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CBSE Board Paper 2016 Set - 1
General Instructions:
1. The question paper has 30 questions in all. All questions are
compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. Questions from serial number 1 to 8 are Very Short Answer
Questions. Each question carries 1 mark.
4. Questions from serial number 9 to 20 are 3 marks questions.
Answers of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
5. Questions from serial number 21 to 28 are 5 marks questions.
Answers of these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
6. Question number 29 and 30 are map questions of 3 marks each
from History and Geography both. After completion, attach the
maps inside your answer-book.
Time allowed: 3 Hours Max Marks: 90
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1. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
What was the result of the peace negotiation in Geneva that followed the French defeat in Vietnam?
2. Why are there a wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, luster and density found in minerals?
3. How are issue specific movements different from generic movements?
4. Name any one political party that has a national level political organization but not recognized as a national political party.
5. Which organization led the protest against water privatization in Bolivia?
6. Differentiate between investment and foreign investment.
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7. Suppose you have to buy a packed bottle for drinking water in your journey. Which logo will you like to see to be sure about its quality?
8. How do the deposits with banks become their source of income?
9. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
How did nationalism emerge in Vietnam through the efforts of different sections of society to fight against the French? Analyse.
10. Who had designed the ‘swaraj flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of this ‘swaraj flag’.
11. “The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement”. Support the statement with examples.
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1+2=3
3×1=3
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12. Classify industries on the basis of the capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples.
13. “Efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for the fast development.” Express your views in favour of this statement.
14. “The textile industry is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain.” Justify the statement.
15. What is meant by a ‘national political party’? State the conditions required to be a national political party.
16. What are sectional interest groups? Describe their functioning.
17. “Most of the established democracies are facing the challenge of expansion.” Support the statement with examples.
18. How can money be easily exchanged for goods or services? Give an example to explain.
1+2=3
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3
1+2=3
3×1=3
1+2=3
3×1=3
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19. ‘Barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent in India since 1991’. Justify the statement.
20. “The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.” Support the statement with arguments.
21. Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
“U.S. entry into the war in Vietnam marked a new phase that proved costly to Vietnamese as well as to the Americans.” Analyse the statement.
22. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919? How was it organized? Explain.
23. Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India.
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3×1=3
5×1=5
2+3=5
2+3=5
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24. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries.” Support the statement with arguments.
25. How are the democratic governments better than the other forms of governments? Compare.
26. “Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in different ways.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
27. Describe the vital and positive role of credit with examples.
28. What is globalisation? Describe the role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in promoting globalisation process.
29. Three features A, B, and C are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked on the map:
A. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held.
B. The place associated with the Peasant’s Satyagraha.
C. The city associated with the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
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5×1=5
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1+4=5
3×1=3
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30. On the given political outline map of India locate and label the following with appropriate symbols:
A. Ankleshwar—Oilfield
B. Durgapur—Iron and steel plant
C. Tuticorin—Major seaport
Note: The following questions are for the visually impaired candidates only, in lieu of Q No. 30:
1. In which state is Ankleshwar oil field located?
2. In which state is Durgapur iron and steel plant located?
3. Name the southernmost major seaport of India.
3×1=3
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1. Name the event that mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848?
Name the writer who wrote a play based on the lives of Trung sisters.
2. How do minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
8. Why can one not refuse a payment made in rupees in India?
17. “Democratic government is a legitimate government.” Support the statement with arguments.
18. “A wide-ranging choices of goods are available in the Indian markets.” Support the statement with examples in the context of globalization.
Set - 2
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19. “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Assess the statement.
22. Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
23. Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane producing areas? Explain any three problems faced by sugar industry in India.
25. “All over the world, people express their dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties to perform their functions well.” Analyse the statement with arguments.
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1. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?
What were the two bases of colonial economy in Vietnam?
2. How do minerals occur in sedimentary rocks?
8. Compare formal sector loans with an informal sector of loans regarding interest only.
17. “Nearly every one of the state parties wants to get an opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition.” Support the statement with arguments.
18. “Consumer awareness is essential to avoid exploitation in the market place.” Support the statement.
Set - 3
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19. “Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been of advantage to consumers.” Justify the statement with examples.
22. How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in making of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
23. What is a trade? Explain the importance of international trade.
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1. The “Treaty of Constantinople of 1832” recognised Greece as an independent nation.
NOTE – Various regions of Europe saw the rise of feelings of liberalism and nationalism against rigid and autocratic forces. In Greece, the struggle was against the Ottoman Empire (muslim rulers). The Greek War of Independence was immensely supported by different groups across the entire world and it was only in 1832 that the struggle for independence became successful.
The peace negotiations that took place in Geneva, following the French defeat in Vietnam resulted in the division of Vietnam into North and South. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the North, while Bao Dai took power in the south.
NOTE – Vietnam was colonized by the French in the mid-eighteenth century. The struggle for independence and instances of resistance from French rule was often reflected in the years until the 1950s when the division of the country took place. Although independence came to the Vietnamese but at the cost of the division of Vietnam into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
Solutions (Set-1)
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2. A wide range of colours, hardness, crystal forms, luster, and density is found in minerals because of the high levels of variations in physical and chemical conditions under which a mineral is formed.
NOTE – A mineral is a combination of certain elements which are highly dependent on the physical and chemical conditions. The wide variety found in the properties of minerals is possible because of these different physical and chemical conditions.
3. Issue-specific movements are those movements that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time period. Whereas the General (or generic) movements are those movements that seek to achieve a broad goal in the very long term.
NOTE –
i. Narmada Bachao Andolan is an example of a specific movement that started off with a specific issue of the people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar Dam.
ii. The Women’s Movement is an example of a General movement that took place with a broad vision of bringing about a social change in a gradual period of time.
4. The Samajwadi Party has a national level political organization with units in several states. However, this party has not been recognized as a national political party.
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NOTE – A political party is basically a group of people who work together to participate in the election process of a country in order to come to political power and organize the government.
5. The protest against water privatisation in Bolivia was led by an organization, FEDECOR.
NOTE – FEDECOR was not a political party, but an organisation comprising of local professionals – engineers, environmentalists. It also enjoyed popular support of farmers, a confederation of factory workers’ unions, middle-class students of the University of Cochabamba and a population of homeless children.
6. Investment refers to the amount of money which is spent on the factors of production i.e. land, labour, capital and other equipment in order to generate the desired output. Whereas foreign investment refers to the investment which is made by Multinational corporations (MNCs) in different countries across the globe.
NOTE – Multinational corporations are companies that own or control production in more than one country.
7. The ISI Mark is the logo which would ensure the good quality of the packed bottle of drinking water.
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NOTE – It is mandatory for the producers of certain goods that affect the health and safety of the consumers to get the proper certification to ensure the quality of the product.
8. Banks use a major portion of the deposits to extend loans to people for various economic activities. The interest rates on loans are much higher than what the bank charges on the deposits it has. Therefore, the difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is the source of income of the banks.
NOTE – Deposits are the surplus cash that people hold with the bank in their respective accounts. The bank pays a certain rate of interest on these deposits as well.
Loans are the amount of money given to people who need it for various economic purposes. The major portion of money from the deposits is used to extend loans by the bank. In this case, the borrowers pay a much higher rate of interest to the bank while repaying the loan.
9. 1. Artists, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, often made efforts to represent a country as if it were a person. The female figures were chosen to express an abstract idea of a nation. These female figures, thus, became an allegory of the nation.
2. In France, the female figure was christened Marianne, which was characterized by Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolor, the cockade. Statues of Marianne stood in public squares to remind the people of the national symbol of unity.
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3. In Germany, the female figure – Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wore the crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stood for heroism.
NOTE – Allegory was used as a powerful symbol of uniting the people of a country. Artists portrayed females as a symbol of national unity and independence that often reminded people of their common struggle against the oppressive.
Vietnamese resistance to French domination emerged in different spheres of life.
1. Teachers and students did not blindly follow the curriculum laid down by the French. An increase in the no. of Vietnamese teachers in the lowers classes resulted in the modification of the text prescribed by the French. The teachers many times silently changed the texts and criticized what was written.
2. The educated sections of the society felt the need to fight for the benefit of all. Various student organizations and political parties were formed such as the Party of Young Annan and the publishing journal such as the Annamese Student.
3. The Go-East movement was a major initiative which was seen as a weapon for driving out the French. Some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education, in their hopes to overthrow the puppet emperor and re-establish the Nguyen Dynasty that had been deposed by the French. Some Vietnamese students were also inspired
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by the popular movement under Sun Yat-sen and organized the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam.
4. The workers played a very important role in displaying their fight against colonialism when the rat hunt was launched. The rat menace, interestingly, worked in favour of the Vietnamese workers who were able to collectively bargain for a higher bounty from their French masters.
5. The spread of Christianity brought in by the French missionaries was widely criticized and seen as a threat to the religious beliefs (Buddhism and Confucianism) of Vietnamese. The Hoa Hao Movement is an example of a religious movement. Led by Huynh Phu So, it drew its religious ideas from the anti-French uprisings of the nineteenth century.
Important-Although this question carries 3 marks, but students are supposed to mention all the important points according to the question. Also, this answer is a mix of all important points taken from the entire chapter.
10. 1. The ‘Swaraj flag’ was designed by Mahatma Gandhi by 1921.
2. The tricolour flag was first designed during the Swadeshi Movement that took place in Bengal. It comprised of the three colours – red, green and yellow and eight lotuses – representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon – representing Hindus and Muslims.
3. The flag designed by Gandhiji, was also a tricolour, consisting of red, green and white colours and a spinning wheel in the centre – representing the Gandhian idea of self-
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help. The act of carrying the tricolour during the marches was considered to be a symbol of defiance.
11. 1. The main objective of the non-cooperation movement was ‘not to cooperate with the British’ but the civil disobedience movement not only called for non-cooperation but breaking of various colonial laws.
2. During the non-cooperation movement, for example, students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. In contrast, people in large no. broke the salt law by manufacturing salt from seawater during the civil disobedience movement.
3. The non-cooperation movement saw the boycott of all kinds of foreign goods and foreign cloth and the simultaneous promotion of khadi cloth. But the civil disobedience not only boycotted foreign goods but also called for a complete boycott of British institutions and the British systems of governance. For example – many people broke the forest laws and entered the restricted areas, people refused to pay any kind of taxes to the government.
NOTE – The non-cooperation movement was narrow in its approach as well as participation which soon turned violent at many places. Various economic and financial situations also forced people to get back to the government set up institutions as there were no alternative Indian institutions available in their place. The civil disobedience movement, on the other hand, covered a wide variety of groups. The breaking of many colonial laws coupled with non-cooperation with the
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British system played an important role in uniting Indians across cultural and social backgrounds.
12. 1. On the basis of the capital investment, industries can be classified into two categories i.e. small-scale industry and large-scale industry.
2. A small-scale industry is different from a large-scale industry in terms of the amount of investment involved in both these categories.
3. For example – a small scale industry like toy manufacturing has a maximum limit of investment of rupees one crore. Any investment beyond the number of rupees one crore say, for example, iron and steel industry is considered to be a large scale industry.
NOTE – In order to better understand the role and manufacturing levels of various industries, they are classified according to certain criteria’s. For example – industries are classified on the basis of raw material – agro-based or mineral based industries, on the basis of ownership – public sector, private sector or joint sector etc.
13. 1. Various kinds of goods and services are needed for the healthy development and well being of human beings. However, all of these goods and services are not readily available in our surroundings. Therefore, the requirement of these goods and services leads to the need and importance of the system of transportation.
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2. The movement of different goods and services from one place to another is the basic task of the transportation system. The pace of development of a country is therefore indirectly linked to the production as well as the transportation of various goods and services to different places around the world.
3. A well-equipped transport system not only increases the availability of different kinds of goods and services but also adds to the development and prosperity of a country’s economy. Thus, in a globalized world, where the world is highly interconnected, an efficient means of transport is an essential aspect.
NOTE – Transport is the most important system of communication networks in an economy. Being an important part of communication, it holds a lot of responsibility in the sphere of development.
14. The textile industry is the only industry in India which is self-reliant and complete in value chain i.e. from the raw material to the highest value-added products.
1. The cotton textiles industry is a very old industry which has existed since the ancient times. In the early years, it was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Factors such as availability of raw cotton, market, transport facilities (ports), labour and favorable climate contribute towards its prominent presence locally.
2. This industry has close links with agriculture and provides a living to many people involved in the entire chain (eg – farmers, cotton ball pluckers workers engaged in various
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activities – ginning, dyeing etc.). It not only generates employment opportunities but also supports other industries such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores etc.
3. India is also the second largest producer of raw jute and jute based goods and stands at the second place as an exporter after Bangladesh. Although, there are a no. of challenges faced by this industry, the jute textiles have been successful in providing employment to many people and the increasing concern over environmental friendly products globally has also widened the opportunity for this industry.
15. 1. A political party that has its units operating in various states across a country, following the same ideology, strategies, and programmes is referred to as a national political party.
The conditions required to be a national political party includes –
2. A party has to secure at least six percent of the total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states.
3. A party has to win at least four seats in the Lok Sabha.
NOTE - A political party is referred to as a group of individuals who come together to participate in the election process of a country in order to secure maximum votes and hold power in the government at various levels (national, state, regional or grass root level – municipal level).
16. 1. Sectional interest groups seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group of society. For example – trade
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unions, business associations and professional bodies of teachers, lawyers, doctors etc.
2. These groups play an important role in creating awareness about their problems, aims and goals in society through various ways such as public demonstrations, rallies etc.
3. Sectional interest groups are only concerned about the betterment and well being of their members, and not the society in general.
NOTE – Sectional interest groups functioning in a democracy are called ‘sectional’ because they specifically represent a particular section of the society.
17. 1. The challenge of expansion involves the application of the basic principles of democratic governance across all regions, different social groups and institutions operating in a country.
2. The issues of ensuring greater power to local governments, an extension of the federal principle to all the units of a federation, the inclusion of women and minority groups within the democratic government fall under this challenge.
3. The maintenance of the democratic spirit in the process of decision making i.e. less and less no. of decisions should remain outside the democratic arena is a crucial aspect of the challenge of expansion. Democracies like India and the U.S.A often face this challenge.
NOTE – The expansion of democracy relates to the healthy functioning of democracy in a country. It is the most crucial
aspect which determines the outcomes of democracy in a country.
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18. 1. Money as a standard medium of payments can easily be exchanged for any commodity or service because transactions involving money only involve the use of money which in turn is very convenient as against the double coincidence of wants.
2. For example – If a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and buy wheat, he would first exchange shoes that he has produced for money and then exchange the money for wheat. However, in case of double coincidence of wants, he would have to first find a wheat growing farmer ready to exchange his wheat for the shoes, which is a much difficult task.
3. Money, therefore, removes the difficulty created by the double coincidence of wants and people can sell their goods without looking for the person willing to buy their goods and give exactly what they wish to buy. Money is, thus, the most convenient and time-saving medium of exchange.
NOTE – Money, as a medium of exchange, not only acts as a convenient mode of payment but also provides the option of transfer of money during a period of time with the promise of repayment later (loans).
19. 1. The government decided to remove the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment around 1991 as it was realized that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe.
2. The removal of barriers meant that goods could be imported as well as exported easily and also foreign companies could set
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up their factories and offices in India. In addition, the government imposed much fewer restrictions of business activity within India who was allowed to take decisions freely.
3. It was also felt that competition would improve the performance of the producers within India as they would have to improve their quality of service in comparison to the foreign competition.
NOTE – The Indian government, immediately after independence, had put barriers on foreign trade and investment in India in order to protect the producers within India from foreign competition. This was done to provide the Indian producers with an opportunity to grow and expand their industries.
20. The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged due to the following reasons –
1. There is no organization which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal sector. They can lend at whatever interest rate they want and there is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
2. Most of the informal moneylenders charge a very high rate of interest on loans in comparison to the formal lenders which in turn increases the cost of money which is to be repaid back. Sometimes the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower.
3. The high cost of borrowing discourages many people who wish to start an enterprise. It also significantly reduces the
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income of the borrower as much of the earnings go into repayment of the loan.
Therefore, the formal sector needs to play an increasing role in extending the facilities of credit.
NOTE - The formal sector includes banks and cooperatives while the informal sector includes moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc who provide loan facilities to the people.
21. Following are the measures and practices adopted by the French revolutionaries –
1. The idea of la Patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) supported the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French Flag, the tricolour, was chosen to replace the former royal standard and the Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed, the National Assembly.
3. New Hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated in the name of the nation. Uniform laws were formulated for all citizens by a centralized administrative system.
4. A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted, whereby all kinds of internal customs duties and dues were abolished.
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5. French, which was spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation and regional dialects were increasingly discouraged.
NOTE – The French Revolution took place in 1789. It saw a radical transfer of power from the absolute monarchy to a body of French citizens. The revolution claimed to empower the citizens who would shape the future of the French nation.
The U.S involvement in Vietnam War had a harsh impact on both U.S as well as Vietnam.
1. From 1965 to 1972, lakhs of U.S services personnel served in Vietnam. Even though the U.S was equipped with advanced technology and good medical supplies, casualties stood high.
2. In spite of the heavy weapons and tanks and the presence of the most powerful bombers – B52s, this phase proved to be brutal. The widespread attack and use of chemical weapons – Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs – destroyed many villages and decimated jungles.
3. Thousands of people died in the battle and lakhs and lakhs of people were left wounded. In addition, innocent civilians died in large numbers.
4. In the U.S., many were critical of the government for getting involved in the war. The inclusion of the youth from minorities and working middle classes and waiver of this military service for university graduates further spread a feeling of intense anger amongst the Americans.
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5. The U.S media also played an important role during this time. Hollywood made films in support of the war included John Wayne’s Green Berets. Many claimed it to be a propaganda film, responsible for motivating the young to die in the war. Films that were critical of the war included Coppola’s Apocalypse Now, which reflected the moral confusion that the war had caused in the U.S.
22. 1. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 passed by the colonial rulers gave immense power to the government. Despite opposition from Indian members, this act allowed the government to repress political activities and detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
2. Mahatma Gandhi wanted to launch a nationwide satyagraha against such unjust laws in order to bring the masses together in their fight against colonial rule.
3. The non-violent campaign began with a hartal on 6 April. Rallies were organized in various cities, workers went on a strike in railway workshops and most of the shops in markets closed down.
4. The British Administration clamped on the satyagrahis and nationalists out of fear of disruption of the lines of communication (railways and telegraph). Many local leaders were picked up from Amritsar and Mahatma Gandhi was also barred from entering Delhi.
5. The non-violent movement proved to be successful to a great extent. People, as they stood united in their struggle for independence, were able to shake the foundations of British
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Raj as there were widespread attacks on banks, post offices, and railway stations.
NOTE – Mahatma Gandhi wanted to launch a satyagraha on a large scale against the unjust Rowlatt Act. After the success of three satyagraha’s in Champaran, Kheda district, and Ahmedabad, he saw the powerful weapon of ahimsa as the means to overthrow British Rule.
23. 1. Petroleum (or mineral oil) is one of the major energy sources in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a wide range of manufacturing industries.
2. Petroleum industries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.
3. Petroleum occurrences in India are mostly associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
4. In the regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where the oil is trapped in the crest of the fold. The oil-bearing layer is generally porous limestone or sandstone through which oil can flow.
5. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
NOTE – Petroleum, an essential energy mineral, occurs in variation at different places in India. It is not only an important mineral for the survival of various industries but also plays an
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important role in the transportation system and its functioning.
24. 1. Manufacturing industries generate employment opportunities by providing people with alternative jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector, apart from the agricultural sector, thereby reducing heavy dependence on agricultural income.
2. The problems of eradicating unemployment and poverty can be addressed through the process of industrial development. This has been the underlying idea behind the establishment of the public sector and joint sector ventures.
3. India is a diverse country, comprising of people belonging to different cultures and religions, having their own regional identities. The initial establishment of industries in tribal and backward areas was generally aimed at reducing regional disparities.
4. The production of manufactured goods leads to significant expansion of trade and commerce, thus, bringing in the considerable amount of foreign exchange.
5. The transformation of raw materials into furnished goods is the path to prosperity. India, a country that has an abundance of raw materials can achieve its development goals by increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries.
NOTE – Manufacturing industries are those industries which process the raw materials to produce large quantities of valuable goods. The growth of manufacturing industries can go a long way in providing solutions to various socio-economic
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problems (such as poverty, unemployment, standard of living, health, education, literacy rate etc.)
25. Democracy is a better form of government in comparison to other forms of government because of the following reasons –
1. Democracy allows for regular, free and fair elections and formal institutions to enforce the code of conduct in every respect.
2. It provides for open public debate on major policies and legislation’ of the government along with proper mechanisms to keep the government and its functioning in check. For example- Right to Information (RTI).
3. A democratic government is responsive to the needs of its citizens and is accountable to the general public for all its actions because, a democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
4. Democratic government is a legitimate government as it is the people’s government. Although, it may be slow or less efficient in decision making, it sets a broad framework of intense debate in formulating policies of administering the affairs of the general public.
5. Despite its disadvantages over advantages, democracy is considered to be the most effective and development-oriented form of government and the ability to generate its own support is in itself a great achievement of democracy.
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26. 1. The activities of pressure groups and movements try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals by carrying out information campaigns, organizing meetings, filing petitions etc.
2. They also try to exert their influence on media in order to get more attention towards the issues and needs of the members of their respective groups and movements.
3. They also organize political activity like strikes, demonstrations, and disruptions in government programmes. For example – workers’ organizations, employees’ associations, and many movement groups resort to such methods in order to force the government to take note of their demands.
4. These groups often employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements and sometimes members of pressure groups may also participate in official bodies and committees that offer advice to the government.
5. Pressure groups and movements, overall, perform a useful role in countering the influence and domination of powerful and rich groups in a society and remind the government of the needs and concerns of the ordinary citizens.
NOTE - Without being a party, these groups and movements take a political stance; have a political ideology and political position on major issues. They tend to have a healthy influence on the overall functioning of democracy and its institutions.
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27. 1. Credit (loan) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.
2. Credit plays an important role in a large no. of transactions that take place in our day-to-day activities. However, whether credit would be useful or not, depends on the risks involved in a situation and available factors of support in case of loss.
3. For example – Salim, a shoe manufacturer, has received an order from a large trader in town for 3,000 pairs of shoes which are to be delivered in a month’s time which is two months before the festival season.
4. Salim needs to hire a few more workers for stitching and pasting work and purchase the raw materials. However, to meet these expenses, he asks the leather supplier to supply leather for now and promise to pay him later and also obtains a loan in cash from the trader as advance payment with a promise of delivering the entire order by the end of the month.
5. The delivery of the order eventually helps Salim in making a good profit and repays the money borrowed. He is not only able to deliver the order within the required time period but is also able to increase his earnings and thereby make profits.
NOTE – The role of credit is highly dependent on a particular situation. In the situation explained above, credit helps the shoe manufacturer in obtaining the capital needed for production which in turn helps him in delivering the order on time and thus helping him increase his earnings.
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28. 1. Globalization is a process of rapid interdependence and interconnectedness amongst the countries of the world. The Multinational Corporations (MNCs) have played a major role in stimulating and spreading the process of globalization.
2. MNCs usually set up production units across the globe in places where the market is nearby, there is the availability of skilled and unskilled labour at low costs and other factors essential to the growth of production.
3. The setting up of production in various countries leads to the development of products globally. Sometimes, the MNCs might also set up production with the local companies of a country as a joint responsibility, thus bringing in the latest technology and foreign investment.
4. The MNCs also link and control the production of goods. Large MNCs in developed countries often place orders for production with small producers all around the world which are then sold by the MNCs under their brand name.
5. The power of control and influence of such corporations has contributed to the interlinking of such widely dispersed locations across the globe. This process, in turn, has contributed to the growth of globalization process.
NOTE - MNCs are increasingly entering the local markets of various countries and playing the role of integration of these markets with the world economy and thus contributing to the process of globalization. MNCs, in rapid course of time, have not only resulted in the global expansion of brand names but have also made the process of production and selling of goods and services, a complex and interdependent process.
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29.
30.
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Note:
The
following
questions
are
for
the
visually
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candidates
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in
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of
Q
No.
30:
1.
Gujarat
2.
West
Bengal
3.
Tuticorin
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1. The Greek War of Independence mobilized nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848.
NOTE - Various regions of Europe saw the rise of feelings of liberalism and nationalism against rigid and autocratic forces. In Greece, the struggle was against the Ottoman Empire (Muslim rulers). The Greek War of Independence was immensely supported by different groups across the entire world and it was only in 1832 that the struggle for independence became successful.
Phan Boi Chau was the nationalist who wrote a play based on the lives of Trung sisters.
NOTE – The image and status of womanhood changed as the feelings of nationalism grew in Vietnam. The play was based on the lives of Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination. In the play, they had been depicted as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese. Although, the actual reasons for the revolt are a matter of debate amongst the scholars, after Phan Boi Chau’s play, the Trung sisters came to be glorified and idealized. They were often shown in paintings, representing intense patriotism of the Vietnamese.
Solutions (Set – 2)
OR
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2. Minerals occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints in igneous and metamorphic rocks. They are usually formed when minerals in liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the Earth’s surface. Eventually, they cool and solidify as they rise.
NOTE – The formation of minerals is subject to various conditions, physical as well as chemical. Minerals are formed of igneous and metamorphic rocks as well as sedimentary rocks.
8. In India, one cannot refuse a payment made in rupees because, by law, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. The law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment which cannot be refused in settling transactions in India.
NOTE – Rupee is widely accepted as the medium of exchange issued by the central bank i.e. the RBI on behalf of the central government. Also, by law, no other organization or individual is allowed to issue currency.
17. 1. Democratic government stands at a much better position than its alternatives because it is a legitimate government which solely reflects the will and aspirations of the people in a society.
2. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean, but a democratic government is people’s own government i.e. the people enjoy the freedom of choosing their representatives.
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3. The immense support in favour of democracy even in country’s with non-democratic governments shows democracy’s ability to generate its own support which in itself is a great achievement.
NOTE – Legitimacy refers to the acceptance of authority with a confirmation of laws and rules.
18. A wide range of goods is available in the Indian markets as a result of globalization.
1. Globalisation has led to the large-scale integration of the markets around the world. Goods and services provided by different countries are now available in the Indian markets, thus, giving a variety of choices to the consumers in India.
2. The investment by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, and fast food services etc. has made the latest variety of various goods easily available.
3. Various foreign brands such as Sony, Samsung, Apple, MI etc.
have become extremely popular amongst the Indian consumers.
NOTE – Globalisation in today’s scenario is the most influential event affecting people all around the world. The multinational corporations have played the major role in interlinking markets of different countries together in a network of interdependence and interconnectedness.
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19. 1. The formal sector i.e. the banks and the cooperatives need to engage more in the lending activities because of the disadvantages posed by the informal sector including high rates of interest and the unfair means that are involved in this process.
2. Borrowings at many cheap rates from the formal sector would encourage higher incomes which would, in turn, lead to an increase in the number of borrowings from the banks for various purposes.
3. An increase in borrowings would help people in growing crops, do business, set up small-scale industries etc which would add to the development aspect of a country. Therefore, affordable credit is crucial for a country’s development.
NOTE – The formal sector (banks and cooperatives) in comparison to the informal sector (moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends) needs to increase its lending activities because it provides cheap and affordable credit. The high rates of interests on loans given by informal sector often force the borrower into a debt trap (instead of making one prosperous, it worsens the situation), from which recovery is very painful.
22. 1. Mahatma Gandhi had sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31January 1930, stating eleven demands which were to be accepted and fulfilled immediately. Some of these demands were of general interest, while the rest were specific of different classes, from industrialists to the peasants.
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2. Gandhiji had put forward a wide range of demands with a unique idea of bringing people of different classes under the common umbrella of a united campaign.
3. Among these demands, the most stirring was the demand to abolish the salt tax. According to the salt law, the British enjoyed a monopoly over the production of salt and levied a tax on it.
4. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was among the essential items of food. A tax on salt and government monopoly over its production was considered the most oppressive forms of British rule.
5. The letter sent by Gandhiji was an ultimatum to the government. If the demands were not fulfilled, Gandhiji further threatened to launch a Civil Disobedience Campaign against the British Raj. The breaking of the salt law after 24 days at the
The coast of Dandi marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
NOTE – The Civil Disobedience Campaign began with the famous Salt March that took place in March 1930. Gandhiji along with his volunteers marched for 24 days from the Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi in Gujarat. On reaching there, Gandhiji ceremonially violated the law by boiling the sea water and thereby manufacturing salt.
23. 1. The sugar mills in India are usually concentrated in sugarcane producing areas in the southern and western states,
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especially in Maharashtra because the cane produced in these areas has high sucrose content.
2. The sugar industry is seasonal in nature and therefore a cooler climate ensures longer crushing season. In addition, the cooperatives in these regions are very much successful.
3. The seasonal nature of work in this industry is a major drawback as people are employed to work only during the period when sugarcane is produced.
4. The methods of production employed in the processing of sugar are old and inefficient in working. This poses a problem which significantly affects the levels of output of production.
5. There is also a need to address the transport facilities because often the transportation of cane to the factories for further processing is delayed which affects the quality of output. Additionally, there is also a need to maximise the use of baggage i.e. the dry pulp which is left after extracting juice from sugarcane.
NOTE – The sugar industry in India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world. Although it has its own problems, this industry has been able to stand at a high position worldwide.
25. 1. Political parties are the most crucial aspects determining the outcomes of democracy. Therefore, they are often subjected to popular criticism.
There are four major areas where the parties face challenges –
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2. Lack of internal democracy – Power often concentrates in the hands of one or few leaders at the top of a party. Since parties are not usually involved in keeping track of regular activities, ordinary citizens who are members of the party, do not get much information of what is actually happening. They do not have any means to influence the decision-making process. The issue of personal loyalty to the leader is a major problem which arises due to the dominance of few leaders.
3. Dynastic succession – There are very few ways for an ordinary citizen from a party to rise to the top because parties usually do not practice open and transparent procedures in their functioning.
Moreover, the top positions in many parties are controlled by members of one family who tend to favour people close to them or their family members in giving positions of power. This tendency is harmful to the functioning of parties as well as the democracy.
4. The role of money and muscle power – Since the main aim of the parties is to win elections, they often use short-cuts in doing so. For example – they nominate candidates who have or can raise lots of money or they may support criminals who can easily win the elections. In addition, the growing role of the rich and powerful companies within politics tends to influence the policies and decisions of the party.
5. Lack of meaningful choices – The decline in the ideological difference between parties in recent times does not offer a meaningful choice to the voters as there is not much difference in the policies and programmes of the various political parties. For example – In India, the differences among all major parties
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on the economic policies have reduced and people who want some really different policymakers are hardly left with any choice.
Also, sometimes it is not possible to elect a different leader as the same leaders keep shifting from one party to another.
NOTE – Political parties are the major driving forces in a democracy and therefore people tend to blame the parties for whatever that goes wrong with the functioning of democracy. Since parties play a major role in the political sphere, there is a need to address the challenges it faces in order to better serve the citizens of a democracy.
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1. The main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815 was a commitment to oppose monarchical forms of governance that had been established and to fight for liberty and freedom.
NOTE – After Napoleon was defeated, conservatism as an ideology emerged in different regions of Europe. Conservative systems of governance were autocratic (monarch) in nature. They did not tolerate criticism and curbed the freedom of citizens. A wide range of censorship laws was also set in place, thus restricting the freedom of speech and expression of the common man. This injustice led to the emergence of the meaning and importance of freedom and liberty and the need to oppose the unjust rule of the monarch (autocratic).
The two bases of the colonial economy in Vietnam were rice cultivation and rubber plantations.
NOTE – The French established their colonies and began to take financial, political and socio-economic control on the lives of the people of Vietnam by the mid-1880s.
2. Minerals occur in beds or layers in sedimentary rocks. They are formed as a result of deposition, accumulation, and
Solutions (Set – 3)
OR
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concentration in the horizontal strata. For example – coal, which has been formed as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Minerals like gypsum, potash salt, and sodium salt are formed as a result of evaporation.
NOTE - The formation of minerals is subject to various conditions, physical as well as chemical. Minerals are formed under igneous and metamorphic rocks as well as sedimentary rocks.
8. The loans given by the formal sector have low rates of interest whereas the loans given by the informal sector have very high rates of interest.
NOTE – The formal sector includes banks and cooperatives while the informal sector includes moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc who provide loan facilities to the people.
17. 1. The state parties commonly referred to as regional parties, need not always be regional in their ideology or outlook. Some of these are All-India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
2. Since no one party is able to secure a majority on its own in Lok Sabha, the national parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties. Nearly every state party has got the opportunity to be a part of one or the other national level coalition government since 1996.
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3. Expansion in terms of no. and strength of these state parties has made the Parliament of India politically more and more diverse, thereby contributing to the strengthening of federalism and democracy.
NOTE – The Election Commission of India classifies various political parties as national or state parties in accordance with certain criteria – A party that secures at least six percent of the total votes in an election to the legislative assembly of a state and wins at least two seats is recognized as a state party.
18. Markets do not work in a fair manner and the consumers are most likely to be the victim of the various types of exploitation that takes place in the market. This reason makes awareness on the part of consumers, an essential aspect.
1. Large companies with huge power, wealth and reach can easily manipulate the markets. Exploitation takes place in various ways, for example, shopkeepers weigh less than what they should or adding to charges not mentioned before or the selling of adulterated/defective goods.
2. Lack of awareness among the consumers can lead to, for example, selling of medicines without proper details of ingredients and manufacture and expiry, selling of goods at the Maximum Retail Price (MRP) etc, thus, being harmful to the consumer.
3. In India, the movement for consumer awareness arose as a ‘social force’ with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices such as food shortages, hoarding, black marketing etc. The enactment of COPRA, 1986 and the expansion of Right
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to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 have provided the mechanisms for the protection and awareness of the consumer.
NOTE – The Consumer Protection Act (COPRA) of 1986 was one of the major steps forward in increasing the level of consumer awareness and reducing the levels of exploitation.
The Right to Information (RTI), 2005 is an initiative introduced to cover various services provided by the government. It aims to ensure the citizens all the information about the functions of the government departments.
19. Globalisation and greater competition within the market have been of advantage to the consumers, particularly the well-off sections in the urban areas.
1. The consumers now enjoy the improved quality and lower prices for several products, thereby, leading to higher standards of living which were not possible earlier.
2. The increase in investment by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in industries such as cell phones, automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food or services such as banking in urban areas has been successful in providing a wide variety of options to the consumers in the market.
3. The creation of employment opportunities in various industries has further increased the financial ability of the people, thus, contributing to the overall development of the consumers.
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NOTE – Globalisation refers to the interdependence and increasing connectedness between countries across the globe. The impact of globalization on consumers has largely been positive. The expansion of the market has further contributed to an increase in the number of products that were not available earlier in the market, thus contributing towards the well-being of the consumers.
22. 1. The identity of India gradually came to be associated with the image of Bharat Mata as the feelings of nationalism spread. First created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, it was later painted by Abanindranath Tagore. Calm, composed, divine and spiritual, Bharat Mata acquired many forms and was widely circulated across the nation.
2. Movements to revive Indian Folklore played an important role in developing ideas of nationalism. Folk songs and tales gave a true picture of a traditional culture that was believed to be corrupted and damaged by outside forces. It was increasingly being considered important in order to discover one’s national identity. For example – Rabindranath Tagore collected ballads, hymns, and rhymes and led the movement for folk revival.
3. Icons and symbols such as the tricolour (red, green, yellow) created during the Swadeshi Movement became the force that unified and inspired people in participating in the nationalist struggle. Expressing the Gandhian ideal of self-help, the tricolour with a spinning wheel in the center (red, green, white) created by Gandhiji became a symbol of defiance during the marches.
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4. The reinterpretation of history brought people of various communities under the nationalist struggle. Many Indians made attempts at instilling a sense of pride by looking at the historical experiences of India in a positive manner. The British saw Indians as backward, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
5. The glorious developments of ancient times including the development of art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished were the focus of the emerging nationalist struggles. The colonization of India by the British was seen as the major reason for decline in India’s progress.
NOTE – The growing anger against the unjust policies and programmes of the British continuously played an important role in bringing thousands of Indians together. In addition, the various symbols of nationalism added to this unity which ultimately led to the downfall of British rule in India and thereby bringing independence.
23. 1. Trade, in basic terms, refers to the exchange of goods among people, states and countries wherein the market is the place where such exchanges take place.
2. International trade refers to the trade that takes place between two countries which may take place through sea, air or land routes.
3. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index of economic prosperity and is therefore considered to be the economic barometer for a country. If the balance of
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international trade is favourable (value of exports exceeds the value of imports), it would result in more foreign exchange earnings for that country.
4. Various countries across the globe have trade relations with the major trading blocks present in different geographical locations. For example – commodities of export include agricultural products, gems, and jewelry, ores and minerals etc. and commodities of import include petroleum and its products, inorganic chemicals, pearls and precious stones etc.
5. In recent years, international trade has under gone immense changes wherein the exchange of commodities and goods has been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge. For example – India has emerged as a software giant at the international level, earning a large amount of foreign exchange.
NOTE – International trade is an important factor that measures and determines the growth and development of a country’s economy. The advancement in technology nowadays has provided a great opportunity to many countries like India who are playing an important role at the international level.
