2012 02 09 Bernini PhDdissertation

7/31/2019 2012 02 09 Bernini PhDdissertation

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Supervisor: Prof. Francesco Tisato

Tutor: Prof. Carla Simone

Ph.D. Program Coordinator: Prof. Stefania Bandini

February 9th 2012

Diego Bernini

Ph.D. final exam

Architectural Abstractions for

Spaces-based Communicationin Responsive Environments

University of Milano-Bicocca, Doctoral School of Science

Ph.D. Program in Informatics, Cycle XXIV

Department of Informatics, Systems and Communication


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Outline

Motivations & Contribution Spatial concepts

Spaces-based Publish/Subscribe Communication

Space Integration Services

Publications and courses


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The principled understanding of the large-scale structures

of software systems (Shaw & Clements 2006)

Architectural abstractions (Kirstensen 1998) and concrete

frameworks (Taylor et al. 2009)

Research area: Software Architecture

February 9th 2012 3D. Bernini, Ph.D. final exam


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Domain: Responsive Environments

Ordinary environments equipped with ICT technologies

capable of sensing and responding accordingly to entities

that inhabit them (Negroponte 1976) (Bullivant 2006)

Domotics & Building automation (Goumopoulos & Kameas 2008)

Interactive Art, Architecture & Design (Bullivant 2007, 2006)

Acconci Studio, tunnel with

adaptive lightning. Screenshot from

(Bandini et. Al 2008)

Creston Electronics,

building automation systems,

http://www.crestron.com/

Abundance, Camille

Utterback (2007),

http://camilleutterback.com



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It does NOT imply a centralized design organization and/or

deployment

A Reference Schema

ICT System organization:

from (purely) reactive,

stateful/reflexive, to emergent behaviors

centralized-

federatedhighly

distributed

Deployment

Different computational

models are adopted:

from Data flow models

to Agents



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A Reference Software Architecture



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What communication architectural abstractions? (Kusznir& Diane J. Cook 2010)(Bavafa & Navidi 2010)(Goumopoulos &

Kameas 2008)(A. Fernandez-Montes 2009)(Ristau 2008)(Aiello &

Dustdar 2008)

Motivations



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Motivations: key requirements

Simplicity

Identify few, general abstractions reified by a concrete framework

Efficiency & light weight

The framework must support real-time information flows

Dynamicity

Adding and removing devices to and from the system without

affecting its functionalities

Cost-Benefit Trade-Off

Focus on application effectiveness

(Kusznir & Diane J. Cook 2010)



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Publish/subscribe communication (Mhl, Fiege, and Pietzuch

2006)

Exploited by recent approaches like (Gmez & Fuentes 2011)(Kusznir and Cook 2010) (Goumopoulos and Kameas 2009)(Aiello &

Dustdar 2008) (Ristau 2008)

Extensions:

Location-based publish/suscribe (Eugster, Garbinato, and Holzer 2005)

Context-based publish/subscribe (Cugola, Margara, and Migliavacca 2009)

State-of-the-art: publish/subscribe



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Tuple mediated communication (Gelernter 1985)

Exploited by recent approaches like (Viroli et al. 2011), (Mamei& Zambonelli 2009) (MacColl et al. 2002)

Extensions: Tuples On The Air-TOTA (Mamei & Zambonelli 2009)

Chemichal inspired diffusion of tuples (Viroli et al. 2011)

State-of-the-art: tuple spaces



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GoalProviding suitable architectural abstractions

to reify information flows

in Responsive Environments

Contribution

An original extension of publish/subscribe communication

Supported by a Concrete Framework

Validated through Experimental Applications

Research Goal & Contribution



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Outline

Motivations & Contribution

Spatial Concepts





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Environment spaces

An environment space S={l1

, l2

, , ln

} is a finite, not-empty

set of locations that has at least one prametric defined

for the set

Aprametric on a not-empty set X is a function: (Aldrovandi andPereira 1995)

d: XX R which, for all x, y in X, satisfies the following conditions:

d(x, y) 0

d(x, x) = 0



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Spatial Models

An environment space is organized according to a spatial

model, which defines

one or more types of locations

how locations are related in the space according to their types

and at least one prametric that can be applied to the locations of

the space

Different spatial models have been proposed in literature

(e.g., (Becker and Drr 2004) and (Dobson 2005))

The proposed approach is extensible respect to thespatial models



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Example: Graph-based spatial model

Locations are nodes and edges of a graph

Directed weighted graph spatial model: it is based on a

weighted directed graph DWG = (V, E, w)

A direct graph where a non-negative number (weight) is assigned

to each edge through a weight function w: E R+ {0}

Prametric example:

d: VV R

v1, v2 V d(v1,v2) = wsp(v1,v2)

where wsp: V

V R+

{0} is a function which computes theminimum weight of a path from v1 to v2 (Cormen et al. 2001)

It can be easily extended to edges considering the first vertex of

each edge



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Example: Grid-based spatial model

It defines locations as cells of a n-dimensional matrix in

which each dimension is addressed by a index set ISk,1kn, a finite, not-empty subset ofN

A prametric: the Chebyshev metric (Anon 2002)

DChebyshev: Nn x Nn R

DChebyshev(p,q) = maxi(|pi-qi|)

When n = 2, given two cells identified by (x1,y1) and (x2,y2), the

Chebyshev metric is defined as DChebyshev((x1,y1), (x2, y2)) =max(|x2-x1|, |y2-y1|)



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Example: Name spatial model

It defines locations as symbolic names (strings)

A prametric for strings: Levenshtein distance (Levenshtein 1966)

It is defined as the minimum number of edits needed to

transform one string into the other, with the allowableedit operations being insertion, deletion, or substitution

of a single character



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Multiple Environment Spaces

room44 room43

room45 FloorGraph space

FloorGrid space



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Spatial Contexts

A spatial context SC is a not-empty subset of an

environment space ES

Enumerative context:

SC={l1, l2, , ln}

where SC ES, ES is an environment space and SC

Declarative context:

SCr,k={ l ES | d(r, l) k}

where r ES, k R+ {0} and d is a prametric provided by the

spatial model of ES

Example: {Ci FloorGrid : DChebyshev((0,0), Ci) 1}



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Explicit Mappings

A explicit mapping is an ordered pair of locations of

different environment spaces possibly defined according

to different spatial models:

(l1, l2), l1 ES1, l2 ES2,

ES1

and ES2

are environment spaces and ES1

ES2

room44 room43

room45



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Transitive Closure of Explicit Mappings

Explicit mapping relation EMR: the relation given by the

set of all the defined explicit mappings

It is a binary relation on US, where US is the union of all the

defined environment spaces:

EMR US US, US = ES1 ESn, ESi is an environment space

i {1,2,..,n} The explicit mapping relation is anti-reflexive: l US (l,l) EMR,

because explicit mappings are only defined among locations of

different environment spaces

The restricted transitive closure MR of the explicit

mapping relation EMR is the binary relation containing

all the explicit mappings (li, lj) EMR

all the implicit mappings i.e., the pairs (li, lk) where li ESp lk

ESq, ESp ESq, (li, lm) EMR and (lm, lk) MR for some lm



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Spatial Contexts Matching (1)

Let SC1 and SC2 be spatial contexts defined in the

environment space ES i.e., SC1 ES andSC2 ES

A direct match between SC1 and SC2 occurs when SC1

SC2



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Spatial Contexts Matching (2)

Let SC1 and SC2 be spatial contexts defined in different

environment spaces ES1 and ES2 i.e., SC1 ES1 andSC2

ES2 and ES1 ES2

An indirect match between SC1 and SC2 occurs when l1

SC1, r1 SC2 and (l1, r1) MR



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Outline


Space Concepts





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Spaces-based Publish/Subscribe



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publish() vs. subscribeOR()

Assume that a component C1 publishes viapublish(TI,

PSC) a thematic information item TI localized at the

spatial context list PSC=SC1, SC2, SCn

Assume that a component C2 previously subscribed to a

spatial context list SSC=SC1, SC2, SCm via

subscribeOR(SSC)

Be match(SC1, SC2) a predicate which is true if and only if

there is a match, direct or indirect, between the spatial

contexts SC1 and SC2; it is false otherwise The component C2 is notified about TI if and only if:

SSCj , PSCi1jm 1in | match(SSCj, PSCi)



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Direct match example

Component C2

subscribeOR(FloorGrid, >)

Component C1publish(theInfo, )

theInfo

Matching=


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Matching=

Indirect match example

Component C2

Component C1publish(theInfo, )

theInfo

notification

room45

mapping

subscribeOR()

A notification contains also

3) the contexts which are

mapped from the original

onesFebruary 9th 2012 28D. Bernini, Ph.D. final exam


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publish() vs. subscribeAND()

Assume that a component C1 publishes viapublish(TI,

PSC) a thematic information item TI localized at the

spatial context list PSC=SC1, SC2, SCn

Assume that a component C2 previously subscribed to a

spatial context list SSC=SC1, SC2, SCm via

subscribeAND(SSC)

The component C2 is notified about TI if and only if:

SSCj 1jm PSCi1in | match(SSCj, PSCi)



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Extensions: Declarative Spatial Contexts

Declarative contexts allow more powerful publications

and subscriptions

Examples:

publish(info,

subscribeOR(


Extensions: Space and Mappings


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Extensions: Space and Mappings

Management



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Outline


Space Concepts





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Framework: Space Integration Services (SIS)



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SIS architecture



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Perfomance tests

Measures about the mean reasoning time

Variables:

Number of spaces

Number of mappings

Number of locations included by publications Joint cases

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Performance tests: locations & mappings


12250 total mappings


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Performance tests: locations & mappings


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Experimental applications

DISCo GAS Smart Building- SIS as integration platform

Seamlessly integration of sensors & actuators - VIDEO

Augmented classroom with IT IS Lab - Prof. Simone

Integration of sensors, actuators and 3D visualizationcomponents with IVL Lab - Prof. Schettini

Digital shows & Interactive Art installations

SIS as engineering platform

IMPULSO: spaces-based communication as foundation for

logistics management

F.I.R.B. Integrated Systems for Emergency project: SIS forspaces-based information flows



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Discussion

Benefits

Environments spaces and mappings support subjective views of

the overall environment

Information flows are transparently created through multiple

spaces and mappings

Components can ignore the identifiers of other components

Heterogeneous components can be easily integrated by defining

their distinctive spaces and relating them through mappings

Mappings determine the information paths

Limits & Future work

Distribution and scale-ability: the current SIS prototype supports

small-medium size responsive environments

Improving the SIS implementation for hard-real time applications

Privacy and security: spaces as security descriptors



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About key requirements

Simplicity

The approach is based on two key concepts: spaces & mappings

Efficiency & light weight

Current (prototypal) framework has demonstrated good

performance for small-medium size environments

Dynamicity It is directly supported by the approach

Cost-Benefit Trade-Off

Current implementation has required about six months of work

Application effectiveness Experimental applications suggest that spaces and mappings boost

the development of integrated features



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Outline


Space Concepts





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Related Publications: journals

Diego Bernini, Francesco Fiamberti, Daniela Micucci,

Francesco Tisato, Architectural Abstractions for Spaces-

Based Communication in Smart Environments,Journal of

Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, Thematic

Issue A Software Engineering Perspective on Smart

Applications for AmI, In Press.

Francesco Tisato, Carla Simone, Diego Bernini, Marco P.

Locatelli, Daniela Micucci, Grounding ecologies on

multiple spaces, Pervasive and Mobile Computing,

Available online 2 November 2011, ISSN 1574-1192,

10.1016/j.pmcj.2011.10.005.



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Related Publications: conferences

Bernini, D. 2010. Architectural abstractions for space and time awareness: the case of

responsive environments. Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Software

Architecture: Companion Volume (Copenhagen, Denmark, August 23 - 26, 2010). C. E.Cuesta, Ed. ECSA '10. ACM, New York, NY, 12-16.

Bernini, D., Micucci, D., and Tisato, F. A Space-Based Interoperability Model.

Proceedings of CAISE 2010 Workshops, Lecture Notes in Business Information

Processing, Springer (2010).

Bernini, D., Micucci, D., and Tisato, F. A Platform for Interoperability via MultipleSpatial Views in Open Smart Spaces. Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2010 IEEE

Symposium on, IEEE (2010).

Bernini, D., Micucci, D., and Tisato, F. Space Integration Services: a platform for space-

aware communication. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Wireless

Communications and Mobile Computing: Connecting the World Wirelessly, ACM

(2010).

Bernini, D., Tisato, F. and Vizzari, G. 2010. Informatics and Responsive Environments:

the Role of Computational Models and Software Architectures. Poster abstract

presented at the Fourth International Conference on Design Computing and Cognition,

July 2010, Stuttgart, Germany.



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Abroad Research Period

September-November 2010: Acconci Studio, NY, USA

Engineering of an interactive installation

A tunnel with speakers and presence sensors

Goal: move & mix audio tracks according to the recognized

presence

A case study about an artistical Responsive Environment

It gave me the opportunity to work on a real RE

I developed a working and expandible prototype I developed reusable software components integrable with SIS



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Courses

Sistemi Context-aware, Prof. Agostini

Aspetti Epistemologici dellInformatica, Prof. Bandini

Soft Computing for Software Engineering, Prof. Arcelli

Pure Data, external course, Fine Arts Academy ofBrescia

Interaction Design, Prof. De Michelis Knowledge Management: conoscenza, condivisione,

tecnologia, Prof. Simone

Others

2009-2010: English course (DISCo)

2009-2010: Il Lavoro autonomo & colloquio di lavoro (DoctoralSchool of Science)

2008-2009: Laboratorio di Comunicazione (from QUASI_SI Ph.D.Program), Comunicazione della Scienza, Gestione dei progetti diricerca (Doctoral School of Science)

February 9th 2012 D. Bernini, Ph.D. final exam 45

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Performance tests: static mappings


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Performance test: static mappings


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Performance tests: dynamic mappings


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Performance tests: dynamic mappings


P f t t l ti


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Performance tests: locations



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2012 02 09 Bernini PhDdissertation