2014 Network Evolution II 1 John Wright [email protected] 1976 to …

20142014 Network Evolution IINetwork Evolution II 11

Net

wor

k E

volu

tion

IIN

etw

ork

Evo

lutio

n II

John WrightJohn Wright

[email protected]@bell.net

1976 to ….


Can

adia

n S

cene

Can

adia

n S

cene

Bell

MTSSGT

AGTBCT

MT&T

NT

NBT

QT

ITTelusSaskTel

BC Tel.Alberta Government Tel.Saskatchewan Govt. Tel.Manitoba Telephone SystemBell Canada

Quebec Tel.NB Tel.Maritime Tel. & Tel.Island Tel.Newoundland Tel.


Add

Cel

lula

rA

dd C

ellu

lar

Bell

MTS

MT&T

NT

NBTQT

ITR O G E R STelus

SaskTel


Net

wor

kN

etw

ork

Im

prov

emen

ts Im

prov

emen

ts TransmissionTransmission– FOTSFOTS

SwitchingSwitching– Electronic, digitalElectronic, digital

SignallingSignalling– Common Channel (Data Network)Common Channel (Data Network)

Dynamic RoutingDynamic Routing


Tra

nsm

issi

onT

rans

mis

sion

FibreFibre– Most heavy route LDMost heavy route LD

Redundancy designed inRedundancy designed in

– To the homeTo the home

Heavy route microwave – goneHeavy route microwave – goneShort and/or light route Short and/or light route microwave – almost gonemicrowave – almost goneMicrowave or cable (paired or Microwave or cable (paired or co-ax) being replaced by FOTSco-ax) being replaced by FOTS


Sw

itchi

ngS

witc

hing

ElectromechanicalElectromechanical– GoneGone

Electronic - AnalogueElectronic - Analogue– Look hard, you may find someLook hard, you may find some

Electronic – DigitalElectronic – Digital– Almost universalAlmost universal

Electronic – OpticalElectronic – Optical– Coming ??Coming ??


Sw

itchi

ng H

iera

rchy

Sw

itchi

ng H

iera

rchy

Class 2

Class 4

Class 1

Class 5

Class 3

Regional Centre

Sectional Centre

Primary Centre

Toll Centre

End Office Loops

Trunks

613 416, 519705514

819

Montreal


Num

berin

g P

lan

Num

berin

g P

lan Country Code 1, 2 or 3 digitsCountry Code 1, 2 or 3 digits

(Canada & US is 1, UK is 44, Taiwan is 886)(Canada & US is 1, UK is 44, Taiwan is 886)

Area Code 3 digits, middle is 0 or 1Area Code 3 digits, middle is 0 or 1 (Eastern Ontario is 613)(Eastern Ontario is 613)

C. O. Code 3 digits, first one is not 0 or 1C. O. Code 3 digits, first one is not 0 or 1 (Carleton is 520)(Carleton is 520)

Subscriber 4 digitsSubscriber 4 digits ((Halim YanikomerogluHalim Yanikomeroglu is 5734) is 5734)

1 - 613 - 520 - 5734 is unique

Problem – North America ran out of area codesSolution – remove the 0 or 1 restriction


Sig

nalli

ngS

igna

lling Common Channel SignallingCommon Channel Signalling

– A data networkA data network– Computer accessComputer access

Separation between voice and signalling

Signalling information for many voice channels on one signal channel

Effectively a data network

Before, after and during


Based on the OSI modelBased on the OSI modelC

CS

For

mat

CC

S F

orm

at

88 6 1 7 1 728 16 8n ( n= 2 to 256)

F CK SIF SIO LIFIB

FSNBIB

BSN F

FF FlagFlag

BSNBSN Backward Sequence NumberBackward Sequence Number

BIBBIB Backward Indicator BitBackward Indicator Bit

FSNFSN Forward Sequence NumberForward Sequence Number

FIBFIB Forward Indicator BitForward Indicator Bit

LILI Length IndicatorLength Indicator

SIOSIO Service Information OctetService Information Octet

SIFSIF Signalling Information FieldSignalling Information Field

CKCK Check BitsCheck Bits


OS

I & C

CS

7O

SI &

CC

S7

6 Presentation

7 Application

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

6 Presentation

7 Application

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

OSI Model

TUP MAP

CCS 7

TUP - Telephone User PartMAP – Mobile Application Part


Sw. C

CC

S B

asic

Arc

hite

ctur

eC

CS

Bas

ic A

rchi

tect

ure

SignalTransfer

Point (STP)

Sw. A Sw. B

Trunks

Disassociated

Associated


CC

S7

Net

wor

k C

CS

7 N

etw

ork

Arc

hite

ctur

eA

rchi

tect

ure

STP

STP STP

STP

STP

STP

Links toSecondary STPs

TOLL (Primary ) STPs


Mob

ile A

pplic

atio

n P

art

Mob

ile A

pplic

atio

n P

art

Provides Services to Mobile Phone UsersProvides Services to Mobile Phone Users– Location managementLocation management– Call handlingCall handling

RoutingRouting

RoamingRoaming

Called party availabilityCalled party availability

Etc.Etc.

Originally used RADIUS– Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

Now ‘Diameter’– Internet Engineering Task Force


HP

R -

Dyn

amic

Rou

ting

HP

R -

Dyn

amic

Rou

ting

HPRCOMPUTERVANC (or CAL,

EDM, etc)

St. JOHNS (orHFX, etc.)

TORONTO MONTREAL

OT

Trunks

Control

Monitoring

Effective in big-city networks


The

Bal

ance

Shi

ftsT

he B

alan

ce S

hifts Long distanceLong distance

– Cost and price plummetCost and price plummet– No longer the financial mainstayNo longer the financial mainstay– Built-in to cellphone serviceBuilt-in to cellphone service

Local serviceLocal service– New services with good revenuesNew services with good revenues– BUTBUT Competition from cellphones Competition from cellphones


CLA

SS

Ser

vice

sC

LAS

S S

ervi

ces

• Call Forwarding• Calling Line ID• Calling Line ID Blocking• Auto Recall• Auto Call Back• Call Waiting• Ident-a-call

ShipmentsShipments 20122012 20162016

Non-smartNon-smart 893m893m 719m719m

SmartSmart 695m695m 1342m1342m


Inte

llige

nt S

ervi

ces

1In

telli

gent

Ser

vice

s 1

800 (888, 877, 866)800 (888, 877, 866) Switch

Database

The 800 database can beprogrammed to return

different numbers depending on the calling number, calling location

and time-of-day

Signalling links


Inte

llige

nt S

ervi

ces

2In

telli

gent

Ser

vice

s 2

Calling Card CheckingCalling Card Checking Switch

Database

Signalling links

The Calling Card databasefully automates the Q & Abetween an ‘operator’ and

the customer


Inte

rcon

nect

ion

Issu

esIn

terc

onne

ctio

n Is

sues

Bell localBell local

Bell localOther local

Bell LDOther LD

Bell LDOther LD

Bell localOther local

Bell LD Bell localBell local

• How do you connect?• How do you share the revenue?


1969 ARPAnet1969 ARPAnet

1980s NSFnet (US), CA*net (Canada)1980s NSFnet (US), CA*net (Canada)

1991 HTML (CERN) 1991 HTML (CERN) WWWWWW

1993 Mosaic 1993 Mosaic NetscapeNetscape

Inte

rnet

- O

rigin

sIn

tern

et -

Orig

ins

Academia Business Public


100 years of control, growth and industrial 100 years of control, growth and industrial stabilitystability

Followed by 20 years of changeFollowed by 20 years of change

Followed by tumultFollowed by tumult

Leading to: Leading to: - Anarchy? - Chaos? - Survival of the fittest- Anarchy? - Chaos? - Survival of the fittest

The technology is digitalThe technology is digital

Sum

mar

yS

umm

ary

The key words are

Change & Competition

20142014 Network Evolution IINetwork Evolution II 2323Is th

e N

etw

ork

Rel

evan

t?Is

the

Net

wor

k R

elev

ant? YesYes

– All voice traffic is carried on the networkAll voice traffic is carried on the networkIncluding LD cellphone callsIncluding LD cellphone calls

– All Internet traffic is carried on the networkAll Internet traffic is carried on the network– All other data is carried on the networkAll other data is carried on the network

ButBut– It is becoming a passive carrierIt is becoming a passive carrier– Services are provided at the endsServices are provided at the ends

Documents

2014 Network Evolution II 1 John Wright [email protected] 1976 to …