31220 Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures BCA Volume One Part J4 Services

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Assessment of

Energy Efficiency Measures

BCA Vol 1: PART J4 – SERVICES

Clause J4.6 Hot Water Supply

For

Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

On behalf of



Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4.6 – Hot Water SupplyEnergy Efficiency Measures Assessment Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

Assessment of Energy Efficiency Measures

BCA Vol 1: PART J4 – SERVICES


Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

Report No. EM323 Section J4-6 HW Supply Rpt_FINAL.docRevision Date Descripti on of Revision Prepared by Authorised by

Draft 1 02/04/2004 Draft 1 Report Internal Review PG JRA

Draft 2 05/04/2004 Draft 2 Preliminary Report for Client Review PG JRA

Draft 3 30/04/2004 Draft 3 Report for Client Review PG JRA

4 06/05/2004 Final Report to Client PG JRA




TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

1.1 General 3

1.2 Results 3

2 INTRODUCTION 7

2.1 Background 7

2.2 Scope 7

2.3 Methodology & Assumptions 8

APPENDIX C HEAT LOSS CALCULATION RESULTS - INSULATED VS UN

APPENDIX D HEAT LOSS CALCULATION RESULTS - HOT WATER STORAGE,EXPANSION, 3A OUTLETS, HEAT TRACE XXXI

3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 19

GLOSSARY 34

REFERENCES 35

APPENDICES 36

APPENDIX A CLAUSE J4.6 HOT WATER SUPPLY I

APPENDIX B INSULATION COSTS III

INSULATED COPPER PIPE V




EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 General

This report presents the results of a cost benefit analysis of the proposed energy efficiency

measures relating to Hot Water Supply systems to be included in Clause J4.6 of Section J of

the BCA Volume 1. The proposed energy efficiency measures are for Class 2, 3 and 4

buildings only.

The clauses assessed are J4.6 (a), (c) to (f). Clause J4.6 (b) has been assessed in a previous

report [1] and was found to be cost effective. An additional proposal to use heat tracing of

pipework in lieu of a recirculating pump and return line has been added to the assessment.

The cost effectiveness of the proposed measures has been assessed using heat transfer and

life cycle costing analysis.

1.2 Results

J4.6 (a) (i) Insulate the piping except for the last 2m to the tap.

The analysis is specifically for non-recirculating hot water supply systems and for water piping in

an environment greater than 15°C and more than 500 mm from the storage heater .

The cost benefit analysis indicates that, for gas heating, it is not cost effective to insulate the

domestic hot water pipework in accordance with the proposed BCA Clause J4.6 (a) (i) for Class

2, 3 and 4 buildings, due to the negative NPV results and the very long payback times on the

cost of the insulation versus the energy cost savings. It must be noted, however, that AS/NZS

3500.4:2003 requires insulation for the first 500mm of pipework connected to the storage

cylinder.

In the case of electric heating, because electricity costs are more than 4 times greater than gas

costs, albeit with a higher thermal efficiency, more favourable cost benefit results with positive

NPVs are achievable for Class 3 buildings only, especially for the larger pipe sizes and with the




insulation thickness on 15mm NS pipe produces an NPV of -$3/m for Classes 2, 4 and 3 with

gas heating. For the same insulation thickness and pipe size with electric heating, the NPV was

$0/m and $1/m for Class 2, 4 and Class 3 buildings, respectively.

The calculations were made using a hot water delivery temperature of 60°C in all cases. Lower

delivery temperatures such as 50°C are unlikely to improve the cost benefit results since the

energy savings are significantly reduced whereas the insulation costs are the same for the

same thickness. For example, with a 50°C delivery temperature for the case of 13mm

insulation thickness on 15mm NS pipe, the energy savings reduce from 11.3 MJ/m to 6.3 MJ/m

for Class 2, 4; and from 18.9 MJ/m to 11.5 MJ/m for Class 3. There is no improvement in the

NPV results for this example.

J4.6 (a) (ii) Insulate the valves on storage water heaters.

The analysis is specifically for non-recirculating hot water supply systems and for water piping in

an environment greater than 15°C and more than 500 mm from the storage heater .

The cost benefit analysis indicates that it is not cost effective to insulate the domestic hot water

valves in accordance with the proposed BCA Clause J4.6 (a) (i), due to the negative NPV

results and the very long payback times on the cost of the insulation versus the energy costsavings. It must be noted, however, that AS/NZS 3500.4:2003 requires insulation for the first

500mm of pipework connected to the storage cylinder.

The analysis is for isolation valves downstream of the storage water heater that will lose heat

when the water is stationary at approximately the same rate as an equivalent length of pipe.

Valves connected to the heater such as temperature and pressure relief valves, and valves in

the pipework immediately adjacent to the heater, will be at a temperature close to the storage

temperature and will have a much greater rate of heat loss. Insulating these valves will

therefore be more cost effective.




In view of the results, it may be more worthwhile to modify the proposed clause so that instead

of mandating against the installation of combined tanks, the requirement should be that, where

a combined tank is used, it should be appropriately insulated (eg Clause J4.6(b)) and a more

energy efficient heating system be employed. For example, there are combined tank systems

on the market that have a separate instantaneous gas fired heater through which water is

circulated back to the tank, rather than directly heating the larger tank. This system achieves

greater efficiency by significantly reducing flue losses as well as having a well insulated storage

tank. However, it is probably more suitable for larger Class 3 type occupancies.

J4.6 (d) Not to combine higher temperature storage such as laundries with

domestic hot water storage.

The results indicate that there are some energy savings to be made by using the method

proposed of having separate storage tanks for domestic hot water and laundry and kitchen use

instead of a larger combined tank for gas heating, but not for electric heating. The gas energy

savings are greater due to the additional standing flue losses that occur with gas heating.

However, due to the relatively low cost of energy, the NPV and payback are not attractive since

the cost of the additional tank outweighs the energy cost savings.

J4.6 (e) Not to lose heated water from a heater through expansion and in a bank

of heaters, not to lose any water.

Single Storage Heater

The proposed clause is aimed at reducing the energy wasted when hot water from the top of the

cylinder is discharged to waste during water expansion upon heating. One method to achieve

this is to provide a pressure relief valve on the cold water connection to the cylinder. The

results indicate that the energy savings are not sufficient to overcome the additional investment




The provision of cold water expansion valves for each cylinder in lieu of the closed hot water

expansion is still not cost effective for the bank of heaters. The provision of one larger cold

water expansion valve for the whole bank of cylinders in lieu of individual tank cold water

expansion valves is not cost effective, except in the case of an 8 bank of 315 litre electrically

heated cylinders, where it is marginally cost effective due to the greater cost of electricity.

J4.6 (f) Use effic ient water out lets.

The proposal calls for the use of 3A rated (to AS/NZS 6400) water efficient outlets for hot water

to showers, basins and troughs (sinks) in Class 3 buildings and common areas of Class 2

buildings. The results of the energy analysis indicate that for a relatively small financial outlay

the energy savings will pay back the investment in 3A water efficient outlets in less than a year.

(The analysis assumes that the period of time the fixture is in use will not increase with the flow-

restricted fitting).

The Plumbing Industry Commission of Victoria has recently released a Regulatory Impact

Statement (RIS) on the proposed water efficiency measures that are to be included in the

Plumbing (Water and Energy Savings) Regulations 2004 of Victoria. The RIS supports the

introduction of water efficient outlets and estimates that the use of fittings meeting the proposed

regulations will produce an overall energy cost saving for Victorian households.

J4.6 (*) Heat trace piping instead of using a recirculating pump.

An alterative to a circulating pump and return pipe to maintain hot water in the main supply pipe

is to provide electrical heat trace to the supply pipework. The results of the energy analysis

show that the heat trace option has a higher total annual charges and is therefore less cost

effective than installing a circulating pump.




2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Background

The Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB), in cooperation with the Australian Greenhouse

Office (AGO), is developing energy efficiency measures suitable for inclusion in the Building

Code of Australia (BCA). Measures for the Class 2, 3 and 4 buildings are being addressed

initially and these will be included in Volume One of the Code. The Commercial strand of the

energy efficiency project will employ extensive computational modelling; first to set benchmarks

for the annual energy usage of commonplace (or baseline) buildings and then to assess the

reductions available from specific energy saving features that could be applied to them.

Comparison of energy cost savings with the lifecycle cost of proposed features will identify the

features suitable for the deemed-to-satisfy provisions of the BCA.

A previous report [1] has assessed the proposed energy efficiency measures of various clauses

under Part J: Services. This report covers clause J4.6 for Hot Water Supply systems.

2.2 Scope

The scope of the work covered by this report includes the assessment of the cost effectiveness

of implementing the following energy efficiency measures for Class 2, 3 and 4 buildings:

•

J4.6 (a) (i)

Insulate the piping except for the last 2m to the tap.

•

J4.6 (a) (ii)

Insulate the valves on storage water heaters.

•

J4.6 (c)

Not to combine space heating with domestic hot water storage.

•



• J4.6 (e) Not to lose heated water from a heater through expansion and in a bank


• J4 6 (f) Use efficient water outlets




2.3 Methodology & Assumpt ions

2.3.1 Assessment of Nominated Energy Efficiency MeasuresThe following is a outline of the methodology used to estimate the cost effectiveness of each

energy efficiency measure.


•

Water draw off from domestic hot water pipes based on estimated peak periods of usage

for individual occupancies.

•

Calculate heat loss per metre of uninsulated pipe.

•

Calculate heat loss per metre of insulated pipe.

•

Calculate energy savings and energy cost savings per metre of pipe over life of system.

•

Calculate the NPV and payback on the energy cost savings per metre of pipe versus

cost of insulation per metre of pipe.


•

Calculate heat loss from equivalent length of uninsulated pipe.

•

Calculate heat loss from equivalent length of insulated pipe.

• Calculate energy savings and energy cost savings over life of system.

•

Calculate the NPV and payback on the energy cost savings versus cost of insulation.

J4.6 (c) Not to combine space heating with domestic hot water storage.

•

Calculate annual energy required to store water at 60°C for DHW for the whole year in

one tank and 80°C for space heating during winter in a separate tank.






•

Calculate energy required to store water at 60°C for domestic hot water and 82°C for

laundry use in two separate smaller tanks.

•

Calculate energy required to store water at 82°C for domestic hot water and laundry use

in one larger tank.

•

Calculate the NPV and payback on the energy cost savings with two smaller tanks

versus cost of extra tank.



Single Heater

•

Calculate energy lost from hot water temperature and pressure relief valve due to

expansion for single cylinder.

•

Calculate cost for addition of cold water expansion valve and hot water temperature

relief valve in lieu of hot water temperature and pressure relief valve.

•

Calculate energy savings and energy cost savings over life of system.

• Calculate the NPV and payback on the energy cost savings versus cost of cold water

expansion valve.

Bank of Heaters

• Calculate energy lost from hot water temperature and pressure relief valve due to

expansion for bank of cylinders.

•

Calculate cost for addition of hot water closed expansion tank to system.




•

Calculate energy used from efficient water outlet (Type 3A).

•

Calculate energy savings and energy cost savings over life of system.

•

Calculate the NPV and payback on the energy cost savings versus cost of efficient water

outlet.


•

Cost benefit analysis of insulated domestic hot water piping with heat tracing versus

using a recirculating pump to maintain water temperature in main distribution pipework.

2.3.2 Heat Transfer Analysis :

Pipework

The following assumptions have been used to calculate the heat loss and energy cost for the

domestic hot water pipework.

•

Type B Copper pipe.

•

25mm thick Bradford Rockwool insulation for pipe sizes 25mm and 32mm; 13mm thick

nitrile rubber for pipe sizes 15mm, 18mm and 20mm.

•

DHW temperature 60°C

•

Ambient air temperature 15°C

• DHW running 24 hours per day, 365 days per year with allowance for diversity of usage

to calculate pipe cool-down times.

•

Natural gas and electricity energy source for heating.

•

Nominal pipe sizes of 32mm, 25mm, 20mm, 18mm and 15mm have been used as




2.0 181.0

hC=C⎜⎜

⎛ 1 ⎞⎟⎟

⎛ ⎜ 1 ⎞

∆T266.0 Eq (2)

⎝

1000d O ⎠ ⎜

T +

8.17

⎟⎟ ⎠

1+ 8566.2 v

⎝

avg

and

46697.5 ×

10−8ε [( T +

15.273 ) − (

T +

15.273 )4 )]

Eq (3)s a=h R ( T −T )

s a

and hC = convection surface coefficient (W/m2

K)

hR = radiation surface coefficient (W/m2K)

A = surface area of the pipe (m2) (calculations based on per metre length of pipe)

∆T = temperature difference between surface temperature of the pipe (K)

t

(assumed to be approximately equal to the fluid temperature) and ambient air

temperature

C = 11.58 for horizontal pipes [10]

do = outside diameter of pipe (m)

avg = average temperature of air film (°C) (ts + ta)/2

v = air speed (m/s) (assumed to be zero)

ε = surface emittance

Ts = surface temperature of the pipe (°C) (assumed to be approximately equal to

the fluid temperature)

Ta = ambient air temperature (°C)

•

Heat Transfer Analysis Methodology for Insulated Pipe:

The heat transfer per unit length of insulated pipe was calculated using the following

equation [5, 10]:




hs = combined (radiation and convection) surface heat transfer coefficient

(10 W/m2K for “other surfaces” in still air [10])

•

Heat Transfer Analysis Methodology for Calculation of Heat Loss Rate of

stationary DHW in insulated and un-insulated pipe:

When hot water flow is stopped, the stationary hot water in a pipe releases its heat over time to

the surroundings driven by the temperature difference (DT=T-Ta). The reduction in DT follows

normal exponential decay (Newton’s law of cooling):

T= Ae(-kt)+Ta

Eq (5)

where:

T = temperature at any time t

A = a constant (°C)

t = time (seconds)

Ta = ambient temperature (°C)

K = constant (/sec)

This equation can then be rearranged and simplified to give:

DT = e DT( )

τ t −

0 Eq (6)

where:

DT = variable driving temperature difference (K) at any time (i.e. T-Ta)

and

DT0 = The initial driving temperature difference (K) (i.e. T0-Ta at t=0)

t = time (seconds)

τ = time constant (seconds)




dDT=

DT (−1/τ )dt

Taking initial conditions, (t = 0):

dDT =

DT 0 (−1/τ ) Eq (7)tdt =

0)(

This gives an equation relating the known initial driving temperature, DT0 to the unknown initial

dDT rate of change of temperature and an unknown time constant τ i.e. a single equationtdt =

0)(

with two unknowns, requiring another equation to solve it.

Using the equations for energy transfer from and to a system:

DTmcq

Eq (8)

= p

where:

q = total stored energy in the system (J)

m= mass of water or pipe (kg)

cp= specific heat capacity of the material (J/kg.K)

DT= temperature difference between the water-pipe system and surroundings (°C)

Differentiating both sides with respect to time:

dq dDT=

mc pdt dt

Asdq

is equal to the rate of energy transfer, J/sec i.e. powerdt

dq= Q (Watts).

dt

Taking initial conditions (t=0):

dDT




DTmc 0 =

q0 pτ =

Q0 Q0

Eq (10)

The time constant τ is expressed in terms of the initial total energy (Q0) and the initial rate of

heat transfer of the system (q0).

The initial rate of heat transfer for both insulated and un-insulated pipes can be found from

equations 5-30 and 5-50 from 1998 AIRAH DA16 application manual “Air Conditioning Water

Piping”[10] (see Eqs 1 & 4 above), allowing for certain assumptions (copper is oxidized not

polished).

The total energy of the system can be found by Eq (8), using the initial temperature difference

DT0, all that remains to be found is the specific heat capacities of the water and piping, which

can be found from various reference data and the mass of the water and pipe.

The mass of the water and piping is m = ρ V

Where ρ = density (kg/m3)

V = volume (m3)

The densities can be found from reference data, and the volume can be calculated as Lπ

r 2 for

2the water, and Lπ

(R2-r ) for the pipe.

where R = outer radius (m)

r = inner radius (m)

L = length (taken as 1 m length) (m)

The value τ

can now be calculated and substituted back into equation (6), giving the

temperature difference DT as a function of time t.

By calculating the heat loss rate at time increments, a profile of the water temperature in the

pipe with time can be generated and hence the non-steady state heat loss from the pipe over a



Australian Building Codes BoardEnergy Efficiency Measures Assessment

•

DHW temperature 60°C

•

Space heating water temperature 80°C

•

Ambient air temperature 15°C

•

DHW required for 12 months per year.

•

Space heating required for 3 months per year.

•

Natural gas or electricity energy source for heating.

Clause J4.6 – Hot Water SupplyClass 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

• Heat Transfer Analysis Methodology for Insulated Storage Cylinders:

The heat transfer per unit surface area of an insulated cylinder was calculated using the

following equation [5]:

Q

=

t − v t a

L

k

1

Eq (11)+ f

where: tv = surface temperature of the vessel (°C) (assumed to be approximately equal

to the fluid temperature)

ta =ambient air temperature (°C)

k = thermal conductivity of the insulation (0.04 W/mK)

L = thickness of the insulation (m)

do = outside diameter of pipe (m)

f= surface heat transfer coefficient (8 W/m2K for “dull metallic surfaces” in still air

[10])

The standing flue losses were estimated by using equation (1) above.

2.3.3 Cost Benefit Analys is – Net Present Value Method:




•

Insulation lifetime: 40 years (Table 4.2 [4])

•

Hot water storage cylinder lifetime: 25 years (Table 4.2 [4])

•

Hot water supply valve lifetime: 25 years (Table 4.2 [4])

•

3A water efficient device cost: $4.00 per fitting.

•

Inflation: 2.5% [4]

•

Discount rate: 7% [4]

•

NPV Analysis Methodology:

The Net Present Value (NPV) was calculated from:

n

NPV =∑c(1+ e)

− I Eq (12)n o

(1+ r)

where: n = number of years (insulation lifetime)

c = savings per year

e = inflation rate

r = discount rate

Io = initial investment

Note: A negative NPV indicates that the initial investment is larger than the total

discounted savings generated over the lifetime of the system and therefore the

investment is not worthwhile.

The discounted payback years were then found by finding the year when net annual

savings in present value dollars reached the investment amount. If the NPV was

negative, the payback was given as greater than the lifetime of the system (eg. 40 years

for insulation).




2.3.5 Usage Profi les

It has been assumed that for the purposes of domestic hot water consumption Class 4

occupancies will have similar usage profiles to Class 2 because they are generally sole

occupancy units within other classes of occupancy.

The following usage profiles have been assumed in order to estimate the domestic hot water

cool down periods. For example, in Class 2 and 4 buildings it has been assumed that there will

be 3 peak periods of 2 hours each plus a one hour period at night, during which the domestic

hot water will be used frequently and the temperature of the water in the distribution pipework

will not cool significantly. At all other times it has been assumed that the water will be stationary

and will gradually cool in the pipe. Of course this is approximate only as some domestic hot

water usage could realistically be expected between the peak periods, however, this is likely to

be only short and intermittent usage and it is not expected that this will effect the overall results

significantly.

Hot Water Usage (Class 2, 4)

0

10

20

30

40

50

6070

80

90

100

0 : 0 0

2 : 0 0

4 : 0 0

6 : 0 0

8 : 0 0

1 0 : 0 0

1 2 : 0 0

1 4 : 0 0

1 6 : 0 0

1 8 : 0 0

2 0 : 0 0

2 2 : 0 0

Figure 1 Assumed DHW Usage Profi les for Class 2 & 4 Occupancies




Hot Water Usage (Class 3)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 : 0 0

2 : 0 0

4 : 0 0

6 : 0 0

8 : 0 0

1 0 : 0 0

1 2 : 0 0

1 4 : 0 0

1 6 : 0 0

1 8 : 0 0

2 0 : 0 0

2 2 : 0 0

Figure 2 Assumed DHW Usage Profiles for Class 3 Occupancies



3


RESULTS & DISCUSSION


The two tables below show the results of the domestic hot water pipework insulation analysis for

Class 2, 4 and Class 3 buildings, respectively. The analysis is specifically for non-recirculating

hot water supply systems and for water piping in an environment greater than 15°C and more than

500 mm from the storage heater . Larger pipe sizes of 32mm and 25mm NS have been included

for completeness to account for large Class 3 occupancies that do not use a recirculating

system, although it is recognised that most of these systems are likely to be of a recirculating

hot water type and must be insulated under AS/NZS 3500.4:2003. The other pipe sizes 20mm,

18mm and 15mm NS are more likely to be encountered in non-recirculating hot water supply

systems, with 15mm NS being the most prevalent.

The pipe material used in the analysis is copper and plastic pipe has not been considered,however, it is being installed more frequently in domestic situations. Further analysis may be

required to assess the effect of insulating plastic pipe, however, due to plastic pipes inherent

insulating properties compared to copper, the cost benefit returns are likely to be even less

favourable.

The energy savings occurring as a result of insulating the pipe during each cool down period isshown in Table 1 and Table 2 as well as an allowance for heat loss during the periods of use

due to a temperature drop in hot water from the storage vessel to the outlet.

Nom

PipeSize(mm)

EnergySaving11pm6am(J/m)

EnergySaving8am12pm(J/m)

EnergySaving2pm6pm(J/m)


EnergySavingDuring

Use(J/m)

TotalEnergySavingper day

(J/m)

TotalEnergy

Saving perannum(MJ/m)

Total Energy

Cost Saving perannum ($/m)

Gas Elec

32 19589 45818 45818 76535 74899 262659 95.9 $0.48 $1.86




Nom

PipeSize(mm)

EnergySaving11pm6am(J/m)

EnergySaving8am10am(J/m)

EnergySaving11am12pm(J/m)




EnergySavingDuring

Use(J/m)

TotalEnergySavingper day

(J/m)

TotalEnergy

Savingperannum(MJ/m)

Total EnergyCost Saving

per annum($/m)

Gas Elec

32 19589 76535 83235 83235 76535 76535 96298 511961 186.9 $0.93 $3.63

25 6099 40994 52561 52561 40994 40994 77709 311912 113.8 $0.57 $2.21

20 164 9643 19990 19990 9643 9643 56746 125818 45.9 $0.23 $0.89

18 23 4174 11352 11352 4174 4174 47518 82766 30.2 $0.15 $0.59

15 5 1207 5014 5014 1207 1207 38155 51810 18.9 $0.09 $0.37

Table 2 Energy Savings: Insulated versus Un-insulated DHW Pipework Class 3

The Net Present Value results are summarised in the tables below for gas and electric heating

respectively.

Nom Pipe Size(mm)

Class 2, 4 Buildings Class 3 Buildings

Net Present Value($/m)

DiscountedPayback (Years)



32 -$27 >40 -$19 >40

25 -$29 >40 -$23 >40

20 -$8 >40 -$6 >40

18 -$8 >40 -$6 >40

15 -$7 >40 -$6 >40

T bl 3 NPV R l I l d U i l d DHW Pi k (G H i )




Electricity costs, being more than 4 times greater than gas costs, albeit with a higher thermal

efficiency, give more favourable cost benefit results for Class 3 buildings only, especially for the

larger pipe sizes and with the exception of 15mm pipe, as shown in Table 4 below. However,

electricity use has other costs associated with it, such as greater greenhouse gas emissions

from coal-fired generation plant, which may detract from it’s use. These effects are not included

in the analysis.

Nom Pipe Size(mm)






32 -$1 >40 $32 14

25 -$15 >40 $7 27

20 -$2 >40 $7 16

18 -$3 >40 $2 27

15 -$4 >40 -$1 >40

Table 4 NPV Results: Insulated versus Un-insulated DHW Pipework (ElectricHeating)

The analysis assumed 25 mm thick insulation for pipe sizes of 25mm and 32mm; and 13mm

thick nitrile rubber insulation for pipe sizes 15mm, 18mm and 20mm. Further analysis is

required to determine if insulation of a reduced thickness such as 10mm, 8mm, 6mm and 4mm

would deliver a positive NPV and therefore be cost effective. However, although thinner

insulation would be cheaper, the energy savings would be reduced and it may be found that a

break even point is not reached based on the assumptions used in the analysis. For example,

4mm insulation thickness on 15mm NS pipe produces an NPV of -$3/m for Classes 2, 4 and 3

with gas heating. For the same insulation thickness and pipe size with electric heating, the NPV

was $0/m and $1/m for Class 2 4 and Class 3 buildings respectively




Higher delivery temperatures such as 70°C for commercial kitchens and laundries may provide

greater cost benefits.

The practice of installing a mixing valve near the hot water storage heater to reduce the water

temperature to 50°C and running two supply lines, one at 60°C for kitchens and laundries, and

one at 50°C for bathrooms has not been assessed quantitatively. However, it is expected that

with a configuration of parallel pipes, there would be negligible energy savings when insulating

both pipes to reduce heat loss, since the total heat loss surface area of the pipe is effectively

double. Analysis of the energy savings would be very dependent on the configuration of the two

pipe layouts. The main energy savings would occur from the reduced amount of 60°C water

that is used at outlets only requiring 50°C water.

There is also an amenity issue in that, for periods of non-use less than 2 hours, insulating the

domestic hot water pipework will provide warmer water to the user immediately and reduce

waiting times while cold water is run off. For example, Table 5 below shows the relative watertemperatures in insulated and un-insulated pipework after one hour of no flow.

Nom Pipe Size(mm)

Temperature of Water in Pipe After 1 Hour (°C)

Insulated Un-insulated

32 49.1 24.8

25 45.8 21.3

20 35.2 18.0

18 31.0 16.6

15 25.8 15.6

Table 5 DHW Temperature in Pipe




The cumulative energy savings with time for 32mm, 25mm, 20mm, 18mm and 15mm pipe is

shown Figure 3 below.

Cumulative Energy Savings vs. Time for stationary water in insulated & un-insu lated copper pipe

E

n e r g y S a v i n g s ( J / m )

90000

80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0

CumulativeEnergy Saving32mm (J/m)





0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

Time (min)

Figure 3 Cumulati ve Energy Savings – 32, 25, 20, 18 & 15mm Copper Pipe

The optimum time at which energy savings are maximised for each pipe size are shown in thetable below.

Nominal Pipe Size OptimumTime(minutes)




Obviously greater energy savings are achievable if the periods when water is stationary and

cooling are close to the above times. However, the analysis has shown that because the

stationary periods are often longer, especially over night, the overall energy savings are less

than optimal.


The two tables below show the results of the domestic hot water valve insulation analysis for

Class 2, 4 and Class 3 buildings, respectively. The analysis is specifically for non-recirculating

hot water supply systems and for water piping in an environment greater than 15°C and more than

500 mm from the storage heater . Note that the analysis is for isolation valves downstream of the

storage water heater that will lose heat when the water is stationary at approximately the same

rate as an equivalent of pipe.

Nom PipeSize (mm)

TotalEnergy

Saving perday (J/m)

TotalEnergy

Saving perannum(MJ/m)

ValveEquivalent

Pipe Length(m)

Total EnergySaving per valve per

annum (MJ)

Total EnergyCost Savingper valve per

annum ($)

DiscountedPayback(Years)

32 262659 95.9 0.300 28.8 $0.14 >40

25 146400 53.4 0.270 14.4 $0.07 >40

20 57732 21.1 0.250 5.3 $0.03 >40

Table 7 Energy Savings: Insulated versus Un-insulated DHW Valves Class 2 & 4

Nom PipeSi ( )

TotalEnergy

S i

Total EnergySaving per

ValveEquivalent

Pipe

Total EnergySaving per

l

Total EnergyCost Saving

l

DiscountedPayback




The Net Present Value results are summarised in the table below.

Nom Pipe Size (mm)Net Present Value ($/valve)


32 -$9 -$8

25 -$9 -$7

20 -$2 -$2

Table 9 NPV Resul ts: Insulated versus Un-insulated DHW Valves

Therefore, based on the NPV analysis of the energy saving results, it can be concluded that it is

not cost effective to insulate the domestic hot water valves in accordance with the proposed

BCA Clause J4.6 (a) (ii), due to the negative NPV results and very long payback times on the

cost of the insulation versus the energy cost savings. It must be noted, however, that AS/NZS

3500.4:2003 requires insulation for the first 500mm of pipework connected to the storage

cylinder.

As noted above, the results are for valves downstream (greater than 500mm) from the storage

water heater. Valves connected to the heater such as temperature and pressure relief valves

and valves in the pipework immediately adjacent to the heater will have a much greater rate of

heat loss since the water temperature in the valve and therefore the valve body temperature will

be closer to the storage temperature. In the case of these valves, insulating the valves will be

more cost effective.

J4.6 (c) Not to combine space heating with domestic hot water storage.

A combined tank used for space heating and domestic hot water storage generally consists of

either:

1. a tank containing water heated to approximately 80°C for space heating with an

A t li B ildi C d B d Cl J4 6 H t W t S l




the year when space heating is not required. However, in the second case, the quantity of

water stored will still be greater than that required for domestic hot water usage only.

An alternative to the above arrangements is to have two separate smaller cylinders, one for

space heating and one for domestic hot water storage with each tank heated to provide only the

required delivery temperature. This is the scheme that the proposed BCA clause is aimed at

encouraging.

Assuming that the domestic hot water and space heating loads and distribution systems are the

same for both scenarios, the difference in energy consumption between the combined tank and

the separate tank arrangements is predominantly due to the standing heat losses from the

tanks. The standing heat losses consist primarily of heat transfer through the cylinder walls

plus, for gas fired heaters, flue losses. Many modern gas fired domestic hot water heaters,

however, have flue dampers designed to close when the burner is not operating which

significantly reduces the standing flue losses. The following calculations assume that there isno flue damper.

The situation where one combined tank is heated to 80°C all year round to provide domestic hot

water and space heating in winter (3 months) has been analysed and compared to the

alternative situation in which separate tanks are used for domestic hot water at 60°C and space

heating at 80°C for winter only. For costing purposes the combined tank has been assumed tobe approximately twice the size2 of the individual tanks. The average cost difference between

two storage cylinders and one storage cylinder of approximately twice the capacity was

estimated based on the cost of a range of cylinder capacities from 50 litres to 2000 litres [14].

The cost data was converted to dollars per square metre ($/m2) of cylinder surface area to make

the computations compatible to the heat loss rate which was calculated in Watts per square

metre (W/m2) of cylinder surface area.

Energy Saving perEnergy Cost

Addi tionalCylinder

Discounted

Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4 6 Hot Water Supply




As can be seen from the results in the table above there are some energy savings to be made

by using the method proposed of having separate storage tanks for domestic hot water and

space heating instead of a larger combined tank. The gas energy savings are greater due to

the additional standing flue losses that occur with gas heating. However, due to the relatively

low cost of energy (especially gas), the NPV and payback are not attractive since the cost of the

additional tank outweighs the energy cost savings.

In view of the above results, it may be more worthwhile to modify the proposed clause so that

instead of mandating against the installation of combined tanks, the requirement should be that,

where a combined tank is used, it should be appropriately insulated (eg Clause J4.6(b)) and a

more energy efficient heating system be employed. For example, there are combined tank

systems on the market that have a separate instantaneous gas fired heater through which water

is circulated back to the tank, rather than directly heating the larger tank. This system achieves

greater efficiency by significantly reducing flue losses as well as having a well insulated storage

tank. However, it is probably more suitable for larger Class 3 type occupancies.



This proposed clause relates to the use of a combined tank used for high temperature

applications such as for laundries and kitchens, and for lower temperature applications such as

for hand washing basins and showers.

The analysis was similar to that used for the previous clause (J4.6(c)) except that the separate

tanks were both assumed to be required to provide heated water for the whole year and the

temperature of the water used for laundry type applications was 82°C.

F lEnergy Saving per

Energy CostS i

Addi tionalCylinder

NPV ($/ 2)Discounted

P b k

Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4 6 – Hot Water Supply



Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4.6 Hot Water SupplyEnergy Efficiency Measures Assessment Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

The results in the table above indicate that there are some energy savings to be made by using

the method proposed of having separate storage tanks for domestic hot water and laundry and

kitchen use instead of a larger combined tank for gas heating, but not for electric heating. The

gas energy savings are greater due to the additional standing flue losses that occur with gas

heating. However, due to the relatively low cost of energy, the NPV and payback are not

attractive since the cost of the additional tank outweighs the energy cost savings.



Single Storage Heater

Commonly in locations where water quality is satisfactory, such as Melbourne, hot water

storage cylinders have a combination temperature and pressure relief (T&PR) valve connected

to the cylinder to guard against damage to the cylinder due to high pressure and/or

temperature. When water expansion occurs in the cylinder due to high pressure and/or

temperature some hot water from the top of the cylinder is discharged to waste. The proposed

clause is aimed at reducing the energy wasted when this occurs. One method to achieve this is

to provide a pressure relief valve on the cold water connection to the cylinder. (A temperature

relief valve is still required at the top of the cylinder). With this arrangement, cooler water from

the bottom of the storage cylinder is discharged to waste to relieve high pressures occurring in

the tank due to expansion, or cold supply water is discharged due to higher than normal

fluctuations in mains pressure.

The cost effectiveness of this proposal has been estimated by calculating the amount of energy

that is wasted over a year due to water expansion and discharge from the T&PR valve when the

water is heated from 15°C to 70°C and by applying a diversity factor of 20% to allow for when

this can reasonably be expected to occur For this temperature rise a water volume expansion

Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4.6 – Hot Water Supply



us a a u d g Codes oa d C ause J 6 o a e Supp yEnergy Efficiency Measures Assessment Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

Cylinder Capacity(litres)

FuelEnergy Savingper annum (MJ)

Energy CostSaving per annum ($)

Cold WaterExpansionValve Cost

($)

NPV ($)Discounted

Payback(Years)

250

Gas 114 $0.46 $100 -$93 >25

Electricity 91 $1.77 $100 -$73 >25

315

Gas 144 $0.57 $100 -$91 >25

Electricity 115 $2.23 $100 -$67 >25

Table 12 Energy Savings & NPV of Cold Water Expansion Valve vs Hot Water

Expansion Valve

The results indicate that the energy savings are not sufficient to overcome the additional

investment required for the cold water expansion valve in addition to the temperature relief

valve that is still required.

Bank of Storage Heaters

The above analysis for the single storage tank was repeated for a bank of storage cylinders.

Banks of two and eight, 315 litre storage cylinders were assumed for the calculations. This time

the cost effectiveness of providing a closed pneumatic hot water expansion tank to the bank of

heaters in lieu of hot water pressure relief valves on each tank was investigated. The estimated

required expansion tank capacity is 20 litres and 70 litres for the 2 bank and 8 bank of cylinders,

respectively.




g pp yEnergy Efficiency Measures Assessment Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

No.Cylinders

in Bank

TotalCapacity

(litres)

FuelEnergy

Saving per

annum (MJ)

Energy CostSaving per

annum ($)

Hot WaterExpansion

Tank Cost ($)

NPV ($)Discounted

Payback

(Years)

2 630

Gas 287 $1.15 $600 -$583 >25

Electricity 230 $4.46 $600 -$533 >25

8 2,520Gas 1149 $4.60 $1,200 -$1,131 >25

Electricity 919 $17.83 $1,200 -$933 >25

Table 13 Energy Savings & NPV of Hot Water Expansion Tank vs Hot WaterExpansion Valves

The results indicate that the energy savings are not sufficient to overcome the additional

investment required for the expansion tank in addition to the temperature relief valve that is still

required. Banks of smaller cylinders will be even less cost effective since the energy savings

will be less but the cost of the expansion tank is not expected to decrease significantly.

The provision of cold water expansion valves for each cylinder in lieu of the closed hot waterexpansion is still not cost effective for the bank of heaters. The provision of one larger cold

water expansion valve for the whole bank of cylinders in lieu of individual tank cold water

expansion valves is not cost effective, except in the case of the 8 bank of electrically heated

cylinders, where it is marginally cost effective due to the greater cost of electricity, with a

payback of 22 years.




Energy Efficiency Measures Assessment Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings

J4.6 (f) Use effic ient water out lets.

This proposal is aimed at reducing the quantity of hot water that flows from outlets which, during

common usage, run directly to the drain, such as shower heads, kitchen sink taps and laundry

taps. The proposal calls for the use of 3A rated (to AS/NZS 6400) water efficient outlets for hot

water to showers, basins and troughs (sinks) in Class 3 buildings and common areas of Class 2

buildings.

The following table shows the reduced flow rates that can be expected from 3A outlets in

comparison with typical flow rates from standard outlets.

OutletNormal outlet

(litres perminute)3

3A outlet(litres perminute)4

WaterSaving

(litres per

minute)

Hot WaterSaving [50%]

(litres per

minute)

EstimatedUsage perPerson per

Day

(minutes)

Shower 18.0 9.0 9.0 4.5 5.0

Basin 7.2 4.5 2.7 1.35 3.0

Laundry sink 13.2 9.0 4.2 2.1 1.0

Kitchen sink 13.2 9.0 4.2 2.1 5.0

Table 14 Water Flow Rates 3A Efficient Outlets vs Normal Outlets

Assuming that 50% of the water saved is hot water, estimating the usage time for each fitting

per person per day per occupancy and allowing for approximately 2 people per occupancy, the

annual hot water energy savings can be estimated as shown in Table 15 below. The analysis

assumes that the period of time the fixture is in use will not increase with the flow-restrictedfitting.

Energy Cost

Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4.6 – Hot Water SupplyE Effi i M A t Cl 2 3 d 4 B ildi




The results indicate that for a relatively small financial outlay the energy savings will pay back

the investment in 3A water efficient outlets in less than a year.

The Plumbing Industry Commission of Victoria has recently released a Regulatory Impact

Statement (RIS) on the proposed water efficiency measures that are to be included in the

Plumbing (Water and Energy Savings) Regulations 2004 of Victoria. The proposed Regulations

contain requirements for maximum and minimum flow rates from water efficient outlets which

are similar to the 3A outlet requirements of AS/NZS 6400. The main difference being that the

maximum flow rate for basin taps is 6 litres/minute in the proposed Victorian Regulations

whereas AS/NZS 6400 specifies 4.5 litres/minute.

The RIS supports the introduction of water efficient outlets and estimates that the use of fittings

meeting the proposed regulations will produce an overall energy cost saving 5 per Victorian

household of $16.11 per annum for gas and $30.52 per annum for electricity. The RIS assumes

that the cost of new fittings incorporating a flow rate restrictor is unlikely to cost any more than astandard fitting. Hence there is an immediate payback.

In comparison with the energy cost savings reported in the RIS, the estimated savings as

calculated for this report and shown in Table 15 are higher.

It should be noted that 3A fittings may not be suitable for all locations. Locations with poor

water quality and/or low supply pressure may be unsuitable.


To reduce the wastage of water that commonly occurs from a hot water outlet when the hot

water in the pipe has cooled over time and water is run-off while waiting for hot water to flow to

the outlet, a recirculating pump and a return line to the water heater can be installed to maintain

hot water in the main supply pipe at all times. An alterative to the pump and return pipe is to

provide electrical heat trace to the supply pipework to achieve the same.

The cost effectiveness of this proposal has been estimated by calculating the supply and

i t f th t h i th t th i i i l t d d th h t l t i

Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4.6 – Hot Water SupplyEnergy Efficiency Measures Assessment Class 2 3 and 4 Buildings




Scheme Supply Cost Annual Energy

Consumption

(MJ)

AnnualRunning Cost

Total AnnualCharges

Heat Trace $1,950 9,816 $190 $400

CirculatingPump

$1,760 2,365 $46 $207

Table 16 Cost Effect iveness of Heat Trace on DHW vs Circulating Pump

The results show that the heat trace option has a higher total annual charges and is therefore

less cost effective than installing a circulating pump.

Australian Building Codes Board Clause J4.6 – Hot Water SupplyEnergy Efficiency Measures Assessment Class 2 3 and 4 Buildings




GLOSSARY

°CDB Degree(s) Celsius Dry Bulb.

°CWB degree(s) Celsius Wet Bulb

J Joules. A measure of energy use.

kJ Kilo Joules. (1kJ = 1,000 Joules).

kW Kilo Watts. (1kW = 1,000 Watts). A measure of power, the rate of using

energy. (1kW = 1kJ/s).

MJ Mega Joules. (1MJ = 1,000,000 Joules).

NPV Net Present Value. The cumulative value of future yearly savings over the

lifetime of an investment in current year dollars.

kPa Kilo Pascals. (1kPa = 1,000 Pascals). A measure of pressure.

PVF Present Value Factor. This factor is applied to a future amount to determine its

current value. PVF=1/(1+r)n

PVNAS

Present Value Net Annual Savings. The net annual savings multiplied by thepresent value factor.




e gy c e cy easu es ssess e t C ass , 3 a d u d gs

REFERENCES

1. Energy Performance Assessment Of HVAC Equipment For Class 2, 3 and 4 Buildings (BCA

Vol 1: SECTION I & J – SERVICES) for ABCB. Report No. GC704-D4 Section J_HVAC_

Summary Rpt_3.doc. DASCEM. 27/01/2004.

2. AIRAH Technical Handbook 3rd Edition – 2000. Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air

Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH).

3. Energy Efficiency Project Commercial Buildings: Development of an Energy Consumption

Allowance for Multi-Residential Buildings. Donnelly, E. 2003.

4. Financial Analysis Procedure for Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Classes 2-9. Atech

Group.2003. Final Report. 14 July 2003. Australian Building Codes Board.

5. CSR Bradford Insulation. Industrial Insulation Design Guide.

6. NATSPEC Services, July 2003.

7. Energy Efficiency Measures. BCA – Volume 1. Regulatory Proposal for Class 2, 3 & 4

Buildings. September 2003. RD 2003 – 1. Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB).

8. Selection and Sizing of Copper Tubes for Water Piping Systems. The Institute of Plumbing

Australia. 1976.

9. AS/NZS 3500.4:2003. Plumbing and drainage – Heated water services.

10. Air Conditioning Water Piping. Application Manual No. DA16. Australian Institute of

Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH). January 1994.

11. Applied Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologists. Eastop, T.D & McConkey, A..1970.

12. Heat Transfer, 8th edition. Holman, J.P. 1999.

13 Hot Water Manual Rheem February 1983





gy y g

APPENDICES




Appendix A





J4.6 Hot water supply

A hot water supply system, other than a solar hot water supply systemin climate zones 1, 2 and 3, must be designed and installed inaccordance with Section 6A of AS/NZS 3500.4.2 and-

(a) the following elements are to be insulated to achieve aminimum Total R-Value of 0.2:

(i) the section of outlet piping from that required to beinsulated by Section 6A of AS/NZS 3500.4.2 to within 2 mof the outlet; and

(ii) any expansion device (including a water expansion valve,temperature or pressure relief valve), strainer, isolationvalve or the like that is installed along, or immediately nextto, piping that is required to be insulated; and

(b) hot water tanks used solely for storage must be insulated toachieve a minimum Total R-Value of 1.0; and

I a hot water supply system may only be combined with a spaceheating system when hot water supply is the main use of thesystem; and

(d) hot water for personal hygiene and domestic washing purposesmay only be stored at a higher temperature than needed forthose purposes when the main use of the hot water is at thehigher temperature, such as for a kitchen or laundry; and

(e) the hot water supply system must have the means to allowwater expansion without the discharge of-

(i) hot water, where there is only a single storage heater;and

(ii) any water, where there is a bank of storage heaters.

(f) in a Class 3 building or a common area of a Class 2 building, hot





Appendix B

Insulation Costs




Nominal Bore (mm)

Insulation Cost ($/m)

Insulation Thickness (mm)Nitrile rubber

Insulation Thickness (mm)Rockwool

13 25

15 $8 -

18 $9 -20 $10 -

25 - $34

32 - $36

Table 17 DHW PIPING INSULATION COST

Insulation Cost ($/valve)

Nominal Bore (mm)

Insulation Thickness (mm)

25

20 $3

25 $10

32 $12

Table 18 DHW VALVE INSULATION COST




Appendix C

Heat Loss Calculation Results -Insulated vs Un-insulated Copper Pipe




Heat Loss Rate vs. Time for stationary water in insu lated & un-insulated 32mm copper pipe

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Time (min)

H e a t L o s s R a t e ( W / m )

Bare Cu HeatLoss Rate (W/m)

Insulated Cu HeatLoss Rate (W/m)

Figure 4 Heat Loss Rate – 32mm Copper Pipe

Water Temperature vs. Time for stationary water in insulated & un-insulated 32mm copper pipe

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

p e r a t u r e ( ° C )

Bare Cu Ts (°C)

Insulated Cu Ts(°C)




Cumulative Energy Savings vs. Time for st ationary water in insulated & un-insul ated 32mm copper

pipe

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

)

i

)

E n e r g y S

a v i n g s ( J / m

CumulatveEnergy Saving(J/m

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

Time (min)

Figure 6 Cumulati ve Energy Savings – 32mm Copper Pipe




Heat Loss Rate vs. Time for stationary w ater in insulated & un-insulated 25mm copper pipe

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Time (min)

H e a t L o s s R a t e ( W / m )




Water Temperature vs. Time for stationary water in insu lated & un-insulated 25mm copper pipe

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

p e r a t u r e ( ° C )

Bare Cu Ts (°C)





Cumulative Energy Savings vs. Time for stationary water in insulated & un-insulated 25mm copper

E n e r g y S a v i n g s ( J / m )

pipe

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

SavingCumulativeEnergy(J/m)

Time (min)





Heat Loss Rate vs. Time for stationary water in insulated & un-insulated 20mm copper pipe

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Time (min)

H e a t L o s s R a

t e ( W / m )




Water Temperature vs. Time for s tationary water in i nsulated & un-insulated 20mm copper pipe

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

e r a t u r e ( ° C )

Bare Cu Ts (°C)





Cumulative Energy Savings vs. Time for stationary water in insulated & un-insulated 20mm copper

E n e r g y S a v i n g

s ( J / m )

pipe

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

l i Saving

)

Cumuat veEnergy(J/m

Time (min)





Heat Loss Rate vs. Time for s tationary water in insulated & un-insu lated 18mm copper pi pe

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Time (min)

H e a t L o s s

R a t e ( W / m )




Water Temperature vs. Time for stationary water in insulated & un -insulated 18mm copper pipe

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

T e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C )

Bare Cu Ts (°C)






pipe

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

)

i

)

E n e r g y S a v i n g s ( J / m


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

Time (min)





Heat Loss Rate vs. Time for s tationary water in insulated & un-insu lated 15mm copper pi pe

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240

Time (min)

H e a t L o s s

R a t e ( W / m )




Water Temperature vs. Time for stationary water in insulated & un -insulated 15mm copper pipe

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

T e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C )

Bare Cu Ts (°C)






E n e r g y S a

v i n g s ( J / m )

pipe

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420

i

)


Time (min)



Pi



t (s) T (°C) t (min)

Ts (°C) Ta (°C) T (°C) Tavg (°C) v (m/s) CNom Size

(mm)

OD (do)

(mm)

PipeCircumference(mm)

PipeLength

(m)

Pipesurfacearea A

(m2)

hC

(W/m2K)

hR

(W/m2K)

Heat LossRate

(W/m)

0 60.00 0 60.0 15 45.0 37.5 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.721 5.946 69.860 58.87 1 58.9 15 43.9 36.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.683 5.912 67.7

120 57.77 2 57.8 15 42.8 36.4 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.646 5.880 65.7180 56.70 3 56.7 15 41.7 35.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.608 5.848 63.7

240 55.66 4 55.7 15 40.7 35.3 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.570 5.817 61.8

300 54.64 5 54.6 15 39.6 34.8 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.532 5.787 60.0

360 53.64 6 53.6 15 38.6 34.3 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.495 5.758 58.2420 52.68 7 52.7 15 37.7 33.8 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.457 5.730 56.4480 51.73 8 51.7 15 36.7 33.4 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.419 5.702 54.7540 50.81 9 50.8 15 35.8 32.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.381 5.676 53.1

600 49.91 10 49.9 15 34.9 32.5 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.343 5.650 51.5

660 49.04 11 49.0 15 34.0 32.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.305 5.625 50.0

720 48.19 12 48.2 15 33.2 31.6 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.267 5.601 48.5780 47.35 13 47.4 15 32.4 31.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.230 5.577 47.1840 46.54 14 46.5 15 31.5 30.8 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.192 5.554 45.7900 45.75 15 45.8 15 30.8 30.4 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.154 5.532 44.3

960 44.98 16 45.0 15 30.0 30.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.116 5.510 43.01020 44.23 17 44.2 15 29.2 29.6 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.078 5.489 41.71080 43.50 18 43.5 15 28.5 29.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.041 5.468 40.51140 42.79 19 42.8 15 27.8 28.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 7.003 5.448 39.31200 42.09 20 42.1 15 27.1 28.5 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.965 5.429 38.11260 41.41 21 41.4 15 26.4 28.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.928 5.410 37.01320 40.75 22 40.7 15 25.7 27.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.890 5.392 35.91380 40.10 23 40.1 15 25.1 27.6 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.852 5.374 34.91440 39.47 24 39.5 15 24.5 27.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.815 5.357 33.81500 38.86 25 38.9 15 23.9 26.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.777 5.340 32.81560 38.26 26 38.3 15 23.3 26.6 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.740 5.324 31.91620 37.68 27 37.7 15 22.7 26.3 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.703 5.308 30.91680 37.11 28 37.1 15 22.1 26.1 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.665 5.292 30.01740 36.56 29 36.6 15 21.6 25.8 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.628 5.277 29.11800 36.02 30 36.0 15 21.0 25.5 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.591 5.263 28.31860 35.49 31 35.5 15 20.5 25.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.554 5.248 27.5

1920 34.98 32 35.0 15 20.0 25.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.517 5.235 26.71980 34.48 33 34.5 15 19.5 24.7 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.480 5.221 25.92040 33.99 34 34.0 15 19.0 24.5 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.443 5.208 25.12100 33.51 35 33.5 15 18.5 24.3 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.406 5.195 24.42160 33.05 36 33.0 15 18.0 24.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.369 5.183 23.72220 32.60 37 32.6 15 17.6 23.8 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.333 5.171 23.02280 32.16 38 32.2 15 17.2 23.6 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.296 5.159 22.32340 31.73 39 31.7 15 16.7 23.4 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.260 5.148 21.72400 31.31 40 31.3 15 16.3 23.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.223 5.137 21.02460 30.90 41 30.9 15 15.9 22.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.187 5.126 20.42520 30.50 42 30.5 15 15.5 22.7 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.151 5.115 19.82580 30.11 43 30.1 15 15.1 22.6 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.115 5.105 19.32640 29.73 44 29.7 15 14.7 22.4 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.079 5.095 18.72700 29.36 45 29.4 15 14.4 22.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.043 5.085 18.22760 29.00 46 29.0 15 14.0 22.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 6.007 5.076 17.62820 28.65 47 28.7 15 13.7 21.8 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.972 5.067 17.12880 28.31 48 28.3 15 13.3 21.7 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.936 5.058 16.62940 27.98 49 28.0 15 13.0 21.5 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.901 5.049 16.13000 27.65 50 27.7 15 12.7 21.3 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.865 5.041 15.73060 27.34 51 27.3 15 12.3 21.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.830 5.032 15.23120 27.03 52 27.0 15 12.0 21.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.795 5.024 14.83180 26.72 53 26.7 15 11.7 20.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.760 5.017 14.43240 26.43 54 26.4 15 11.4 20.7 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.725 5.009 13.93300 26.14 55 26.1 15 11.1 20.6 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.691 5.002 13.53360 25.87 56 25.9 15 10.9 20.4 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.656 4.994 13.13420 25.59 57 25.6 15 10.6 20.3 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.622 4.987 12.83480 25.33 58 25.3 15 10.3 20.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.587 4.980 12.43540 25.07 59 25.1 15 10.1 20.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.553 4.974 12.03600 24.82 60 24.8 15 9.8 19.9 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.519 4.967 11.73660 24.57 61 24.6 15 9.6 19.8 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.485 4.961 11.43720 24.33 62 24.3 15 9.3 19.7 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.452 4.955 11.0

3780 24.10 63 24.1 15 9.1 19.5 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.418 4.949 10.73840 23.87 64 23.9 15 8.9 19.4 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.385 4.943 10.43900 23.65 65 23.6 15 8.6 19.3 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.351 4.937 10.13960 23.43 66 23.4 15 8.4 19.2 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.318 4.932 9.84020 23.22 67 23.2 15 8.2 19.1 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.285 4.926 9.54080 23.01 68 23.0 15 8.0 19.0 0 11.58 32 31.8 99.7 1.00 0.10 0.87 5.252 4.921 9.3

Table 19 Sample Heat Loss Calculation Results: Un-insulated 32mm Copper Pipe




t (s) t (min) T (°C)

Ts (°C) Ta (°C) T (°C) k (W/mK)hs

(W/m2K)

Nom Size

(mm)

Pipe OD(do) (mm)

InsThickness

(mm)

Ins OD(d2) (mm)

Heat LossRate

(W/m)

0 0 60.0 60.00 15 45.0 0.04 14.6 32 31.8 25 81.8 11.260 1 59.8 59.79 15 44.8 0.04 14.6 32 31.8 25 81.8 11.1120 2 59.6 59.59 15 44.6 0.04 14.6 32 31.8 25 81.8 11.1

180 3 59.4 59.38 15 44.4 0.04 14.6 32 31.8 25 81.8 11.0

240 4 59.2 59.18 15 44.2 0.04 14.6 32 31.8 25 81.8 11.0

300 5 59.0 58.97 15 44.0 0.04 14.6 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.9

360 6 58.8 58.77 15 43.8 0.04 14.6 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.9420 7 58.6 58.57 15 43.6 0.04 14.5 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.8

480 8 58.4 58.37 15 43.4 0.04 14.5 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.8

540 9 58.2 58.17 15 43.2 0.04 14.5 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.7

600 10 58.0 57.97 15 43.0 0.04 14.5 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.7

660 11 57.8 57.77 15 42.8 0.04 14.5 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.6

720 12 57.6 57.57 15 42.6 0.04 14.5 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.6780 13 57.4 57.38 15 42.4 0.04 14.5 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.5

840 14 57.2 57.18 15 42.2 0.04 14.4 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.5900 15 57.0 56.99 15 42.0 0.04 14.4 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.4960 16 56.8 56.79 15 41.8 0.04 14.4 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.4

1020 17 56.6 56.60 15 41.6 0.04 14.4 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.31080 18 56.4 56.41 15 41.4 0.04 14.4 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.3

1140 19 56.2 56.22 15 41.2 0.04 14.4 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.21200 20 56.0 56.03 15 41.0 0.04 14.4 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.21260 21 55.8 55.84 15 40.8 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.1

1320 22 55.6 55.65 15 40.6 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.11380 23 55.5 55.46 15 40.5 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.0

1440 24 55.3 55.28 15 40.3 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 10.01500 25 55.1 55.09 15 40.1 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.91560 26 54.9 54.91 15 39.9 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.9

1620 27 54.7 54.72 15 39.7 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.81680 28 54.5 54.54 15 39.5 0.04 14.3 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.8

1740 29 54.4 54.36 15 39.4 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.71800 30 54.2 54.17 15 39.2 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.71860 31 54.0 53.99 15 39.0 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.7

1920 32 53.8 53.81 15 38.8 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.6

1980 33 53.6 53.63 15 38.6 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.62040 34 53.5 53.46 15 38.5 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.52100 35 53.3 53.28 15 38.3 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.5

2160 36 53.1 53.10 15 38.1 0.04 14.2 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.42220 37 52.9 52.93 15 37.9 0.04 14.1 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.4

2280 38 52.8 52.75 15 37.8 0.04 14.1 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.32340 39 52.6 52.58 15 37.6 0.04 14.1 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.32400 40 52.4 52.40 15 37.4 0.04 14.1 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.3

2460 41 52.2 52.23 15 37.2 0.04 14.1 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.22520 42 52.1 52.06 15 37.1 0.04 14.1 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.2

2580 43 51.9 51.89 15 36.9 0.04 14.1 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.12640 44 51.7 51.72 15 36.7 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.12700 45 51.6 51.55 15 36.6 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.0

2760 46 51.4 51.38 15 36.4 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.02820 47 51.2 51.21 15 36.2 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 9.0

2880 48 51.0 51.05 15 36.0 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.9

2940 49 50.9 50.88 15 35.9 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.93000 50 50.7 50.72 15 35.7 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.83060 51 50.6 50.55 15 35.6 0.04 14.0 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.83120 52 50.4 50.39 15 35.4 0.04 13.9 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.8

3180 53 50.2 50.22 15 35.2 0.04 13.9 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.73240 54 50.1 50.06 15 35.1 0.04 13.9 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.7

3300 55 49.9 49.90 15 34.9 0.04 13.9 32 31.8 25 81.8 8.6




t (min)

Bare Cu

Heat Loss

Rate(W/m)

Insulated

Cu Heat

Loss Rate(W/m)

Bare Cu

Ts (°C)

Insulated

Cu Ts (°C)

Bare CuHeat Loss

(J/m)

InsulatedCu Heat

Loss (J/m)

EnergySaving

(J/m)

Cumulative

Energy

Saving(J/m)

0 69.8 11.2 60.0 60.0 4191 669 3522 35221 67.7 11.1 58.9 59.8 4065 666 3399 6921

2 65.7 11.0 57.8 59.6 3942 663 3279 10200

3 63.7 11.0 56.7 59.4 3824 660 3164 133644 61.8 10.9 55.7 59.2 3709 657 3052 16416

5 60.0 10.9 54.6 59.0 3598 654 2944 193606 58.2 10.8 53.6 58.8 3490 650 2839 22200

7 56.4 10.8 52.7 58.6 3385 647 2738 24938

8 54.7 10.7 51.7 58.4 3284 644 2640 275789 53.1 10.7 50.8 58.2 3186 641 2545 30123

10 51.5 10.6 49.9 58.0 3091 638 2453 3257511 50.0 10.6 49.0 57.8 2999 635 2364 34939

12 48.5 10.5 48.2 57.6 2910 632 2278 37217

13 47.1 10.5 47.4 57.4 2824 629 2194 39411

14 45.7 10.4 46.5 57.2 2740 627 2113 4152415 44.3 10.4 45.8 57.0 2658 624 2035 4355916 43.0 10.3 45.0 56.8 2580 621 1959 45518

17 41.7 10.3 44.2 56.6 2503 618 1886 47403

18 40.5 10.2 43.5 56.4 2429 615 1814 4921819 39.3 10.2 42.8 56.2 2357 612 1745 5096320 38.1 10.2 42.1 56.0 2288 609 1679 52642

21 37.0 10.1 41.4 55.8 2220 606 1614 54256

22 35.9 10.1 40.7 55.6 2155 603 1551 5580723 34.9 10.0 40.1 55.5 2091 601 1491 57298

24 33.8 10.0 39.5 55.3 2030 598 1432 5873025 32.8 9.9 38.9 55.1 1970 595 1375 60105

26 31.9 9.9 38.3 54.9 1912 592 1320 61425

27 30.9 9.8 37.7 54.7 1856 590 1267 6269228 30.0 9.8 37.1 54.5 1802 587 1215 63907

29 29.1 9.7 36.6 54.4 1749 584 1165 6507230 28.3 9.7 36.0 54.2 1698 581 1116 66188

31 27.5 9.6 35.5 54.0 1648 579 1069 6725832 26.7 9.6 35.0 53.8 1600 576 1024 6828233 25.9 9.6 34.5 53.6 1553 573 980 69261

34 25.1 9.5 34.0 53.5 1508 570 937 7019935 24.4 9.5 33.5 53.3 1464 568 896 71094


PipePipe

PipeHeat Loss




Ts (°C) Ta (°C) T (°C) Tavg (°C) v (m/s) CNom Size

(mm)

OD (do)

(mm)

pCircumference

(mm)

Pipe

Length(m)

psurface

area A

(m2

hC

(W/m2K)

hR

(W/m2K)

Heat Loss

Rate(W/m)

0 60.00 0 60.0 15 45.0 37.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 8.074 5.946 57.460 58.55 1 58.6 15 43.6 36.8 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 8.023 5.903 55.2

120 57.15 2 57.1 15 42.1 36.1 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.972 5.861 53.1180 55.79 3 55.8 15 40.8 35.4 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.921 5.821 51.0

240 54.48 4 54.5 15 39.5 34.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.870 5.782 49.1

300 53.21 5 53.2 15 38.2 34.1 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.819 5.745 47.2

360 51.98 6 52.0 15 37.0 33.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.768 5.709 45.4420 50.79 7 50.8 15 35.8 32.9 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.717 5.675 43.6

480 49.63 8 49.6 15 34.6 32.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.666 5.642 42.0540 48.52 9 48.5 15 33.5 31.8 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.615 5.610 40.4

600 47.44 10 47.4 15 32.4 31.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.564 5.579 38.8

660 46.40 11 46.4 15 31.4 30.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.513 5.550 37.3

720 45.39 12 45.4 15 30.4 30.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.462 5.521 35.9780 44.41 13 44.4 15 29.4 29.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.411 5.494 34.6840 43.46 14 43.5 15 28.5 29.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.360 5.467 33.2900 42.54 15 42.5 15 27.5 28.8 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.309 5.442 32.0

960 41.66 16 41.7 15 26.7 28.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.258 5.417 30.81020 40.80 17 40.8 15 25.8 27.9 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.207 5.393 29.61080 39.97 18 40.0 15 25.0 27.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.157 5.370 28.5

1140 39.16 19 39.2 15 24.2 27.1 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.106 5.348 27.41200 38.39 20 38.4 15 23.4 26.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.056 5.327 26.41260 37.63 21 37.6 15 22.6 26.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 7.005 5.306 25.41320 36.90 22 36.9 15 21.9 26.0 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.955 5.287 24.4

1380 36.20 23 36.2 15 21.2 25.6 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.905 5.268 23.51440 35.52 24 35.5 15 20.5 25.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.855 5.249 22.61500 34.86 25 34.9 15 19.9 24.9 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.805 5.231 21.81560 34.22 26 34.2 15 19.2 24.6 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.755 5.214 20.9

1620 33.60 27 33.6 15 18.6 24.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.705 5.198 20.21680 33.00 28 33.0 15 18.0 24.0 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.656 5.182 19.41740 32.42 29 32.4 15 17.4 23.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.607 5.166 18.7

1800 31.86 30 31.9 15 16.9 23.4 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.557 5.151 18.01860 31.32 31 31.3 15 16.3 23.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.508 5.137 17.3

1920 30.79 32 30.8 15 15.8 22.9 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.459 5.123 16.71980 30.28 33 30.3 15 15.3 22.6 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.411 5.110 16.0

2040 29.79 34 29.8 15 14.8 22.4 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.362 5.097 15.42100 29.31 35 29.3 15 14.3 22.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.314 5.084 14.92160 28.85 36 28.9 15 13.9 21.9 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.266 5.072 14.32220 28.41 37 28.4 15 13.4 21.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.218 5.060 13.8

2280 27.98 38 28.0 15 13.0 21.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.170 5.049 13.32340 27.56 39 27.6 15 12.6 21.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.122 5.038 12.82400 27.15 40 27.2 15 12.2 21.1 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.075 5.028 12.32460 26.76 41 26.8 15 11.8 20.9 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 6.028 5.018 11.8

2520 26.38 42 26.4 15 11.4 20.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.981 5.008 11.42580 26.02 43 26.0 15 11.0 20.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.934 4.998 11.02640 25.66 44 25.7 15 10.7 20.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.888 4.989 10.6

2700 25.32 45 25.3 15 10.3 20.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.841 4.980 10.22760 24.99 46 25.0 15 10.0 20.0 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.795 4.972 9.8

2820 24.67 47 24.7 15 9.7 19.8 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.750 4.963 9.42880 24.35 48 24.4 15 9.4 19.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.704 4.955 9.1

2940 24.05 49 24.1 15 9.1 19.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.659 4.948 8.73000 23.76 50 23.8 15 8.8 19.4 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.614 4.940 8.43060 23.48 51 23.5 15 8.5 19.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.569 4.933 8.13120 23.21 52 23.2 15 8.2 19.1 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.524 4.926 7.8

3180 22.94 53 22.9 15 7.9 19.0 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.480 4.919 7.53240 22.69 54 22.7 15 7.7 18.8 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.436 4.913 7.23300 22.44 55 22.4 15 7.4 18.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.392 4.907 7.0

3360 22.20 56 22.2 15 7.2 18.6 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.348 4.900 6.73420 21.97 57 22.0 15 7.0 18.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.305 4.895 6.53480 21.74 58 21.7 15 6.7 18.4 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.262 4.889 6.23540 21.53 59 21.5 15 6.5 18.3 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.219 4.883 6.0

3600 21.32 60 21.3 15 6.3 18.2 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.177 4.878 5.83660 21.11 61 21.1 15 6.1 18.1 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.135 4.873 5.63720 20.92 62 20.9 15 5.9 18.0 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.093 4.868 5.4

3780 20.73 63 20.7 15 5.7 17.9 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.051 4.863 5.23840 20.54 64 20.5 15 5.5 17.8 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 5.009 4.858 5.03900 20.36 65 20.4 15 5.4 17.7 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 4.968 4.854 4.83960 20.19 66 20.2 15 5.2 17.6 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 4.927 4.850 4.64020 20.02 67 20.0 15 5.0 17.5 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 4.887 4.845 4.5

4080 19.86 68 19.9 15 4.9 17.4 0 11.58 25 25.4 79.8 1.00 0.08 0.87 4.846 4.841 4.3

T bl 22 S l H t L C l l ti R lt U i l t d 25 C Pi


I H t L




Ts (°C) Ta (°C) T (°C) k (W/mK)hs

(W/m2K)

Nom Size

(mm)

Pipe OD(do) (mm)

InsThickness

(mm)

Ins OD(d2) (mm)

Heat LossRate

(W/m)

0 0 60.0 60.00 15 45.0 0.04 14.6 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.7

60 1 59.7 59.72 15 44.7 0.04 14.6 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.7120 2 59.4 59.43 15 44.4 0.04 14.6 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.6

180 3 59.2 59.15 15 44.2 0.04 14.6 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.6

240 4 58.9 58.87 15 43.9 0.04 14.6 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.5

300 5 58.6 58.60 15 43.6 0.04 14.5 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.4

360 6 58.3 58.32 15 43.3 0.04 14.5 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.4420 7 58.0 58.05 15 43.0 0.04 14.5 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.3

480 8 57.8 57.78 15 42.8 0.04 14.5 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.3

540 9 57.5 57.51 15 42.5 0.04 14.5 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.2

600 10 57.2 57.24 15 42.2 0.04 14.4 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.1

660 11 57.0 56.97 15 42.0 0.04 14.4 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.1

720 12 56.7 56.71 15 41.7 0.04 14.4 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.0780 13 56.4 56.44 15 41.4 0.04 14.4 25 25.4 25 75.4 9.0

840 14 56.2 56.18 15 41.2 0.04 14.4 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.9900 15 55.9 55.92 15 40.9 0.04 14.4 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.9960 16 55.7 55.66 15 40.7 0.04 14.3 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.8

1020 17 55.4 55.40 15 40.4 0.04 14.3 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.71080 18 55.1 55.15 15 40.1 0.04 14.3 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.7

1140 19 54.9 54.90 15 39.9 0.04 14.3 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.61200 20 54.6 54.64 15 39.6 0.04 14.3 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.61260 21 54.4 54.39 15 39.4 0.04 14.2 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.5

1320 22 54.1 54.14 15 39.1 0.04 14.2 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.51380 23 53.9 53.90 15 38.9 0.04 14.2 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.4

1440 24 53.7 53.65 15 38.7 0.04 14.2 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.41500 25 53.4 53.41 15 38.4 0.04 14.2 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.31560 26 53.2 53.16 15 38.2 0.04 14.2 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.2

1620 27 52.9 52.92 15 37.9 0.04 14.1 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.21680 28 52.7 52.68 15 37.7 0.04 14.1 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.1

1740 29 52.4 52.45 15 37.4 0.04 14.1 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.11800 30 52.2 52.21 15 37.2 0.04 14.1 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.01860 31 52.0 51.97 15 37.0 0.04 14.1 25 25.4 25 75.4 8.0

1920 32 51.7 51.74 15 36.7 0.04 14.1 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.9

1980 33 51.5 51.51 15 36.5 0.04 14.0 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.92040 34 51.3 51.28 15 36.3 0.04 14.0 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.82100 35 51.0 51.05 15 36.0 0.04 14.0 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.8

2160 36 50.8 50.82 15 35.8 0.04 14.0 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.72220 37 50.6 50.59 15 35.6 0.04 14.0 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.7

2280 38 50.4 50.37 15 35.4 0.04 13.9 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.62340 39 50.1 50.15 15 35.1 0.04 13.9 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.62400 40 49.9 49.92 15 34.9 0.04 13.9 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.5

2460 41 49.7 49.70 15 34.7 0.04 13.9 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.52520 42 49.5 49.48 15 34.5 0.04 13.9 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.4

2580 43 49.3 49.27 15 34.3 0.04 13.9 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.42640 44 49.1 49.05 15 34.1 0.04 13.8 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.32700 45 48.8 48.84 15 33.8 0.04 13.8 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.3

2760 46 48.6 48.62 15 33.6 0.04 13.8 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.32820 47 48.4 48.41 15 33.4 0.04 13.8 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.2

2880 48 48.2 48.20 15 33.2 0.04 13.8 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.2

2940 49 48.0 47.99 15 33.0 0.04 13.8 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.13000 50 47.8 47.78 15 32.8 0.04 13.7 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.13060 51 47.6 47.57 15 32.6 0.04 13.7 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.03120 52 47.4 47.37 15 32.4 0.04 13.7 25 25.4 25 75.4 7.0

3180 53 47.2 47.16 15 32.2 0.04 13.7 25 25.4 25 75.4 6.93240 54 47.0 46.96 15 32.0 0.04 13.7 25 25.4 25 75.4 6.9

3300 55 46.8 46.76 15 31.8 0.04 13.7 25 25.4 25 75.4 6.8




t (min)

Bare Cu

Heat Loss

Rate(W/m)

Insulated

Cu Heat

Loss Rate(W/m)

Bare Cu

Ts (°C)

Insulated

Cu Ts (°C)

Bare CuHeat Loss

(J/m)

InsulatedCu Heat

Loss (J/m)

EnergySaving

(J/m)

Cumulative

Energy

Saving(J/m)

0 57.4 9.7 60.0 60.0 3446 585 2862 28621 55.2 9.7 58.6 59.7 3313 581 2732 5594

2 53.1 9.6 57.1 59.4 3185 577 2608 8202

3 51.0 9.6 55.8 59.2 3062 574 2489 106904 49.1 9.5 54.5 58.9 2944 570 2374 13065

5 47.2 9.4 53.2 58.6 2831 566 2265 153306 45.4 9.4 52.0 58.3 2722 563 2160 17490

7 43.6 9.3 50.8 58.0 2618 559 2059 19549

8 42.0 9.3 49.6 57.8 2518 555 1962 215119 40.4 9.2 48.5 57.5 2422 552 1870 23381

10 38.8 9.1 47.4 57.2 2329 548 1781 2516211 37.3 9.1 46.4 57.0 2240 545 1696 26858

12 35.9 9.0 45.4 56.7 2155 541 1614 28471

13 34.6 9.0 44.4 56.4 2073 538 1535 30006

14 33.2 8.9 43.5 56.2 1994 534 1460 3146615 32.0 8.9 42.5 55.9 1919 531 1388 3285416 30.8 8.8 41.7 55.7 1846 528 1318 34172

17 29.6 8.7 40.8 55.4 1776 524 1252 35424

18 28.5 8.7 40.0 55.1 1709 521 1188 3661119 27.4 8.6 39.2 54.9 1644 518 1127 3773820 26.4 8.6 38.4 54.6 1582 514 1068 38806

21 25.4 8.5 37.6 54.4 1522 511 1011 39817

22 24.4 8.5 36.9 54.1 1465 508 957 4077423 23.5 8.4 36.2 53.9 1410 504 905 41679

24 22.6 8.4 35.5 53.7 1357 501 855 4253525 21.8 8.3 34.9 53.4 1306 498 808 43342

26 20.9 8.2 34.2 53.2 1257 495 762 44104

27 20.2 8.2 33.6 52.9 1209 492 718 4482228 19.4 8.1 33.0 52.7 1164 489 675 45497

29 18.7 8.1 32.4 52.4 1120 485 635 4613230 18.0 8.0 31.9 52.2 1078 482 596 46728

31 17.3 8.0 31.3 52.0 1038 479 559 4728732 16.7 7.9 30.8 51.7 999 476 523 4781033 16.0 7.9 30.3 51.5 962 473 489 48299

34 15.4 7.8 29.8 51.3 926 470 456 4875435 14.9 7.8 29.3 51.0 891 467 424 49179


T (°C) T (°C) T (°C) T (°C) v (m/s) CNom Size OD (do)

PipeCircum

Pipe

Length

Pipesurface

hC hR

Heat Loss

Rate




Ts ( C) Ta ( C) T ( C) Tavg ( C) v (m/s) C(mm) (mm) ference

(mm)

Length(m)

area A

(m2)

(W/m2K) (W/m2K)Rate

(W/m)

0 60.00 0 60.0 15 45.0 37.5 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.552 5.946 44.460 58.01 1 58.0 15 43.0 36.5 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.477 5.886 42.1

120 56.10 2 56.1 15 41.1 35.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.402 5.830 39.8180 54.28 3 54.3 15 39.3 34.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.328 5.777 37.7

240 52.54 4 52.5 15 37.5 33.8 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.253 5.726 35.7

300 50.88 5 50.9 15 35.9 32.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.178 5.678 33.8

360 49.29 6 49.3 15 34.3 32.1 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.103 5.632 32.1420 47.77 7 47.8 15 32.8 31.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 8.028 5.589 30.4480 46.32 8 46.3 15 31.3 30.7 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.953 5.547 28.8540 44.93 9 44.9 15 29.9 30.0 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.879 5.508 27.3

600 43.60 10 43.6 15 28.6 29.3 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.804 5.471 25.9

660 42.34 11 42.3 15 27.3 28.7 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.729 5.436 24.5

720 41.12 12 41.1 15 26.1 28.1 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.655 5.402 23.2780 39.97 13 40.0 15 25.0 27.5 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.581 5.370 22.0840 38.86 14 38.9 15 23.9 26.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.506 5.340 20.9

900 37.80 15 37.8 15 22.8 26.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.432 5.311 19.8960 36.79 16 36.8 15 21.8 25.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.359 5.284 18.8

1020 35.83 17 35.8 15 20.8 25.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.285 5.257 17.81080 34.90 18 34.9 15 19.9 25.0 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.212 5.233 16.91140 34.02 19 34.0 15 19.0 24.5 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.139 5.209 16.01200 33.18 20 33.2 15 18.2 24.1 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 7.066 5.186 15.2

1260 32.37 21 32.4 15 17.4 23.7 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.994 5.165 14.41320 31.60 22 31.6 15 16.6 23.3 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.922 5.145 13.6

1380 30.87 23 30.9 15 15.9 22.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.850 5.125 12.91440 30.17 24 30.2 15 15.2 22.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.778 5.107 12.31500 29.49 25 29.5 15 14.5 22.2 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.707 5.089 11.61560 28.85 26 28.9 15 13.9 21.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.637 5.072 11.01620 28.24 27 28.2 15 13.2 21.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.566 5.056 10.51680 27.65 28 27.7 15 12.7 21.3 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.496 5.041 9.9

1740 27.09 29 27.1 15 12.1 21.0 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.427 5.026 9.41800 26.56 30 26.6 15 11.6 20.8 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.358 5.012 8.91860 26.04 31 26.0 15 11.0 20.5 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.289 4.999 8.5

1920 25.55 32 25.6 15 10.6 20.3 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.221 4.986 8.11980 25.09 33 25.1 15 10.1 20.0 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.153 4.974 7.62040 24.64 34 24.6 15 9.6 19.8 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.086 4.963 7.3

2100 24.21 35 24.2 15 9.2 19.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 6.019 4.952 6.92160 23.80 36 23.8 15 8.8 19.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.953 4.941 6.52220 23.41 37 23.4 15 8.4 19.2 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.887 4.931 6.2

2280 23.04 38 23.0 15 8.0 19.0 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.822 4.922 5.92340 22.69 39 22.7 15 7.7 18.8 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.757 4.913 5.6

2400 22.34 40 22.3 15 7.3 18.7 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.693 4.904 5.32460 22.02 41 22.0 15 7.0 18.5 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.630 4.896 5.02520 21.71 42 21.7 15 6.7 18.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.567 4.888 4.82580 21.41 43 21.4 15 6.4 18.2 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.504 4.880 4.5

2640 21.13 44 21.1 15 6.1 18.1 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.442 4.873 4.32700 20.86 45 20.9 15 5.9 17.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.380 4.866 4.1

2760 20.60 46 20.6 15 5.6 17.8 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.319 4.860 3.92820 20.35 47 20.3 15 5.3 17.7 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.259 4.854 3.7

2880 20.11 48 20.1 15 5.1 17.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.199 4.848 3.52940 19.88 49 19.9 15 4.9 17.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.140 4.842 3.3

3000 19.67 50 19.7 15 4.7 17.3 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.081 4.837 3.23060 19.46 51 19.5 15 4.5 17.2 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 5.023 4.831 3.0

3120 19.26 52 19.3 15 4.3 17.1 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.965 4.826 2.83180 19.08 53 19.1 15 4.1 17.0 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.908 4.822 2.73240 18.89 54 18.9 15 3.9 16.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.852 4.817 2.63300 18.72 55 18.7 15 3.7 16.9 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.796 4.813 2.43360 18.56 56 18.6 15 3.6 16.8 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.740 4.809 2.33420 18.40 57 18.4 15 3.4 16.7 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.685 4.805 2.2

3480 18.25 58 18.2 15 3.2 16.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.631 4.801 2.13540 18.10 59 18.1 15 3.1 16.6 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.577 4.797 2.03600 17.97 60 18.0 15 3.0 16.5 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.524 4.794 1.93660 17.84 61 17.8 15 2.8 16.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.471 4.791 1.83720 17.71 62 17.7 15 2.7 16.4 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.419 4.788 1.7

3780 17.59 63 17.6 15 2.6 16.3 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.368 4.785 1.63840 17.48 64 17.5 15 2.5 16.2 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.317 4.782 1.53900 17.37 65 17.4 15 2.4 16.2 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.266 4.779 1.53960 17.26 66 17.3 15 2.3 16.1 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.216 4.776 1.4

4020 17.16 67 17.2 15 2.2 16.1 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.167 4.774 1.34080 17.06 68 17.1 15 2.1 16.0 0 11.58 20 19.1 59.8 1.00 0.06 0.87 4.118 4.772 1.2

Table 25 Sample Heat Loss Calculation Results: Un-insulated 20mm Copper Pipe


h N Si Pi ODIns

I ODHeat Loss




Ts (°C) Ta (°C) η T (°C) k (W/mK)hs

(W/m2K)

Nom Size(mm)

Pipe OD(do) (mm)

Thickness(mm)

Ins OD(d2) (mm)

Rate(W/m)

0 0 60.0 60.00 15 45.0 0.04 15.1 20 19.1 13 45.1 11.660 1 59.4 59.40 15 44.4 0.04 15.1 20 19.1 13 45.1 11.4120 2 58.8 58.81 15 43.8 0.04 15.0 20 19.1 13 45.1 11.2

180 3 58.2 58.23 15 43.2 0.04 15.0 20 19.1 13 45.1 11.1

240 4 57.7 57.66 15 42.7 0.04 14.9 20 19.1 13 45.1 10.9

300 5 57.1 57.09 15 42.1 0.04 14.9 20 19.1 13 45.1 10.8360 6 56.5 56.53 15 41.5 0.04 14.9 20 19.1 13 45.1 10.6420 7 56.0 55.98 15 41.0 0.04 14.8 20 19.1 13 45.1 10.5480 8 55.4 55.43 15 40.4 0.04 14.8 20 19.1 13 45.1 10.4

540 9 54.9 54.90 15 39.9 0.04 14.7 20 19.1 13 45.1 10.2

600 10 54.4 54.37 15 39.4 0.04 14.7 20 19.1 13 45.1 10.1

660 11 53.8 53.84 15 38.8 0.04 14.7 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.9720 12 53.3 53.33 15 38.3 0.04 14.6 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.8780 13 52.8 52.82 15 37.8 0.04 14.6 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.7840 14 52.3 52.32 15 37.3 0.04 14.6 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.5900 15 51.8 51.82 15 36.8 0.04 14.5 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.4960 16 51.3 51.33 15 36.3 0.04 14.5 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.3

1020 17 50.8 50.85 15 35.8 0.04 14.4 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.21080 18 50.4 50.37 15 35.4 0.04 14.4 20 19.1 13 45.1 9.01140 19 49.9 49.90 15 34.9 0.04 14.4 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.91200 20 49.4 49.44 15 34.4 0.04 14.3 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.81260 21 49.0 48.98 15 34.0 0.04 14.3 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.71320 22 48.5 48.53 15 33.5 0.04 14.3 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.6

1380 23 48.1 48.08 15 33.1 0.04 14.2 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.41440 24 47.6 47.64 15 32.6 0.04 14.2 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.31500 25 47.2 47.21 15 32.2 0.04 14.1 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.21560 26 46.8 46.78 15 31.8 0.04 14.1 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.11620 27 46.4 46.36 15 31.4 0.04 14.1 20 19.1 13 45.1 8.01680 28 45.9 45.94 15 30.9 0.04 14.0 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.9

1740 29 45.5 45.53 15 30.5 0.04 14.0 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.81800 30 45.1 45.13 15 30.1 0.04 14.0 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.71860 31 44.7 44.73 15 29.7 0.04 13.9 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.61920 32 44.3 44.33 15 29.3 0.04 13.9 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.51980 33 43.9 43.94 15 28.9 0.04 13.9 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.4

2040 34 43.6 43.56 15 28.6 0.04 13.8 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.32100 35 43.2 43.18 15 28.2 0.04 13.8 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.22160 36 42.8 42.80 15 27.8 0.04 13.8 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.12220 37 42.4 42.44 15 27.4 0.04 13.7 20 19.1 13 45.1 7.02280 38 42.1 42.07 15 27.1 0.04 13.7 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.92340 39 41.7 41.71 15 26.7 0.04 13.7 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.82400 40 41.4 41.36 15 26.4 0.04 13.6 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.7

2460 41 41.0 41.01 15 26.0 0.04 13.6 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.62520 42 40.7 40.66 15 25.7 0.04 13.6 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.52580 43 40.3 40.32 15 25.3 0.04 13.5 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.42640 44 40.0 39.98 15 25.0 0.04 13.5 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.32700 45 39.7 39.65 15 24.7 0.04 13.5 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.2

2760 46 39.3 39.32 15 24.3 0.04 13.4 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.22820 47 39.0 39.00 15 24.0 0.04 13.4 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.12880 48 38.7 38.68 15 23.7 0.04 13.4 20 19.1 13 45.1 6.02940 49 38.4 38.37 15 23.4 0.04 13.3 20 19.1 13 45.1 5.93000 50 38.1 38.06 15 23.1 0.04 13.3 20 19.1 13 45.1 5.83060 51 37.8 37.75 15 22.8 0.04 13.3 20 19.1 13 45.1 5.83120 52 37.4 37.45 15 22.4 0.04 13.3 20 19.1 13 45.1 5.7




t (min)

Bare CuHeat Loss

Rate(W/m)

InsulatedCu Heat

Loss Rate(W/m)

Bare CuTs (°C)

InsulatedCu Ts (°C)

Bare CuHeat Loss

(J/m)

InsulatedCu Heat

Loss (J/m)

EnergySaving(J/m)

CumulativeEnergySaving(J/m)

0 44.1 11.6 60.0 60.0 2648 694 1955 19551 41.8 11.4 58.0 59.4 2507 684 1823 37782 39.6 11.2 56.1 58.8 2375 675 1700 54773 37.5 11.1 54.3 58.2 2249 666 1583 70604 35.5 10.9 52.5 57.7 2130 657 1473 85345 33.6 10.8 50.9 57.1 2018 648 1370 99046 31.9 10.6 49.3 56.5 1912 639 1273 111777 30.2 10.5 47.8 56.0 1811 630 1181 123588 28.6 10.4 46.3 55.4 1716 622 1095 134529 27.1 10.2 44.9 54.9 1626 613 1013 14465

10 25.7 10.1 43.6 54.4 1541 605 936 1540211 24.3 9.9 42.3 53.8 1461 597 864 1626612 23.1 9.8 41.1 53.3 1385 589 796 1706213 21.9 9.7 40.0 52.8 1313 581 732 1779414 20.7 9.5 38.9 52.3 1244 573 672 1846615 19.7 9.4 37.8 51.8 1180 565 615 1908116 18.6 9.3 36.8 51.3 1118 557 561 1964217 17.7 9.2 35.8 50.8 1060 550 511 20153

18 16.8 9.0 34.9 50.4 1006 542 463 2061619 15.9 8.9 34.0 49.9 953 535 419 2103520 15.1 8.8 33.2 49.4 904 527 377 2141221 14.3 8.7 32.4 49.0 858 520 337 2174922 13.6 8.6 31.6 48.5 813 513 300 2204923 12.9 8.4 30.9 48.1 771 506 265 2231424 12.2 8.3 30.2 47.6 732 499 232 2254725 11.6 8.2 29.5 47.2 694 493 202 2274826 11.0 8.1 28.9 46.8 658 486 173 2292127 10.4 8.0 28.2 46.4 625 479 145 2306628 9.9 7.9 27.7 45.9 593 473 120 2318629 9.4 7.8 27.1 45.5 562 466 96 2328230 8.9 7.7 26.6 45.1 533 460 73 2335531 8 4 7 6 26 0 44 7 506 454 52 23407





Ts (°C) Ta (°C) η T (°C) Tavg (°C) v (m/s) CNom Size

(mm)

OD (do)

(mm)

PipeCircumference

(mm)

PipeLength

(m)

Pipesurfacearea A

(m2

η

hC

(W/m2K)

hR

(W/m2K)

Heat LossRate

(W/m)0 60.00 0 60.0 15 45.0 37.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.869 5.946 37.660 57.56 1 57.6 15 42.6 36.3 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.773 5.873 35.1

120 55.24 2 55.2 15 40.2 35.1 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.678 5.805 32.9180 53.06 3 53.1 15 38.1 34.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.582 5.741 30.7

240 50.99 4 51.0 15 36.0 33.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.486 5.681 28.8

300 49.03 5 49.0 15 34.0 32.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.391 5.625 26.9

360 47.19 6 47.2 15 32.2 31.1 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.295 5.572 25.2420 45.44 7 45.4 15 30.4 30.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.200 5.523 23.6480 43.78 8 43.8 15 28.8 29.4 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.104 5.476 22.0540 42.22 9 42.2 15 27.2 28.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 8.009 5.433 20.6

600 40.74 10 40.7 15 25.7 27.9 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.914 5.392 19.3

660 39.34 11 39.3 15 24.3 27.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.819 5.353 18.1

720 38.02 12 38.0 15 23.0 26.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.724 5.317 16.9780 36.77 13 36.8 15 21.8 25.9 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.630 5.283 15.9840 35.59 14 35.6 15 20.6 25.3 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.536 5.251 14.8900 34.47 15 34.5 15 19.5 24.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.442 5.221 13.9960 33.41 16 33.4 15 18.4 24.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.349 5.193 13.01020 32.41 17 32.4 15 17.4 23.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.256 5.166 12.21080 31.46 18 31.5 15 16.5 23.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.164 5.141 11.41140 30.57 19 30.6 15 15.6 22.8 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 7.072 5.117 10.71200 29.72 20 29.7 15 14.7 22.4 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.981 5.095 10.01260 28.92 21 28.9 15 13.9 22.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.891 5.074 9.41320 28.17 22 28.2 15 13.2 21.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.801 5.054 8.81380 27.45 23 27.5 15 12.5 21.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.712 5.035 8.21440 26.78 24 26.8 15 11.8 20.9 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.623 5.018 7.71500 26.14 25 26.1 15 11.1 20.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.535 5.001 7.21560 25.53 26 25.5 15 10.5 20.3 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.448 4.986 6.81620 24.96 27 25.0 15 10.0 20.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.362 4.971 6.41680 24.42 28 24.4 15 9.4 19.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.276 4.957 6.0

1740 23.91 29 23.9 15 8.9 19.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.191 4.944 5.61800 23.42 30 23.4 15 8.4 19.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.107 4.932 5.21860 22.96 31 23.0 15 8.0 19.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 6.024 4.920 4.91920 22.53 32 22.5 15 7.5 18.8 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.941 4.909 4.61980 22.12 33 22.1 15 7.1 18.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.860 4.899 4.32040 21.74 34 21.7 15 6.7 18.4 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.779 4.889 4.12100 21.37 35 21.4 15 6.4 18.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.699 4.879 3.82160 21.02 36 21.0 15 6.0 18.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.620 4.871 3.62220 20.70 37 20.7 15 5.7 17.8 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.541 4.862 3.32280 20.39 38 20.4 15 5.4 17.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.464 4.855 3.12340 20.09 39 20.1 15 5.1 17.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.387 4.847 2.92400 19.82 40 19.8 15 4.8 17.4 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.312 4.840 2.82460 19.56 41 19.6 15 4.6 17.3 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.237 4.834 2.62520 19.31 42 19.3 15 4.3 17.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.163 4.828 2.42580 19.07 43 19.1 15 4.1 17.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.090 4.822 2.32640 18.85 44 18.9 15 3.9 16.9 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 5.018 4.816 2.1

2700 18.64 45 18.6 15 3.6 16.8 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.946 4.811 2.02760 18.45 46 18.4 15 3.4 16.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.876 4.806 1.92820 18.26 47 18.3 15 3.3 16.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.806 4.801 1.82880 18.08 48 18.1 15 3.1 16.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.738 4.797 1.72940 17.91 49 17.9 15 2.9 16.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.670 4.793 1.63000 17.76 50 17.8 15 2.8 16.4 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.603 4.789 1.53060 17.61 51 17.6 15 2.6 16.3 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.537 4.785 1.43120 17.46 52 17.5 15 2.5 16.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.472 4.781 1.33180 17.33 53 17.3 15 2.3 16.2 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.407 4.778 1.23240 17.20 54 17.2 15 2.2 16.1 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.344 4.775 1.13300 17.08 55 17.1 15 2.1 16.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.281 4.772 1.13360 16.97 56 17.0 15 2.0 16.0 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.219 4.769 1.03420 16.86 57 16.9 15 1.9 15.9 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.158 4.767 0.93480 16.76 58 16.8 15 1.8 15.9 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.098 4.764 0.93540 16.67 59 16.7 15 1.7 15.8 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 4.039 4.762 0.83600 16.58 60 16.6 15 1.6 15.8 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.980 4.759 0.83660 16.49 61 16.5 15 1.5 15.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.922 4.757 0.73720 16.41 62 16.4 15 1.4 15.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.865 4.755 0.73780 16.33 63 16.3 15 1.3 15.7 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.809 4.753 0.63840 16.26 64 16.3 15 1.3 15.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.753 4.752 0.63900 16.19 65 16.2 15 1.2 15.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.699 4.750 0.63960 16.13 66 16.1 15 1.1 15.6 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.645 4.748 0.54020 16.07 67 16.1 15 1.1 15.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.592 4.747 0.54080 16.01 68 16.0 15 1.0 15.5 0 11.58 18 15.9 49.9 1.00 0.05 0.87 3.539 4.745 0.5



2

Nom Size

( )

Pipe OD

(d ) ( )

Ins

ThicknessIns OD

(d ) ( )

Heat Loss

Rate




s ( C) a ( C) η T ( C) k (W/mK)(W/m2K) (mm) (do) (mm)

Thickness(mm)

(d2) (mm)Rate

(W/m)

0 0 60.0 60.00 15 45.0 0.04 15.4 18 15.9 13 41.9 10.3

60 1 59.2 59.23 15 44.2 0.04 15.4 18 15.9 13 41.9 10.2120 2 58.5 58.47 15 43.5 0.04 15.3 18 15.9 13 41.9 10.0

180 3 57.7 57.73 15 42.7 0.04 15.3 18 15.9 13 41.9 9.8

240 4 57.0 57.00 15 42.0 0.04 15.2 18 15.9 13 41.9 9.6

300 5 56.3 56.28 15 41.3 0.04 15.2 18 15.9 13 41.9 9.5360 6 55.6 55.57 15 40.6 0.04 15.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 9.3420 7 54.9 54.88 15 39.9 0.04 15.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 9.1

480 8 54.2 54.19 15 39.2 0.04 15.0 18 15.9 13 41.9 9.0

540 9 53.5 53.52 15 38.5 0.04 15.0 18 15.9 13 41.9 8.8

600 10 52.9 52.86 15 37.9 0.04 14.9 18 15.9 13 41.9 8.7

660 11 52.2 52.21 15 37.2 0.04 14.9 18 15.9 13 41.9 8.5

720 12 51.6 51.58 15 36.6 0.04 14.8 18 15.9 13 41.9 8.4780 13 50.9 50.95 15 35.9 0.04 14.8 18 15.9 13 41.9 8.2

840 14 50.3 50.33 15 35.3 0.04 14.7 18 15.9 13 41.9 8.1900 15 49.7 49.73 15 34.7 0.04 14.7 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.9

960 16 49.1 49.13 15 34.1 0.04 14.6 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.81020 17 48.5 48.55 15 33.5 0.04 14.6 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.71080 18 48.0 47.97 15 33.0 0.04 14.5 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.5

1140 19 47.4 47.41 15 32.4 0.04 14.5 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.41200 20 46.9 46.86 15 31.9 0.04 14.4 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.3

1260 21 46.3 46.31 15 31.3 0.04 14.4 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.11320 22 45.8 45.77 15 30.8 0.04 14.3 18 15.9 13 41.9 7.01380 23 45.2 45.25 15 30.2 0.04 14.3 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.9

1440 24 44.7 44.73 15 29.7 0.04 14.2 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.8

1500 25 44.2 44.22 15 29.2 0.04 14.2 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.61560 26 43.7 43.72 15 28.7 0.04 14.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.51620 27 43.2 43.23 15 28.2 0.04 14.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.41680 28 42.7 42.74 15 27.7 0.04 14.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.3

1740 29 42.3 42.27 15 27.3 0.04 14.0 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.2

1800 30 41.8 41.80 15 26.8 0.04 14.0 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.11860 31 41.3 41.34 15 26.3 0.04 13.9 18 15.9 13 41.9 6.01920 32 40.9 40.89 15 25.9 0.04 13.9 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.9

1980 33 40.4 40.45 15 25.4 0.04 13.8 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.82040 34 40.0 40.01 15 25.0 0.04 13.8 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.7

2100 35 39.6 39.58 15 24.6 0.04 13.7 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.62160 36 39.2 39.16 15 24.2 0.04 13.7 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.5

2220 37 38.7 38.75 15 23.7 0.04 13.7 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.42280 38 38.3 38.34 15 23.3 0.04 13.6 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.32340 39 37.9 37.94 15 22.9 0.04 13.6 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.2

2400 40 37.6 37.55 15 22.6 0.04 13.5 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.12460 41 37.2 37.16 15 22.2 0.04 13.5 18 15.9 13 41.9 5.02520 42 36.8 36.78 15 21.8 0.04 13.5 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.9

2580 43 36.4 36.41 15 21.4 0.04 13.4 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.82640 44 36.0 36.04 15 21.0 0.04 13.4 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.8

2700 45 35.7 35.68 15 20.7 0.04 13.3 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.72760 46 35.3 35.33 15 20.3 0.04 13.3 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.6

2820 47 35.0 34.98 15 20.0 0.04 13.3 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.52880 48 34.6 34.64 15 19.6 0.04 13.2 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.4

2940 49 34.3 34.30 15 19.3 0.04 13.2 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.43000 50 34.0 33.97 15 19.0 0.04 13.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.33060 51 33.6 33.65 15 18.6 0.04 13.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.2

3120 52 33.3 33.33 15 18.3 0.04 13.1 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.13180 53 33.0 33.01 15 18.0 0.04 13.0 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.13240 54 32.7 32.71 15 17.7 0.04 13.0 18 15.9 13 41.9 4.0

3300 55 32.4 32.40 15 17.4 0.04 13.0 18 15.9 13 41.9 3.9




t (min)

Bare CuHeat Loss

Rate(W/m)

InsulatedCu Heat

Loss Rate(W/m)

Bare Cu

Ts (°C)

Insulated

Cu Ts (°C)

Bare Cu

Heat Loss(J/m)

Insulated

Cu HeatLoss (J/m)

Energy

Saving(J/m)

CumulativeEnergy

Saving(J/m)

0 37.6 10.3 60.0 60.0 2256 621 1635 1635

1 35.1 10.2 57.6 59.2 2109 610 1499 3135

2 32.9 10.0 55.2 58.5 1972 599 1373 45083 30.7 9.8 53.1 57.7 1844 588 1256 5764

4 28.8 9.6 51.0 57.0 1725 578 1147 6911

5 26.9 9.5 49.0 56.3 1614 568 1046 79576 25.2 9.3 47.2 55.6 1510 558 952 8909

7 23.6 9.1 45.4 54.9 1413 548 865 97748 22.0 9.0 43.8 54.2 1323 539 784 10558

9 20.6 8.8 42.2 53.5 1238 529 709 1126610 19.3 8.7 40.7 52.9 1159 520 639 11905

11 18.1 8.5 39.3 52.2 1085 511 574 12479

12 16.9 8.4 38.0 51.6 1016 502 514 12993

13 15.9 8.2 36.8 50.9 951 493 458 1345114 14.8 8.1 35.6 50.3 891 485 406 1385715 13.9 7.9 34.5 49.7 834 476 358 14215

16 13.0 7.8 33.4 49.1 781 468 314 14529

17 12.2 7.7 32.4 48.5 732 460 272 1480118 11.4 7.5 31.5 48.0 686 451 234 1503519 10.7 7.4 30.6 47.4 642 444 199 15234

20 10.0 7.3 29.7 46.9 602 436 166 15400

21 9.4 7.1 28.9 46.3 564 428 136 1553522 8.8 7.0 28.2 45.8 528 421 108 15643

23 8.2 6.9 27.5 45.2 495 413 82 1572424 7.7 6.8 26.8 44.7 464 406 58 15782

25 7.2 6.6 26.1 44.2 435 399 36 15818

26 6.8 6.5 25.5 43.7 407 392 15 1583327 6.4 6.4 25.0 43.2 382 385 -3 15830

28 6.0 6.3 24.4 42.7 358 378 -20 1581029 5.6 6.2 23.9 42.3 336 372 -36 15774

30 5.2 6.1 23.4 41.8 315 365 -51 1572331 4.9 6.0 23.0 41.3 295 359 -64 1565932 4.6 5.9 22.5 40.9 277 353 -76 15583

33 4.3 5.8 22.1 40.4 259 346 -87 1549634 4.1 5.7 21.7 40.0 243 340 -97 15399


t ( ) T (°C) t ( i )

Ts (°C) Ta (°C) η T (°C) Tavg (°C) v (m/s) CNom Size

(mm)

OD (do)

(mm)

PipeCircumference( )

PipeLength

(m)

Pipesurfacearea A

(2

η

hC

(W/m2K)

hR

(W/m2K)

Heat LossRate

(W/m)



t (s) T (°C) t (min) (mm)(m)

(m2

(W/m)

0 60.00 0 60.0 15 45.0 37.5 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 9.274 5.946 30.960 56.87 1 56.9 15 41.9 35.9 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 9.145 5.853 28.3

120 53.95 2 54.0 15 39.0 34.5 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 9.016 5.767 25.9180 51.24 3 51.2 15 36.2 33.1 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 8.887 5.688 23.8

240 48.72 4 48.7 15 33.7 31.9 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 8.758 5.616 21.8

300 46.37 5 46.4 15 31.4 30.7 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 8.628 5.549 20.0

360 44.19 6 44.2 15 29.2 29.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 8.499 5.488 18.4420 42.16 7 42.2 15 27.2 28.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 8.371 5.431 16.9480 40.27 8 40.3 15 25.3 27.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 8.242 5.379 15.5540 38.51 9 38.5 15 23.5 26.8 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 8.114 5.330 14.2

600 36.87 10 36.9 15 21.9 25.9 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.987 5.286 13.1

660 35.35 11 35.3 15 20.3 25.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.860 5.245 12.0

720 33.93 12 33.9 15 18.9 24.5 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.734 5.207 11.0780 32.61 13 32.6 15 17.6 23.8 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.608 5.171 10.1840 31.39 14 31.4 15 16.4 23.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.484 5.139 9.3900 30.25 15 30.2 15 15.2 22.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.360 5.109 8.6960 29.19 16 29.2 15 14.2 22.1 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.237 5.081 7.9

1020 28.20 17 28.2 15 13.2 21.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 7.116 5.055 7.21080 27.28 18 27.3 15 12.3 21.1 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.995 5.031 6.71140 26.43 19 26.4 15 11.4 20.7 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.876 5.009 6.11200 25.63 20 25.6 15 10.6 20.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.758 4.988 5.61260 24.89 21 24.9 15 9.9 19.9 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.641 4.969 5.21320 24.20 22 24.2 15 9.2 19.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.526 4.952 4.81380 23.56 23 23.6 15 8.6 19.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.412 4.935 4.41440 22.97 24 23.0 15 8.0 19.0 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.299 4.920 4.01500 22.41 25 22.4 15 7.4 18.7 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.188 4.906 3.71560 21.90 26 21.9 15 6.9 18.4 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 6.078 4.893 3.41620 21.42 27 21.4 15 6.4 18.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.970 4.881 3.11680 20.97 28 21.0 15 6.0 18.0 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.863 4.869 2.91740 20.55 29 20.6 15 5.6 17.8 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.758 4.859 2.71800 20.17 30 20.2 15 5.2 17.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.654 4.849 2.41860 19.81 31 19.8 15 4.8 17.4 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.551 4.840 2.3

1920 19.47 32 19.5 15 4.5 17.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.451 4.832 2.11980 19.16 33 19.2 15 4.2 17.1 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.351 4.824 1.92040 18.87 34 18.9 15 3.9 16.9 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.253 4.817 1.82100 18.60 35 18.6 15 3.6 16.8 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.157 4.810 1.62160 18.35 36 18.4 15 3.4 16.7 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 5.063 4.804 1.52220 18.12 37 18.1 15 3.1 16.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.969 4.798 1.42280 17.90 38 17.9 15 2.9 16.5 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.878 4.792 1.32340 17.70 39 17.7 15 2.7 16.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.788 4.787 1.22400 17.51 40 17.5 15 2.5 16.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.699 4.783 1.12460 17.34 41 17.3 15 2.3 16.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.612 4.778 1.02520 17.17 42 17.2 15 2.2 16.1 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.526 4.774 0.92580 17.02 43 17.0 15 2.0 16.0 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.442 4.771 0.82640 16.88 44 16.9 15 1.9 15.9 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.359 4.767 0.82700 16.75 45 16.8 15 1.8 15.9 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.278 4.764 0.72760 16.63 46 16.6 15 1.6 15.8 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.198 4.761 0.72820 16.52 47 16.5 15 1.5 15.8 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.119 4.758 0.6

2880 16.41 48 16.4 15 1.4 15.7 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 4.042 4.755 0.62940 16.31 49 16.3 15 1.3 15.7 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.966 4.753 0.53000 16.22 50 16.2 15 1.2 15.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.892 4.751 0.53060 16.14 51 16.1 15 1.1 15.6 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.819 4.749 0.43120 16.06 52 16.1 15 1.1 15.5 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.747 4.747 0.43180 15.98 53 16.0 15 1.0 15.5 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.676 4.745 0.43240 15.91 54 15.9 15 0.9 15.5 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.607 4.743 0.33300 15.85 55 15.9 15 0.9 15.4 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.539 4.742 0.33360 15.79 56 15.8 15 0.8 15.4 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.473 4.740 0.33420 15.74 57 15.7 15 0.7 15.4 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.407 4.739 0.33480 15.69 58 15.7 15 0.7 15.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.343 4.737 0.23540 15.64 59 15.6 15 0.6 15.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.280 4.736 0.23600 15.59 60 15.6 15 0.6 15.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.218 4.735 0.23660 15.55 61 15.6 15 0.6 15.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.157 4.734 0.23720 15.51 62 15.5 15 0.5 15.3 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.097 4.733 0.2

3780 15.48 63 15.5 15 0.5 15.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 3.039 4.732 0.23840 15.44 64 15.4 15 0.4 15.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 2.981 4.732 0.23900 15.41 65 15.4 15 0.4 15.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 2.925 4.731 0.13960 15.38 66 15.4 15 0.4 15.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 2.869 4.730 0.14020 15.36 67 15.4 15 0.4 15.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 2.815 4.729 0.14080 15.33 68 15.3 15 0.3 15.2 0 11.58 15 12.7 39.9 1.00 0.04 0.87 2.762 4.729 0.1

T bl 31 S l H t L C l l ti R lt U i l t d 15 C Pi



(W/m2K)

Nom Size

(mm)

Pipe OD

(do) (mm)

Ins

Thickness( )

Ins OD

(d2) (mm)

Heat Loss

Rate(W/ )



t (s) t (min) T (°C)(W/m K) (mm) ( o) ( )

(mm)( 2) ( )

(W/m)

0 0 60.0 60.00 15 45.0 0.04 15.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 9.1

60 1 58.9 58.94 15 43.9 0.04 15.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 8.9120 2 57.9 57.91 15 42.9 0.04 15.7 15 12.7 13 38.7 8.7

180 3 56.9 56.90 15 41.9 0.04 15.6 15 12.7 13 38.7 8.4

240 4 55.9 55.91 15 40.9 0.04 15.5 15 12.7 13 38.7 8.2

300 5 55.0 54.95 15 40.0 0.04 15.5 15 12.7 13 38.7 8.0360 6 54.0 54.01 15 39.0 0.04 15.4 15 12.7 13 38.7 7.9420 7 53.1 53.10 15 38.1 0.04 15.3 15 12.7 13 38.7 7.7

480 8 52.2 52.20 15 37.2 0.04 15.2 15 12.7 13 38.7 7.5

540 9 51.3 51.32 15 36.3 0.04 15.2 15 12.7 13 38.7 7.3

600 10 50.5 50.47 15 35.5 0.04 15.1 15 12.7 13 38.7 7.1

660 11 49.6 49.64 15 34.6 0.04 15.0 15 12.7 13 38.7 7.0720 12 48.8 48.82 15 33.8 0.04 15.0 15 12.7 13 38.7 6.8780 13 48.0 48.03 15 33.0 0.04 14.9 15 12.7 13 38.7 6.6

840 14 47.3 47.25 15 32.3 0.04 14.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 6.5900 15 46.5 46.49 15 31.5 0.04 14.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 6.3

960 16 45.8 45.75 15 30.8 0.04 14.7 15 12.7 13 38.7 6.21020 17 45.0 45.03 15 30.0 0.04 14.6 15 12.7 13 38.7 6.01080 18 44.3 44.32 15 29.3 0.04 14.6 15 12.7 13 38.7 5.9

1140 19 43.6 43.63 15 28.6 0.04 14.5 15 12.7 13 38.7 5.71200 20 43.0 42.96 15 28.0 0.04 14.4 15 12.7 13 38.7 5.6

1260 21 42.3 42.30 15 27.3 0.04 14.4 15 12.7 13 38.7 5.51320 22 41.7 41.66 15 26.7 0.04 14.3 15 12.7 13 38.7 5.31380 23 41.0 41.03 15 26.0 0.04 14.3 15 12.7 13 38.7 5.2

1440 24 40.4 40.42 15 25.4 0.04 14.2 15 12.7 13 38.7 5.1

1500 25 39.8 39.82 15 24.8 0.04 14.1 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.91560 26 39.2 39.24 15 24.2 0.04 14.1 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.81620 27 38.7 38.67 15 23.7 0.04 14.0 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.71680 28 38.1 38.11 15 23.1 0.04 14.0 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.6

1740 29 37.6 37.57 15 22.6 0.04 13.9 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.5

1800 30 37.0 37.04 15 22.0 0.04 13.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.41860 31 36.5 36.52 15 21.5 0.04 13.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.31920 32 36.0 36.01 15 21.0 0.04 13.7 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.2

1980 33 35.5 35.52 15 20.5 0.04 13.7 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.12040 34 35.0 35.04 15 20.0 0.04 13.6 15 12.7 13 38.7 4.0

2100 35 34.6 34.57 15 19.6 0.04 13.6 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.92160 36 34.1 34.11 15 19.1 0.04 13.5 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.8

2220 37 33.7 33.66 15 18.7 0.04 13.4 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.72280 38 33.2 33.22 15 18.2 0.04 13.4 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.62340 39 32.8 32.79 15 17.8 0.04 13.3 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.5

2400 40 32.4 32.37 15 17.4 0.04 13.3 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.42460 41 32.0 31.96 15 17.0 0.04 13.2 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.42520 42 31.6 31.56 15 16.6 0.04 13.2 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.3

2580 43 31.2 31.17 15 16.2 0.04 13.1 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.22640 44 30.8 30.79 15 15.8 0.04 13.1 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.1

2700 45 30.4 30.42 15 15.4 0.04 13.0 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.02760 46 30.1 30.06 15 15.1 0.04 13.0 15 12.7 13 38.7 3.0

2820 47 29.7 29.71 15 14.7 0.04 12.9 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.92880 48 29.4 29.36 15 14.4 0.04 12.9 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.8

2940 49 29.0 29.02 15 14.0 0.04 12.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.83000 50 28.7 28.69 15 13.7 0.04 12.8 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.73060 51 28.4 28.37 15 13.4 0.04 12.7 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.6

3120 52 28.1 28.06 15 13.1 0.04 12.7 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.63180 53 27.7 27.75 15 12.7 0.04 12.6 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.53240 54 27.4 27.45 15 12.4 0.04 12.6 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.4

3300 55 27.2 27.16 15 12.2 0.04 12.5 15 12.7 13 38.7 2.4


Bare Cu Insulated Cumulative



t (min)

Bare CuHeat Loss

Rate(W/m)

InsulatedCu Heat

Loss Rate(W/m)

Bare Cu

Ts (°C)

Insulated

Cu Ts (°C)

Bare Cu

Heat Loss(J/m)

Insulated

Cu HeatLoss (J/m)

Energy

Saving(J/m)

CumulativeEnergy

Saving(J/m)

0 30.9 9.1 60.0 60.0 1851 545 1306 1306

1 28.3 8.9 56.9 58.9 1697 532 1165 2471

2 25.9 8.7 54.0 57.9 1556 519 1037 35083 23.8 8.4 51.2 56.9 1428 507 921 4429

4 21.8 8.2 48.7 55.9 1310 495 815 5244

5 20.0 8.0 46.4 55.0 1202 483 719 59646 18.4 7.9 44.2 54.0 1103 471 632 6596

7 16.9 7.7 42.2 53.1 1013 460 553 71498 15.5 7.5 40.3 52.2 930 449 481 7630

9 14.2 7.3 38.5 51.3 854 438 416 804610 13.1 7.1 36.9 50.5 785 428 357 8403

11 12.0 7.0 35.3 49.6 721 417 303 8707

12 11.0 6.8 33.9 48.8 662 407 255 8962

13 10.1 6.6 32.6 48.0 608 397 211 917314 9.3 6.5 31.4 47.3 559 388 171 934415 8.6 6.3 30.2 46.5 514 379 135 9479

16 7.9 6.2 29.2 45.8 472 370 103 9582

17 7.2 6.0 28.2 45.0 434 361 74 965518 6.7 5.9 27.3 44.3 399 352 47 970319 6.1 5.7 26.4 43.6 367 344 23 9726

20 5.6 5.6 25.6 43.0 337 335 2 9728

21 5.2 5.5 24.9 42.3 310 327 -17 971122 4.8 5.3 24.2 41.7 285 319 -34 9677

23 4.4 5.2 23.6 41.0 263 312 -49 962824 4.0 5.1 23.0 40.4 242 304 -63 9566

25 3.7 4.9 22.4 39.8 222 297 -75 9491

26 3.4 4.8 21.9 39.2 204 290 -85 940527 3.1 4.7 21.4 38.7 188 283 -95 9311

28 2.9 4.6 21.0 38.1 173 276 -103 920829 2.7 4.5 20.6 37.6 159 269 -110 9098

30 2.4 4.4 20.2 37.0 147 263 -116 898131 2.3 4.3 19.8 36.5 135 257 -122 886032 2.1 4.2 19.5 36.0 124 251 -126 8733

33 1.9 4.1 19.2 35.5 114 245 -130 860334 1.8 4.0 18.9 35.0 105 239 -133 8470


Appendix D



pp

Heat Loss Calculation Results -Hot Water Storage, Expansion, 3A Outlets, Heat Trace




Cylinder

SurfaceTemperature

tv (°C)

AmbientTemperature

ta (°C)

InsulationThickness L

(mm)

ThermalConductivity

k (W/mK)

Surface

HeatTransfer

Coefficient

f (W/m2K)

Heat

FlowRate

(W/m2)

Heating

Period(months/y

ear)

Heating

Period(hours/

year)

Heating

Period(seconds/y

ear)

Cylinder

EnergyLoss per

annum

(MJ/m2)

Flue

EnergyLoss per

annum

(MJ/m2)

Total Gas

EnergyLoss per

annum

(MJ/m2)

Gas

EnergyCost per

annum

($/m2)

Elec

EnergyCost per

annum

($/m2)

DHW only 60 15 40 0.04 8 40 12 8760 31536000 1261 20954 22215 $88.86 $24.47HHW only 80 15 40 0.04 8 58 3 2190 7884000 456 8204 8660 $34.64 $8.84

TOTAL 1717 29158 30875 $123.50 $33.31

DHW plus HHW 80 15 40 0.04 8 58 12 8760 31536000 1822 32816 34638 $138.55 $35.35

Saving 105 3658 3763 $15.05 $2.04

Table 34 Energy Saving Results: Space Heating & Domestic Hot Water Storage

Cylinder

Surface

Temperaturetv (°C)

Ambient

Temperatureta (°C)

Insulation

Thickness L

(mm)

Thermal

Conductivity

k (W/mK)

Surface

HeatTransfer

Coefficient

f (W/m2K)

Heat

FlowRate

(W/m2)

Heating

Period

(months/year)

Heating

Period

(hours/year)

Heating

Period

(seconds/year)

Cylinder

EnergyLoss per

annum

(MJ/m2)

Flue

EnergyLoss per

annum

(MJ/m2)

Total Gas

EnergyLoss per

annum

(MJ/m2)

Gas

EnergyCost per

annum

($/m2)

Elec

EnergyCost per

annum

($/m2)

DHW only 60 15 40 0.04 8 40 12 8760 31536000 1261 20954 22215 $88.86 $24.47HHW only 82 15 40 0.04 8 60 12 8760 31536000 1878 8518 10396 $41.58 $36.44

TOTAL 3140 29471 32611 $130.44 $60.91

DHW plus HHW 82 15 40 0.04 8 60 12 8760 31536000 1878 34070 35948 $143.79 $36.44Saving -1261 4599 3337 $13.35 -$24.47

Table 35 Energy Saving Results: High Temperature Storage & Domestic Hot Water Storage

DASCEM_services_report Page XXXII 5/08/2004


Heat Lost



T1

(°C)

T2

(°C)

ρ1

(kg/m3) ρ2 (kg/m3) ρ1/ρ2 ∆V

Storage

Volume(m

3)

∆V

(m3)

Heat

Stored(MJ/m

3)

Potential Heat

Lost due toexpansion per

day (MJ)

No.

daysper

year

Diversity of

OccurrenceFactor

Heat Lostdue to

expansionper year

(MJ)

Gas

Cost($/GJ)

Elec

Cost($/GJ)

Gas Energy

Cost due toexpansion

($)

Elec Energy

Cost due toexpansion ($)

Gas

EnergyConversion

Efficiency

Elec

EnergyConversion

Efficiency

15 70 999.2 977.7 1.022 2.2% 0.250 0.005 227.2 1.2 365 0.2 91.2 4.00 19.40 $0.46 $1.77 80% 100%

15 70 999.2 977.7 1.022 2.2% 0.315 0.007 227.2 1.6 365 0.2 114.9 4.00 19.40 $0.57 $2.23

15 70 999.2 977.7 1.022 2.2% 0.630 0.014 227.2 3.1 365 0.2 229.8 4.00 19.40 $1.15 $4.4615 70 999.2 977.7 1.022 2.2% 2.520 0.055 227.2 12.6 365 0.2 919.1 4.00 19.40 $4.60 $17.83

Table 36 Energy Saving Results : Expansion

Normal outlet

(litres per

minute)

3A outlet

(litres per

minute)

Water

Saving

(litres perminute)

Hot Water

(%)

Hot Water

Saving

(m3/s)

HW

Energy

(MJ/m3)

Energy Saving

per Fitting per

Occupancy Unit(kJ/s)

Usage perPerson per

Day (min)

Usage per

Occupancy

Unit per Day(min)

Usage per

Occupancy

Unit perDay (h)

Usage per

Occupancy

Unit per Annum (h)

Usage per

Occupancy

Unit per Annum (s)

Energy Saving

per Fitting perOccupancy

Unit per Annum(MJ)

Gas Energy

Cost Savingsper Occupancy

Unit per Annum($)

Elec Energy

Cost Savingsper Occupancy

Unit per Annum($)

shower 18.0 9.0 9.0 0.5 0.000075 187 14.0 5.0 10.0 0.2 60.8 219000 3065 $15 $59

basin 7.2 4.5 2.7 0.5 0.000023 187 4.2 3.0 6.0 0.1 36.5 131400 552 $3 $11

laundry sink 13.2 9.0 4.2 0.5 0.000035 187 6.5 1.0 2.0 0.0 12.2 43800 286 $1 $6kitchen sink 13.2 9.0 4.2 0.5 0.000035 187 6.5 5.0 10.0 0.2 60.8 219000 1430 $7 $28

Total 51.6 31.5 20.1 31.3 14.0 28.0 0.5 170.3 613200 5333 $27 $103

281 litres/day

Table 37 Energy Saving Resul ts: 3A Water Effic ient Outlets

DASCEM_services_report Page XXXIII 5/08/2004


Supply Costs Running Costs



Supply Costs Running Costs

Unit Unit Rate QtySupply

Cost

HeatLost

(J/m)

Heat Loss

Rate (W/m)kW

Hours Runper Annum

(h)

Total Annual

Energy (kWh)

Total Annual

Energy (MJ)

Total AnnualRunning Cost

($)

Heat Trace m $30 50 $1,500 8.3 0.415 6570 2726.6 9816 $190.42Electrical Supply Circuit % 30% $1,500 $450

Heat Trace Total $1,950

Pump no. $800 1 $200 0.100 6570 657.0 2365 $45.88

Electrical Supply Circuit % 30% $200 $60 7,880 0.79

Return Pipework m $20 50 $1,000Insulation of return pipe m $10 50 $500

Pump Total $1,760

20mm Ins Cu

Table 38 Energy Saving Resul ts: Heat Trace DHW Pipe vs Recirculating Pump

DASCEM_services_report Page XXXIV 5/08/2004


Appendix E



Net Present Value Results


NPV and Payback Analysis Investment

Gas Class 2, 4 ($/m)Nominal Bore =

$36



Nominal Bore 32mm

$36

Year PVFNet Annual Energy

Savings Inflated($/m.a)

PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.49 0.46 -$27 0.46

2 0.87 0.50 0.44 0.90

3 0.82 0.52 0.42 1.32

4 0.76 0.53 0.40 1.72

5 0.71 0.54 0.39 2.11

6 0.67 0.56 0.37 2.48

7 0.62 0.57 0.35 2.84

8 0.58 0.58 0.34 3.18

9 0.54 0.60 0.33 3.50

10 0.51 0.61 0.31 3.81

11 0.48 0.63 0.30 4.11

12 0.44 0.64 0.29 4.4013 0.41 0.66 0.27 4.67

14 0.39 0.68 0.26 4.94

15 0.36 0.69 0.25 5.19

16 0.34 0.71 0.24 5.43

17 0.32 0.73 0.23 5.66

18 0.30 0.75 0.22 5.88

19 0.28 0.77 0.21 6.09

20 0.26 0.79 0.20 6.3021 0.24 0.81 0.19 6.49

22 0.23 0.83 0.19 6.68

23 0.21 0.85 0.18 6.85

24 0.20 0.87 0.17 7.03

25 0.18 0.89 0.16 7.19

26 0.17 0.91 0.16 7.35

27 0.16 0.93 0.15 7.50

28 0.15 0.96 0.14 7.6429 0.14 0.98 0.14 7.78

30 0.13 1.01 0.13 7.91

31 0.12 1.03 0.13 8.04

32 0 11 1 06 0 12 8 16



Gas Class 3 ($/m)Nominal Bore =

$36



32mm$36



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.96 0.90 -$19 0.90

2 0.87 0.98 0.86 1.75

3 0.82 1.01 0.82 2.57

4 0.76 1.03 0.79 3.36

5 0.71 1.06 0.75 4.116 0.67 1.08 0.72 4.84

7 0.62 1.11 0.69 5.53

8 0.58 1.14 0.66 6.19

9 0.54 1.17 0.63 6.83

10 0.51 1.20 0.61 7.43

11 0.48 1.23 0.58 8.02

12 0.44 1.26 0.56 8.57

13 0.41 1.29 0.53 9.1114 0.39 1.32 0.51 9.62

15 0.36 1.35 0.49 10.11

16 0.34 1.39 0.47 10.58

17 0.32 1.42 0.45 11.03

18 0.30 1.46 0.43 11.46

19 0.28 1.49 0.41 11.87

20 0.26 1.53 0.40 12.27

21 0.24 1.57 0.38 12.6522 0.23 1.61 0.36 13.01

23 0.21 1.65 0.35 13.36

24 0.20 1.69 0.33 13.69

25 0.18 1.73 0.32 14.01

26 0.17 1.78 0.31 14.32

27 0.16 1.82 0.29 14.61

28 0.15 1.87 0.28 14.89

29 0.14 1.91 0.27 15.1630 0.13 1.96 0.26 15.42

31 0.12 2.01 0.25 15.66

32 0.11 2.06 0.24 15.90

33 0 11 2 11 0 23 16 13


NPV and Payback Analysis

Investment

Elec Class 2, 4 ($/m)



, ($ )Nominal Bore =32mm $36



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 1.91 1.79 -$1 1.79

2 0.87 1.96 1.71 3.50

3 0.82 2.01 1.64 5.14

4 0.76 2.06 1.57 6.705 0.71 2.11 1.50 8.21

6 0.67 2.16 1.44 9.65

7 0.62 2.22 1.38 11.03

8 0.58 2.27 1.32 12.35

9 0.54 2.33 1.27 13.62

10 0.51 2.39 1.21 14.83

11 0.48 2.45 1.16 15.99

12 0.44 2.51 1.11 17.1113 0.41 2.57 1.07 18.17

14 0.39 2.63 1.02 19.19

15 0.36 2.70 0.98 20.17

16 0.34 2.77 0.94 21.11

17 0.32 2.84 0.90 22.01

18 0.30 2.91 0.86 22.87

19 0.28 2.98 0.82 23.69

20 0.26 3.05 0.79 24.4821 0.24 3.13 0.76 25.24

22 0.23 3.21 0.72 25.96

23 0.21 3.29 0.69 26.66

24 0.20 3.37 0.66 27.32

25 0.18 3.46 0.64 27.96

26 0.17 3.54 0.61 28.57

27 0.16 3.63 0.58 29.15

28 0.15 3.72 0.56 29.7129 0.14 3.81 0.54 30.25

30 0.13 3.91 0.51 30.76

31 0.12 4.01 0.49 31.25

32 0 11 4 11 0 47 31 72



Investment

Elec Class 3 ($/m)



( )Nominal Bore =32mm $36



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 3.72 3.48 $32 3.48

2 0.87 3.82 3.33 6.81

3 0.82 3.91 3.19 10.01

4 0.76 4.01 3.06 13.075 0.71 4.11 2.93 16.00

6 0.67 4.21 2.81 18.81

7 0.62 4.32 2.69 21.50

8 0.58 4.43 2.58 24.07

9 0.54 4.54 2.47 26.54

10 0.51 4.65 2.36 28.91

11 0.48 4.77 2.26 31.17

12 0.44 4.89 2.17 33.3413 0.41 5.01 2.08 35.42

14 0.39 5.13 1.99 37.41

15 0.36 5.26 1.91 39.32

16 0.34 5.39 1.83 41.15

17 0.32 5.53 1.75 42.90

18 0.30 5.67 1.68 44.57

19 0.28 5.81 1.61 46.18

20 0.26 5.95 1.54 47.7221 0.24 6.10 1.47 49.19

22 0.23 6.26 1.41 50.60

23 0.21 6.41 1.35 51.96

24 0.20 6.57 1.30 53.25

25 0.18 6.74 1.24 54.49

26 0.17 6.90 1.19 55.68

27 0.16 7.08 1.14 56.82

28 0.15 7.25 1.09 57.9129 0.14 7.44 1.05 58.96

30 0.13 7.62 1.00 59.96

31 0.12 7.81 0.96 60.92

32 0 11 8 01 0 92 61 84



Gas Class 2, 4 ($/m)Nominal Bore =25

$34



25mm$34



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.27 0.26 -$29 0.26

2 0.87 0.28 0.25 0.50

3 0.82 0.29 0.23 0.74

4 0.76 0.29 0.22 0.96

5 0.71 0.30 0.22 1.186 0.67 0.31 0.21 1.38

7 0.62 0.32 0.20 1.58

8 0.58 0.33 0.19 1.77

9 0.54 0.33 0.18 1.95

10 0.51 0.34 0.17 2.13

11 0.48 0.35 0.17 2.29

12 0.44 0.36 0.16 2.45

13 0.41 0.37 0.15 2.6014 0.39 0.38 0.15 2.75

15 0.36 0.39 0.14 2.89

16 0.34 0.40 0.13 3.03

17 0.32 0.41 0.13 3.15

18 0.30 0.42 0.12 3.28

19 0.28 0.43 0.12 3.40

20 0.26 0.44 0.11 3.51

21 0.24 0.45 0.11 3.6222 0.23 0.46 0.10 3.72

23 0.21 0.47 0.10 3.82

24 0.20 0.48 0.10 3.92

25 0.18 0.50 0.09 4.01

26 0.17 0.51 0.09 4.09

27 0.16 0.52 0.08 4.18

28 0.15 0.53 0.08 4.26

29 0.14 0.55 0.08 4.3430 0.13 0.56 0.07 4.41

31 0.12 0.57 0.07 4.48

32 0.11 0.59 0.07 4.55

33 0 11 0 60 0 06 4 61



Gas Class 3 ($/m)Nominal Bore =25mm

$34



25mm$



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.58 0.55 -$23 0.55

2 0.87 0.60 0.52 1.07

3 0.82 0.61 0.50 1.57

4 0.76 0.63 0.48 2.05

5 0.71 0.64 0.46 2.516 0.67 0.66 0.44 2.95

7 0.62 0.68 0.42 3.37

8 0.58 0.69 0.40 3.77

9 0.54 0.71 0.39 4.16

10 0.51 0.73 0.37 4.53

11 0.48 0.75 0.35 4.88

12 0.44 0.77 0.34 5.22

13 0.41 0.78 0.33 5.5514 0.39 0.80 0.31 5.86

15 0.36 0.82 0.30 6.16

16 0.34 0.85 0.29 6.45

17 0.32 0.87 0.27 6.72

18 0.30 0.89 0.26 6.98

19 0.28 0.91 0.25 7.23

20 0.26 0.93 0.24 7.48

21 0.24 0.96 0.23 7.7122 0.23 0.98 0.22 7.93

23 0.21 1.00 0.21 8.14

24 0.20 1.03 0.20 8.34

25 0.18 1.06 0.19 8.54

26 0.17 1.08 0.19 8.72

27 0.16 1.11 0.18 8.90

28 0.15 1.14 0.17 9.07

29 0.14 1.16 0.16 9.2430 0.13 1.19 0.16 9.39

31 0.12 1.22 0.15 9.54

32 0.11 1.25 0.14 9.69

33 0 11 1 29 0 14 9 83



Investment

Elec Class 2, 4 ($/m)N i l B



Nominal Bore =20mm $10



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.42 0.39 -$2 0.39

2 0.87 0.43 0.38 0.77

3 0.82 0.44 0.36 1.13

4 0.76 0.45 0.34 1.475 0.71 0.46 0.33 1.80

6 0.67 0.47 0.32 2.12

7 0.62 0.49 0.30 2.42

8 0.58 0.50 0.29 2.71

9 0.54 0.51 0.28 2.99

10 0.51 0.52 0.27 3.25

11 0.48 0.54 0.25 3.51

12 0.44 0.55 0.24 3.7513 0.41 0.56 0.23 3.99

14 0.39 0.58 0.22 4.21

15 0.36 0.59 0.21 4.42

16 0.34 0.61 0.21 4.63

17 0.32 0.62 0.20 4.83

18 0.30 0.64 0.19 5.01

19 0.28 0.65 0.18 5.20

20 0.26 0.67 0.17 5.3721 0.24 0.69 0.17 5.53

22 0.23 0.70 0.16 5.69

23 0.21 0.72 0.15 5.85

24 0.20 0.74 0.15 5.99

25 0.18 0.76 0.14 6.13

26 0.17 0.78 0.13 6.26

27 0.16 0.80 0.13 6.39

28 0.15 0.82 0.12 6.5229 0.14 0.84 0.12 6.63

30 0.13 0.86 0.11 6.75

31 0.12 0.88 0.11 6.85

32 0 11 0 90 0 10 6 96



Investment

Elec Class 3 ($/m)Nominal Bore =



Nominal Bore =25mm $34



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 2.26 2.12 $7 2.12

2 0.87 2.32 2.03 4.14

3 0.82 2.38 1.94 6.08

4 0.76 2.44 1.86 7.945 0.71 2.50 1.78 9.73

6 0.67 2.56 1.71 11.43

7 0.62 2.63 1.63 13.07

8 0.58 2.69 1.57 14.63

9 0.54 2.76 1.50 16.13

10 0.51 2.83 1.44 17.57

11 0.48 2.90 1.38 18.95

12 0.44 2.97 1.32 20.2713 0.41 3.04 1.26 21.53

14 0.39 3.12 1.21 22.74

15 0.36 3.20 1.16 23.90

16 0.34 3.28 1.11 25.01

17 0.32 3.36 1.06 26.07

18 0.30 3.44 1.02 27.09

19 0.28 3.53 0.98 28.07

20 0.26 3.62 0.94 29.0121 0.24 3.71 0.90 29.90

22 0.23 3.80 0.86 30.76

23 0.21 3.90 0.82 31.58

24 0.20 3.99 0.79 32.37

25 0.18 4.09 0.75 33.12

26 0.17 4.20 0.72 33.85

27 0.16 4.30 0.69 34.54

28 0.15 4.41 0.66 35.2029 0.14 4.52 0.64 35.84

30 0.13 4.63 0.61 36.45

31 0.12 4.75 0.58 37.03

32 0 11 4 87 0 56 37 59



Gas Class 2, 4 ($/m)Nominal Bore =20mm

$10



20mm



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.11 0.10 -$8 0.10

2 0.87 0.11 0.10 0.20

3 0.82 0.11 0.09 0.29

4 0.76 0.12 0.09 0.38

5 0.71 0.12 0.08 0.466 0.67 0.12 0.08 0.55

7 0.62 0.13 0.08 0.62

8 0.58 0.13 0.07 0.70

9 0.54 0.13 0.07 0.77

10 0.51 0.13 0.07 0.84

11 0.48 0.14 0.07 0.90

12 0.44 0.14 0.06 0.97

13 0.41 0.15 0.06 1.0314 0.39 0.15 0.06 1.08

15 0.36 0.15 0.06 1.14

16 0.34 0.16 0.05 1.19

17 0.32 0.16 0.05 1.24

18 0.30 0.16 0.05 1.29

19 0.28 0.17 0.05 1.34

20 0.26 0.17 0.04 1.38

21 0.24 0.18 0.04 1.4322 0.23 0.18 0.04 1.47

23 0.21 0.19 0.04 1.51

24 0.20 0.19 0.04 1.54

25 0.18 0.20 0.04 1.58

26 0.17 0.20 0.03 1.61

27 0.16 0.21 0.03 1.65

28 0.15 0.21 0.03 1.68

29 0.14 0.22 0.03 1.7130 0.13 0.22 0.03 1.74

31 0.12 0.23 0.03 1.77

32 0.11 0.23 0.03 1.79

33 0 11 0 24 0 03 1 82



Gas Class 3 ($/m)Nominal Bore =20mm

$10





PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.24 0.22 -$6 0.22

2 0.87 0.24 0.21 0.43

3 0.82 0.25 0.20 0.63

4 0.76 0.25 0.19 0.83

5 0.71 0.26 0.19 1.016 0.67 0.27 0.18 1.19

7 0.62 0.27 0.17 1.36

8 0.58 0.28 0.16 1.52

9 0.54 0.29 0.16 1.68

10 0.51 0.29 0.15 1.83

11 0.48 0.30 0.14 1.97

12 0.44 0.31 0.14 2.11

13 0.41 0.32 0.13 2.2414 0.39 0.32 0.13 2.36

15 0.36 0.33 0.12 2.48

16 0.34 0.34 0.12 2.60

17 0.32 0.35 0.11 2.71

18 0.30 0.36 0.11 2.82

19 0.28 0.37 0.10 2.92

20 0.26 0.38 0.10 3.02

21 0.24 0.39 0.09 3.1122 0.23 0.40 0.09 3.20

23 0.21 0.41 0.09 3.28

24 0.20 0.42 0.08 3.37

25 0.18 0.43 0.08 3.44

26 0.17 0.44 0.08 3.52

27 0.16 0.45 0.07 3.59

28 0.15 0.46 0.07 3.66

29 0.14 0.47 0.07 3.7330 0.13 0.48 0.06 3.79

31 0.12 0.49 0.06 3.85

32 0.11 0.51 0.06 3.91

33 0 11 0 52 0 06 3 96



Investment

Elec Class 2, 4 ($/m)Nominal Bore =



20mm $10



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.42 0.39 -$2 0.39

2 0.87 0.43 0.38 0.77

3 0.82 0.44 0.36 1.13

4 0.76 0.45 0.34 1.475 0.71 0.46 0.33 1.80

6 0.67 0.47 0.32 2.12

7 0.62 0.49 0.30 2.42

8 0.58 0.50 0.29 2.71

9 0.54 0.51 0.28 2.99

10 0.51 0.52 0.27 3.25

11 0.48 0.54 0.25 3.51

12 0.44 0.55 0.24 3.7513 0.41 0.56 0.23 3.99

14 0.39 0.58 0.22 4.21

15 0.36 0.59 0.21 4.42

16 0.34 0.61 0.21 4.63

17 0.32 0.62 0.20 4.83

18 0.30 0.64 0.19 5.01

19 0.28 0.65 0.18 5.20

20 0.26 0.67 0.17 5.3721 0.24 0.69 0.17 5.53

22 0.23 0.70 0.16 5.69

23 0.21 0.72 0.15 5.85

24 0.20 0.74 0.15 5.99

25 0.18 0.76 0.14 6.13

26 0.17 0.78 0.13 6.26

27 0.16 0.80 0.13 6.39

28 0.15 0.82 0.12 6.5229 0.14 0.84 0.12 6.63

30 0.13 0.86 0.11 6.75

31 0.12 0.88 0.11 6.85

32 0 11 0 90 0 10 6 96



Investment




20mm $10



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.91 0.85 $7 0.85

2 0.87 0.94 0.82 1.67

3 0.82 0.96 0.78 2.45

4 0.76 0.98 0.75 3.205 0.71 1.01 0.72 3.92

6 0.67 1.03 0.69 4.61

7 0.62 1.06 0.66 5.27

8 0.58 1.09 0.63 5.90

9 0.54 1.11 0.61 6.51

10 0.51 1.14 0.58 7.09

11 0.48 1.17 0.56 7.64

12 0.44 1.20 0.53 8.1813 0.41 1.23 0.51 8.68

14 0.39 1.26 0.49 9.17

15 0.36 1.29 0.47 9.64

16 0.34 1.32 0.45 10.09

17 0.32 1.36 0.43 10.52

18 0.30 1.39 0.41 10.93

19 0.28 1.42 0.39 11.32

20 0.26 1.46 0.38 11.7021 0.24 1.50 0.36 12.06

22 0.23 1.53 0.35 12.41

23 0.21 1.57 0.33 12.74

24 0.20 1.61 0.32 13.06

25 0.18 1.65 0.30 13.36

26 0.17 1.69 0.29 13.65

27 0.16 1.74 0.28 13.93

28 0.15 1.78 0.27 14.2029 0.14 1.82 0.26 14.46

30 0.13 1.87 0.25 14.70

31 0.12 1.92 0.24 14.94

32 0 11 1 96 0 23 15 16



Investment




18mm $9



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.08 0.07 -$8 0.07

2 0.87 0.08 0.07 0.14

3 0.82 0.08 0.07 0.21

4 0.76 0.08 0.06 0.285 0.71 0.09 0.06 0.34

6 0.67 0.09 0.06 0.40

7 0.62 0.09 0.06 0.46

8 0.58 0.09 0.05 0.51

9 0.54 0.10 0.05 0.56

10 0.51 0.10 0.05 0.61

11 0.48 0.10 0.05 0.66

12 0.44 0.10 0.05 0.7113 0.41 0.11 0.04 0.75

14 0.39 0.11 0.04 0.79

15 0.36 0.11 0.04 0.83

16 0.34 0.11 0.04 0.87

17 0.32 0.12 0.04 0.91

18 0.30 0.12 0.04 0.94

19 0.28 0.12 0.03 0.98

20 0.26 0.13 0.03 1.0121 0.24 0.13 0.03 1.04

22 0.23 0.13 0.03 1.07

23 0.21 0.14 0.03 1.10

24 0.20 0.14 0.03 1.13

25 0.18 0.14 0.03 1.15

26 0.17 0.15 0.03 1.18

27 0.16 0.15 0.02 1.20

28 0.15 0.15 0.02 1.2329 0.14 0.16 0.02 1.25

30 0.13 0.16 0.02 1.27

31 0.12 0.17 0.02 1.29

32 0 11 0 17 0 02 1 31



Investment




18mm $9



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.15 0.14 -$6 0.14

2 0.87 0.16 0.14 0.28

3 0.82 0.16 0.13 0.42

4 0.76 0.17 0.13 0.54

5 0.71 0.17 0.12 0.67

6 0.67 0.18 0.12 0.78

7 0.62 0.18 0.11 0.89

8 0.58 0.18 0.11 1.00

9 0.54 0.19 0.10 1.10

10 0.51 0.19 0.10 1.20

11 0.48 0.20 0.09 1.30

12 0.44 0.20 0.09 1.3913 0.41 0.21 0.09 1.47

14 0.39 0.21 0.08 1.56

15 0.36 0.22 0.08 1.63

16 0.34 0.22 0.08 1.71

17 0.32 0.23 0.07 1.78

18 0.30 0.24 0.07 1.85

19 0.28 0.24 0.07 1.92

20 0.26 0.25 0.06 1.9821 0.24 0.25 0.06 2.04

22 0.23 0.26 0.06 2.10

23 0.21 0.27 0.06 2.16

24 0.20 0.27 0.05 2.21

25 0.18 0.28 0.05 2.27

26 0.17 0.29 0.05 2.31

27 0.16 0.29 0.05 2.36

28 0.15 0.30 0.05 2.4129 0.14 0.31 0.04 2.45

30 0.13 0.32 0.04 2.49

31 0.12 0.32 0.04 2.53

32 0 11 0 33 0 04 2 57



Investment


18 $9



18mm $9



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.31 0.29 -$3 0.29

2 0.87 0.31 0.27 0.56

3 0.82 0.32 0.26 0.82

4 0.76 0.33 0.25 1.07

5 0.71 0.34 0.24 1.31

6 0.67 0.35 0.23 1.55

7 0.62 0.35 0.22 1.77

8 0.58 0.36 0.21 1.98

9 0.54 0.37 0.20 2.18

10 0.51 0.38 0.19 2.38

11 0.48 0.39 0.19 2.56

12 0.44 0.40 0.18 2.7413 0.41 0.41 0.17 2.91

14 0.39 0.42 0.16 3.07

15 0.36 0.43 0.16 3.23

16 0.34 0.44 0.15 3.38

17 0.32 0.45 0.14 3.53

18 0.30 0.47 0.14 3.66

19 0.28 0.48 0.13 3.80

20 0.26 0.49 0.13 3.9221 0.24 0.50 0.12 4.04

22 0.23 0.51 0.12 4.16

23 0.21 0.53 0.11 4.27

24 0.20 0.54 0.11 4.38

25 0.18 0.55 0.10 4.48

26 0.17 0.57 0.10 4.58

27 0.16 0.58 0.09 4.67

28 0.15 0.60 0.09 4.7629 0.14 0.61 0.09 4.85

30 0.13 0.63 0.08 4.93

31 0.12 0.64 0.08 5.01

32 0 11 0 66 0 08 5 08



Investment


18 $9



18mm $9



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.60 0.56 $2 0.56

2 0.87 0.62 0.54 1.10

3 0.82 0.63 0.52 1.61

4 0.76 0.65 0.49 2.11

5 0.71 0.66 0.47 2.58

6 0.67 0.68 0.45 3.03

7 0.62 0.70 0.43 3.47

8 0.58 0.71 0.42 3.88

9 0.54 0.73 0.40 4.28

10 0.51 0.75 0.38 4.66

11 0.48 0.77 0.37 5.03

12 0.44 0.79 0.35 5.3813 0.41 0.81 0.34 5.71

14 0.39 0.83 0.32 6.03

15 0.36 0.85 0.31 6.34

16 0.34 0.87 0.29 6.64

17 0.32 0.89 0.28 6.92

18 0.30 0.91 0.27 7.19

19 0.28 0.94 0.26 7.45

20 0.26 0.96 0.25 7.7021 0.24 0.98 0.24 7.93

22 0.23 1.01 0.23 8.16

23 0.21 1.03 0.22 8.38

24 0.20 1.06 0.21 8.59

25 0.18 1.09 0.20 8.79

26 0.17 1.11 0.19 8.98

27 0.16 1.14 0.18 9.16

28 0.15 1.17 0.18 9.3429 0.14 1.20 0.17 9.51

30 0.13 1.23 0.16 9.67

31 0.12 1.26 0.15 9.83

32 0 11 1 29 0 15 9 97



Investment


15mm $8



15mm $8



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.06 0.05 -$7 0.05

2 0.87 0.06 0.05 0.11

3 0.82 0.06 0.05 0.16

4 0.76 0.06 0.05 0.20

5 0.71 0.06 0.05 0.25

6 0.67 0.07 0.04 0.29

7 0.62 0.07 0.04 0.34

8 0.58 0.07 0.04 0.38

9 0.54 0.07 0.04 0.41

10 0.51 0.07 0.04 0.45

11 0.48 0.07 0.04 0.49

12 0.44 0.08 0.03 0.5213 0.41 0.08 0.03 0.55

14 0.39 0.08 0.03 0.58

15 0.36 0.08 0.03 0.61

16 0.34 0.08 0.03 0.64

17 0.32 0.09 0.03 0.67

18 0.30 0.09 0.03 0.69

19 0.28 0.09 0.03 0.72

20 0.26 0.09 0.02 0.7421 0.24 0.10 0.02 0.77

22 0.23 0.10 0.02 0.79

23 0.21 0.10 0.02 0.81

24 0.20 0.10 0.02 0.83

25 0.18 0.10 0.02 0.85

26 0.17 0.11 0.02 0.87

27 0.16 0.11 0.02 0.89

28 0.15 0.11 0.02 0.9029 0.14 0.12 0.02 0.92

30 0.13 0.12 0.02 0.93

31 0.12 0.12 0.01 0.95

32 0 11 0 12 0 01 0 96



Investment


15mm $8



15mm $8



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.10 0.09 -$6 0.09

2 0.87 0.10 0.09 0.18

3 0.82 0.10 0.08 0.26

4 0.76 0.10 0.08 0.34

5 0.71 0.11 0.08 0.42

6 0.67 0.11 0.07 0.49

7 0.62 0.11 0.07 0.56

8 0.58 0.12 0.07 0.63

9 0.54 0.12 0.06 0.69

10 0.51 0.12 0.06 0.75

11 0.48 0.12 0.06 0.81

12 0.44 0.13 0.06 0.8713 0.41 0.13 0.05 0.92

14 0.39 0.13 0.05 0.97

15 0.36 0.14 0.05 1.02

16 0.34 0.14 0.05 1.07

17 0.32 0.14 0.05 1.12

18 0.30 0.15 0.04 1.16

19 0.28 0.15 0.04 1.20

20 0.26 0.15 0.04 1.2421 0.24 0.16 0.04 1.28

22 0.23 0.16 0.04 1.32

23 0.21 0.17 0.04 1.35

24 0.20 0.17 0.03 1.39

25 0.18 0.18 0.03 1.42

26 0.17 0.18 0.03 1.45

27 0.16 0.18 0.03 1.48

28 0.15 0.19 0.03 1.5129 0.14 0.19 0.03 1.53

30 0.13 0.20 0.03 1.56

31 0.12 0.20 0.02 1.59

32 0 11 0 21 0 02 1 61



Investment


15mm $8



15mm $8



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.23 0.21 -$4 0.21

2 0.87 0.23 0.20 0.41

3 0.82 0.24 0.19 0.61

4 0.76 0.24 0.19 0.79

5 0.71 0.25 0.18 0.97

6 0.67 0.25 0.17 1.14

7 0.62 0.26 0.16 1.30

8 0.58 0.27 0.16 1.46

9 0.54 0.27 0.15 1.61

10 0.51 0.28 0.14 1.75

11 0.48 0.29 0.14 1.88

12 0.44 0.30 0.13 2.0213 0.41 0.30 0.13 2.14

14 0.39 0.31 0.12 2.26

15 0.36 0.32 0.12 2.38

16 0.34 0.33 0.11 2.49

17 0.32 0.33 0.11 2.59

18 0.30 0.34 0.10 2.70

19 0.28 0.35 0.10 2.79

20 0.26 0.36 0.09 2.8921 0.24 0.37 0.09 2.97

22 0.23 0.38 0.09 3.06

23 0.21 0.39 0.08 3.14

24 0.20 0.40 0.08 3.22

25 0.18 0.41 0.08 3.30

26 0.17 0.42 0.07 3.37

27 0.16 0.43 0.07 3.44

28 0.15 0.44 0.07 3.5029 0.14 0.45 0.06 3.57

30 0.13 0.46 0.06 3.63

31 0.12 0.47 0.06 3.68

32 0 11 0 48 0 06 3 74



Investment


15mm $8



15mm $8



PVNAS($/m.a)

NPV($/m)

DiscountedPB ($/m)

1 0.93 0.38 0.35 -$1 0.35

2 0.87 0.39 0.34 0.69

3 0.82 0.40 0.32 1.01

4 0.76 0.40 0.31 1.32

5 0.71 0.42 0.30 1.62

6 0.67 0.43 0.28 1.90

7 0.62 0.44 0.27 2.17

8 0.58 0.45 0.26 2.43

9 0.54 0.46 0.25 2.68

10 0.51 0.47 0.24 2.92

11 0.48 0.48 0.23 3.15

12 0.44 0.49 0.22 3.37

13 0.41 0.51 0.21 3.58

14 0.39 0.52 0.20 3.78

15 0.36 0.53 0.19 3.97

16 0.34 0.54 0.18 4.15

17 0.32 0.56 0.18 4.33

18 0.30 0.57 0.17 4.50

19 0.28 0.59 0.16 4.66

20 0.26 0.60 0.16 4.8221 0.24 0.62 0.15 4.97

22 0.23 0.63 0.14 5.11

23 0.21 0.65 0.14 5.25

24 0.20 0.66 0.13 5.38

25 0.18 0.68 0.13 5.50

26 0.17 0.70 0.12 5.62

27 0.16 0.71 0.11 5.74

28 0.15 0.73 0.11 5.8529 0.14 0.75 0.11 5.95

30 0.13 0.77 0.10 6.05

31 0.12 0.79 0.10 6.15

32 0 11 0 81 0 09 6 24



Investment

Gas Class 2, 4 ($/valve)Nominal Bore =

32mm Valves $12



$


Savings Inflated($/valve.a)

PVNAS($/valve.a)

NPV($/valve)

DiscountedPB

($/valve)

1 0.93 0.15 0.14 -$9 0.14

2 0.87 0.15 0.13 0.27

3 0.82 0.15 0.13 0.40

4 0.76 0.16 0.12 0.52

5 0.71 0.16 0.12 0.63

6 0.67 0.17 0.11 0.74

7 0.62 0.17 0.11 0.85

8 0.58 0.18 0.10 0.95

9 0.54 0.18 0.10 1.05

10 0.51 0.18 0.09 1.14

11 0.48 0.19 0.09 1.23

12 0.44 0.19 0.09 1.32

13 0.41 0.20 0.08 1.40

14 0.39 0.20 0.08 1.48

15 0.36 0.21 0.08 1.56

16 0.34 0.21 0.07 1.63

17 0.32 0.22 0.07 1.70

18 0.30 0.22 0.07 1.76

19 0.28 0.23 0.06 1.8320 0.26 0.24 0.06 1.89

21 0.24 0.24 0.06 1.95

22 0.23 0.25 0.06 2.00

23 0.21 0.25 0.05 2.06

24 0.20 0.26 0.05 2.11

25 0.18 0.27 0.05 2.16

26 0.17 0.27 0.05 2.20

27 0.16 0.28 0.05 2.2528 0.15 0.29 0.04 2.29

29 0.14 0.29 0.04 2.33

30 0.13 0.30 0.04 2.37

31 0 12 0 31 0 04 2 41



Investment

Gas Class 3 ($/valve)Nominal Bore =

32mm Valves $12





PVNAS($/valve.a)

NPV($/valve)

DiscountedPB

($/valve)

1 0.93 0.24 0.22 -$8 0.22

2 0.87 0.25 0.21 0.44

3 0.82 0.25 0.21 0.64

4 0.76 0.26 0.20 0.84

5 0.71 0.26 0.19 1.03

6 0.67 0.27 0.18 1.21

7 0.62 0.28 0.17 1.38

8 0.58 0.28 0.17 1.55

9 0.54 0.29 0.16 1.71

10 0.51 0.30 0.15 1.86

11 0.48 0.31 0.15 2.00

12 0.44 0.31 0.14 2.14

13 0.41 0.32 0.13 2.28

14 0.39 0.33 0.13 2.40

15 0.36 0.34 0.12 2.53

16 0.34 0.35 0.12 2.65

17 0.32 0.36 0.11 2.76

18 0.30 0.36 0.11 2.87

19 0.28 0.37 0.10 2.9720 0.26 0.38 0.10 3.07

21 0.24 0.39 0.09 3.16

22 0.23 0.40 0.09 3.25

23 0.21 0.41 0.09 3.34

24 0.20 0.42 0.08 3.42

25 0.18 0.43 0.08 3.50

26 0.17 0.44 0.08 3.58

27 0.16 0.45 0.07 3.6528 0.15 0.47 0.07 3.72

29 0.14 0.48 0.07 3.79

30 0.13 0.49 0.06 3.85

31 0 12 0 50 0 06 3 92



Investment


25mm Valves $10





PVNAS($/valve.a)

NPV($/valve)

DiscountedPB

($/valve)

1 0.93 0.07 0.07 -$9 0.07

2 0.87 0.08 0.07 0.14

3 0.82 0.08 0.06 0.20

4 0.76 0.08 0.06 0.26

5 0.71 0.08 0.06 0.32

6 0.67 0.08 0.06 0.37

7 0.62 0.09 0.05 0.43

8 0.58 0.09 0.05 0.48

9 0.54 0.09 0.05 0.53

10 0.51 0.09 0.05 0.57

11 0.48 0.09 0.04 0.62

12 0.44 0.10 0.04 0.66

13 0.41 0.10 0.04 0.70

14 0.39 0.10 0.04 0.74

15 0.36 0.10 0.04 0.78

16 0.34 0.11 0.04 0.82

17 0.32 0.11 0.03 0.85

18 0.30 0.11 0.03 0.88

19 0.28 0.12 0.03 0.9220 0.26 0.12 0.03 0.95

21 0.24 0.12 0.03 0.98

22 0.23 0.12 0.03 1.00

23 0.21 0.13 0.03 1.03

24 0.20 0.13 0.03 1.06

25 0.18 0.13 0.02 1.08

26 0.17 0.14 0.02 1.11

27 0.16 0.14 0.02 1.1328 0.15 0.14 0.02 1.15

29 0.14 0.15 0.02 1.17

30 0.13 0.15 0.02 1.19

31 0 12 0 16 0 02 1 21



Investment


25mmValves $10





PVNAS($/valve.a)

NPV($/valve)

DiscountedPB

($/valve)

1 0.93 0.16 0.15 -$7 0.15

2 0.87 0.16 0.14 0.29

3 0.82 0.17 0.14 0.42

4 0.76 0.17 0.13 0.55

5 0.71 0.17 0.12 0.68

6 0.67 0.18 0.12 0.80

7 0.62 0.18 0.11 0.91

8 0.58 0.19 0.11 1.02

9 0.54 0.19 0.10 1.12

10 0.51 0.20 0.10 1.22

11 0.48 0.20 0.10 1.32

12 0.44 0.21 0.09 1.41

13 0.41 0.21 0.09 1.50

14 0.39 0.22 0.08 1.58

15 0.36 0.22 0.08 1.66

16 0.34 0.23 0.08 1.74

17 0.32 0.23 0.07 1.81

18 0.30 0.24 0.07 1.89

19 0.28 0.25 0.07 1.95

20 0.26 0.25 0.07 2.02

21 0.24 0.26 0.06 2.08

22 0.23 0.26 0.06 2.14

23 0.21 0.27 0.06 2.20

24 0.20 0.28 0.05 2.25

25 0.18 0.28 0.05 2.30

26 0.17 0.29 0.05 2.36

27 0.16 0.30 0.05 2.4028 0.15 0.31 0.05 2.45

29 0.14 0.31 0.04 2.49

30 0.13 0.32 0.04 2.54

31 0 12 0 33 0 04 2 58



Investment


20mmValves $3





PVNAS($/valve.a)

NPV($/valve)

DiscountedPB

($/valve)

1 0.93 0.03 0.03 -$2 0.03

2 0.87 0.03 0.02 0.05

3 0.82 0.03 0.02 0.07

4 0.76 0.03 0.02 0.09

5 0.71 0.03 0.02 0.12

6 0.67 0.03 0.02 0.14

7 0.62 0.03 0.02 0.16

8 0.58 0.03 0.02 0.17

9 0.54 0.03 0.02 0.19

10 0.51 0.03 0.02 0.21

11 0.48 0.03 0.02 0.23

12 0.44 0.04 0.02 0.24

13 0.41 0.04 0.02 0.26

14 0.39 0.04 0.01 0.27

15 0.36 0.04 0.01 0.29

16 0.34 0.04 0.01 0.30

17 0.32 0.04 0.01 0.31

18 0.30 0.04 0.01 0.32

19 0.28 0.04 0.01 0.33

20 0.26 0.04 0.01 0.35

21 0.24 0.04 0.01 0.36

22 0.23 0.05 0.01 0.37

23 0.21 0.05 0.01 0.38

24 0.20 0.05 0.01 0.39

25 0.18 0.05 0.01 0.40

26 0.17 0.05 0.01 0.40

27 0.16 0.05 0.01 0.4128 0.15 0.05 0.01 0.42

29 0.14 0.05 0.01 0.43

30 0.13 0.06 0.01 0.43

31 0 12 0 06 0 01 0 44



Investment


20mmValves $3





PVNAS($/valve.a)

NPV($/valve)

DiscountedPB

($/valve)

1 0.93 0.06 0.05 -$2 0.05

2 0.87 0.06 0.05 0.11

3 0.82 0.06 0.05 0.16

4 0.76 0.06 0.05 0.21

5 0.71 0.06 0.05 0.25

6 0.67 0.07 0.04 0.30

7 0.62 0.07 0.04 0.34

8 0.58 0.07 0.04 0.38

9 0.54 0.07 0.04 0.42

10 0.51 0.07 0.04 0.46

11 0.48 0.08 0.04 0.49

12 0.44 0.08 0.03 0.53

13 0.41 0.08 0.03 0.56

14 0.39 0.08 0.03 0.59

15 0.36 0.08 0.03 0.62

16 0.34 0.09 0.03 0.65

17 0.32 0.09 0.03 0.68

18 0.30 0.09 0.03 0.70

19 0.28 0.09 0.03 0.73

20 0.26 0.09 0.02 0.75

21 0.24 0.10 0.02 0.78

22 0.23 0.10 0.02 0.80

23 0.21 0.10 0.02 0.82

24 0.20 0.10 0.02 0.84

25 0.18 0.11 0.02 0.86

26 0.17 0.11 0.02 0.88

27 0.16 0.11 0.02 0.9028 0.15 0.11 0.02 0.91

29 0.14 0.12 0.02 0.93

30 0.13 0.12 0.02 0.95

31 0 12 0 12 0 02 0 96



Investment

Gas ($/m2)

$699

Net AnnualEnergy

PVNAS NPV Di t d



Year PVFEnergySavingsInflated($/m2.a)

PVNAS($/m

2.a)

NPV($/m

2)

DiscountedPB ($/m

2)

1 0.93 15.43 14.42 -$473 14.42

2 0.87 15.81 13.81 28.23

3 0.82 16.21 13.23 41.47

4 0.76 16.62 12.68 54.145 0.71 17.03 12.14 66.28

6 0.67 17.46 11.63 77.92

7 0.62 17.89 11.14 89.06

8 0.58 18.34 10.67 99.73

9 0.54 18.80 10.23 109.96

10 0.51 19.27 9.80 119.75

11 0.48 19.75 9.38 129.14

12 0.44 20.24 8.99 138.1313 0.41 20.75 8.61 146.74

14 0.39 21.27 8.25 154.99

15 0.36 21.80 7.90 162.89

16 0.34 22.35 7.57 170.46

17 0.32 22.90 7.25 177.71

18 0.30 23.48 6.95 184.65

19 0.28 24.06 6.65 191.31

20 0.26 24.67 6.37 197.6821 0.24 25.28 6.11 203.79

22 0.23 25.91 5.85 209.64

23 0.21 26.56 5.60 215.24

24 0.20 27.23 5.37 220.61

25 0.18 27.91 5.14 225.75Total Discounted Savings($/m) 225.75

Table 65 NPV Resul ts: Space Heating & Domestic Hot Water Storage (Gas Heating)



Investment

Elec ($/m2)

$600

Net AnnualEnergy

PVNAS NPV Di t d



Year PVFEnergySavingsInflated($/m2.a)

PVNAS($/m

2.a)

NPV($/m

2)

DiscountedPB ($/m

2)

1 0.93 2.09 1.95 -$569 1.95

2 0.87 2.14 1.87 3.82

3 0.82 2.20 1.79 5.62

4 0.76 2.25 1.72 7.335 0.71 2.31 1.65 8.98

6 0.67 2.36 1.58 10.56

7 0.62 2.42 1.51 12.07

8 0.58 2.48 1.45 13.51

9 0.54 2.55 1.39 14.90

10 0.51 2.61 1.33 16.22

11 0.48 2.68 1.27 17.50

12 0.44 2.74 1.22 18.7113 0.41 2.81 1.17 19.88

14 0.39 2.88 1.12 21.00

15 0.36 2.95 1.07 22.07

16 0.34 3.03 1.03 23.09

17 0.32 3.10 0.98 24.08

18 0.30 3.18 0.94 25.02

19 0.28 3.26 0.90 25.92

20 0.26 3.34 0.86 26.7821 0.24 3.43 0.83 27.61

22 0.23 3.51 0.79 28.40

23 0.21 3.60 0.76 29.16

24 0.20 3.69 0.73 29.89


Table 66 NPV Resul ts: Space Heating & Domestic Hot Water Storage (ElectricHeating)



Investment

Gas ($/m2)

$699

Net AnnualEnergy

PVNAS NPV Discounted



Year PVFgy

SavingsInflated($/m2.a)

PVNAS($/m

2.a)

NPV($/m

2)

DiscountedPB ($/m

2)

1 0.93 13.68 12.79 -$499 12.79

2 0.87 14.02 12.25 25.04

3 0.82 14.38 11.73 36.77

4 0.76 14.73 11.24 48.015 0.71 15.10 10.77 58.78

6 0.67 15.48 10.32 69.10

7 0.62 15.87 9.88 78.98

8 0.58 16.26 9.47 88.45

9 0.54 16.67 9.07 97.51

10 0.51 17.09 8.69 106.20

11 0.48 17.52 8.32 114.52

12 0.44 17.95 7.97 122.4913 0.41 18.40 7.64 130.13

14 0.39 18.86 7.31 137.44

15 0.36 19.33 7.01 144.45

16 0.34 19.82 6.71 151.16

17 0.32 20.31 6.43 157.59

18 0.30 20.82 6.16 163.75

19 0.28 21.34 5.90 169.65

20 0.26 21.87 5.65 175.3121 0.24 22.42 5.41 180.72

22 0.23 22.98 5.19 185.91

23 0.21 23.56 4.97 190.88

24 0.20 24.14 4.76 195.64


Table 67 NPV Resul ts: High Temperature Storage & Domestic Hot Water Storage(Gas Heating)



Investment

Elec ($/m2)

$600

Net AnnualEnergy

PVNAS NPV Discounted



Year PVF SavingsInflated($/m2.a)

PVNAS($/m

2.a)

NPV($/m

2)

DiscountedPB ($/m

2)

1 0.93 -25.08 -23.44 -$967 -23.44

2 0.87 -25.71 -22.46 -45.90

3 0.82 -26.35 -21.51 -67.41

4 0.76 -27.01 -20.61 -88.025 0.71 -27.69 -19.74 -107.76

6 0.67 -28.38 -18.91 -126.67

7 0.62 -29.09 -18.12 -144.79

8 0.58 -29.82 -17.35 -162.14

9 0.54 -30.56 -16.62 -178.76

10 0.51 -31.33 -15.92 -194.69

11 0.48 -32.11 -15.25 -209.94

12 0.44 -32.91 -14.61 -224.5613 0.41 -33.73 -14.00 -238.56

14 0.39 -34.58 -13.41 -251.97

15 0.36 -35.44 -12.85 -264.81

16 0.34 -36.33 -12.31 -277.12

17 0.32 -37.24 -11.79 -288.91

18 0.30 -38.17 -11.29 -300.20

19 0.28 -39.12 -10.82 -311.02

20 0.26 -40.10 -10.36 -321.3821 0.24 -41.10 -9.93 -331.31

22 0.23 -42.13 -9.51 -340.81

23 0.21 -43.18 -9.11 -349.92

24 0.20 -44.26 -8.73 -358.65

25 0.18 -45.37 -8.36 -367.01Total Discounted Savings($/m) -367.01

Table 68 NPV Resul ts: High Temperature Storage & Domestic Hot Water Storage(Electric Heating)



Investment

Gas 250 litre ($)

$100

Year PVF

Net AnnualEnergyS i

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



SavingsInflated ($)

($)($)

PB ($)

1 0.93 0.47 0.44 -$93 0.44

2 0.87 0.48 0.42 0.86

3 0.82 0.49 0.40 1.26

4 0.76 0.50 0.38 1.64

5 0.71 0.52 0.37 2.016 0.67 0.53 0.35 2.36

7 0.62 0.54 0.34 2.70

8 0.58 0.56 0.32 3.02

9 0.54 0.57 0.31 3.33

10 0.51 0.58 0.30 3.63

11 0.48 0.60 0.28 3.91

12 0.44 0.61 0.27 4.18

13 0.41 0.63 0.26 4.4414 0.39 0.64 0.25 4.69

15 0.36 0.66 0.24 4.93

16 0.34 0.68 0.23 5.16

17 0.32 0.69 0.22 5.38

18 0.30 0.71 0.21 5.59

19 0.28 0.73 0.20 5.79

20 0.26 0.75 0.19 5.99

21 0.24 0.77 0.18 6.1722 0.23 0.78 0.18 6.35

23 0.21 0.80 0.17 6.52

24 0.20 0.82 0.16 6.68


Table 69 NPV Results : Single 250 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (Gas Heating)



Investment

Elec 250 litre ($)

$100

Year PVFNet Annual

EnergySavings

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



SavingsInflated ($)

($)( )

PB ($)

1 0.93 1.81 1.69 -$73 1.69

2 0.87 1.86 1.62 3.32

3 0.82 1.90 1.55 4.87

4 0.76 1.95 1.49 6.36

5 0.71 2.00 1.43 7.796 0.67 2.05 1.37 9.16

7 0.62 2.10 1.31 10.47

8 0.58 2.16 1.25 11.72

9 0.54 2.21 1.20 12.92

10 0.51 2.26 1.15 14.07

11 0.48 2.32 1.10 15.18

12 0.44 2.38 1.06 16.23

13 0.41 2.44 1.01 17.2414 0.39 2.50 0.97 18.21

15 0.36 2.56 0.93 19.14

16 0.34 2.63 0.89 20.03

17 0.32 2.69 0.85 20.88

18 0.30 2.76 0.82 21.70

19 0.28 2.83 0.78 22.48

20 0.26 2.90 0.75 23.23

21 0.24 2.97 0.72 23.9522 0.23 3.05 0.69 24.63

23 0.21 3.12 0.66 25.29

24 0.20 3.20 0.63 25.92


Table 70 NPV Resul ts: Single 250 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (Electric Heating)



Investment

Gas 315 litre ($)

$100

Year PVFNet Annual

EnergySavings

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



SavingsInflated ($)

($) PB ($)

1 0.93 0.59 0.55 -$91 0.55

2 0.87 0.60 0.53 1.08

3 0.82 0.62 0.50 1.58

4 0.76 0.63 0.48 2.07

5 0.71 0.65 0.46 2.536 0.67 0.67 0.44 2.97

7 0.62 0.68 0.43 3.40

8 0.58 0.70 0.41 3.81

9 0.54 0.72 0.39 4.20

10 0.51 0.74 0.37 4.57

11 0.48 0.75 0.36 4.93

12 0.44 0.77 0.34 5.27

13 0.41 0.79 0.33 5.6014 0.39 0.81 0.31 5.91

15 0.36 0.83 0.30 6.22

16 0.34 0.85 0.29 6.50

17 0.32 0.87 0.28 6.78

18 0.30 0.90 0.27 7.05

19 0.28 0.92 0.25 7.30

20 0.26 0.94 0.24 7.54

21 0.24 0.96 0.23 7.7822 0.23 0.99 0.22 8.00

23 0.21 1.01 0.21 8.21

24 0.20 1.04 0.20 8.42


Table 71 NPV Results : Single 315 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (Gas Heating)



Investment

Elec 315 litre ($)

$100

Year PVFNet Annual

EnergySavings

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



SavingsInflated ($)

($) PB ($)

1 0.93 2.28 2.14 -$67 2.14

2 0.87 2.34 2.05 4.18

3 0.82 2.40 1.96 6.14

4 0.76 2.46 1.88 8.02

5 0.71 2.52 1.80 9.816 0.67 2.58 1.72 11.54

7 0.62 2.65 1.65 13.19

8 0.58 2.72 1.58 14.77

9 0.54 2.78 1.51 16.28

10 0.51 2.85 1.45 17.73

11 0.48 2.92 1.39 19.12

12 0.44 3.00 1.33 20.45

13 0.41 3.07 1.27 21.7314 0.39 3.15 1.22 22.95

15 0.36 3.23 1.17 24.12

16 0.34 3.31 1.12 25.24

17 0.32 3.39 1.07 26.31

18 0.30 3.48 1.03 27.34

19 0.28 3.56 0.99 28.33

20 0.26 3.65 0.94 29.27

21 0.24 3.74 0.90 30.1722 0.23 3.84 0.87 31.04

23 0.21 3.93 0.83 31.87

24 0.20 4.03 0.79 32.66


Table 72 NPV Resul ts: Single 315 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (Electric Heating)



Investment

GasBank 2Cylinders 630 litres ($)

$600

Year PVF

Net AnnualEnergy PVNAS

NPV ($)Discounted



Year PVFgy

SavingsInflated ($)

($)NPV ($)

PB ($)

1 0.93 1.18 1.10 -$583 1.10

2 0.87 1.21 1.05 2.15

3 0.82 1.24 1.01 3.16

4 0.76 1.27 0.97 4.13

5 0.71 1.30 0.93 5.06

6 0.67 1.33 0.89 5.95

7 0.62 1.37 0.85 6.80

8 0.58 1.40 0.81 7.61

9 0.54 1.43 0.78 8.39

10 0.51 1.47 0.75 9.14

11 0.48 1.51 0.72 9.86

12 0.44 1.55 0.69 10.54

13 0.41 1.58 0.66 11.20

14 0.39 1.62 0.63 11.83

15 0.36 1.66 0.60 12.43

16 0.34 1.71 0.58 13.01

17 0.32 1.75 0.55 13.56

18 0.30 1.79 0.53 14.09

19 0.28 1.84 0.51 14.60

20 0.26 1.88 0.49 15.0921 0.24 1.93 0.47 15.55

22 0.23 1.98 0.45 16.00

23 0.21 2.03 0.43 16.43

24 0.20 2.08 0.41 16.84


Table 73 NPV Resul ts: Bank of Two, 315 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (GasHeating)



Investment

ElecBank 2Cylinders 630 litres ($)

$600

Year PVF

Net AnnualEnergy PVNAS

NPV ($)Discounted



Year PVFSavings

Inflated ($)($)

NPV ($)PB ($)

1 0.93 4.57 4.27 -$533 4.27

2 0.87 4.68 4.09 8.36

3 0.82 4.80 3.92 12.28

4 0.76 4.92 3.75 16.03

5 0.71 5.04 3.60 19.63

6 0.67 5.17 3.44 23.07

7 0.62 5.30 3.30 26.37

8 0.58 5.43 3.16 29.53

9 0.54 5.57 3.03 32.56

10 0.51 5.71 2.90 35.46

11 0.48 5.85 2.78 38.24

12 0.44 5.99 2.66 40.90

13 0.41 6.14 2.55 43.45

14 0.39 6.30 2.44 45.90

15 0.36 6.46 2.34 48.24

16 0.34 6.62 2.24 50.48

17 0.32 6.78 2.15 52.62

18 0.30 6.95 2.06 54.68

19 0.28 7.13 1.97 56.65

20 0.26 7.30 1.89 58.5421 0.24 7.49 1.81 60.35

22 0.23 7.67 1.73 62.08

23 0.21 7.87 1.66 63.74

24 0.20 8.06 1.59 65.33


Table 74 NPV Resul ts: Bank of Two, 315 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (ElectricHeating)



Investment

GasBank 8Cylinders 2520 litres ($)

$1,200

Year PVF

Net AnnualEnergyS i

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



Year PVFSavings

Inflated ($)($)

NPV ($)PB ($)

1 0.93 4.71 4.40 -$1,131 4.40

2 0.87 4.83 4.22 8.62

3 0.82 4.95 4.04 12.66

4 0.76 5.07 3.87 16.53

5 0.71 5.20 3.71 20.24

6 0.67 5.33 3.55 23.79

7 0.62 5.46 3.40 27.19

8 0.58 5.60 3.26 30.45

9 0.54 5.74 3.12 33.57

10 0.51 5.88 2.99 36.56

11 0.48 6.03 2.86 39.42

12 0.44 6.18 2.74 42.17

13 0.41 6.33 2.63 44.80

14 0.39 6.49 2.52 47.32

15 0.36 6.66 2.41 49.73

16 0.34 6.82 2.31 52.04

17 0.32 6.99 2.21 54.25

18 0.30 7.17 2.12 56.37

19 0.28 7.35 2.03 58.40

20 0.26 7.53 1.95 60.3521 0.24 7.72 1.86 62.21

22 0.23 7.91 1.79 64.00

23 0.21 8.11 1.71 65.71

24 0.20 8.31 1.64 67.35


Table 75 NPV Resul ts: Bank of Eight, 315 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (GasHeating)



Investment

ElecBank 8Cylinders 2520 litres ($)

$1,200

Year PVF

Net AnnualEnergySa ings

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



SavingsInflated ($)

($)($)

PB ($)

1 0.93 18.28 17.08 -$933 17.08

2 0.87 18.73 16.36 33.44

3 0.82 19.20 15.67 49.12

4 0.76 19.68 15.01 64.13

5 0.71 20.17 14.38 78.51

6 0.67 20.68 13.78 92.29

7 0.62 21.19 13.20 105.49

8 0.58 21.72 12.64 118.14

9 0.54 22.27 12.11 130.25

10 0.51 22.82 11.60 141.85

11 0.48 23.39 11.11 152.97

12 0.44 23.98 10.65 163.61

13 0.41 24.58 10.20 173.81

14 0.39 25.19 9.77 183.58

15 0.36 25.82 9.36 192.94

16 0.34 26.47 8.97 201.91

17 0.32 27.13 8.59 210.50

18 0.30 27.81 8.23 218.72

19 0.28 28.50 7.88 226.61

20 0.26 29.22 7.55 234.1621 0.24 29.95 7.23 241.39

22 0.23 30.70 6.93 248.32

23 0.21 31.46 6.64 254.95

24 0.20 32.25 6.36 261.31


Table 76 NPV Resul ts: Bank of Eight, 315 lit re Storage Heater Expansion (ElectricHeating)



Investment

Gas ($)

$16

Year PVFNet Annual

EnergySavings

Inflated ($)

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



Inflated ($)

1 0.93 27.33 25.54 $384 25.54

2 0.87 28.01 24.47 50.01

3 0.82 28.71 23.44 73.45

4 0.76 29.43 22.45 95.90

5 0.71 30.17 21.51 117.41

6 0.67 30.92 20.60 138.01

7 0.62 31.69 19.74 157.75

8 0.58 32.49 18.91 176.66

9 0.54 33.30 18.11 194.77

10 0.51 34.13 17.35 212.12

11 0.48 34.98 16.62 228.74

12 0.44 35.86 15.92 244.66

13 0.41 36.76 15.25 259.9114 0.39 37.67 14.61 274.53

15 0.36 38.62 14.00 288.52

16 0.34 39.58 13.41 301.93

17 0.32 40.57 12.84 314.77

18 0.30 41.59 12.30 327.08

19 0.28 42.62 11.79 338.86

20 0.26 43.69 11.29 350.15

21 0.24 44.78 10.82 360.9722 0.23 45.90 10.36 371.33

23 0.21 47.05 9.93 381.25

24 0.20 48.23 9.51 390.76


Table 77 NPV Results: 3A Water Effic ient Outlets (Gas Heating)



Investment

Elec ($)

$16

Year PVFNet AnnualEnergy

SavingsInflated ($)

PVNAS($)

NPV ($)Discounted

PB ($)



Inflated ($)

1 0.93 106.04 99.10 $1,535 99.10

2 0.87 108.69 94.93 194.04

3 0.82 111.41 90.94 284.98

4 0.76 114.19 87.12 372.09

5 0.71 117.05 83.45 455.55

6 0.67 119.97 79.94 535.49

7 0.62 122.97 76.58 612.07

8 0.58 126.05 73.36 685.43

9 0.54 129.20 70.28 755.71

10 0.51 132.43 67.32 823.02

11 0.48 135.74 64.49 887.51

12 0.44 139.13 61.78 949.29

13 0.41 142.61 59.18 1008.4714 0.39 146.18 56.69 1065.16

15 0.36 149.83 54.31 1119.46

16 0.34 153.58 52.02 1171.48

17 0.32 157.42 49.83 1221.32

18 0.30 161.35 47.74 1269.06

19 0.28 165.38 45.73 1314.79

20 0.26 169.52 43.81 1358.59

21 0.24 173.76 41.96 1400.5622 0.23 178.10 40.20 1440.76

23 0.21 182.55 38.51 1479.27

24 0.20 187.12 36.89 1516.15


Table 78 NPV Results: 3A Water Effic ient Outlets (Electric Heating)


i

ITEM Design Full Life ife l

(1) Factor (1)

25

Opt on Heat Trace Option 2 Pump

Annual Charge Present Value Equiv. Annual Full L Annual Charge Present Value Equiv. Annua

Years = n Cost Factor Char

ge Cost Charge

CAPITAL COSTS

Supply Cost $1,950 0.085811 $167 $1,760 0.085811 $151



25

I NOTES

(1) lue ( l i i i lue (Si l l

SUB TOTAL $167 $151

RUNNING COSTS Cost/a Cost/a

Electrcity $190 0.085811 14.233482 $233 $46 0.085811 14.233482 $56

SUB TOTAL $233 $56

MAINTENANCE AND REPLACMENT COSTS Cost/a Cost/a

1.000000 1.000000

Labour 25 0.085811 14.233482 0.085811 14.233482

SUB TOTAL

SALVAGE VALUE

Scrap Value 25 0.085811 0.184249 0.085811 0.184249

1.000000 1.0000001.000000 1.000000

SUB TOTAL

TOTAL ANNUAL CHARGES $400 $207 ASSUMPT ONS

Escalation = e 2.0% Present Va Esca atng Annu ty) for Runn ng Costs and Maintenance. Present Va ngle Sum) for Sa vage Vaue and Replacement Costs.

Inflation = s 2.5%

Discount Rate = r 7.0%

Table 79 Total Annual Charges Comparison: Heat Trace DHW Pipe vs Recirculating Pump

DASCEM_services_report Page LXXVI 5/08/2004

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