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2.2 Anatomy and 2.2 Anatomy and BiomechanicsBiomechanics
Relate anatomy and Relate anatomy and biomechanics to a physical biomechanics to a physical
activity (Badminton)activity (Badminton)
AnatomyAnatomy
Skeletal systemSkeletal system
- BonesBones- MusclesMuscles- MovementMovement- JointsJoints- Agonist/antagonistAgonist/antagonist
BonesBones
What bones make up the following What bones make up the following joints:joints:
Shoulder (3)Shoulder (3)Elbow (3)Elbow (3)Wrist (3)Wrist (3)Hip (2)Hip (2)Knee (3)Knee (3)Ankle (3)Ankle (3)
BonesBones
Shoulder: clavical, scapula, humerusShoulder: clavical, scapula, humerus
Elbow: humerus, radius, ulnaElbow: humerus, radius, ulna
Wrist: carpals, radius, ulnaWrist: carpals, radius, ulna
Hip: pelvis, femurHip: pelvis, femur
Knee: femur, tibia, fibulaKnee: femur, tibia, fibula
Ankle: tarsals, tibia, fibulaAnkle: tarsals, tibia, fibula
MusclesMuscles
What muscles move the following What muscles move the following joints:joints:
Shoulder (4)Shoulder (4)Elbow (2)Elbow (2)Wrist (2)Wrist (2)Hip (4)Hip (4)Knee (2)Knee (2)Ankle (3)Ankle (3)
MusclesMuscles
ShoulderShoulder: deltoid, pectorals, trapezius,: deltoid, pectorals, trapezius,
Latissimus dorsiLatissimus dorsi
ElbowElbow: bicep, tricep: bicep, tricep
WristWrist: wrist flexors, wrist extensors: wrist flexors, wrist extensors
HipHip: hip flexors (iliopsoas), gluteals,: hip flexors (iliopsoas), gluteals,
Adductors, abductors Adductors, abductors
KneeKnee: quadriceps, hamstring: quadriceps, hamstring
AnkleAnkle: gastocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior: gastocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
• Freely moveable (lots of movement)Freely moveable (lots of movement)
• Cartilage and ligament for stabilityCartilage and ligament for stability
• Synovial membrane (produces fluid)Synovial membrane (produces fluid)
• Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
What type of joints are the following:What type of joints are the following:• ShoulderShoulder• WristWrist• AnkleAnkle• HipHip• KneeKnee• Elbow Elbow
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
ShoulderShoulder: ball and socket (lots of : ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor movement but can dislocate - poor stability)stability)
Elbow: Elbow: Hinge (only movement in 2 Hinge (only movement in 2 directions)directions)
Wrist: Wrist: Ellipsoid (movement side to side Ellipsoid (movement side to side and back and forth, good stability)and back and forth, good stability)
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints
HipHip: ball and socket (lots of movement : ball and socket (lots of movement but can dislocate - poor stability)but can dislocate - poor stability)
Knee: Knee: condyloid (a hinge joint with condyloid (a hinge joint with internal rotation on full extension)internal rotation on full extension)
Ankle: Ankle: Plane (side to side and back and Plane (side to side and back and forth, some rotation)forth, some rotation)
Agonist/AntagonistAgonist/Antagonist
Muscles always work in pairsMuscles always work in pairsOne muscles contracts (agonist) and the One muscles contracts (agonist) and the
other one relaxes (antagonist)other one relaxes (antagonist)
e.g e.g elbow flexion: elbow flexion: biceps (agonist)biceps (agonist) triceps (antagonist)triceps (antagonist)
Agonist/AntagonistAgonist/Antagonist
When these muscles are the When these muscles are the agonistagonist which muscle is the which muscle is the antagonistantagonist??
Pectoral:Pectoral:
BicepsBiceps
Anterior Deltoid:Anterior Deltoid:
Hamstrings:Hamstrings:
Gastrocnemius:Gastrocnemius:
Abdominals:Abdominals:
Agonist/AntagonistAgonist/Antagonist
Pectoral: Latissimus DorsiPectoral: Latissimus Dorsi
Biceps: TricepsBiceps: Triceps
Anterior Deltoid: Posterior DeltoidAnterior Deltoid: Posterior Deltoid
Hamstrings: QuadricepsHamstrings: Quadriceps
Gastrocnemius: Tibialis AnteriorGastrocnemius: Tibialis Anterior
Abdominals: Erector SpinaeAbdominals: Erector Spinae
Joint MovementJoint Movement
FlexionFlexion: decreasing angle of a joint: decreasing angle of a joint
ExtensionExtension: increasing angle of a joint: increasing angle of a joint
Joint MovementJoint Movement
AbductionAbduction: moving joint away from the : moving joint away from the bodybody
AdductionAdduction: moving a joint towards the : moving a joint towards the bodybody
Joint movementJoint movement
RotationRotation: moving a bone about a joint: moving a bone about a joint
(flexion, extension, abduction, and (flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction)adduction)
Joint MovementJoint Movement
Pronation: turning the palm downPronation: turning the palm down Supination: turning the palm upSupination: turning the palm up
Joint movementJoint movement
Dorsiflexion: moving toes towards Dorsiflexion: moving toes towards the shinthe shin
Plantarflexion: Plantarflexion:
pointing the toespointing the toes
Joint movementJoint movement
What movement is possible at the What movement is possible at the following joints: following joints:
Shoulder (5)Shoulder (5)Elbow (2)Elbow (2)Hip (5) Hip (5) Knee (2) Knee (2) Ankle (2)Ankle (2)
Joint movementJoint movement
Shoulder: flexion, extension, Shoulder: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotationabduction, adduction, rotation
Elbow: flexion, extension Elbow: flexion, extension Hip: flexion, extension, abduction, Hip: flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, rotationadduction, rotation Knee: flexion, extension, slight Knee: flexion, extension, slight
internal rotation on extensioninternal rotation on extension Ankle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexionAnkle: dorsi flexion, plantar flexion
Joint MovementJoint Movement
What muscles create the following movement:What muscles create the following movement:
Shoulder flexion:Shoulder flexion:Shoulder extension:Shoulder extension:Elbow flexion: Elbow flexion: Elbow extension: Elbow extension: Knee flexion: Knee flexion: Knee Extension: Knee Extension: Hip flexion: Hip flexion: Hip extension: Hip extension: Ankle dorsiflexion: Ankle dorsiflexion: Ankle plantarflexion: Ankle plantarflexion:
Joint movementJoint movement
Shoulder flexion: deltoid, pectoralsShoulder flexion: deltoid, pectoralsShoulder extension: deltoid, latissimus dorsiShoulder extension: deltoid, latissimus dorsiElbow flexion: bicep Elbow flexion: bicep Elbow extension: tricep Elbow extension: tricep Knee flexion: hamstringKnee flexion: hamstringKnee Extension: quadricepsKnee Extension: quadricepsHip flexion: hip flexor (iliopsoas)Hip flexion: hip flexor (iliopsoas)Hip extension: gluteals Hip extension: gluteals Ankle dorsiflexion: tibialis anteriorAnkle dorsiflexion: tibialis anteriorAnkle plantarflexion: gastrocnemiusAnkle plantarflexion: gastrocnemius
BiomechanicsBiomechanics
Newton’s laws of motionNewton’s laws of motion LeversLevers Projectiles Projectiles Speed/height/angle of releaseSpeed/height/angle of release Stability (centre of gravity, base of Stability (centre of gravity, base of
support, line of gravity)support, line of gravity) Force summation/timingForce summation/timing Transfer of momentumTransfer of momentum
Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion
Law 1: InertiaLaw 1: Inertia- An object remains at rest or in An object remains at rest or in
motion unless acted upon by a forcemotion unless acted upon by a force
Inertia is an objects Inertia is an objects
tendency to remain tendency to remain
at rest or in motionat rest or in motion
Newton’s 1Newton’s 1stst law of Inertis law of Inertis
Give 2 sporting examples of this law:Give 2 sporting examples of this law:
1.1.
2.2.
Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion
Law 2: Acceleration (F=m x a)Law 2: Acceleration (F=m x a)- Acceleration of an object is Acceleration of an object is
proportional to the force causing it, is proportional to the force causing it, is in the same direction as the force in the same direction as the force and is effected by the mass of the and is effected by the mass of the objectobject
Newton’s laws of motionNewton’s laws of motion
- cricket ball accelerates in direction of the cricket ball accelerates in direction of the bat, accelerates depending on how fast bat, accelerates depending on how fast the bat is swung and accelerates the bat is swung and accelerates depending on the size (mass) of the balldepending on the size (mass) of the ball
Newton’s Laws of MotionNewton’s Laws of Motion
Law 3: Action/ReactionLaw 3: Action/Reaction
For every action there is an equal and For every action there is an equal and opposite reactionopposite reaction
Newton’s 3Newton’s 3rdrd law of motion law of motion
Give 2 sporting examples of the 3Give 2 sporting examples of the 3rdrd law:law:
1.1.
2.2.
LeversLevers [[1,2,3=F,L,E1,2,3=F,L,E]]
11stst class class: fulcrum between the load and : fulcrum between the load and effort e.g seasaw or rowingeffort e.g seasaw or rowing
22ndnd class class: load is between the fulcrum : load is between the fulcrum and effort e.g push upand effort e.g push up
33rdrd class class: effort is between the load : effort is between the load and the fulcrum e.g golf swingand the fulcrum e.g golf swing
LeversLevers
Draw a diagram to show these leversDraw a diagram to show these levers
11stst Class: rowing Class: rowing
22ndnd class: push up class: push up
33rdrd class: golf swing class: golf swing
ProjectilesProjectiles Any object released into the air is a Any object released into the air is a
projectileprojectileProjectiles are influenced byProjectiles are influenced by::
Gravity: pulls object back to earthGravity: pulls object back to earth Spin: can change its direction/pathSpin: can change its direction/path Speed of release: faster = furtherSpeed of release: faster = further Height of release: higher = furtherHeight of release: higher = further Angle of release: 45 degrees is idealAngle of release: 45 degrees is ideal Wind: can slow down/speed up objectWind: can slow down/speed up object
Speed/height/angle of releaseSpeed/height/angle of release
Think of a sport when it is beneficial to have Think of a sport when it is beneficial to have each aspect and why:each aspect and why:
Fast speed of releaseFast speed of release::
High Height of releaseHigh Height of release::
45 degree Angle of release45 degree Angle of release::
A minus angle of release:A minus angle of release:
Speed/height/angle of releaseSpeed/height/angle of release
Speed: - Javelin run up, cricket bowlingSpeed: - Javelin run up, cricket bowling
Height: Tennis serve, high jumpHeight: Tennis serve, high jump
Angle: 45 degrees is ideal for most throwsAngle: 45 degrees is ideal for most throws
Minus 45 degrees ideal for tennis serveMinus 45 degrees ideal for tennis serve
Angle of releaseAngle of release
What is the angle of release of these:What is the angle of release of these:
high jump parachutinghigh jump parachutingtennis serve long jumpingtennis serve long jumpingvolleyball block ten pin bowlingvolleyball block ten pin bowlingshot put springboard divingshot put springboard divingbadminton smashbadminton smashsoccer pass along the groundsoccer pass along the ground
Angle of releaseAngle of release
90 volleyball block90 volleyball block
85 springboard diving85 springboard diving
75 high jump75 high jump
45 long jump, shot put45 long jump, shot put
0 soccer pass, ten pin bowling0 soccer pass, ten pin bowling
-30 tennis serve, badminton smash-30 tennis serve, badminton smash
-90 parachuting-90 parachuting
Stability Stability
Centre of gravityCentre of gravity Point at which all part of a body are equally Point at which all part of a body are equally
balancedbalanced
Base of supportBase of support Area within an objects point of contact with Area within an objects point of contact with
the groundthe ground
Line of gravityLine of gravityDirect line from the centre of gravity to the Direct line from the centre of gravity to the
groundground
StabilityStability
*Low *wide *within *Low *wide *within
*balanced *gravity *support *balanced *gravity *support
Someone is more __________when Someone is more __________when they have a ____centre of _______, a they have a ____centre of _______, a ______ base of __________ and a line of ______ base of __________ and a line of gravity that falls _______the body.gravity that falls _______the body.
Force SummationForce Summation
Using as many body parts as possible Using as many body parts as possible in the correct sequence in order to in the correct sequence in order to generate the most possible forcegenerate the most possible force
e.g a standing throw in discus only e.g a standing throw in discus only uses the upper body. A full turn uses uses the upper body. A full turn uses more muscles (lower body) so can more muscles (lower body) so can generate more forcegenerate more force
Force summationForce summation
Full turn uses all muscles in sequenceFull turn uses all muscles in sequence
Force summationForce summation
Standing turnStanding turn
uses mainly uses mainly
upper bodyupper body
muscles andmuscles and
not manynot many
lower bodylower body
Force SummationForce Summation
small forcesmall force large forcelarge force
(shoulder-arm-hands) (legs-torso-shoulder-(shoulder-arm-hands) (legs-torso-shoulder-
arm-hands)arm-hands)
MomentumMomentum
Amount of motion an object hasAmount of motion an object has
Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/sec)Momentum= mass (kg) x velocity (m/sec)
1.1. Linear – in a straight line (running)Linear – in a straight line (running)
2.2. Angular – rotating about an axisAngular – rotating about an axis
(ice skating pirouette) (ice skating pirouette)
MomentumMomentum
What is the momentum of the What is the momentum of the following players:following players:
Player Mass Speed____Player Mass Speed____
A 80kg 8m/secA 80kg 8m/sec
B 90kg 4m/secB 90kg 4m/sec
MomentumMomentum
Player A:Player A:80kg x 8m/sec = 640 kg m/sec80kg x 8m/sec = 640 kg m/sec
Player B:Player B:90kg x 4m/sec = 360 kg m/sec90kg x 4m/sec = 360 kg m/sec
Player A is lighter but running twice as Player A is lighter but running twice as faster so has a lot more momentumfaster so has a lot more momentum
Transfer of MomentumTransfer of Momentum
InternalInternal: momentum of one body part being : momentum of one body part being transferred to anothertransferred to another
e.g using arms to generate force when e.g using arms to generate force when vertical jumping, passed onto the legsvertical jumping, passed onto the legs
ExternalExternal: by using objects to move other : by using objects to move other objectsobjects
e.g cricket bat and ball or arms and ball in e.g cricket bat and ball or arms and ball in volleyball dig volleyball dig