FA#"-On t!e afte%n""n "f Ot"#e% 17, 1996, at a%"und 4"l", t!e #"dy "f '-yea% "ld Jenn'fe% D"antay af"und $%aled a'dt a #a#"" *%"&e 'n ?u'l'*,ala'+u', /an*a'nan. 2!e !'ld #"dy #"%e e&e%alta# "und.-2!e ed'al ea'nat'"n "nduted #y D%. aa%ana,t!e %u%al !ealt! $!y''an "f ala'+u', !"ed t!at

Jenn'fe% d'ed "f ult'$le "%*an fa'lu%e and !y$"&"le'!" e"nda%y t" 8 ta# "und at t!e #a. D%.aa%ana f"und n" lae%at'"n "% '*n "f'nflaat'"n "f t!e "ute% and 'nne% la#'a and t!e&a*'nal all "f t!e &'t' *en'tal'a, alt!"u*! t!e&a*'nal anal ea'ly ad'tted t!e l'ttle f'n*e% 't!'n'al %e'tane.-2!e 'n&et'*at'"n #y t!e ala'+u' $"l'e $"'nted t"aued-a$$ellant


26/33


%elat'"n!'$ #eteen t!e 'nd'&'dual and t!e State. 2!e$%"!'#'t'"n t!e%e'n a%e $%'a%'ly add%eed t" t!eState and 't a*ent.-Aued-a$$ellant et%a:ud''al "nfe'"n '"%%"#"%ated #y e&'dene "f corpus delicti, naely, t!efat "f deat! "f Jenn'fe% D"antay.-In add't'"n, t!e '%utant'al e&'dene fu%n'!ed #yt!e "t!e% $%"eut'"n 'tnee d"&eta'l 'n ate%'al$"'nt 't! !' "nfe'"n. He a een al'n* t"a%dt!e #a#"" *%"&e, f"ll"ed #y t!e &'t'. Late%, !ea een tand'n* nea% t!e #a#"" *%"&e !e%e t!e!'ld #"dy a f"und.-Rule 1 "f t!e Re&'ed Rule "n 3&'dene $%"&'deSe . +(tra)udicial confession, not sufficient ground forconviction. An et%a:ud''al "nfe'"n ade #y anaued, !all n"t #e uff''ent *%"und f"% "n&'t'"n,unle "%%"#"%ated #y e&'dene "f corpus delicti.-H"e&e%, t!e "u%t f"und t!at t!e fat t!at aued-a$$ellant al" "'tted %a$e a n"t eta#l'!ed#ey"nd %ea"na#le d"u#t.

%is(ositionJud*ent %ende%ed f'nd'n* aued-a$$ellant *u'lty "f!"''de

PEOPLE v. 6AN#%N?R 1B7; July B, 199B; RO3RO

(Ina)

FA#" One "nday "%n'n*, "n t!e ay t" "%, a%yAnn, t!e ana*e% "f Ce#uana L!u'lle% /an!"$ 'nay""d,


27/33


'lled t!e &'t' #eaue t!ey ade !' eat $"%.2!ee '%utane !a%dly 'nd'ate t!at antun* felt"$elled t" "n u$ t" t!e %'e.


28/33


%''nal 'ntent t" "'t t!e "ffene 't! !'! "ne '!a%*ed. 2!u, 'n t!e ae at #a%, a tateent #y t!eaued ad'tt'n* t!e "''"n "f t!e at !a%*eda*a'nt !' #ut deny'n* t!at 't a d"ne 't! %''nal'ntent ' an ad''"n, n"t a "nfe'"n.-/et't'"ne% ad't !""t'n* t!e &'t' 'n !' C"unte%-Aff'da&'t ^ !'! e&entually led t" t!e latte% deat! ^#ut den'e !a&'n* d"ne 't 't! any %''nal 'ntent. Infat, !e la' !e d'd 't 'n elf-defene. 5e&e%t!ele,!et!e% ate*"%'ed a a "nfe'"n "% a anad''"n, 't ' ad''#le 'n e&'dene a*a'nt !'.-SC d"e n"t d"u#t t!e &"lunta%'ne "f t!e C"unte%-Aff'da&'t. In *ene%al, ad''"n ay #e %e#utted #y"nfe'n* t!e'% unt%ut! "% #y !"'n* t!ey e%e ade#y 'tae. /et't'"ne% left t!e ad''"n un%e#utted.In add't'"n, ad''"n ade unde% "at!, a 'n t!e aeat #a%, a%e e&'dene "f *%eat e'*!t a*a'nt t!edela%ant. 2!ey t!%" "n !' t!e #u%den "f !"'n* a'tae.

PEOPLE V AL!NA0I5O; ARCH 1, 198B

(=a=a)FA#"Al'n* dela%ed 'n t!e C!a&aan" d'alet (!' dela%at'"na t%anlated 'nt" 3n*l'!) t!at !e 'lled !' 'fe(!" !e a%%'ed a"%d'n* t" ul' %'te #eaue e!e a 'nf"%ed 'n $%'"n #y !' %elat'&e t!at !' 'fea l'&'n* 't! an"t!e% an and f""l'n* a%"und 't!"t!e% en. He %e"unted t!e 'll'n* 'n t!' anne% t"t!e $"l'e

At "% a#"ut "ne "l" 'n t!e afte%n""n "fJanua%y 8, 197, I a at t!e ea!"%e "fCala%'an %ela'n* 'ne I !a&e :ut a%%'&ed f%"

J"l", Sulu t!at $a%t'ula% day. At t!at t'e, Ia al%eady %unn'n* aay f%" t!e aut!"%'t'e#eaue I a an ea$ee f%" San Ra"n/%'"n and /enal =a%. Late% "n, I $%"eededt" y fat!e% !"ue !'! ' :ut nea% t!eea!"%e, 0$"n %ea!'n* t!e !"ue, I a 5"%'"!aad #ut I !ad n" t'e t" tal t" !e%#eaue 'ed'ately afte% ee'n* e, 5"%' %anaay, *"'n* t" t!e d'%et'"n "f t!e t%eet.

A%ed 't! t!e #"l" !'! I !ad #een a%%y'n*'t! e, I !aed afte% 5"%' and I at! u$'t! !e% at t!e t%eet !e%e I ta%ted ta##'n*!e% 't! t!e #"l", !'tt'n* !e% "n t!e d'ffe%ent$a%t "f t!e #"dy. !en I a 5"%' fell d"n"n t!e t%eet #adly "unded, I !u%%'edly leftt!e $lae and %an t"a%d t!e fa% end "fCala%'an. (3!. ).

2" $"l'een 'n t!e'% aff'da&'t "f a%! 4, 197,aff'%ed t!at A'%"l ad'tted t" Se%*eant Ant"n'"a%"!"n 'n t!e'% $%eene t!at !e ta##ed !' 'fe#eaue !e !ad #een *"'n* 't! any en (3!. 1).

On A$%'l 19, 197, A'%"l Al'n* a !a%*ed 't!$a%%''de 'n t!e C"u%t "f ='%t Intane "f @a#"an*aC'ty. It a alle*ed 'n t!e 'nf"%at'"n t!at A'%"l a a"n&'t e%&'n* entene at t!e $enal "l"ny f"%%"##e%y 't! f%ut%ated !"''de.

2!e ae a f'%t alled f"% a%%a'*nent "n a%! 1,1974. 2!e aued '*n'f'ed !' 'll'n*ne t" $lead*u'lty alt!"u*! !e !ad n" laye%. A "unel de "f''"a a$$"'nted f"% !'. 2!e t%'al "u%t *%anted "unel"t'"n t" t%anfe% t!e a%%a'*nent t" a%! 18.On t!at date, #y a*%eeent "f t!e $a%t'e, t!ea%%a'*nent a t%anfe%%ed t" a%! 9, t!en t" A$%'l, and late% t" A$%'l B, 1974. On t!at lat date, t!e'nf"%at'"n a t%anlated 'nt" t!e 2auu* d'alet!'! ' $"en #y t!e aued. 't! t!e a'tane "f!' "unel, !e $leaded *u'lty.

2!en, t!e aued a $laed "n t!e 'tne tand andea'ned #y !' "unel. He ad'tted t!at !e 'lled !''fe. He dela%ed t!at afte% !e a 'nf"%ed #y !'"unel t!at t!e $enalty f"% $a%%''de ' deat! "% l'fe'$%'"nent, !e, ne&e%t!ele, ad'tted t!e 'll'n* "f!' 'fe #eaue t!at a t!e t%ut!.

In ane% t" t!e +uet'"n "f t!e f'al, t!e aued a'dt!at !e unde%t""d t!at #y $lead'n* *u'lty !e "uld #eentened t" deat! "% reclusion perpetua #eaue !ea an ea$ed "n&'t.

He de%'#ed t!e "nf%"ntat'"n 't! !' 'fe. !en !ea%%'&ed at !' !"e, !' 'fe %an and !e $u%ued !e%.He "&e%t"" !e%, ta##ed !e% #ut !e a a#le t" $a%%yt!e #l", and !en -!e fell "n t!e *%"und, !e%e$eatedly ta##ed !e% 'n t!e a#d"en.

He a'd t!at !e a n"t "e%ed n"% a:"led 'nt"ente%'n* a $lea "f *u'lty. He ad'tted t!at !e a a$%'"ne% 'n t!e $enal "l"ny. He a a ul'#el"n*'n* t" t!e Saal t%'#e "f S'a' Sulu. He 'lled !''fe #eaue !'le !e a 'n $%'"n, !e d'd n"t &''t!' and !e ne*leted t!e'% f"u% !'ld%en.

He a*%eed t!at !' fat!e%-'n-la "uld !a&e t!e ut"dy"f !' !'ld%en. He a a#le t" lea&e t!e $enal "l"ny#eaue !e a a l'&'n*-"ut-$%'"ne%. !en !e entt" !' !"ue "n Janua%y 8, 197, !' $u%$"e a t" #e%e"n'led 't! !' 'fe #ut !en !e a !', 'ntead"f a't'n* f"% !', !e %an aay. He !ad 'nf"%at'"nt!at !' 'fe a *u'lty "f 'nf'del'ty "% !ad a a#'t.

2!at a a *%'e&"u "ffene unde% ul' ut".He Ident'f'ed !' '*natu%e 'n !' "nfe'"n !'! a"%n t" #ef"%e t!e le% "f "u%t (3!. < "% ).

2!e t%'al "u%t entened A'%"l Al'n* t" deat! and t"$ay an 'nden'ty "f tel&e t!"uand $e" t" t!e !e'%"f 5"%':a "!aad. It n"ted t!at !e $leaded *u'lty 't!full n"led*e "f t!e ean'n* and "ne+uene "f !'$lea. 2!e ae a ele&ated t" t!' C"u%t f"% aut"at'%e&'e "f t!e deat! $enalty.

!""%EO5 t!e aued d'd n"t unde%tand fully !e natu%eand effet "f $lea "f *u'lty

ELD5O. 2!e t%'al :ud*e, a ul', t"" $aIn t" f"ll" t!e%ule t!at 'n ae a $lea "f *u'lty ' ente%ed 'n a a$'talae, e&'dene !"uld #e %ee'&ed 'n "%de% t" lea&e n"%"" f"% %ea"na#le d"u#t t!at t!e aued ' *u'lty "ft!e "ffene !a%*ed and t!at !e !ad full n"led*e "ft!e ean'n* and "ne+uene "f !' $lea "f *u'lty(/e"$le &. Dua#an, L-191, Au*ut 4, 1979).

In t!' ae, t!e a%%a'*nent a $"t$"ned t!%eet'e 'n "%de% t" ena#le !' "unel t" "nfe% 't! !'and e$la'n t" !' t!e "ne+uene "f !' $lea "f*u'lty. 2!e aued tet'f'ed. H' "nfe'"n and t!eaff'da&'t "f t!e $"l'een !" 'n&et'*ated !' e%e$%eented 'n e&'dene.

%is(osition Judgment affirmed with the modificationthat, for lack of one vote, the accused is sentenced toreclusion perpetua

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PEOPLE v. L%!LA VALERO / VAR!LLA?.R. 5". L-48-84

3RIC2A; a%! 19, 198(edel)

NA#%RE$ Autoatic Revie !"%ta*e, ade a Re$"%t"f 3a'nat'"n, and %"te 5a&all" a lette% deand'n*%et'tut'"n.

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e. 5a&all" ne't!e% "$l'ed n"% "ffe%ed anye$lanat'"n. 2!e %ee'$t, a!#"", "t!e% %e"%de%e l"t daa*ed due t" ty$!""n.- 3&'dene f"% defenea. 5a&all" tet'f'ed; !' dut'e 'nlude "llet'"n "ftu't'"n, $%e$a%at'"n "f &"u!e% f"% ala%'e, %e'ttane

"f "llet'"n.#. 5a&all" G aae" #"t! ued t!e &ault; t!e%e an" f"%al tu%n"&e% "f a"unta#'l'ty f% aae" t"5a&all".. 5a&all" a'd !a%*e a "t'&ated #y $e%"nal*%ud*e "n $a%t "f 3$'n".d. !en !e a u"ned, t!e afe ued #y !' andaae" a al%eady "$en and t!e a! a $laed"n t"$ "f a ta#le. He d'dn>t ee t!e atual "unt'n* "f"ney and n" atual aud't a ade #y 3$'n".5a&all" '*ned "nly #eaue !e a $%eu%ed #yaae".e. 5a&all" a 'n an'la !en ae a f'led. Hed'dn>t ee%t eff"%t t" !a&e aae" a$$ea% 'n /I,%ely'n* "n aae"> au%ane t!at !e "uld ettlet!e atte%. Sand'*an#ayan dela%ed 5a&all" *u'lty.

!""%E1. O5 t!e%e> d"u#le :e"$a%dy 'n t!' ae. O5 5a&all" an 'n&"e %'*!t unde% Se 1, A%t III "fC"nt'. O5 5a&all" !"uld #e !eld l'a#le

ELD1. 5O.- /D 16B6 t"" effet 11B78. 2!e la ' lea% Caeunde% :u%'d't'"n "f Sand'*an#ayan !all #e

t%anfe%%ed t" 't " l"n* a aued !a n"t a yet #een$%"$e%ly a%%a'*ned ele!e%e.- 5a&all"> a%%a'*nent #ef"%e R2C "n 7188 ' yea%aay f% 1978. 2!e :u%'d't'"n "f Sand'*an#ayan !ad#e"e effet'&e.- 2!e%e> n" d"u#le :e"$a%dy #e R2C a de&"'d "f

:u%'d't'"n !en 't "nduted an a%%a'*nent."%e"&e%, ne't!e% d'd t!e ae t!e%e te%'nate "n&'t'"n "% a+u'ttal n"% a 't d''ed.. 5O.- Su! %'*!t a%e 'n&"a#le "nly !en aued ' unde%ut"d'al 'n&et'*at'"n (+uet'"n'n* 'n't'tated #y laenf"%eent "ff'e% afte% $e%"n !a #een taen 'nt"

ut"dy "% de$%'&ed "f !' f%eed" 'n any '*n'f'antay.)- A $e%"n unde% n"%al aud't ' n"t unde% ut"d'al'n&et'*at'"n.. 3S- In any ae, !' !a&'n* #een E$%eu%edF t" '*n '

#el'ed #y !' "n tet'"ny. 5a&all" ay !a&e #een$e%uaded, #ut n"t $%eu%ed t" '*n aud't"%> %e$"%t.- 2!e la !e "nt%a&ened %eate a $%eu$t'"n "fe&'dene. =a'lu%e "f $u#l' "ff'e% t" !a&e $u#l' fund $%"$ !e> !a%*ea#le, u$"n deand #y "ff'e%,!all #e $%'a fa'e e&'dene t!at !a $ut ''n*fund "% $%"$ t" $e%"nal ue.

Re Inte% Al'" Ata

+O"#ON +AN: (+AN: OF O66ERE) V 6ANALO?.R. 5". 18149

CALL3JO; =e#%ua%y 9, BB6(:"ey)

NA#%RE/et't'"n f"% Re&'e "n Ce%t'"%a%' "f t!e De''"n "f t!eCA

FA#"- _a&'e%&'lle 3tate, In (&end"%) and O&e%ea ell'n* "$e%at'"n, and t!at t!e%e !ad #een n"a%%an*eent "n t!e $ayent "f 'nte%et; !ene, t!ey!"uld n"t #e !a%*ed 't! 'nte%et "n t!e #alane "ft!e d"n$ayent "n t!e $%"$e%ty. =u%t!e%, t!eydeanded t!at a deed "f "nd't'"nal ale "&e% t!e t"

l"t #e t%an'tted t" t!e f"% t!e'% '*natu%e.- Su#e+uently, _3I tu%ned "&e% 't ell'n* "$e%at'"n t"Ol"t 'n fa&"% "f O


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1. O5 t!e fatual 'ue %a'ed #y t!e $et't'"ne% a%e$%"$e%. O5 t!e%e a a $e%feted "nt%at t" ell t!e$%"$e%ty

ELD

1. 3SRatio2!e f'nd'n* "f fat "f t!e t%'al "u%t, a aff'%ed"n a$$eal #y t!e CA, a%e "nlu'&e "n t!e SC unlet!e ae fall unde% any "f t!e f"ll"'n* ee$t'"n (1)!en t!e "nlu'"n ' a f'nd'n* *%"unded ent'%ely "n$eulat'"n, u%'e and "n:etu%e; () !en t!e'nfe%ene ade ' an'fetly 'taen, a#u%d "%'$"'#le; () !e%e t!e%e ' a *%a&e a#ue "fd'%et'"n; (4) !en t!e :ud*ent ' #aed "n a'a$$%e!en'"n "f fat; () !en t!e f'nd'n* "f fata%e "nfl't'n*; (6) !en t!e C"u%t "f A$$eal, 'na'n* 't f'nd'n* ent #ey"nd t!e 'ue "f t!e aeand t!e ae ' "nt%a%y t" t!e ad''"n "f #"t!a$$ellant and a$$ellee; (7) !en t!e f'nd'n* a%e"nt%a%y t" t!"e "f t!e t%'al "u%t; (8) !en t!ef'nd'n* "f fat a%e "nlu'"n 't!"ut 'tat'"n "f$e'f' e&'dene "n !'! t!ey a%e #aed; (9) !ent!e fat et f"%t! 'n t!e $et't'"n a ell a 'n t!e$et't'"ne%> a'n and %e$ly #%'ef a%e n"t d'$uted #yt!e %e$"ndent; and (1B) !en t!e f'nd'n* "f fat "ft!e CA a%e $%e'ed "n t!e u$$"ed a#ene "fe&'dene and "nt%ad'ted #y t!e e&'dene "n %e"%d.- 2!e C"u%t ay "n'de% an 'ue n"t %a'ed du%'n* t!et%'al !en t!e%e ' $la'n e%%"%. Su! 'ue ay t'll #e"n'de%ed and %e"l&ed #y t!e C"u%t 'n t!e 'nte%et "fu#tant'al :ut'e, 'f 't f'nd t!at t" d" " ' neea%yt" a%%'&e at a :ut de''"n, "% !en an 'ue ' l"ely%elated t" an 'ue %a'ed 'n t!e t%'al "u%t and t!e CAand ' neea%y f"% a :ut and "$lete %e"lut'"n "ft!e ae. !en t!e t%'al "u%t de'de a ae 'n fa&"% "fa $a%ty "n e%ta'n *%"und, t!e C"u%t ay #ae 'tde''"n u$"n "e "t!e% $"'nt, !'! t!e t%'al "u%t"% a$$ellate "u%t '*n"%ed "% e%%"ne"uly de'ded 'nfa&"% "f a $a%ty.Reasoning- CA %ul'n* ' "nt%a%y t" la and ' n"t u$$"%ted #ye&'dene. A a%eful ea'nat'"n "f t!e fatual#ad%"$, a ell a t!e anteedental $%"eed'n*"nt%a'n u t" !"ld t!at $et't'"ne% ' n"t #a%%ed f%"ae%t'n* t!at _3I "% O


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#e %ende%ed e%ta'n; "% 'f 't $%"&'de "e et!"d "%%'te%'"n #y !'! 't an #e def'n'tely ae%ta'ned. Su!' n"t t!e ae !e%e.Dispositive /et't'"n ' ?RA523D. CA De''"n 'R33RS3D and S32 ASID3. R2C ' "%de%ed t" d''t!e "$la'nt.

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32642520 Evidence Digests Part 3