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CBSE Board Paper 2015 Set - 1
General Instructions:
1. The question paper has 30 questions in all. All questions are
compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. Questions from serial number 1 to 8 are Very Short Answer
Questions. Each question carries 1 mark.
4. Questions from serial number 9 to 20 are 3 marks questions.
Answers of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
5. Questions from serial number 21 to 28 are 5 marks questions.
Answers of these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
6. Question number 29 and 30 are map questions of 3 marks each
from History and Geography both. After completion, attach the
maps inside your answer-book.
Time allowed: 3 Hours Max Marks: 90
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1. What was the main aim of the French revolutionaries?
What is the meaning of concentration camps?
2. How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
3. What was the main aim of the popular movement of April 2006, in Nepal?
4. How can you say that democracies are based on political equality?
5. Why do political parties involve partisanship?
6. What is meant by the double coincidence of wants?
7. Suppose your parents want to purchase Gold jewellery along with you; then which logo will you look for on the jewellery?
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OR
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8. How does money act as a medium of exchange?
9. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
How did Paul Bernard argue in favour of economic development of Vietnam? Explain.
10. Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
11. How did ‘Salt March’ become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
12. Explain the importance of railways as the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India.
13. Why the ‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries? Analyse the reasons.
14. How can solar energy solve the energy problem to some extent in India? Give your opinion.
OR
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3
3×1=3
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15. “Dynastic succession is one of the most serious challenges before the political parties.” Analyse the statement.
16. How is democracy accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens? Analyse.
17. “A challenge is an opportunity for progress.” Support the statement with your arguments.
18. Why is modern currency accepted as a medium of exchange without any use of its own? Find out the reason.
19. “Foreign trade integrates the markets in different countries.” Support the statement with arguments.
20. Explain with an example how you can use the right to seek redressal.
21. Describe any five steps taken by the French Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people.
OR
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Describe any five steps taken by the French for the development of the ‘Mekong Delta Region’.
22. Explain the attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’.
23. What is the manufacturing sector? Why is it considered the backbone of development? Interpret the reason.
24. Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? Assess the importance of its different forms.
25. What is meant by a political party? Describe the three components of a political party.
26. Suggest any five effective measures to reform political parties.
27. How do banks play an important role in the economy of India? Explain.
5
1+4=5
2+3=5
5×1=5
5
1+4=5
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28. “Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been advantageous consumers.” Support the statement with examples.
29. Three features A, B, and C are marked on the given political outline map of India.
Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map:
A. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held.
B. The place associated with the Peasant’s Satyagraha.
C. The place related to calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Question No. 29.
(29.1) Name the place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in Dec. 1920.
(29.2) Name the place associated with the movement of Indigo Planters.
(29.3) Name the place related to the Satyagraha of peasants in Gujarat.
3×1=3
5×1=5
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30. (30.1) Two features A and B are marked on the given political outline map of India.
Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map:
A. Iron-ore mines B. Terminal Station of East-West Corridor
(30.2) On the same political outline map of India, locate and label the following:
(i) Vishakhapatnam—Software Technology Park
2×1=2
1
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Note: Tite foil Giving questions are for the VISUALLY IMPAIRED CANDIDATES only, in lieu of Question No. 30.
(30.1) In which state are Bailadila Iron-ore mines located?
(30.2) Name the Western Terminal Station of East-West Corridor.
(30.3) Name the well-known Software Technology Park located in Karnataka State.
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2. Why has the ‘National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council’ been set up?
3. What is the guiding philosophy of Bhartiya Janata Party?
6. What is meant by trade barrier?
10. Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside.
12. Describe any three features of waterways in India.
15. How do money and muscle power play an important role in politics?
22. Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Set - 2
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23. Why was the cotton textile industry concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the early years? Explain.
26. “The democracy has been evolved through struggles and movements all over the world.” Support the statement with examples.
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5
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2. Why was the Haldia sea-port set up?
3. What is meant by ‘transparency’?
6. Why was the Consumer Protection Act enacted by the Indian Parliament?
10. Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement.
12. Describe the significance of tourism as a trade in India.
15. “There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world.” Support the statement.
22. How did the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement’ spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on the economic front.
Set - 3
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23. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.
26. Why do we feel that democracy is a better form of government than any other form? Explain.
5
5
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1. The main aim of the French revolutionaries was to make a France a nation and liberate the people by creating the feeling of a collective identity.
Explanation: French revolutionaries also wanted to inspire other parts of Europe to become nations and remove despotism.
Concentration camps were prisons were people were detained by the government without any legal trial or procedures.
Explanation: Usually concentration camps were also a place of mistreatment because of the absence of law.
2. In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in beds or layers.
Explanation: They occur in beds or layers because of deposition, accumulation, and concentration in the horizontal strata.
Solutions (Set-1)
OR
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3. The April 2006 movement in Nepal aimed at removing the monarchy system and establishing a popularly elected government. Nepal is one of the neighboring countries of India. In 2005, the newly elected King of Nepal was dismissed the democratically elected Prime Minister of Nepal, so the Nepal people began the movement to regain the democracy from monarchy.
4. Democracies are based on political equality because every citizen’s vote has equal value for electing the representatives.
Explanation: Democracy gives a say to everyone for electing their representatives irrespective of their region, religion, race or gender.
5. Political parties involve partisanship because they represent and support particular views or policies that would be supported by a part of the society and its interests.
Explanation: There can be more than one political party because only one cannot include the different opinions within a society. As support towards one ideology increases, partisanship also increases.
6. Double coincidence of wants means that the person who wants to buy a good A and sell good B can buy it from another person who wanted to buy good B in exchange for good A only.
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Explanation: The double coincidence of wants exists in the barter system and it is solved by the use of a standard medium like money.
7. For gold jewellery, the parents should check for the logo of Hallmark.
Explanation: There are various governmental institutions that ensure the quality of the products that are being sold. Their logo is a sign of guarantee.
8. Money acts as a medium of exchange because any good can be bought or sold with the money as their value is already decided in the market in terms of money.
9. Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:
1. Romanticism was a cultural movement that believed in emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings over reason and science. Romantics like Johann Gottfried Herder believed that German culture was alive among the common people.
2. Local culture was sought also to reach the large population of illiterate people. In Poland, Karol Kurpinski turned the folk dances and music into nationalist symbols.
3. The language was also essential as a nationalist identity. When Polish was forcefully removed from schools and Russian was imposed everywhere after Russian occupation, the people saw the use of Polish language as a sign of national resistance.
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Paul Bernard argued for economic development in Vietnam:
1. He argued that the main purpose of making a colony was to get profits.
2. If there was economic development then people would buy more goods because their standard of living would increase.
3. As the markets would expand, French would make more profits from the increasing business.
Explanation: Most of the colonial economists were concerned only with extorting more profit and not in the improvement of the life of the people.
10. Poona Pact:
1. British had accepted Dr. Ambedkar’s demand of separate electorates for Dalits but Gandhi thought that would not integrate the Dalits into the society.
2. Gandhi began a fast unto death against the separate electorates so Ambedkar had to agree and the Poona Pact of September 1932 was declared.
3. It gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in the provincial and central legislative councils but not any separate electorates.
OR
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Explanation: Gandhi was completely against separate electorates for the Dalits because he believed that would marginalize Dalits. Ambedkar had to ultimately concede to his demand.
11. Salt march was an effective tool of resistance:
1. Salt was consumed by everyone, be it rich or poor and the colonial government had monopolized its production.
2. Gandhi said it showed the colonial government’s most oppressive face so he sends the abolition of salt tax as a demand to Lord Irwin but he ignored it.
3. Gandhi launched a civil disobedience movement and thousands of people supported him. On 6 April, he manufactured salt at Dandi after walking from Sabarmati for 24 days. People broke the law in other parts of the country too.
Explanation: Salt march was a highly symbolic cause because it stirred the common man too. Gandhi got overwhelming support throughout the country.
12. Importance of railways in India:
1. It fulfills many functions like a pilgrimage, sightseeing, business and transportation of goods over a long distance.
2. It contributes greatly to the economic activities of the country and helps in the development of industry and agriculture.
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3. It has been an important means of transport for 150 years. Indian railway has a network of over 7000 stations covering the country and has been reorganized into 16 zones.
Explanation: Railways have been an integral part of the country since the colonial times. Even today, it’s not just used for economic activities but as common man’s transport.
13. The Chhotanagpur Plateau Region has a maximum concentration of iron and steel industries:
1. High-grade raw materials are available from the nearby region.
2. Being populated, cheap labour is easily available.
3. The industry has a vast growth potential foe the Indian market itself.
Explanation: A variety of reasons contribute to the concentration of the industry in the region. These are the basic needs of any industry like raw material, labour, market etc.
14. Solar energy can solve India’s energy problem:
1. Being a tropical country, India has a huge potential for solar energy generation.
2. It’s especially useful in the rural and remote areas of the country.
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3. It will reduce the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cake so it will indirectly contribute to the environment and manure supply.
Explanation: Solar energy is a splendid non-conventional source of energy that is every practical for a country like India. It’s also much better in the long run for energy preservation.
15. Dynastic succession is a serious challenge for political parties:
1. Since most of the procedures of the parties are not transparent, the leaders can favour those close to them.
2. Most of the parties have all the top members from one family. This doesn’t give a fair chance to the ordinary workers.
3. This is a challenge to democracy because people with less experience or popular support can also come to power.
Explanation: Dynastic succession has been a tendency of the political parties around the world. But it seriously challenges the basic principles of democracy.
16. Democracy is accountable and responsive to citizens:
1. Decision-making process has to follow certain procedures which the citizen has the right to know. Hence, there is a transparency in its functioning.
2. A democratic government may take more time in arriving at a decision but because of the procedures it follows, it is more acceptable and effective for the people.
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3. Democracies have ensured free and regular elections and a platform for open public debate.
Explanation: Democracies have not been successful in fulfilling every need and wish of the people but it’s much better than non-democratic regimes in being accountable and effective.
17. A challenge is an opportunity for progress:
1. Challenges can be overcome and after overcoming them, we reach a level that is better and higher than before.
2. Countries face various types of challenges. Non-democratic governments face the foundational challenge of transition to democracy.
3. Even democracies face challenges of expansion and deepening of democracy because no country’s government is ideal and there is an opportunity for improvement.
Explanation: Challenges are problems that can be overcome so they lead to progress. No democracy is without challenges but slowly these challenges can be overcome.
18. Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange:
1. Modern currency is accepted as a medium of exchange because it is authorized by the central government of a country.
2. In India, RBI issues the currency notes and it is illegal for any other organization or individual to issue the currency.
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3. The rupee cannot be refused legally as a medium of payment in India.
Explanation: Modern currency does not have use of its own but it derives its value from the government sanction and therefore is widely used.
19. Foreign trade integrates markets in different countries:
1. After the trade, goods travel between countries and goes beyond the domestic market.
2. The choices of good increases for the people and the price of similar goods usually become equal.
3. Producers who produce similar goods start to compete even though there is a huge distance between them.
Explanation: Foreign trade has been prevalent since ancient times. It facilitates the exchange of goods and contributes to the business of the producers.
20. Consumers have the right to redressal:
1. If any kind of damage happens to the consumer, he/she has the right to get the compensation depending upon the amount of damage.
2. A three-tier quasi-judicial machinery has been set up in India for redressal of consumer disputes under COPRA.
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3. For example, if a person’s money order hasn’t reached its destination and the post office refuses to respond well to his query. The person can go to the consumer court of the district level to seek redressal.
Explanation: Consumers in India can seek consumption for any damage happened due to a fault that’s not theirs and the seller refuses to take responsibility.
21. French Revolutionaries tried to create a sense of collective belonging:
1. The ideas of fatherland (la patrie) and citizen (le citoyen) were spread to bring the notion of a unity community having equal rights and protected by a constitution.
2. A new flag was chosen of tricolour to represent the nation and the royal standard was removed.
3. The Estates General became the National Assembly and its members were elected by a body of active citizens.
4. Hymns started to be composed, oaths taken and martyrs were commemorated to emphasize the idea of a nation.
5. Internal custom duties and dues were removed and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted instead.
Explanation: Various methods were adopted by the revolutionaries to build the collective identity. It was important for the unity required for the nation.
OR
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Steps were taken by the French:
1. The French made an elaborate system of irrigation to drain the lands of Mekong delta. The canals and earthworks were built with forced labour mostly.
2. The rice cultivation increased dramatically and two-thirds of the production was exported to the international market.
3. Infrastructural projects were introduced to improvement movement of goods and military garrisons and for better administrative control.
4. A trans-Indo-China rail was begun to connect northern parts of Vietnam with southern parts of China. The final link was in Yunan.
5. A second line was also built through Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh linking Vietnam and Siam.
Explanation: French built all the irrigation technology only for its profit. The infrastructural project also aimed at the French people’s convenience.
22. Indian merchants and industrialists towards Civil Disobedience Movement:
1. Indian industrialists and merchants prospered during the First World War but they believed that the colonial policies were restricting their business.
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2. They wanted imports to decrease and a foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports. They supported Civil Disobedience movement when it began.
3. They formed the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927 led by big industrialists like G. D. Birla. They gave financial assistance to Congress.
4. They saw swaraj as a time of no colonial restrictions and flourishing trade and business. But after first Round Table Conference’s failure, not all industrialists were supportive.
5. They later got wary about militant activities, disruptions in business and growing socialist opinion in Congress.
Explanation: Industrialists were largely supportive of the idea of swaraj in the expectation of a free economy to do business in. But they got apprehensive when they saw the protest as detrimental.
23. The manufacturing sector processes raw materials into valuable goods and produces them in large quantities.
They are the backbone of the economy because:
1. They modernize agriculture and improve the productivity and provide employment opportunities in the secondary and tertiary sectors. This reduces the dependence on agriculture.
2. Unemployment and poverty cannot be completely removed without industrial development. This encouraged establishment of public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India.
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3. Export of manufactured goods increases contributing to international trade. It also brings in foreign exchange.
4. A diverse and big manufacturing sector is important for a country’s economy. India will also become prosperous by expanding its manufacturing sector.
Explanation: Much of a country’s economy and three sectors depend on the manufacturing. Most of the goods bought and sold are manufactures so it is the backbone of an economy.
24. Coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
Importance of its different forms:
1. Peat: It comes from decaying plants in the swamp. It has low heating capacity because of low carbon and high moisture content.
2. Lignite: It’s a soft low-grade brown coal with high moisture content. Its principal reserve is in Neyveli, Tamil Nadu.
3. Bituminous: It is buried deep and subjected to high temperatures. High-grade bituminous is the metallurgical coal used especially in smelting iron.
4. Anthracite: It is the highest quality hard coal.
Explanation: Coal occurs in different forms and each has different uses and capacity depending on the degree of the compression of plant material.
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25. Political party is a group that contests elections and hold power in the government. They have a consensus on certain policies and programmes that are good for the society. They try to win elections by gaining popular support.
The three components of a political party:
1. Leaders: They usually are the experienced members who decide various steps to be taken by the party and guide the other members.
2. Active members: They become a part of the party because they support its policies and ideologies. They work for winning popular support, especially during elections.
3. Followers: They are not workers of the party per se but they believe in the party’s policies and ideologies and vote for them.
Explanation: Political parties are one of the most important parts of the democracies. It’s their leaders and members that become the representatives of the people.
26. The five measures to reform political parties:
1. Internal affairs of the political parties must be regulated by the law. For example, there must be an independent authority, a judge to resolve the disputes, its own constitution etc.
2. A minimum number of candidates, like one-third, must be women in the decision making the body of the party.
3. The state should find the election expenses of the party in cash or in kind like petrol, paper etc.
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4. People, organizations and even movements can put pressure on the parties through protest, petitions etc.
5. Political parties can improve if those who want such reformation join them to improve the decisions.
Explanation: Political parties are hard to reform because they themselves are the legislatures and wouldn’t accept reforms that would curb their authority. Hence, law and people have to reform it.
27. Banks play an important role in the economy:
1. They only keep about 15% of the deposits as cash. The rest is used to give loans to various people.
2. Loans are required for various economic activities as well as investments. Banks mediate between people having surplus cash and those in need of it.
3. They give interest to the depositors and they charge interest on those taking loans from the banks. The difference between the interest rates is the main income of the bank.
4. Banks encourage depositing money by giving an interest. This contributes to savings in the economy.
5. By providing credit at reasonable interest rates, they encourage investment and prevent exploitation from the informal sector.
Explanation: Banks are essential for any economy. It’s a formal source of credit hence serves in the people's interest.
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Depositing money with the banks is also beneficial to the people.
28. Globalisation and greater competition have been advantageous to consumers:
1. The well-off sections of the society have access to highest international brands. For example, a person in India can buy the products of Nike, Louis Vitton etc.
2. There is a greater choice for the consumers in the market. For example, a person has local, national and international companies to choose from like in food products.
3. The competition encourages the producers to improve the quality to attract consumers. For example, Colgate explaining the nutrients present in the toothpaste to attract consumers.
4. The competition also lowers the prices of the products because consumers buy cheaper goods and companies would try to attract people by lowering prices.
5. Globalisation has improved the standards of living in a society. For example, a person using regular clothes can get specialized like sports gear easily because of companies like Reebok.
Example: Globalisation enables international trade and spreading of business. A huge variety of goods, prices, and qualities gets available to the consumers then.
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29.
1. Nagpur
2. Champaran
3. Kheda
30.
31
Note: VISUALLY IMPAIRED CANDIDATES only, in lieu of Question No. 30.
1. Chhattisgarh
2. Porbandar
3. Bangalore
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2. National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council has been set up for appropriate policy interventions by the government to improve the growth rate in the manufacturing sector.
Explanation: Manufacturing sector doesn’t seem to grow fast enough by its own. So the Council tries to help the industries develop by appropriate policies.
3. The guiding philosophy of BJP is to build a modern India by drawing on cultural nationalism or Hindutva which include ancient culture and values.
Explanation: BJP wants to stick to the nation’s rich heritage and tradition to help in going forward with modernism. It doesn’t want to completely move away from its roots.
6. Trade barrier refers to the tax put on import by the government to discourage imports.
Explanation: Government chooses to regulate trade for a variety of reasons. It discourages trade by increasing the tax on import.
10. Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside:
Solutions (Set-2)
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1. Peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra in Awadh against the landlords and talukdars. The Oudh Kisan Sabha was also set up.
2. They protested against high rents, begar, and oppressive landlords. In other areas it was different.
3. In Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread under the leadership of Raju. They protested against unfair forest laws.
Explanation: People adopted Non-cooperation Movement according to their understanding of Swaraj. They protested against things that they saw as unfair.
12. Features of waterways in India:
1. India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km length out of which only 3,700 is navigable by mechanized boats.
2. The National waterways of India include Ganga river, Brahmaputra river and the West-Coast canal in Kerala.
3. 95% of the country’s trade volume happens through the sea ports.
Explanation: India has been using the waterways and sea trade since the ancient times. Even today, the port cities are one the most happening cities in the economy of the country.
15. Money and muscle power in politics is a challenge:
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1. Political parties try to win elections by any means possible. They nominate candidates with a lot of money.
2. The rich candidates or companies that fund or donate to the party usually get a say in the party’s decisions or policies.
3. Sometimes, parties even hire or nominate criminals as the candidates because of their influence.
Explanation: Political parties tend to go to any extent to get support financially and win elections. Hence, they don’t hesitate in breaking the democratic ideals for their purpose.
22. First World War posed problems by:
1. Defence expenditure increased dramatically so it was financed by loans and raised taxes like income tax and customs duties.
2. Prices of goods almost doubled in the few years and became a huge burden for the poor.
3. Villages had to provide soldiers and there was forced recruitment for the army.
4. There was a crop failure in many parts of India so there was an acute shortage of food.
5. An influenza epidemic also spread during the same time and millions died because of the famines and epidemic.
Explanation: The participation of British in WWI proved heavy for Indians; not just financially but also physically. Internal problems like famines and epidemics worsened the conditions.
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23. The cotton industry was concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat because:
1. Raw material- Black soil, ideal for cotton, is present in the region.
2. Transport- Port facilities are easily accessible through land and water transport.
3. Climate- The region’s moist climate and the temperature is ideal for cotton growth.
4. Market- Being a highly populated area, there is a big market to sell the products.
5. Labour- Cheap labour which is essential for production, is readily available.
Explanation: Cotton textiles are common in India since the ancient times. Earlier, it was concentrated in this region because of all the favourable factors especially the natural factors like climate and soil.
26. Democracy has evolved through struggles and movements:
1. Political conflicts lead to popular struggles that involve mass mobilization.
2. The conflicts are usually between groups who have power and those who want a share of it.
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3. Such struggles happen when the country is facing the foundational challenge of democracy, expansion or deepening of democracy.
4. For example, In Nepal in 2006, the people, the political parties, and Maoists came together in a popular movement against the monarch and establishment of the elected government.
5. In Bolivia in 2000, the people, organizations, activists etc. protested strongly against the privatization of water rights and the high prices.
Explanation: Democracy derives its power from the people. So people themselves have to come together and struggle for what they think is fair.
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2. Haldia port was built as a subsidiary port to relieve the mounting pressure on the Kolkata port.
Explanation: Kolkata was a busy port for trade since a long time. Its strategic location only led to increasing trade. So Haldia was built.
3. Transparency means that a citizen has the right to know about the process of decision-making in the government.
Explanation: No other form of government other than democracy has transparency because, in democracy, the government is accountable to the people.
6. Consumer Protection Act was enacted to give the consumers the right to choose, right to be informed, right to seek redressal and the right to present. It also set up a three-tier quasi-judicial mechanism.
Explanation: COPRA was enacted on 24 December 1986 so 24 December is also celebrated as the National Consumers Day.
10. Problems faced by Awadh peasants during Non-Cooperation Movement:
Solutions (Set-3)
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1. High rents: The landlords and taluqdars demanded really high rents from the poor tenants.
2. Begar: They were asked to do begar which was forced labour without any payment.
3. Oppressive landlords: the tenants had no security of tenure and were not allowed to work on one land for long.
Explanation: The landlords and taluqdars became insensitive to the needs of the peasants and started to oppress the poor farmers through various unfair means.
12. Significance of tourism as a trade:
1. The number of foreign tourists in India has increased over the years and has contributed significantly to foreign exchange.
2. Over 15 million people in India are directly related to tourism so it’s an important employment generator.
3. It’s also an encouraging factor for the local handicrafts and cultural traditions.
Explanation: Tourism is an essential part of the economy in any country. In India, its rich and diverse culture attracts a lot of tourists.
15. There is an overwhelming support for democracy:
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1. Democratic governments are legitimate governments because the people themselves elect their representatives through the free and fair election.
2. It is considered as people’s own government because if the people do not support the government, they can change it.
3. Democracy is preferred by the people of most countries because they find it more accountable and suitable.
Explanation: Democracy’s power lies in the fact that it generates its own support. It has the capability in itself to correct its own mistakes too.
22. Non-cooperation movement spread in cities:
1. Middle-class participation like in educational institutions. Students left the government-controlled institutions. Teachers and lawyers resigned from their jobs.
2. In most of the provinces, council elections were boycotted. But in Madras, the Justice party of non-Brahmans did not do so because they wanted power.
3. All foreign goods were boycotted including foreign cloth and liquor.
Economic effects:
1. The import of foreign cloth became half by 1922 because its demand had drastically fallen.
2. Merchants and traders refused to handle foreign goods or finance in many places.
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3. Indian textile mills’ and handlooms’ demand grew as Indian clothes were now in huge demand.
Explanation: The non-cooperation movement was mainly against whatever symbolizing British rule. It gave a big push to Indian manufacturers. The large-scale movement helped in persuading people about swaraj. The entire service sector in cities almost came to a halt.
23. Pro-active approach by NTPC:
1. Optimum utilization of equipment by using latest technologies and upgrading the existing ones.
2. Waste generation has been minimized by maximum utilization of ash.
3. Green belts have been provided for ecological balance and afforestation through special purpose vehicles.
4. Environmental pollution has been reduced by measures like ash pond management, ash water recycling, and liquid waste management.
5. All the power stations have ecological monitoring, reviews, and online databases.
Explanation: National Thermal Power Corporation has taken splendid measures for preservation of the environment. It has an ISO certification of EMS 14001.
26. Democracy is a better form of government:
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1. Promotes equality: One of democracy’s underlying principles is equality among citizens. It tries to stop discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, region or sex.
2. Enhances dignity of the individual: Democracy does not allow the dignity or the basic rights of a person to be violated.
3. Improves the quality of decision-making: Since decision-making power is not concentrated in one hand, democracy ensures an unbiased system of checks and balances.
4. Method to resolve problems: It gives importance to deliberation, negotiation and people’s rights. So it prevents conflicts from becoming violent.
5. Allows room to correct mistakes: Democracy usually has an elaborate system of checks so one institution cannot accumulate power. Therefore it can correct mistakes in itself.
Explanation: Democracy largely derives its power from the citizen itself. Unlike other forms of government, it prioritizes the welfare of citizens through the citizens themselves.
