2008 Global Military Expenditures Hit Record Levels

8/14/2019 2008 Global Military Expenditures Hit Record Levels

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Global weapons spending hits record levels

US accounts for more than half total increase to $1.4tnChina now second biggest spender in world league table

Worldwide spending on weapons has reached record levels amounting to well over $1tn last year,a leading research organisation reported today.

Global military expenditure has risen by 45% over the past decade to $1.46tn, according to thelatest annual Yearbook on Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security published by theStockholm International Peace Research Institute.

Though the US accounts for more than half the total increase, China and Russia nearly tripled theirmilitary expenditure over the decade, with China now second only to the US in the militaryexpenditure league table.

"China had both the largest absolute and the largest relative increase," says the Sipri report. Theincrease "has roughly paralleled its economic growth and is also linked to its major power

aspirations," it adds.

Other regional powers, including India, Brazil and Algeria, also substantially increased theirspending on arms, the report says.

Despite increasing its military expenditure by 3% in real terms in 2008 and by 21% since 1999,Britain faces a significant military budget shortfall. Sipri says this is due partly to the UK'sinvolvement in two conflicts, in Afghanistan and Iraq, which are projected to have cost a total of12bn ($18bn). It is also partly due to commitments to numerous large weapons procurementprojects that cannot be funded under current budget plans. To close the budget shortfall, the MoDdecided last year to reduce or postpone, but not cancel, large projects including plans to build twoaircraft carriers, and high-tech armoured cars for the army.

"The idea of the 'war on terror' has encouraged many countries to see their problems through ahighly militarised lens, using this to justify high military spending," said Dr Sam Perlo-Freeman,head of Sipri's military expenditure project. "Meanwhile, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have cost$903bn in additional military spending by the USA alone."

Sipri's yearbook also lists the top 100 arms producing companies, excluding Chinese ones, forwhich figures were unavailable. Boeing remained the top arms producer in 2007 the most recentyear for which reliable data is available with arms sales worth $30.5bn. All the top 20 companiesare American or European.

Their aggregate arms sales amounted to $347bn in 2007, an increase of 5% in real terms over2006.

Sipri estimates that in total there are about 8,400 operational nuclear warheads in the world, ofwhich almost 2,000 are kept on high alert and capable of being launched in minutes. Countingspare warheads, those in storage and those due to be dismantled, there are 23,300 nuclearweapons in the arsenals of eight states the US, Russia, China, the UK, France, India, Pakistanand Israel, according to the yearbook.


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The number of people forcibly displaced by conflict has also increased in recent years, withinternally displaced persons (IDPs) reaching 26 million, more than twice the number of refugees,says the Sipri report. "For a large share of these people, no sustainable solution is in sight. Masspopulation displacement is often a result and even a goal of violence against civilians."

Top 10 military spenders in 2008 ($bn)

1 USA 6072 China 84.93 France 65.74 UK 65.35 Russia 58.66 Germany 46.87 Japan 46.38 Italy 40.69 Saudi Arabia 38.210 India 30


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Armaments,Disarmament andInternational

Security

SIPRIYEARBOOK

2009

Summary


4/30

STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL

PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

S I P R I (SIPRI)

fl,

. SIPRI 1966 150

S.

GOVERNING BOARD

A R E, C (S)

D A G. A (R)

A L B (A)

J D (S L)

D N E (E)P M K (U K)

A W I (G)

T D

DIRECTOR

D B G (U S)

Signalistgatan 9

SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden

Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00

Fax: +46 8 655 97 33

Email: [email protected]: www.sipri.org SIPRI 2009


5/30

THE SIPRI YEARBOOK

T SIPRI Y fi 1969 40 .SIPRI

Yearbook 2009

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SIPRI .

T SIPRI Yearbook 2009

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CONTENTS

I. I , 2008 2

Part I. Security and conflicts, 2008

1. M fl - : 3

2. T fl: - 4

3. T 6

4. S A: , 8

Part II. Military spending and armaments, 2008

5. M 10

6. A 12

7. I 14

8. W 16

Part III. Non-proliferation, arms control and disarmament, 2008

9. N - 17

10. R 18

11. C 19

12. C - 20

A 22


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2 sipri yearbook 2009, summary

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INTRODUCTION. INTERNATIONAL SECURITY, ARMAMENTS AND

DISARMAMENT IN 2008

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security and conlicts, 2008 3

1. MASS DISPLACEMENT CAUSED BY CONFLICTS AND ONE-SIDED

VIOLENCE: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES

roberta cohen and rancis m. deng


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MAJOR ARMED CONFLICTS, 2008

In 2008, 16 major armed conflicts were

active in 15 locations around the world,

2 more than in 2007.

Conflict location

Africa BurundiSomalia?

Sudan

Americas Colombia?

PeruB

USA*B

Asia Afghanistan*?

India (Kashmir)?

Myanmar (Karen State)?

Pakistan

PhilippinesB

Philippines (Mindanao)BSri Lanka (Tamil Eelam)B

Middle East Iraq?

Israel (Palestinian territories)B

Turkey (Kurdistan)*B

Where a conflict is over territory, the disputed

territory appears in parentheses after the country

name. All other conflicts are over government.

* Fighting in these conflicts also took place in other

locations.

B Increase in battle-related deaths from 2007.

?Decrease in battle-related deaths f rom 2007. Conflict inactive or not defined as major in 2007.

All of these conflicts are intrastate: for

the fifth year running, no major

interstate conflict was active in 2008.

However, troops from another state

aided one of the parties in four conflicts:

USA, Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia.

Over the past decade, the total number

of conflicts has declined overall from 21

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2. TRENDS IN ARMED CONFLICTS: ONE-SIDED VIOLENCE AGAINST

CIVILIANS

ekaterina stepanova


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in 1999. However, the decline has been

uneven, with increases in 2005 and 2008.

Major armed conflicts, 19992008

THE GLOBAL PEACE INDEX 2009

The Global Peace Index (GPI) seeks to

determine what cultural attributes and

institutions are associated with states of

peace. It ranks 144 countries by their

relative states of peace using

23 indicators.

The most and least peaceful states, 2009

Rank Country Score

1 New Zealand 1.202

2 Denmark 1.217

2 Norway 1.217

4 Iceland 1.225

5 Austria 1.252

140 Sudan 2.922

141 Israel 3.035

142 Somalia 3.257

143 Afghanistan 3.285

144 Iraq 3.341

Small, stable and democratic countries

are consistently ranked highly. Island

states also generally fare well.

These facts and data are taken from appendix 2A,

Patterns of major armed conflicts, 19992008, by

Lotta Harbom and Peter Wallensteen, Uppsala

Conflict Data Program (UCDP), based on the UCDP

Database, ; and

appendix 2B, Global Peace Index 2009, by Clyde

McConaghy, Institute for Economics and Peace.

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01999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

No.ofconflicts

Conflicts in: Asia

Africa Europe

Americas Middle East

The bar graph shows the total number of conflicts


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PEACE OPERATIONS, 2008

In 2008, as in 2007, 60 multilateral peace

operations were conducted. A record

187 586 personnel were deployed, an

11 per cent increase over 2007. Of these,

166 146 were military and 21 440 civilian,

including police.The International Security Assistance

Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan continued

to be the largest peace operation, with

51 356 troops, an increase of around 9600

over the 2007 figure. MONUC in the

Democratic Republic of the Congo and

UNAMID in Darfur, Sudan, were the

second and third largest missions.

Peace operations, by region, 2008

No. of Total personnel

operations deployed

Africa 19 78975

Americas 2 9621

Asia 10 55542

Europe 19 26797

Middle East 10 16651

Total 60 187586

As of the end of December 2008, a total

of 137 countries contributed uniformed

personnel (i.e. troops, military observers

and civilian police) to peace operations.

Of those countries, 115 contributed

military personnel, with the top 10

contributors, in descending order, being

the USA, France, Pakistan, the UK,

Bangladesh, India, Italy, Germany,

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3. THE LEGITIMACY OF PEACE OPERATIONS

sharon wiharta


11/30

Nigeria and Rwanda. The top Asian and

African contributors sent their military

personnel exclusively to UN operations

(including UNAMID).

Peace operations, by conducting

organization, 2008

No. of

No. of deployed

operations personnel

United Nations 23* 98 614

African Union 2 3 560

CEEAC 1 504

CIS 3 5349European Union 12 7932

NATO 3 65 978

OAS 1 40

OSCE 9 461

Ad hoc coalitions 6 5 148

Total 60 187 586

* Including UNAMID.

The annual total of active peace

operations has risen steadily since 2002.Total personnel deployments have also

increased, from a low of 110 789 in 2003.

Peace operations and personnel deployed,

19992008

Bar graph/lef t axis: number of operations; line

graph/right axis: personnel deployed.


Multilateral peace operations, 2008, by Kirsten

Soder, and are based on the SIPRI Multilateral Peace

Operations Database, .

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12/30


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4. SECURITY AND POLITICS IN AFGHANISTAN: PROGRESS, PROBLEMS

AND PROSPECTS

tim oxley


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TRANSLATIONS OF THE SIPRI YEARBOOK

SIPRI Yearbook 2009

B,

(IMEMO), M,

R C), K,

Please contact these organizations for further details.

Summaries of the SIPRI Yearbook in other languages

T Y

Sq (IRIS), P,

M SIPRI Y

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MILITARY EXPENDITURE, 2008

SIPRI military expenditure figures are

based on information available in open

sources, primarily supplied by

governments. They represent a low

estimate; the true level of military

spending is certainly higher, due toomitted countries and items of spending.

Nonetheless, SIPRI estimates capture

the great majority of global military

spending and accurately represent

overall trends.

Military expenditure, by region, 2008

Spending, Increase,

Region 2008 ($ b.) 19992008 (%)Africa 20.4 +40

North Africa 7.8 +94

Sub-Saharan 12 .6 +19

Americas 603 +64

Caribbean . .

Central America 4.5 +21

North America 564 +66

South America 34 .1 +50

Asia and Oceania 20 6 +52

Central Asia . . . .East Asia 157 +56

Oceania 16.6 +36

South Asia 30.9 +41

Europe 320 +14

Eastern 43 .6 +174

West and Central 277 +5

Middle East 75.6 +56

World total 1226 +45

To allow comparison over time, the above spending

figures are in US dollars at constant (2005) prices.

5. MILITARY EXPENDITURE

sam perlo-freeman, catalina perdomo, petter stlenheim andelisabeth skns


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military spending and armaments, 2008 11

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The top 10 military spenders, 2008

Spending World

Rank Country ($ b.) share (%)

1 USA 607 41.5 2 China [84 .9] [5.8]

3 France 65 .7 4.5

4 UK 65 .3 4.5

5 Russia [58 .6] [4.0]

6 Germany 46 .8 3.2

7 Japan 46 .3 3.2

8 Italy 40.6 2.8

9 Saudi Arabia 38 .2 2.6

10 India 30.0 2.1

World total 1464

[ ] = SIPRI estimate. The spending figures are in

current US dollars.

The 10 biggest spenders in 2008 are the

same as in 2007, although some rankings

have changed. In particular, in 2008

China was for the first time the worlds

second highest military spender and

France narrowly overtook the UK.

SIPRI uses market exchange rates toconvert national military expenditure

figures into US dollars, as this provides

the most easily measurable standard by

which international comparisons of

military spending can be made. An

alternative would be to convert figures

using purchasing power parity (PPP)

exchange rates. If GDP-based PPP rates

were used in the above table, Russia

would move up to third place, India to

fourth and Saudi Arabia to sixth, after

the UK. While the USA would still be far

ahead, its relative dominance would

diminish.

These facts and data are taken from chapter 5 and

appendix 5A, Military expenditure data, 1999

2008, by Petter Stlenheim, Noel Kelly, Catalina

Perdomo, Sam Perlo-Freeman and Elisabeth Skns,

and are based on the SIPRI Military Expenditure

Database, .


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THE SIPRI TOP 100

The SIPRI Top 100 list ranks the largest

arms-producing companies in the world

(outside China) according to their arms

sales. The 10 largest companies in 2007

are listed below.

The 10 largest arms-producing companies,

2007

Company Arms sales Profit

(country) ($ m.) ($ m.)

1 Boeing 3048 0 4074

2 BAE Systems (UK) 2985 0 1800

3 Lockheed Martin 29400 3033

4 Northrop Grumman 2460 0 1803

5 General Dynamics 21520 2080

6 Raytheon 19540 1474

7 EADS (West Europe) 13100 610

8 L-3 Communications 11240 756

9 Finmeccanica (Italy) 985 0 713

10 Thales (France) 9350 1214

Companies are US-based, unless indicated

otherwise. The profit figures are from all company

activities, including non-military sales.

Eight companies entered the Top 100

in 2007, seven of them for the first time.

The same five companies have appeared

at the top of the SIPRI Top 100 since

2002, only the order has changed. The

only change in the top 10 companies since

2002 has been the replacement of United

Technologies by L-3 Communications.

This is a symptom of the high degree of

continuity that has prevailed in the

structure of the Euro-Atlantic arms

industry in recent years.

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SIPRI T 100 -

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2006. S 2002

T 100 37 .

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2007, 32 W E

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6. ARMS PRODUCTION

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National or regional shares of arms sales

for the SIPRI Top 100 for 2007

Region/ No. of Arms sales

country companies ($ b.)USA 44 212 .4

Western Europe 32 107.6

Russia 7 8.2

Israel 3 5.0

Japan 4 4.8

India 3 3.7

South Korea 4 2.9

Singapore 1 1.1

Canada 1 0.6

Australia 1 0.5

Total 100 346.9

Figures for a country or region refer to the arms

sales of Top 100 companies headquartered in that

country or region, including those in its foreign

subsidiaries, and thus do not reflect the sales of arms

actually produced in that country or region.

ARMS INDUSTRY ACQUISITIONS, 2008

There were four acquisitions of arms-

producing companies worth over$1 billion in 2008, down from seven in

2007.

The largest acquisitions in the OECD arms

industry, 2008

Deal

Buyer Acquired value

company company ($ m.)

Hewlett-Packard EDS 13 900

Finmeccanica DRS Technologies 5 200

Candover Stork 2 160

Dassault Aviation 20.8% of Thales 2 200

These facts and data are taken from chapter 6,

appendix 6A, The SIPRI Top 100 arms producing

companies, 2007, by Sam Perlo-Freeman and the

SIPRI Arms Industry Network, and appendix 6B,

Major arms industry acquisitions, 2008, by Sam

Perlo-Freeman.

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THE SUPPLIERS AND RECIPIENTS OF

MAJOR CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS

The trend in transfers of major

conventional weapons, 19992008

Bar graph: annual totals; line graph: five-year

moving average (plotted at the last year of each five-

year period).

The five largest suppliers of major


Share of Main recipients

global arms (share of suppliers

Supplier exports (%) transfers)

USA 31 South Korea (15%)

Israel (13%)

UAE (11%)

Russia 25 China (42%)

India (21%)

Algeria (8%)

Germany 10 Turkey (15%)

Greece (13%)

South Africa (12%)

France 8 UAE (32%)

Singapore (13%)

Greece (12%)

UK 4 USA (21%)

India (14%)

Chile (9%)

S 2005

. T

20042008 21

20002004.

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79

20042008.

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1990

. M C

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fi 2007 2008. C

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2008

7. INTERNATIONAL ARMS TRANSFERS

siemon t. wezeman, mar k bromley and pieter d. wezeman

30

25

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10

5

01999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

SIPRItrend-indicatorvalue

(b.

)


19/30

The five largest recipients of major


Share of Main supplier

global arms (share of recipientsRecipient imports (%) transfers)

China 11 Russia (92%)

India 7 Russia (71%)

UAE 6 USA (54%)

South Korea 6 USA (73%)

Greece 4 Germany (31%)

THE FINANCIAL VALUE OF THE ARMS

TRADE, 2007

It is not possible to ascribe a precise

financial value to the international arms

trade. However, by aggregating financial

data from the main suppliers, it is

possible to make an indicative estimate.

The estimated financial value of the

international arms trade in 2007 was

$51.1 billion, which represents 0.3 per

cent of world trade. This figure is belowthe true figure because a number of

significant exporters, including China,

do not release data on the financial value

of their arms exports.

According to national data, the USA

was the largest arms exporter in 2007,

with exports worth $12.8 billion; Russia

was in second place, with $7.4 billion;

France was in third place, with

$6.2 billion; Israel was in fourth place,

with $4.4 billion; and the UK was in fifth

place, with $4.1 billion.

These facts and data a re taken from chapter 7,

appendix 7A, The suppliers and recipients of major

conventional weapons, by the SIPRI Arms

Transfers Project, and appendix 7B, The financial

value of the arms trade, by Mark Bromley, and are

based in part on the SIPRI Arms Transfers

Database, .

fi

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16 sipri year book 2009, summary

I J 2009,

23 300

,

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T fi

, fi 1968N-P T (NPT)

C, F, R, USA

UK

. A , R

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N K

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.

WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES, 2009

Deployed warheads, January 2009

Non- Total

Strategic strategic deployed

Country warheads warheads warheads

USA 2202 500 2702

Russia 2787 2047 4834

UK 160 160

France 300 300

China 186 . . 186

India 60 70

Pakistan 60

Israel 80

Total 8392

All estimates are approximate.

North Korea conducted nuclear testexplosions in October 2006 and May

2009. It is not publicly known whether it

has built nuclear weapons.

GLOBAL STOCKS OF FISSILE

MATERIALS, 2008

As of 2008, global stocks of highly

enriched uranium totalled

approximately 1379 tonnes (not including

297 tonnes to be blended down). Global

military stocks of separated plutonium

totalled approximately 255 tonnes and

civilian stocks totalled 246 tonnes.

These facts and data are taken from chapter 8 and

appendix 8A, Global stocks of fissile materials,

2008, by Alexander Glaser and Zia Mian,

International Panel on Fissile Materials, Princeton

University.

8. WORLD NUCLEAR FORCES

shannon n. kile, vitaly edchenko and hans m. kristensen


21/30

non-prolieration, arms control, disarmament, 2008 17

I 2008 I

. I

-

N,

U N S C

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1835, I -

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E A (IAEA) f

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9. NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROL AND NON-PROLIFERATION

shannon n. kile


22/30


I 2008

(CBW) .

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, --

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f

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10. REDUCING SECURITY THREATS FROM CHEMICAL AND

BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS

john hart and peter clevestig


23/30


T f

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.

11. CONVENTIONAL ARMS CONTROL

zdzislaw lachowski and svenja post


24/30


MULTILATERAL ARMS EMBARGOES,

2008

There were 27 mandatory multilateral

arms embargoes in force in 2008,

directed at a total of 15 targets. Twelve of

the embargoes were imposed by the

United Nations and 15 by the European U.For the second year in a row, the UN

Security Council did not impose any new

arms embargoes. The UN arms embargo

on non-governmental forces in Rwanda

was lifted in 2008 and significant

amendments were made to the UN arms

embargoes on the Democratic Republic

of the Congo (DRC), Iran and Somalia.

The UN extended its arms embargoes onal-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated

individuals and entities, Cte dIvoire,

non-governmental forces in the DRC,

Iran, Liberia, and Somalia.

Nine of the 15 EU embargoes are

straightforward implementations of UN

arms embargoes. The EU did not impose

any new arms embargo in 2008 but it did

repeal and replace its arms embargo on

the DRC as a result of changes to the UN

arms embargo. It also extended its arms

embargoes on Cte dIvoire, Myanmar

and Uzbekistan.

During 2008 UN arms embargoes were

explicitly threatened against Georgia

and Zimbabwe by at least one of the five

permanent members of the UN Security

Council. For only the second time since

the end of the cold war, a permanent

S

f

,

,

. T

:

R (MTCR),

E C C

A D- G

T (WA).

I 2008 NSG fi

I

I A

E A

.

T

f . T

NSG

I

12. CONTROLS ON SECURITY-RELATED INTERNATIONAL TRANSFERS

ian anthony and sibylle bauer


25/30


member vetoed a draft UN Security

Council resolution proposing the

imposition of an arms embargo: China

and Russia both vetoed the imposition of

a UN arms embargo on Zimbabwe.

Multilateral arms embargoes in force

during 2008

United Nations arms embargoes

Al-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated

individuals and entities

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Republic of the Congo (NGF)

Iran (technology related to nuclear weapondelivery systems)

Iraq (NGF)

Lebanon (NGF)

Liberia

North Korea

Rwanda (NGF)

Sierra Leone (NGF)

Somalia

Sudan (Darfur)

European Union arms embargoesAl-Qaeda, the Taliban and associated

individuals and entities

China

Cte dIvoire

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Iran

Iraq (NGF)

Lebanon (NGF)

Liberia

Myanmar

North Korea

Sierra Leone (NGF)

Somalia

Sudan

Uzbekistan

Zimbabwe

NGF = non-governmental forces.


Multilateral arms embargoes, by Paul Holtom and

Noel Kelly.

I.

I 2008 E U (EU)

fi

1998 EU C C

A E

. T

C R G

C E MT Eq EU

. T EU

EU 2008

EU.

S fi

. T fi

EU. T ,

,

A USA

UK USA. T

q fi US

S .


26/30


A A, A

,

-

, ,

,

.

A B, I ,

, -

, ,

.

A C, C 2008,

fi 2008 ,

.

Treaties in force, 1 January 2009

1925 P P

U W A,

P O G,

B M

W (1925 G P)

1948 C P

P C

G (G C)

P C

P T W

1959 A T

1963 T B N W

T A, O

S U W (P

T-B T, PTBT)

1967 T P G

A S

E U O

S, I M

O C B (O

S T)1967 T P

N W L

A C

(T T)

1968 T N-

N W (N-

P T, NPT)

1971 T P

E NW W

M D S

O F

S (S T)

1972 C P

D, P

S B

(B) T W

D

(B T W

C, BTWC)

1974 T L

U N W

T (T T-B

T, TTBT)

1976 T U N

E P P

(P N E

T, PNET)

ANNEXES

nenne bodell


27/30

annexes 23

1977 C P

M A O H U

E Mfi

Tq (E C)

1977 P I II A

1949 G C:

R P

Cfl, R

I A Cfl

1980 C P

P N M

N F1981 C P

R U C

C W

D E

I

I Ef (CCW

C, I

W C)

1985 S Pfi N F ZT (T R)

1987 T E

I-R S-

R M (INF T)

1990 T C A

F E (CFE T)

1991 T R

L S Of

A (START I T)

1992 T O S

1993 C P

D, P,

S U C

W

D (C W

C, CWC)

1995 T S A

N W-F Z

(T B)

1996 A S-R A

C (F A)

1997 I-A C

A I M

T F,

A, E,

O R M

1997 C P

U, S, P

T A-P

M D

(APM C)

1999 I-A C

T CW Aq

Cfi- S-

B M

2002 T S Of

R (SORT)

2006 T N-W-F

Z C A (T

S)

Treaties not in force, 1 January 2009

1972 T L A-

B M S (ABM

T)

1993 T F R

L S Of

A (START II T)

1996 A N-W-F

Z T (T P)

1996 C N-T-B

T (CTBT)

1999 A A

CFE T

2006 ECOWAS C S

A, L W,

A O R

M

2008 C C M


28/30


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SIPRI Yearbook 2009: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security

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Armaments, Disarmament and International SecuritySIPRI YEARBOOK 2009

The SIPRI Yearbook is a compendium of data and analysis in the areas of

Documents

2008 Global Military Expenditures Hit Record Levels