2004 Part 1

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BAL1

The Radio Spectrum:The Radio Spectrum:

utilisation and managementutilisation and management

Les BarclayLes Barclay

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BAL 2

Information revolutionInformation revolution

Value of informationValue of information

Demand for bandwidthDemand for bandwidth

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BAL 3

No shortageof bandwidthNo shortageof bandwidth

Cableand opticalfibre systems canCableand opticalfibre systems canhaveas much bandwidth as they need.haveas much bandwidth as they need.

Standards and protocols only haveStandards and protocols only haveto beagreed betweenthoseconcernedto beagreed betweenthoseconcerned

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BAL 4

Need for mobilityNeed for mobility

Informationis only ofvalueifitInformationis only ofvalueifitcan be delivered whereitiscan be delivered whereitis

neededneededSomemobility through intelligentSomemobility through intelligentwired networkwired network

Moremobility through wireless LANMoremobility through wireless LANtechnology, etctechnology, etc

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BAL 5

ButfortruemobilityButfortruemobility

Flexibility and rapid deploymentFlexibility and rapid deployment

Radiois theonly optionRadiois theonly option

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BAL 6

Thereis only oneradio spectrumThereis only oneradio spectrum

Capability only expandabletoaCapability only expandabletoa

limited extentintothemmlimited extentintothemmwavebands or by improvingwavebands or by improvingmodulationand codingmethodsmodulationand codingmethods

MUSTuseiteffectively toget bestMUSTuseiteffectively toget bestvalue, and to havepotentialforvalue, and to havepotentialforfutureexpansionof servicesfutureexpansionof services

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BAL 8

National RegulationNational Regulation

Each country is sovereignEach country is sovereign can authorisecan authorisethe use of radio transmissionsthe use of radio transmissions

Needs to plan and control the use of radioNeeds to plan and control the use of radio

Licensing, etcLicensing, etc

InUK: OFCOMInUK: OFCOM

(previously the Radiocommunications Agency)(previously the Radiocommunications Agency)

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BAL 9

Satellite transmissionsSatellite transmissions

Particular problem as the transmitters areParticular problem as the transmitters arenot within the territory of the countrynot within the territory of the country

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BAL 10

RegionalRegional

Common objectives to coordinate the useCommon objectives to coordinate the useof radio:of radio:To avoid interferenceTo avoid interference

Create common equipmentspecificationsCreate common equipmentspecifications

Permit cross border usePermit cross border use

InEuropeInEurope

European Communications Committee of CEPTEuropean Communications Committee of CEPTETSIETSI

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BAL 11

InternationalInternational

International TelecommunicationUnionInternational TelecommunicationUnion

International treaties to regulate the use ofInternational treaties to regulate the use ofthe radiospectrum and thesatellite orbitsthe radiospectrum and thesatellite orbits

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BAL 12

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BAL 13

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BAL 14

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BAL 15

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BAL 16

radio spectrum 3 kHzto 3 THz

mainuse 9 kHzto 400 GHz:

rangecovered by ITURadioRegulations.rangecovered by ITURadioRegulations.

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BAL 17

Band

No

Symbol Frequency Range Wavelength Corresponding

metricsub-divisionof

wavebands

Symbol

ELF < 300 Hz > 1000 km

3 ULF 300 Hz -3 kHz 1000 - 100 km Hectokilometric B.hkm

4 VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz 100 km - 10 km Myriametric B.Mam

5 LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz 10 km - 1 km Kilometric B.km6 MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz 1 km - 100 m Hectometric B.hm

7 HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz 100 m - 10 m Decametric B.dam

8 VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz 10 m - 1 m Metric B.m

9 UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz 1 m - 100 mm Decimetric B.dm

10 SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz 100 mm - 10 mm Centimetric B.cm

11 EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz 10 mm - 1 mm Millimetric B.mm12 300 GHz - 3 THz 1 mm 100 Qm Decimillimetric B.dmm

13 3 - 30 THz 100 - 10 Qm Centimillimetric B.cmm

14 30 - 300 THz 10 - 1 Qm Micrometric B.Qm

300 - 3000 THz 1 - 0.1 Qm Decimicrometric B.dQm

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BAL 18

Radar (

Hz) paceradi communications etter

s mbol pectrum

region

Hz

xamples

Hz

Nominal

designations

xamples

(

Hz)

1 1. 1 - 1. 1.

Hzband 1. - 1. 1

.

-

.

. - .

.

Hzband.

-

.

.

-

.

/

Hzband

.

-

.

. - .

. - .

X 1 . - 1 .

u 1 1 1 . - 1 .

1.

- 1

.

11/1

Hzband

1/1

Hzband

1 . - 1 .

1

.

- 1

.

(1) 1 . - .

Hzband 1 . - .

a(1) . - .

Hzband . - .

Hzbands . - .

. - .

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BAL 19

ELF (below 3 kHz)and VLF (3-30 kHz)

Typical services:world-widetelegraphy to ships and submarines; timestandards; worldwidecomms, sub-surfacecomms

Systemconsiderations:evenlargestantennas only a smallfractionofa

wavelength with low radiationresistance; bandwidthvery limited, only low orvery low datarates; highatmosphericnoise

Propagation:In Earth-ionosphere waveguide, relatively stable

propagation; asymmetricpropagation E/W & W/E.Propagationthrough sea-water, which has significantskin depth forthese wavelengths.

Nointernationalfrequency allocations below 9 kHz.Limited use below 9 kHzformilitary purposes.

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BAL 20

LF (30-300 kHz)

Typical services:long-distance shore-to-shipcommunication; fixedservices overcontinental distances; broadcasting;time signals

Systemconsiderations:verticalpolarisation (forground wavepropagation, &forantennaefficiency); efficient butlargeantennaspossible;directionalantennas very large; high atmosphericnoise; limited bandwidth.

Propagation:upto severalthousand km; ground wave, strong skywaveatnight, slow fading

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BAL 21

MF (300 kHz -3 MHz)

Typical services:

broadcasting; radionavigation;maritimemobilecommunications;

Systemconsiderations:

1/4 Pverticalantennaat 1 MHzis 75 m high;directionalantennas possible,magneticreceivingantennas;

Propagation:ground wavemorepronounced over sea; strongsky waveabsorption duringthe day, butlittleabsorptionatnight; high atmosphericnoiselevels

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BAL 22

HF ( 3-30 MHz) I

Typical services:international broadcasting, national broadcastingintropicalregions; long-distancepoint-to-pointcommunications; aeronauticaland maritimemobile

communications;


arrays of horizontal dipoles; log-periodicantennas(verticalor horizontal), vertical whipantennas;

frequency agility essential; crowded spectrumneedinggood intermodulationperformance; externalnoiseenvironmentvaries with timeand location.Bandwidths uptoabout 6 kHz

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BAL 23

HF ( 3-30 MHz) II

Propagation:propagationupto world-wide distances by ionosphericsky-wave, very variableintime. Propagation windowbetweenMUF and LUF (maximumand lowestusablefrequencies)varies fromafew MHztoabout 20 MHz

Comment:necessary tochangetheoperatingfrequency severaltimes during 24 hours. Broadcastinguses scheduleoffrequencies. Fixed and somemobile services useintelligentfrequency adaptive systems. Continues toprovidethemainintercontinentalairtrafficcontrolsystem. Mostmodulation bandwidths may exceed thecorrelation bandwidth..

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BAL 24

VHF ( 30-300 MHz) I

Typical services:land mobileforcivil, military and emergencypurposes, maritimeand aeronauticalmobile;sound (FMand DAB)and (outsideUK)TVbroadcasting (toabout 100 km); aeronauticalradionavigationand landing systems; cordlesstelephones; paging; very limited little LEOsatellite systems


multi-element dipole (Yagi)antennas, rodantennas suitableforvehiclemounting,atmosphericnoise small butman-madenoisesignificant.Someuseformeteor burstcommunications

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BAL 25

VHF ( 30-300 MHz) II

Propagation:usually by refractionintroposphere; reflections maycausemultipath online-of sightpaths; screening bymajor hills, but diffractionlosses generally small;

someanomalous propagation duetoatmosphericrefractivity; unwanted ionosphericmodes duetosporadic E and meteor scatter.

substantial Faraday rotationand ionosphericscintillationon Earth-spacepaths

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BAL 26

UHF (300 MHz - 3 GHz)

Typical services:

TV broadcasting; cellularand personalcommunications;satellitemobile; GPS; importantradioastronomy bands;surveillanceradars; terrestrialpoint-to-point service;radiofixed access; telemetry; cordless telephones;tropospheric scatterlinks.

Systemconsiderations:smallrod antennas; multi-element dipole (Yagi)antennas;parabolic dishes for higherfrequencies; wide bandwidthsavailable

Propagation::line-of sightand slightly beyond; tropospheric scatter fortranshorizonpaths, screening by hills, buildings and trees;refractioneffects; ductingpossible; ionosphericscintillation

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BAL 27

SHF (3-30 GHz)

Typical services:fixed (terrestrialpoint-to-pointupto 155 Mb/s);fixed satellite; radar; satellitetelevision; GSO andNGSO fixed satellite services; remote sensingfromsatellites; RFA

Systemconsiderations:high-gainparabolic dishes and horns; waveguides;majorinter-servicefrequency sharing; widebandwidths

Propagation:severe screening; refractionand ducting; scintillation;rainattenuationand scatterincreasingaboveabout10 GHz; atmosphericattenuationaboveabout 15 GHz,ionosphericeffects becoming small.

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BAL 28

EHF (30-300 GHz)

Typical services:line-of sightcommunications, future satelliteapplications; remote sensingfrom satellites; MVDS;fixed serviceinthefutureusing high altitudeplatforms

Systemconsiderations:small highly directionalantennas; equipmentcostsincrease with frequency; littleuseatpresentabove60 GHz; very wide bandwidths; shortrange

Propagation:severe difficulties: screening; atmosphericabsorption; rain; fog; scintillation

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BAL 29

Spectrum OccupancySpectrum Occupancy

Space:Space: servicerangeservicerangecoverageareacoverageareainterferencerangeorareainterferencerangeorarea

Time:Time: continuous orintermittentcontinuous orintermittenttransmissiontransmission

propagationvariabilitypropagationvariability

Bandwidth:Bandwidth: necessary bandwidthnecessary bandwidthtransmitterand receivertransmitterand receiver

imperfectionsimperfections

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BAL 30

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BAL 32

Geographic spaceGeographic space

Areacoverage systems such as broadcastingorAreacoverage systems such as broadcastingormobileapplications:mobileapplications: -- required spaceisrequired spaceisdefined as coverageareadefined as coveragearea

PointPoint--toto--pointcommunicationspointcommunications desired spacedesired spaceis confined tothe directpath betweentheis confined tothe directpath betweentheterminalsterminals

Geostationary satellitenetworks:Geostationary satellitenetworks:-- justthejusttheorbit spacingaround thegeostationary arcorbit spacingaround thegeostationary arcand the directlinks toearth stationsand the directlinks toearth stations

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BAL 34

BandwidthBandwidth

for narrowband systemsfor narrowband systems relatedtorelatedtoinformationrateinformationrate

complexmodulationmethods permitmorecomplexmodulationmethods permitmorebits/Hz butusually needamoreperfectbits/Hz butusually needamoreperfectpropagationchannelpropagationchannel

spreadspectrumspreadspectrum consider afactorrelatedconsider afactorrelatedto thepowerdensity across the bandwidthto thepowerdensity across the bandwidth

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BAL 36

Efficient spectrum utilisationEfficient spectrum utilisation

Perfect technical efficiency would require:Perfect technical efficiency would require:Perfect transmittersPerfect transmitters no unwanted emissionsno unwanted emissions

Perfect receiversPerfect receivers no susceptibility to otherno susceptibility to other

signalssignals

-- perfect selectivityperfect selectivity

High gain antennas, accurately pointedHigh gain antennas, accurately pointed

Emissions limited to the necessary bandwidthEmissions limited to the necessary bandwidth

Minimum power to provide suff

icient signalMinimum power to provide suff

icient signalMaximisefrequency reuseMaximisefrequency reuse

etcetc

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BAL 37

This would impose impossibledemandsonThis would impose impossibledemandsonequipmentsequipments

-- tooexpensivetooexpensive

-- unreasonablemaintenanceunreasonablemaintenance

-- no flexibility forchangingrequirementsno flexibility forchangingrequirements

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BAL 39

International TelecommunicationInternational TelecommunicationUnionUnion

and theand the

Radio RegulationsRadio Regulations

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BAL 42

The ITUshallThe ITUshall

Allocatefrequency bands, registerassignments andAllocatefrequency bands, registerassignments andgeostationary orbitpositions toavoid harmfulgeostationary orbitpositions toavoid harmfulinterferenceinterference

Coordinateefforts toavoid harmfulinterferenceandCoordinateefforts toavoid harmfulinterferenceand

improveuseof spectrumand GSOimproveuseof spectrumand GSOFacilitateinternational standardizationFacilitateinternational standardization

FosterinternationalcooperationFosterinternationalcooperation

Harmonise developmentoffacilitiesHarmonise developmentoffacilities

Establish rates as low as possible, consistent withEstablish rates as low as possible, consistent withefficiencyefficiency

Ensure safety oflifeEnsure safety oflife

Undertake studiesUndertake studies

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BAL 44

ITUmodernised in 1947ITUmodernised in 1947

Plenipotentiary ConferencePlenipotentiary Conference

-- Every 5 yearsEvery 5 years

World AdminstrativeRadio Conferences (WARC)World AdminstrativeRadio Conferences (WARC)-- Held as requiredHeld as required

World AdministrativeTelephoneand TelegraphWorld AdministrativeTelephoneand Telegraph

Conferences (WATTC)Conferences (WATTC)

-- infrequentinfrequent

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BAL 46

International Frequency RegistrationBoardInternational Frequency RegistrationBoard

-- Record and registerfrequency assignments andRecord and registerfrequency assignments andlocations inthe GSOlocations inthe GSO

-- Maintainand publish theMasterInternationalMaintainand publish theMasterInternational

Frequency RegisterFrequency Register-- Examinetheprobability of harmfulinterferenceExaminetheprobability of harmfulinterference

-- Adviseon spectrumusageAdviseon spectrumusage

-- Publish the seasonalHF broadcasting schedulePublish the seasonalHF broadcasting schedule

-- UndertakeinterUndertakeinter--sessional workfor WARCssessional workfor WARCs-- OffertechnicalassistanceOffertechnicalassistance

-- DevelopcoordinationproceduresDevelopcoordinationprocedures

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BAL 47

Need forchangeNeed forchange

Perceived pressurefromregionalPerceived pressurefromregionalstandardization bodiesstandardization bodies

budgetbudgetspeedspeed

complexitycomplexity

convergenceconvergence

=ITUreorganization=ITUreorganization

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BAL 48

WARCs followingWARC 1979WARCs followingWARC 19791981 W1981 W generalallocationsgeneralallocations

1981 R1981 R MF BC (region 2)MF BC (region 2)1983 W1983 W mobilemobile1984 W1984 W HFBC 1HFBC 1stst sessionsession1984 R1984 R VHF BC (reg 1 & partreg 3)VHF BC (reg 1 & partreg 3)

1985 R1985 R radiobeacons (Europe)radiobeacons (Europe)1985 W1985 W VHF/UHF BC (Europe)VHF/UHF BC (Europe)1985 W1985 W GSO planning 1GSO planning 1stst sessionsession19871987WW HFBC 2HFBC 2ndnd sessionsession

19881988 RR MFBC (region 2)MFBC (region 2)1988 W1988 W GSO 2GSO 2ndnd sessionsession1989 R1989 R VHF/UHF TV BC in AfricaVHF/UHF TV BC in Africa1992 W1992 W allocations, etcallocations, etc

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BAL 49

New ITUNew ITU

Plenipotentiary ConferencePlenipotentiary Conference every 4 yearsevery 4 yearsITU CouncilITU Council 41 members, meets annually41 members, meets annually

Three SectorsThree Sectors

RadiocommunicationRadiocommunicationTelecommunication standardizationTelecommunication standardization

Telecommunication developmentTelecommunication development

Each sector has:Each sector has:

study groups,study groups,advisory group,advisory group,

and is supported by aBureauand is supported by aBureau

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BAL 50

RadiocommunicationsectorRadiocommunicationsector

World Radiocommunication ConferencesWorld Radiocommunication ConferencesEvery 2 years ( now alongerinterval)Every 2 years ( now alongerinterval)

Radiocommunication AssemblyRadiocommunication Assembly

Tomanagethe study groups, atthe sametimeadTomanagethe study groups, atthe sametimeadthe WRCsthe WRCs

Radiocommunication Advisory GroupRadiocommunication Advisory GroupMeets annuallyMeets annually

RadioRegulations BaordRadioRegulations Baord9 parttimemembers9 parttimemembers

RadiocommunicationBureau (BR)RadiocommunicationBureau (BR)

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BAL 51

ITUITU--R Study GroupsR Study Groups

SG1SG1 spectrumutilisationand monitoringspectrumutilisationand monitoringSG3SG3 radiowavepropagationradiowavepropagation

SG4SG4 fixedfixed--satellite servicesatellite service

SG6SG6 broadcastingbroadcastingSG7SG7 science servicesscience services (spaceresearch,(spaceresearch,

radioastronomy, standard frequenciesradioastronomy, standard frequenciesand time signals)and time signals)

SG8SG8 mobile; radiodetermination;mobile; radiodetermination;amateur;amateur; & related satellite services& related satellite services

SG9SG9 fixed servicefixed service

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BAL 52

ITUITU--R Study GroupsR Study Groups

Meetevery 2 years ormoreoftenMeetevery 2 years ormoreoftenReporttoRadiocommunication AssemblyReporttoRadiocommunication AssemblyWorkthrough:Workthrough:

Task GroupsTask Groups forurgenttimelimited studiesforurgenttimelimited studies

WorkingpartiesWorkingpartiesEmailcorrespondencegroupsEmailcorrespondencegroups

Studies based onapproved questionsStudies based onapproved questionsProduce:Produce:

RecommendationsRecommendationsHandbooksHandbooksReportsReports

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BAL 53

ITUITU--R STUDY GROUP 4R STUDY GROUP 4

FIXEDFIXED--SATELLITE SERVICESATELLITE SERVICE

Sco eSco e::

Systems and networks forthefixed satelliteSystems and networks forthefixed satelliteserviceand interserviceand inter--satellitelinks inthefixedsatellitelinks inthefixed--satellite service, includingassociatedsatellite service, includingassociated

tracking, telemetry and telecommandtracking, telemetry and telecommandfunctions.functions.

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BAL 54

Baseband transmissionvariability, delay & echoes inBaseband transmissionvariability, delay & echoes in

systems inthe FSSsystems inthe FSSCharacteristics ofantennas atearth stations intheCharacteristics ofantennas atearth stations inthe

FSSFSSUseoftransportabletransmittingearth stations intheUseoftransportabletransmittingearth stations inthe

FSS includinguseforfeederlinks to broadcastingFSS includinguseforfeederlinks to broadcasting

satellitessatellitesPreferred multiplePreferred multiple--access characteristics inthe FSSaccess characteristics inthe FSSFeederlinks inthe FSS used fortheconnections toFeederlinks inthe FSS used fortheconnections to

and fromgeostationary satellites invarious MSSand fromgeostationary satellites invarious MSSFrequency sharingofthe FSS with terrestrialradioFrequency sharingofthe FSS with terrestrialradio

services otherthanthe FSservices otherthanthe FSFrequency sharing betweenthe FSS and the EESSFrequency sharing betweenthe FSS and the EESS

(passive)and SRS (passive) services near(passive)and SRS (passive) services near 1919 GHzGHz

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BAL 55

Frequency sharingof FSS & ISS with other spaceFrequency sharingof FSS & ISS with other spaceservicesservices

Protectionof GSO againstunacceptableinterferenceProtectionof GSO againstunacceptableinterferencefromtransmittingearth stations in FSS abovefromtransmittingearth stations in FSS above1515 GHzGHz

Availability & interruptions totrafficon digitalpathsAvailability & interruptions totrafficon digitalpathsin FSSin FSS

Performanceobjectives ofintl. digitallinks in FSSPerformanceobjectives ofintl. digitallinks in FSS

Voice & data signalprocessingforintl. digitallinks inVoice & data signalprocessingforintl. digitallinks inFSSFSS

Video signalproc. forintl. digitallinks in FSSVideo signalproc. forintl. digitallinks in FSS

Useof satellitecommunication systems inBUseof satellitecommunication systems inB--ISDNISDNFrequency sharingamongnetworks in FSS, MSS &Frequency sharingamongnetworks in FSS, MSS &

thoseof satellites equipped tooperateinmorethanthoseof satellites equipped tooperateinmorethanone serviceinthe 20one serviceinthe 20--50 GHz band50 GHz band

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BAL 56

QUESTIONITUQUESTIONITU--R 113R 113--1/91/9FREQUENCY SHARING BETWEENRADIOFREQUENCY SHARING BETWEENRADIO--RELAY SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMSRELAY SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS

OFTHEEARTH EXPLORATIONOFTHEEARTH EXPLORATION--SATELLITE SERVICE ANDSATELLITE SERVICE ANDTHE SPACERESEARCH SERVICETHE SPACERESEARCH SERVICE

(1990(1990--1993)1993)

TheITURadiocommunication Assembly,TheITURadiocommunication Assembly,

consideringconsideringa)a) that radiothat radio--relay systems are widely employed throughoutthe world and makeextensiveand increasinguserelay systems are widely employed throughoutthe world and makeextensiveand increasinguse

of severalfrequency bands;of severalfrequency bands;b)b) thatthereis potentialforinterference between radiothatthereis potentialforinterference between radio--relay systems and both geostationary and nonrelay systems and both geostationary and non--

geostationary satellite radiocommunication systems;geostationary satellite radiocommunication systems;c)c) that specialconsiderationmust bemadeoftheuniquecharacteristics of systems in spacethat specialconsiderationmust bemadeoftheuniquecharacteristics of systems in space

radiocommunication services otherthanthetraditionalfixedradiocommunication services otherthanthetraditionalfixed--satellite service;satellite service;d)d) thatRadiocommunicationthatRadiocommunication Study Group 7 has undertaken somepreliminary studies with regard to radioStudy Group 7 has undertaken somepreliminary studies with regard to radio--relayrelay

systems sharing with theearth explorationsystems sharing with theearth exploration--satellite serviceand the space research service;satellite serviceand the space research service;e)e) thatthe World AdministrativeRadio Conference (Geneva, 1979) (WARCthatthe World AdministrativeRadio Conference (Geneva, 1979) (WARC--79)allocated these services to79)allocated these services to

shareadditionalfrequency bands and atthe sametime requested theexshareadditionalfrequency bands and atthe sametime requested theex--CCIRviaRecommendationNo.706CCIRviaRecommendationNo.706to study certainaspects ofthe sharingcriteria between radioto study certainaspects ofthe sharingcriteria between radio--relay systems and passive sensors fortherelay systems and passive sensors fortheearth explorationearth exploration--satellite serviceand the space research serviceoperatinginthe band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz;satellite serviceand the space research serviceoperatinginthe band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz;

f)f) thatadministrations will requireagreed sharingcriteriatocarry outcompatibility analysis undertheRadiothatadministrations will requireagreed sharingcriteriatocarry outcompatibility analysis undertheRadioRegulations, such as Article 14,Regulations, such as Article 14,

decidesdecides thatthefollowingQuestion should be studiedthatthefollowingQuestion should be studied11 Whatarethelevels ofinterferencefromtheearth explorationWhatarethelevels ofinterferencefromtheearth exploration--satellite serviceand the space researchsatellite serviceand the space research

serviceacceptableto radioserviceacceptableto radio--relay systems, includingpercentageoftimeconsiderations?relay systems, includingpercentageoftimeconsiderations?22 Whataretheconstraints onthe services which would benecessary and acceptabletofacilitate sharing?Whataretheconstraints onthe services which would benecessary and acceptabletofacilitate sharing?33 What specialconsiderations of sharingare required whennonWhat specialconsiderations of sharingare required whennon--geostationary satellites areused by thesegeostationary satellites areused by these

space services?space services?44 Whatarethefeasibility and constraints on sharingthese services whenthe space services employ passiveWhatarethefeasibility and constraints on sharingthese services whenthe space services employ passive

oractivemicrowave sensors?oractivemicrowave sensors?

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BAL 57

Considering:Considering:a)that radioa)that radio--relay systemsare widely employedthroughouttherelay systemsare widely employedthroughoutthe

worldandmake extensiveandincreasinguse ofseveralworldandmake extensiveandincreasinguse ofseveral

frequency bands;frequency bands;b)thatthere ispotentialfor interference between radiob)thatthere ispotentialfor interference between radio--relayrelaysystemsandboth geostationary andnonsystemsandboth geostationary andnon--geostationary satellitegeostationary satelliteradiocommunicationsystems;radiocommunicationsystems;

c)thatspecialconsiderationmust bemade oftheuniquec)thatspecialconsiderationmust bemade oftheuniquecharacteristicsofsystemsinspace radiocommunicationservicescharacteristicsofsystemsinspace radiocommunicationservicesotherthanthetraditionalfixedotherthanthetraditionalfixed--satelliteservice;satelliteservice;

d)thatRadiocommunicationd)thatRadiocommunication Study Group 7 hasundertakensomeStudy Group 7 hasundertakensomepreliminary studieswith regardto radiopreliminary studieswith regardto radio--relay systemssharingrelay systemssharingwith the earth explorationwith the earth exploration--satelliteserviceandthespacesatelliteserviceandthespaceresearch service;research service;

e)that WARCe)that WARC--79 allocatedtheseservicestoshareadditional79 allocatedtheseservicestoshareadditionalfrequency bandsandatthesametime requestedthe exfrequency bandsandatthesametime requestedthe ex--CCIRCCIRviaRec.706 tostudy certainaspectsofthesharingcriteriaviaRec.706 tostudy certainaspectsofthesharingcriteriabetween radiobetween radio--relay systemsandpassivesensorsforthe earthrelay systemsandpassivesensorsforthe earthexplorationexploration--satelliteserviceandthespace research servicesatelliteserviceandthespace research serviceoperating inthe band18.6 to 18.8 GHz;operating inthe band18.6 to 18.8 GHz;

f)thatadministrationswill requireagreedsharingcriteriatocarryf)thatadministrationswill requireagreedsharingcriteriatocarryoutcompatibility analysisundertheRadioRegulations, such asoutcompatibility analysisundertheRadioRegulations, such as

Article 14Article 14

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BAL 58

decidesdecides that the following Question should bethat the following Question should bestudiedstudied

1What are the levels ofinterference from theearth1What are the levels ofinterference from theearthexplorationexploration--satellite service and the spaceresearchsatellite service and the spaceresearchservice acceptable toradioservice acceptable toradio--relay systems, includingrelay systems, includingpercentage of timeconsiderations?percentage of timeconsiderations?

22What are theconstraints on the services whichwouldWhat are theconstraints on the services whichwouldbe necessary and acceptable to facilitate sharing?be necessary and acceptable to facilitate sharing?

33What specialconsiderations of sharing arerequiredWhat specialconsiderations of sharing arerequiredwhen nonwhen non--geostationary satellites are used by thesegeostationary satellites are used by these

space services?space services?44What are the feasibility and constraints on sharingWhat are the feasibility and constraints on sharingthese services when the space services employthese services when the space services employpassive or activemicrowave sensors?passive or activemicrowave sensors?

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BAL 59

RadioRegulationsRadioRegulations

ProvideWorldProvideWorld--Wideagreementon the use,Wideagreementon the use,coordinationandregulationof radiocoordinationandregulationof radio

Contain the International Tableof RadioContain the International Tableof RadioFrequency AllocationsFrequency Allocations

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BAL 60

4.14.1 Member States shallendeavourtolimittheMember States shallendeavourtolimitthenumberoffrequencies and the spectrumused tothenumberoffrequencies and the spectrumused totheminimumessentialtoprovideina satisfactory mannerminimumessentialtoprovideina satisfactory manner

thenecessary services. Tothatend they shallthenecessary services. Tothatend they shallendeavourtoapply thelatesttechnicaladvances asendeavourtoapply thelatesttechnicaladvances assoonas possiblesoonas possible

4.24.2 inassigningfrequencies to stations which are inassigningfrequencies to stations which arecapableofcausing harmfulinterferenceto services capableofcausing harmfulinterferenceto services

ofanothercountry, such assignments areto bemadeofanothercountry, such assignments areto bemadeinaccordance with theTableof Frequencyinaccordance with theTableof FrequencyAllocations and otherprovisions oftheseRegulationsAllocations and otherprovisions oftheseRegulations

4.34.3 Any new assignmentorany changeoffrequencyAny new assignmentorany changeoffrequency shall avoid causing harmfulinterference shall avoid causing harmfulinterference

4.44.4 shallnotassigntoa stationany frequency in shallnotassigntoa stationany frequency inderogationofeithertheTableof FrequencyderogationofeithertheTableof FrequencyAllocations orotherprovisions exceptontheAllocations orotherprovisions exceptontheexpress condition shallnotcause harmfulexpress condition shallnotcause harmfulinterferenceinterference

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BAL 61

Terrestrial ServicesTerrestrial Services

Fixed*Fixed* -- -- AeronauticalMobile ( R)AeronauticalMobile ( R)-- --AeronauticalMobile*AeronauticalMobile* -- -- -- -- AeronauticalMobile (OR)*AeronauticalMobile (OR)*

Mobile*Mobile* -- ---- -- -- -- -- Land Mobile*Land Mobile*-- -- -- ---- MaritimeMobile*MaritimeMobile* -- -- -- -- -- -- ShipMovementShipMovement

-- -- Port OperationPort Operation

-- MaritimeRadionavigation*MaritimeRadionavigation*Radiodetermination*Radiodetermination*---- Radionavigation*Radionavigation* AeronauticalRadionavigation*AeronauticalRadionavigation*

-- Radiolocation*Radiolocation*

Broadcasting*Broadcasting*Amateur*Amateur*Radio AstronomyRadio AstronomyMeteorological AidsMeteorological AidsStandard Frequency and Time Signal*Standard Frequency and Time Signal*

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BAL 62

Satellite servicesSatellite services

Theterrestrial services markedwithanasterisk.Theterrestrial services markedwithanasterisk.Plus:Plus:

earthearth--explorationexploration--satellitesatellite

meteorologicalmeteorological--satellitesatellite

interinter--satellitesatellitespaceoperationsspaceoperations

spaceresearchspaceresearch

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BAL 63

Designation of emissionsDesignation of emissions

Thenatureofanemissionis specified inaThenatureofanemissionis specified inadesignation.designation.wxyzABCwxyzABC

thefirst 4 characters givethenecessary bandwidththefirst 4 characters givethenecessary bandwidth

thenext 3 characters givetheclassificationthenext 3 characters givetheclassificationaccordingtothetypeofmodulationaccordingtothetypeofmodulation

theremay also betwoadditionalfinalcharacters which providetheremay also betwoadditionalfinalcharacters which providesome supplementary information, wherenecessary.some supplementary information, wherenecessary.

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BAL 64

necessary bandwidthnecessary bandwidth

3 digits fornumericalvalueand aletter, in positionof3 digits fornumericalvalueand aletter, in positionofthe decimalpointforthemultiplier:the decimalpointforthemultiplier:

necessary bandwidth of 0.1 Hz =H100necessary bandwidth of 0.1 Hz =H1002.4 kHz= 2K402.4 kHz= 2K40

202 MHz = 202M202 MHz = 202M

5.65 GHz = 5G655.65 GHz = 5G65

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BAL 65

Classificationof Emissions. A:TypeofmodulationClassificationof Emissions. A:Typeofmodulation

Anunmodulated carrierAnunmodulated carrier NNThemaincarrieris amplitudeThemaincarrieris amplitude--modulatedmodulated

DoubleDouble--sidebandsideband AASingle sideband, fullcarrierSingle sideband, fullcarrier HHSingle sideband, reduced orvariablelevelcarrierSingle sideband, reduced orvariablelevelcarrier RRSingle sideband, suppressed carrierSingle sideband, suppressed carrier JJIndependent sidebandsIndependent sidebands BBVestigial sidebandVestigial sideband CC

Themaincarrieris anglemodulatedThemaincarrieris anglemodulated

Frequency modulationFrequency modulation FFPhasemodulationPhasemodulation GG

Themaincarrieris amplitudeand phasemodulated,Themaincarrieris amplitudeand phasemodulated,simultaneously orinapresimultaneously orinapre--established sequenceestablished sequence DD

PulseemissionsPulseemissionsa sequenceofunmodulated pulsesa sequenceofunmodulated pulses PPModulated inamplitudeModulated inamplitude KK

Modulated in width/durationModulated in width/duration LLModulated inposition/phaseModulated inposition/phase MMWith anglemodulationofcarrier duringpulsesWith anglemodulationofcarrier duringpulses QQOtherpulsemodulationmethods orcombinations ofmethodsOtherpulsemodulationmethods orcombinations ofmethods VV

Hybrid modulation systems notcovered above, involvingtwoorHybrid modulation systems notcovered above, involvingtwoormore basicmodulationtechniques, amplitudeangleorpulsemore basicmodulationtechniques, amplitudeangleorpulse WWOthercasesOthercases

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BAL 66

Classificationofemissions, B:Natureofmodulating signalClassificationofemissions, B:Natureofmodulating signal

Nomodulating signalNomodulating signal 00A singlechannelofquantized or digitalinformationA singlechannelofquantized or digitalinformation

Withouttheuseofa subWithouttheuseofa sub--carriercarrier 11with a subwith a sub--carriercarrier 22

A singlechannelcontaininganalogueinformationA singlechannelcontaininganalogueinformation 33Twoormorechannels containingquantified or digitalinformationTwoormorechannels containingquantified or digitalinformation 77Twoormorechannels containinganalogueinformationTwoormorechannels containinganalogueinformation 88A composite systemcontaining both analogueand digitalchannelsA composite systemcontaining both analogueand digitalchannels 99OthercasesOthercases

Classificationofemissions, C:TypeofInformationClassificationofemissions, C:TypeofInformation

NoinformationtransmittedNoinformationtransmitted NNTelegraphyTelegraphy -- forauralreceptionforauralreception AATelegraphyTelegraphy -- forautomaticreceptionforautomaticreception BB

FacsimileFacsimile CCDatatransmission, telemetry, telecommandDatatransmission, telemetry, telecommand DDTelephony (including sound broadcasting)Telephony (including sound broadcasting) EETelevisionTelevision FFCombinations oftheaboveCombinations oftheabove WWOthercasesOthercases

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BAL 67

cw telegraphycw telegraphy A1AA1Adsb AMdsb AM A3EA3E

ssb, suppressedcarrierssb, suppressedcarrier J3EJ3E

tv visiontv vision C3FC3Ffm telephonyfm telephony F3EF3E

4 frequency telegraphy4 frequency telegraphy F7BF7B

fmsound bc:fmsound bc: 180K180KF3EF3EGGNN

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BAL 68

NECESSARY BANDWIDTHNECESSARY BANDWIDTH, foragivenclass of, foragivenclass ofemission, is the width ofthefrequency band which isemission, is the width ofthefrequency band which isjust sufficienttoensurethetransmissionofjust sufficienttoensurethetransmissionof

informationattherateand thequality requiredinformationattherateand thequality requiredunder specified conditions. TheRadioRegulationsunder specified conditions. TheRadioRegulationsgiveanumberofempiricalrules forits determination.giveanumberofempiricalrules forits determination.

ASSIGNED FREQUENCY BANDASSIGNED FREQUENCY BAND is determined byis determined by

addingthenecessary bandwidth totwicetheaddingthenecessary bandwidth totwicethefrequency tolerancefrequency tolerance

OCCUPIED BANDWIDTHOCCUPIED BANDWIDTH is defined as the width ofis defined as the width ofthefrequency band such that, below thelowerandthefrequency band such that, below thelowerand

abovetheupperfrequency limits, themeanpowersabovetheupperfrequency limits, themeanpowersemitted areeach equaltoa specified percentageemitted areeach equaltoa specified percentage(usually 0.5%)ofthetotalmeanpowerofthe(usually 0.5%)ofthetotalmeanpoweroftheemission. This definitiontakes accountoftheemission. This definitiontakes accountofthepracticaleffects ofoutof band emissionspracticaleffects ofoutof band emissions

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 69

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 70

Frequency TolerancesFrequency Tolerances

SpuriousemissionsSpuriousemissions

RadiatedpowerRadiatedpower

AntennagainAntennagain

definitionsdefinitions

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 71

ITURegionsITURegions

5-01

75

60

4030

20

0

20

30

40

60

75

60

4030

20

0

20

30

40

60

170 1401 60 1 001 20 6080 2040 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

170

170

1401 60 1 001 20 6080 2040 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 170

ABC

ABC

The shaded part represents the Tropical Zones as defined in Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21 .

REGION 1

REGION 2

REGION 3 REGION 3

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 72

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 73

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 74

5.235 Additional allocation: in Germany, Austria, Belgium,Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein,Malta, Monaco, Norway, theNetherlands, theUnitedKingdom,Sweden andSwitzerland, the band174-223 MHz is also allocated

to the landmobile service on aprimary basis. However, thestations of the landmobile service shall not cause harmfulinterference to, or claimprotectionfrom, broadcasting stations,existing orplanned, in countries other than those listedin thisfootnote

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 75

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

76/151

BAL 76

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

77/151

BAL 77

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 78

Frequency AssignmentsFrequency Assignments

Nationalfrequency authorities assign specificNationalfrequency authorities assign specificcarrierfrequencies,carrierfrequencies,

withinthefrequency blockallocations,withinthefrequency blockallocations,

fortransmissionatradio stations;fortransmissionatradio stations;

assignments aremadefor specified purposes,assignments aremadefor specified purposes,usually specifyingemissionparameters;usually specifyingemissionparameters;receivingpoint, carrierpower, bandwidth,receivingpoint, carrierpower, bandwidth,antennacharacteristics, etc.antennacharacteristics, etc.

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BAL 79

Interferencemay crossnational frontiersInterferencemay crossnational frontiers

Nationalauthorities notify BR, and askforfrequencyNationalauthorities notify BR, and askforfrequencyassignments to beregistered intheMasterassignments to beregistered intheMasterInternational Frequency Register (MIFR).International Frequency Register (MIFR).

BRmay merely checkthattheassignmentis inBRmay merely checkthattheassignmentis inaccordance with theRR, thenregisters it.accordance with theRR, thenregisters it.

OrBR will dotechnicalchecks toverify thatthenewOrBR will dotechnicalchecks toverify thatthenewassignment willnotcauseinterferencetoanassignment willnotcauseinterferencetoanassignmentofanothercountry.assignmentofanothercountry.

OrtheRRrequirenationalauthorities to discuss andOrtheRRrequirenationalauthorities to discuss andagree (coordinate)agree (coordinate)

Orthere will beanOrthere will beanaa-- rioripriori planlan

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BAL 80

Regional and nationalRegional and national

spectrum managementspectrum management

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 81

RegionalspectrummanagementRegionalspectrummanagement

Regionalgroups areadvantageous:Regionalgroups areadvantageous:

-- establishingcommon standards across aregionestablishingcommon standards across aregion

-- providealargemarketplaceprovidealargemarketplace

-- remove barriers totraderemove barriers totrade

-- permitcrosspermitcross--borderoperationborderoperation

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BAL 82

EuropeEurope

CEPTCEPT-- Electronic Communications CommitteeElectronic Communications Committee

EuropeanTelecommunication Standards InstituteEuropeanTelecommunication Standards Institute

EuropeanTelecommunicationNetwork OperatorsEuropeanTelecommunicationNetwork Operators

EuropeanUnionEuropeanUnion

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 83

EU harmonisationmeasuresEU harmonisationmeasures

ERMES DirectiveERMES Directive 19901990

DECTDirectiveDECTDirective 19911991

SPCS DirectiveSPCS Directive 19971997

GSM DirectiveGSM Directive 19971997UMTS DirectiveUMTS Directive 19981998

European Conference of Postal andEuropean Conference of Postal and

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 84

European Conference of Postal andEuropean Conference of Postal andTelecommunications Admins (CEPT)Telecommunications Admins (CEPT)

-- established in 1959 by 19 countriesestablished in 1959 by 19 countries

-- originalmembers weremonopolyoriginalmembers weremonopoly--holdingpostalandholdingpostalandtelecommunications administrationstelecommunications administrations

-- in 1992, postal & telecomoperators setupin 1992, postal & telecomoperators setup

PostEuropeand ETNOPostEuropeand ETNO

CEPTbecamea body ofpolicyCEPTbecamea body ofpolicy--makers & regulators.makers & regulators.

Central & East European Countries becameeligibleCentral & East European Countries becameeligible

formembershipin CEPT.formembershipin CEPT.

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BAL 85

CEPT membersCEPT members

now, 45 membersnow, 45 membersAlbania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium,Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium,

Bosniaand Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,Bosniaand Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,

Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany,

United Kingdomof GreatBritainand NorthernIreland, Greece,United Kingdomof GreatBritainand NorthernIreland, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein,Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein,

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands,

Norway, Poland, Portugal, RepofMacedonia, Romania,Norway, Poland, Portugal, RepofMacedonia, Romania,

Russian Federation, SanMarino, Serbiaand Montenegro,Russian Federation, SanMarino, Serbiaand Montenegro,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey,

Ukraine, Vatican.Ukraine, Vatican.

l d f El d f E

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BAL 86

role and ur ose ofCEPTrole and ur ose ofCEPT

-- establish Euro ean forum forsovereign andregulatory issuesestablish Euro ean forum forsovereign andregulatory issuesfor ost andtelecommunicationsfor ost andtelecommunications-- rovidemutual assistance amongmembersprovidemutual assistance amongmembers-- exertinfluence ongoals& rioritiesthrough common ositions;exertinfluence ongoals& rioritiesthrough common ositions;-- carry outitsactivitiesat a ancarry outitsactivitiesat a an-- Euro ean level;Euro ean level;

-- strengthen andfostermoreintensively costrengthen andfostermoreintensively co--o erationo erationwith Eastern andCentralEuro eancountries;with Eastern andCentralEuro eancountries;-- romote andfacilitate relationsbetweenEuro eanromote andfacilitate relationsbetweenEuro ean

regulators; influencedevelo mentsinITU andUPUregulators; influencedevelo mentsinITU andUPU-- respondto new circumstancesin a nonrespondto new circumstancesin a non--bureaucratic,bureaucratic,

costcost--effective andtimely wayeffective andtimely way-- settlecommon roblemsthrough closecollaborationsettlecommon roblemsthrough closecollaboration-- giveitsactivitiesmore binding force, if required;giveitsactivitiesmore binding force, if required;-- create asingleEuro e on ostsandtelecommunicationssectorscreate asingleEuro e on ostsandtelecommunicationssectors

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BAL 87

ElectronicCommunicationsCommitteeElectronicCommunicationsCommittee

developRadiocommunicationpolicydevelopRadiocommunicationpolicy

coordinatefrequency, regulatory and technicalmatterscoordinatefrequency, regulatory and technicalmatters

consult with users, operators, industry and standardsconsult with users, operators, industry and standardsbodiesbodies

developguidelines forITUmeetingsdevelopguidelines forITUmeetings

guideand coordinate workofthe ERO and the WGsguideand coordinate workofthe ERO and the WGs

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 88

ECC policy goalsECC policy goals -- 11

-- Forward planuseofthe spectrumForward planuseofthe spectrum-- Harmoniseuseoffrequencies within Europe; fosterHarmoniseuseoffrequencies within Europe; foster

worldworld--wide harmonisation; ensureeffectiveutilisation,wide harmonisation; ensureeffectiveutilisation,minimuminterferenceand safety of humanlifeminimuminterferenceand safety of humanlife

-- Ensure Europeantelecommunications standards; utiliseEnsure Europeantelecommunications standards; utilisespectrumefficiently; considermarket demands;spectrumefficiently; considermarket demands;introduce standards innationaltypeapprovalregimesintroduce standards innationaltypeapprovalregimes

-- ProvideforfreecirculationofradioequipmentProvideforfreecirculationofradioequipment-- ProvidemutualrecognitionoftypeapprovalProvidemutualrecognitionoftypeapproval

certificates & mutualacceptanceoftestreportscertificates & mutualacceptanceoftestreports-- ProvidemutualrecognitionofradiolicencesProvidemutualrecognitionofradiolicences-- alignadminprocedures forfreecirculation & usealignadminprocedures forfreecirculation & use

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 89

ECC policy goalsECC policy goals -- 22

-- ExchangeofinformationonnationalresearchExchangeofinformationonnationalresearch-- Exchangeinformation & harmonisenationallegislationExchangeinformation & harmonisenationallegislation

-- Exchangeinformationonprinciples offinancingtheExchangeinformationonprinciples offinancingthe

workofadministrations; find acommon basis forfeesworkofadministrations; find acommon basis forfees

-- Encourage deregulation & minimise burdens onusersEncourage deregulation & minimise burdens onusers-- CoordinateMembers action with respectto ECCoordinateMembers action with respectto EC

initiativesinitiatives

-- Foster developmentof ECP's; coordinateMembersFoster developmentof ECP's; coordinateMembers

activities inrespectofITUactivities inrespectofITU-- Consult widelyConsult widely

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 90

ECC workinggroupsECC workinggroups(radiorelated)(radiorelated)

Frequency Management (FM)Frequency Management (FM) -- toagreeand harmonisetoagreeand harmonisetheuseofparts ofthe spectrum within Europetheuseofparts ofthe spectrum within Europe

RadioRegulatory (RR)RadioRegulatory (RR) -- concerned with licensing,concerned with licensing,certification, etccertification, etc

Spectrum Engineering (SE)Spectrum Engineering (SE) -- concerned withconcerned withcompatibility & related technicalissuescompatibility & related technicalissues..

ConferencePreparatory GroupConferencePreparatory Group prepares forITUprepares forITUconferencesconferences

ProjectteamsProjectteams

Supported by the EuropeanRadio Officein CopenhagenSupported by the EuropeanRadio Officein Copenhagen

k Ek E

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BAL 91

WorkingGroup SEWorkingGroup SE -- 11

developtechnicalguidelines fortheuseofthedeveloptechnicalguidelines fortheuseofthefrequency spectrum by various radiocom services;frequency spectrum by various radiocom services;

develop sharingcriteria betweenradiocom services,develop sharingcriteria betweenradiocom services,

systems orapplications using samefrequency bands;systems orapplications using samefrequency bands;

developcompatibility criteria betweenradiocomdevelopcompatibility criteria betweenradiocomservices using differentfrequency bands;services using differentfrequency bands;

coco--ordinaterelated activities & contributions toordinaterelated activities & contributions to

workinITUworkinITU--R;R;

coco--operate with relevanttechnical bodies in ETSIoperate with relevanttechnical bodies in ETSIstudy technicalimpacts ofISM & othernonstudy technicalimpacts ofISM & othernon--radioradio

equipmentonradio servicesequipmentonradio services

W k G EW k G E 22

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 92

WorkingGroup SEWorkingGroup SE -- 22

contributeto CPG onpreparationof CEPTpositionscontributeto CPG onpreparationof CEPTpositionsfor WRCs and otherrelevantfora;for WRCs and otherrelevantfora;

seekcontributions & assistancefrom ERO, etcseekcontributions & assistancefrom ERO, etc

consultvarious bodies & organisations within CEPTconsultvarious bodies & organisations within CEPT

countries or Administrations outsidethe CEPT, tocountries or Administrations outsidethe CEPT, tocollectinformation & broaden supportforcollectinformation & broaden supportfor

deliverables;deliverables;

prepare draft Decisions and prepare & approveprepare draft Decisions and prepare & approve

Recommendations and Reports as necessary;Recommendations and Reports as necessary;

European Telecommunication StandardsEuropean Telecommunication Standards

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 93

European TelecommunicationStandardsEuropean TelecommunicationStandardsInstituteInstitute

Established 1988Established 1988MembershipMembership -- industry & administrationsindustry & administrations

Objective:to bearegional standards body sensitivetoObjective:to bearegional standards body sensitivetomarketneeds with aninnovativeand efficientmarketneeds with aninnovativeand efficientapproach toproducingquality standards inatimelyapproach toproducingquality standards inatimelymannermanner

Facilitateintegrationoftelecoms infrastructureFacilitateintegrationoftelecoms infrastructureAssureinterworkingoffuture servicesAssureinterworkingoffuture services

Achievecompatibility ofterminalequipmentAchievecompatibility ofterminalequipmentCreatepanCreatepan--Europeantelecoms networksEuropeantelecoms networksContributetointernational standardization (ITU)Contributetointernational standardization (ITU)

ETSIETSI

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 94

ETSIETSI

General AssemblyGeneral AssemblytechnicalcommitteestechnicalcommitteesETSIprojectsETSIprojects

TC ERMTC ERM emcand radio spectrummattersemcand radio spectrummattersTC MSGTC MSG mobile standardsmobile standardsTC SESTC SES satelliteearth stations and systemssatelliteearth stations and systemsTC PLTTC PLT powerlinetelecommunciationspowerlinetelecommunciations

JTC broadcastJTC broadcastEP DECTEP DECT digitalcordless phonesdigitalcordless phonesEPTETRAEPTETRA terrestrialtrunked radioterrestrialtrunked radioEPBRANEPBRAN broadband radioaccess networksbroadband radioaccess networks

ETSI d li blETSI d li bl

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 95

ETSI deliverablesETSI deliverables

ENEN European Standard (telecommunication series)European Standard (telecommunication series)

contains normativeprovisions, approved forcontains normativeprovisions, approved forpublication by aprocess involvingnationalpublication by aprocess involvingnationalstandards organisations or ETSInationalstandards organisations or ETSInationaldelegations;delegations;

TSTS Technical specification which contains normativeTechnical specification which contains normativeprovisions approved by atechnical body;provisions approved by atechnical body;

ESES Standard which contains normativeprovisionsStandard which contains normativeprovisionsapproved by themembershipapproved by themembership

SRSR SpecialReportcontaininginformationSpecialReportcontaininginformation approvedapprovedby atechnical bodyby atechnical body

EGEG Guidecontaininginformationapproved by theGuidecontaininginformationapproved by themembershipmembership

N ti lN ti l UKUK

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 96

NationalNational -- UKUK

UK legislation:UK legislation:wireless telegraphy actwireless telegraphy act 19491949

wireless telegraphy actwireless telegraphy act 19671967

marine, etc. broadcasting (offences)actmarine, etc. broadcasting (offences)act 19671967

telecommunications act,telecommunications act, 19841984interceptionoftelecommunications act,interceptionoftelecommunications act, 19851985

Broadcastingact,Broadcastingact, 19901990

Wireless telegraphy actWireless telegraphy act 19981998

Communications ActCommunications Act 20032003and many statutory instrumentsand many statutory instruments

Office of Communications,Office of Communications,

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 97

Office ofCommunications,Office ofCommunications,OFCOM.OFCOM.

OFCOM brings intoonenonOFCOM brings intoonenon--governmentalgovernmentalregulatory organisationfiveexisting bodies:regulatory organisationfiveexisting bodies:

Broadcast Standards CommissionBroadcast Standards Commission

IndependentTelevision CommissionIndependentTelevision Commission

Radio AuthorityRadio Authority

OFTEL (OfficeofTelecommunications)OFTEL (OfficeofTelecommunications)

Radiocommunciations AgencyRadiocommunciations Agency

OFCOMOFCOM

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 98

OFCOMOFCOM

OFCOMis theregulatorfortheUKOFCOMis theregulatorfortheUKcommunications industries, withcommunications industries, withresponsibilities across television, radio,responsibilities across television, radio,telecommunications and wirelesstelecommunications and wireless

communications services.communications services.

OFCOMexists tofurthertheinterests ofOFCOMexists tofurthertheinterests ofcitizencitizen--consumers as thecommunicationsconsumers as thecommunications

industries enterthe digitalage.industries enterthe digitalage.

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BAL 99

To dothis OFCOM shall:To dothis OFCOM shall:Balancethepromotionofchoiceand competition withBalancethepromotionofchoiceand competition with

the duty tofosterplurality, informed citizenship,the duty tofosterplurality, informed citizenship,protectviewers, listeners and customers and promoteprotectviewers, listeners and customers and promotecultural diversity.cultural diversity.

Servetheinterests ofthecitizenServetheinterests ofthecitizen--consumeras theconsumeras thecommunications industry enters the digitalage.communications industry enters the digitalage.

Supporttheneed forinnovators, creators andSupporttheneed forinnovators, creators andinvestors toflourish withinmarkets driven by fullandinvestors toflourish withinmarkets driven by fulland

faircompetition betweenallproviders.faircompetition betweenallproviders.EncouragetheevolutionofelectronicmediaandEncouragetheevolutionofelectronicmediaandcommunications networks tothegreater benefitofcommunications networks tothegreater benefitofall wholiveintheUnited Kingdom.all wholiveintheUnited Kingdom.

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BAL 100

Notethatnowhereamongsttheseaims areanyNotethatnowhereamongsttheseaims areanytechnicalobjectives toensuretheeffectivetechnicalobjectives toensuretheeffectiveorefficientuseofthe spectrum,orefficientuseofthe spectrum,

nortoprovideany leadershipinguidingUKnortoprovideany leadershipinguidingUK

interests towards theestablishmentofinterests towards theestablishmentofcommon developmentscommon developments

which willmaintaintheUK as leaders inthewhich willmaintaintheUK as leaders inthefutureuses ofradioand benefittheUKfutureuses ofradioand benefittheUK

economy as a whole.economy as a whole.

Radi c mmunicati ns A encRadi c mmunicati ns A enc

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 101

Radiocommunications AgencyRadiocommunications Agency

Untiltheend of 2003Untiltheend of 2003

Managed thecivilradio spectrumManaged thecivilradio spectrum

Aim:Aim: optimaluseoftheradio spectrumina dynamicoptimaluseoftheradio spectrumina dynamicand successfulUK economy with enhancedand successfulUK economy with enhancedquality oflifethrough excellenceand innovationquality oflifethrough excellenceand innovationin spectrummanagementin spectrummanagement


8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 102


610 staff (400 in London)610 staff (400 in London)

EightlicensingcentresEightlicensingcentres

Monitoring stationatBaldockMonitoring stationatBaldock

Technicalcentreat Whyteleafe, SurreyTechnicalcentreat Whyteleafe, Surrey

IncomeIncome 138M138M 2001/20022001/2002

ExpenditureExpenditure 66M66M 2001/20022001/2002

RA prepared and led international workin EuropeandRA prepared and led international workin EuropeandITUITU

Radio usersRadio users

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 103

Radio usersRadio users

210 types oflicence210 types oflicencefrom Vodafone (3G licencefor 20 yearsfrom Vodafone (3G licencefor 20 years -- 6 billion)6 billion)to CBand amateuruser (15 per year)to CBand amateuruser (15 per year)

MobilephonesMobilephonesBroadcastingBroadcastingInfrastructure (satelliteand terrestrial)Infrastructure (satelliteand terrestrial)Broadband networks and localnetworksBroadband networks and localnetworksDefenceand emergency servicesDefenceand emergency servicesRadarRadarRadioastronomyRadioastronomyAmateurand CBAmateurand CB

Economic impactEconomic impact

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 104

Economic impactEconomic impact

Valueof spectrumestimated at 20 billionin 2000 &Valueof spectrumestimated at 20 billionin 2000 &continues togrowcontinues togrow

2.5 millionmorecellular subscribers thana yearago2.5 millionmorecellular subscribers thana yearago

12% growth infixed links since Oct 200112% growth infixed links since Oct 2001

15% growth in satelliteearth stations15% growth in satelliteearth stations

Vision statementVision statement 19941994

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 105

VisionstatementVisionstatement -- 19941994

We willpublish, and updateannually, a strategicplanWe willpublish, and updateannually, a strategicplanfortheuseand developmentoftheradio spectrum.fortheuseand developmentoftheradio spectrum.

Wearealsocommitted toimprovingcommunicationsWearealsocommitted toimprovingcommunications......by publishing moreinformationabout spectrum......by publishing moreinformationabout spectrumusage......"usage......"

The 2nd commitmentis beingmet by theavailabilityThe 2nd commitmentis beingmet by theavailabilityfromthe Agency library ofalargenumberoffromthe Agency library ofalargenumberofinformation sheets,information sheets,

(seeindexon http://www.radio.gov.uk)(seeindexon http://www.radio.gov.uk)

Strategic plan 1996Strategic plan 1996

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 106

Strategicplan 1996Strategicplan 1996

1.1. Providingaccess tothe spectrumProvidingaccess tothe spectrum -- maximisingthemaximisingtheuseofthe spectrum & endeavouringtoensureuseofthe spectrum & endeavouringtoensureaccessaccess

2.2. seekingimprovementinglobaland regionalseekingimprovementinglobaland regionalspectrumcoordinationspectrumcoordination

3.3. ensuringcompliance with spectrummanagementensuringcompliance with spectrummanagementconditionsconditions

4.4. improvingcommunications and decisionmakingimprovingcommunications and decisionmaking

5.5. developingthe skills ofRA staffand the supportingdevelopingthe skills ofRA staffand the supporting

systemssystems

Green paper 1994Green paper 1994

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 107

Greenpaper 1994Greenpaper 1994

How tomanagethe spectrum?How tomanagethe spectrum? Regulationnot sufficientRegulationnot sufficient burdensome, inflexible, ineffectiveinpredictingfutureuseburdensome, inflexible, ineffectiveinpredictingfutureuse

CongestionCongestion PBR, mobiletelephony, terrestrialBC, fixed linksPBR, mobiletelephony, terrestrialBC, fixed links

Telecoms policyTelecoms policyRA or SMOsRA or SMOs

PricingPricing cost based pricingundervalues spectrumcost based pricingundervalues spectrum leads toleads towastage & apparent shortagewastage & apparent shortage

SpectrumrightsSpectrumrights

Secondary tradingSecondary trading

AuctionsAuctions

enforcementenforcement

Green paper 1994Green paper 1994

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

108/151

BAL 108

Greenpaper 1994Greenpaper 1994

Response:Response:pricingpricing 70%70% -- reform desirablereform desirablepreferadministrativepricingpreferadministrativepricing

secondary tradingsecondary trading mixed responsemixed response

organisationorganisation yes to selfmanaged SMOsyes to selfmanaged SMOsnotocommercial SMOsnotocommercial SMOsRA should enforceRA should enforce

RAs functionRAs function core spectrummanagementcore spectrummanagementimpartialimpartialindependentindependentaccountableaccountable

Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998

8/7/2019 2004 Part 1

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BAL 109

Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998

LicencefeesLicencefeesprescribed by regulation, orprescribed by regulation, or

as determined by the Secretary of Stateas determined by the Secretary of State

Regulations may:Regulations may:

make differentprovisions for differentcasesmake differentprovisions for differentcasesconferexemptionsconferexemptions

fees may berefundedfees may berefunded

maketransitionalarrangementsmaketransitionalarrangements

Fees may begreaterthannecessary forcostrecoveryFees may begreaterthannecessary forcostrecoveryMay undertakeorarrangeresearch and developmentMay undertakeorarrangeresearch and development

May makegrantsMay makegrants

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SatelliteServicesSatelliteServices

Fixed satellite serviceFixed satellite service

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FixedsatelliteserviceFixedsatelliteservice

RR1.20RR1.20 fixedservicefixedservice::AA radiocommunicationserviceradiocommunicationservice betweenspecifiedbetweenspecifiedfixedpoints.fixedpoints.

RR1.21RR1.21 fixedfixed--satelliteservicesatelliteservice::

AA radiocommunicationserviceradiocommunicationservice betweenbetween earthstationsearthstationsatgivenpositions, when one or moreatgivenpositions, when one or moresatellitessatellitesareareused; thegivenposition may be aspecifiedfixedused; thegivenposition may be aspecifiedfixedpoint or any fixedpoint withinspecifiedareas; inpoint or any fixedpoint withinspecifiedareas; insome casesthisservice includessatellitesome casesthisservice includessatellite--toto--satellitesatellite

links, whichmay also be operatedin thelinks, whichmay also be operatedin the interinter--satelliteservicesatelliteservice; thefixed; thefixed--satelliteservice may alsosatelliteservice may alsoincludeincludefeeder linksfeeder links for otherfor otherspacespaceradiocommunicationservicesradiocommunicationservices..

FSS allocationsFSS allocations

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FSSallocationsFSSallocations

WARC 1963WARC 196334003400 -- 4200 MHz (down4200 MHz (down--links) [i.e. spaceto Earth]links) [i.e. spaceto Earth]

44004400 -- 4700 MHz (up4700 MHz (up--links)links)

57255725 -- 6425 MHz (up6425 MHz (up--links)links)

72507250 -- 7750 MHz (down7750 MHz (down--links)links)79007900 -- 8400 MHz (up8400 MHz (up--links)links)


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WARCWARC--71 added allocations for FSS at higher71 added allocations for FSS at higherfrequencies:frequencies:

10.9510.95 -- 11.2 GHz (down11.2 GHz (down--links)links)


11.711.7 -- 12.2 GHz (down12.2 GHz (down--links) (Region 2 only)links) (Region 2 only)12.512.5 -- 12.75 GHz (down12.75 GHz (down--links) (Region 1 only)links) (Region 1 only)

14.014.0 -- 14.5 GHz (up14.5 GHz (up--links)links)


27.527.5 -- 31.0 GHz (up31.0 GHz (up--links)links)

plus severalpairs of bands between 35 and 275 GHzplus severalpairs of bands between 35 and 275 GHzand narrow bands at 2.6 GHz.and narrow bands at 2.6 GHz.


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WARC 1988WARC 1988downdown--linkslinks uu --linkslinks5.155.15 -- 5.255.25

3.43.4 -- 4.2 and4.54.2 and4.5 -- 4.84.8 5.7255.725 -- 7.0757.0757.257.25 -- 7.757.75 7.97.9 -- 8.48.4

10.710.7 -- 11.711.7 12.512.5 -- 13.2513.2512.512.5 -- 12.7512.75 12.7512.75 -- 13.2513.2515.4315.43 -- 15.6315.63

17.317.3 -- 17.717.717.717.7 -- 21.221.2 27.527.5 -- 31.031.0

37.537.5 -- 40.540.5 42.542.5 -- 43.543.547.247.2 -- 50.250.250.450.4 -- 51.451.4

lusseveral airsof bandsat higherfrequencies.lusseveral airsof bandsat higherfrequencies.

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Almostallof the FSS bandsaresharedAlmostallof the FSS bandsaresharedwithotherserviceswithotherservices

Elaboratemeansare used toenable thisE

laboratemeansare used toenable thisshared useshared use

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RR1.67RR1.67 mo bilestation:mobilestation: AA stationstation in thein the mobilemobileserviceservice intended tobeused while in motion or duringintended tobeused while in motion or during

haltsatunspecified points.haltsatunspecified points.

RR1.68RR1.68 mo bile earth station:mobile earth station: AnAn earth stationearth station ininthethe mobilemobile--satelliteservicesatelliteservice intended tobeused whileintended tobeused whilein motion or during haltsatunspecified points.in motion or during haltsatunspecified points.

RR1.69RR1.69 land station:land station: AA stationstation in thein the mobilemobileserviceservice not intended tobeused while in motion.not intended tobeused while in motion.

basestation:basestation: in thein the land mobileserviceland mobileservice..

coaststation:coaststation: in thein the maritime mobileservicemaritime mobileservice..aeronauticalstation:aeronauticalstation: in thein the aeronautical mobileaeronautical mobile

serviceservice..

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aradio station which is on wheels and roadworthyaradio station which is on wheels and roadworthy

butis only operated whileitis stationary atoneorbutis only operated whileitis stationary atoneormore specified points may beafixed station, becausemore specified points may beafixed station, becauseits useoffrequencies can becoits useoffrequencies can beco--ordinated with theordinated with theusemade by otherfixed stations ofthe sameusemade by otherfixed stations ofthe samefrequencies.frequencies.

, atransportable station which is setuptooperateat, atransportable station which is setuptooperateatunspecified points butis always stationary whenitisunspecified points butis always stationary whenitisinoperationis nevertheless classified as mobile.inoperationis nevertheless classified as mobile.

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FSS needs very largeallocated bandwidth becauseofFSS needs very largeallocated bandwidth becauseoftheinformationflowtheinformationflow

-- sharingconstraints devised toallow both FSS & FSsharingconstraints devised toallow both FSS & FS

tooperateinthe samefrequency band,tooperateinthe samefrequency band,

(more difficultfor small dish systems)(more difficultfor small dish systems)

MSS systems usequite smallearth stationantennas.MSS systems usequite smallearth stationantennas.

-- demands high downdemands high down--linkPFD & high uplinkPFD & high up--linkreceiverlinkreceiver

sensitivity,sensitivity, -- sharing difficult.sharing difficult.

Choice of radio frequencyChoice of radio frequency

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Choiceof radio frequencyChoiceof radio frequency

Forall satellite systems:costofRF powertoForall satellite systems:costofRF powertosatelliteantennais highsatelliteantennais high -- desirableto selectdesirableto select

frequency bands tomaximise C/Nratiofrequency bands tomaximise C/Nratio

For FSS choiceis simple; allocated bands startat 3.4For FSS choiceis simple; allocated bands startat 3.4GHzGHz -- desirabletouse bands closetothis bottomdesirabletouse bands closetothis bottomlimit, butrelatively smallpenalty for higherlimit, butrelatively smallpenalty for higherfrequencies upto say 15 GHz.frequencies upto say 15 GHz.

(rainattenuation significantat higherfrequencies)(rainattenuation significantat higherfrequencies)

Choiceof radio frequencyChoiceof radio frequency

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ho ce of rad o frequencyho ce of rad o frequency

ForMSS, assumegainof satelliteantennais fixedForMSS, assumegainof satelliteantennais fixed --determined by therequired coveragearea.determined by therequired coveragearea.(a)(a) As frequency reduced, sizeof satelliteantennaAs frequency reduced, sizeof satelliteantenna

forconstant gainincreases,forconstant gainincreases,as itgets too bigtolaunch, gainofthe satelliteas itgets too bigtolaunch, gainofthe satellite

antennamay starttofallaway below acertainantennamay starttofallaway below acertainfrequency,frequency,

( b)( b) Forgiven satelliteantennagain & givenearthForgiven satelliteantennagain & givenearthstationantenna size, transmissionloss constantstationantenna size, transmissionloss constantregardless ofoperatingfrequency.regardless ofoperatingfrequency.-- butmobile stationantennagainincreases &butmobile stationantennagainincreases &beamwidth reduces,beamwidth reduces, -- morecostly trackingmorecostly tracking

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(c)(c) antennas ofconstantgainat both satellite &antennas ofconstantgainat both satellite &earth station:earth station:

-- transmissionlosstransmissionloss increases by 20 dBfor 10increases by 20 dBfor 10--foldfold

increaseinfrequency.increaseinfrequency.

satellite trackingcapabilitiesof mobilesatellite trackingcapabilitiesof mobileearth stationearth station

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earthstationearthstation

(a)(a) simple, cheapantenna with notracking:simple, cheapantenna with notracking:gainabout 8 dBi; smallenough tomountonmostgainabout 8 dBi; smallenough tomountonmost

vehicles, regardless offrequency,vehicles, regardless offrequency,

(b)(b) antennaon shiporaircraft with 10 beamwidth:antennaon shiporaircraft with 10 beamwidth:

simpletracking system.simpletracking system.gainabout 25 dBi. (at 2 GHz, diameter 1 metre),.gainabout 25 dBi. (at 2 GHz, diameter 1 metre),.

(c) where high costis tolerable(c) where high costis tolerable, much better, much better

trackingtrackingis feasible,is feasible,

for 1 minimum beamwidth & 1 metremax diam.for 1 minimum beamwidth & 1 metremax diam.

gainabout 45 dBiforfrequencies above 20 GHz,gainabout 45 dBiforfrequencies above 20 GHz,

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minimumearth stationantenna size, minimumcostminimumearth stationantenna size, minimumcost

system,system, -- frequencies well below 1 GHz desirable,frequencies well below 1 GHz desirable,particularly for widecoverage systems.particularly for widecoverage systems.

largerearth terminalantennaofmediumcost (e.g.largerearth terminalantennaofmediumcost (e.g.

INMARSAT), transmissionloss is less,INMARSAT), transmissionloss is less, -- optimumoptimumfrequency band, say 800 MHzto 2 GHzfrequency band, say 800 MHzto 2 GHz

high performance, high costearth terminal,high performance, high costearth terminal,

-- frequency range spreads from below 1 GHztoatfrequency range spreads from below 1 GHztoatleast 30 or 40 GHz, ( bewareofrainattenuationatleast 30 or 40 GHz, ( bewareofrainattenuationatthe higherfrequencies)the higherfrequencies)

MSS frequency allocationsMSS frequency allocations

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q yq y

137137 -- 138 MHz138 MHz downlinkpartly secondary allocationsdownlinkpartly secondary allocations148148 -- 150.05150.05 uplinkuplink235235 -- 322322 footnoteprovisionfootnoteprovision-- notcausinginterferencenotcausinginterference312312 -- 315315 uplinkuplink335.4335.4 -- 399.9399.9 footnoteprovisionfootnoteprovision -- notcausinginterferencenotcausinginterference387387 -- 390390 downlinkdownlink

399.9399.9 -- 400.05400.05 uplinkuplink400.15400.15 -- 401401 downlinkdownlink406406 -- 406.1406.1 uplinkuplink455455 -- 456456 )Region 2 only)Region 2 only459459 -- 460460 )uplink)uplink

15251525 -- 1559 MHz downlink)mainly maritimeand aeronautical1559 MHz downlink)mainly maritimeand aeronautical)mobile with someland)mobile with someland

16101610 -- 1660.51660.5 uplink )mobileas secondary in somepartsuplink )mobileas secondary in someparts

MSS frequency allocationsMSS frequency allocations

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q yq y

19801980 -- 20102010 uplinkuplink21702170 -- 22002200 downlinkdownlink

2483.52483.5 2520 downlink2520 downlink

26702670 -- 26902690 uplinkuplink

72507250 -- 7375 down7375 down--link )footnoteprovisionlink )footnoteprovision79007900 -- 8025 up8025 up--link )link ) -- nointerferencenointerference

19.719.7 -- 21.2 GHz21.2 GHz downdown--linklink

29.529.5 -- 3131 uplinkuplink

And some higher bandsAnd some higher bands

BroadcastSatelliteServiceBroadcastSatelliteService

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RR1.38RR1.38 broadcastingservice:broadcastingservice:AA radiocommunicationserviceradiocommunicationservice in which thein which thetransmissionsare intendedfordirect receptionbytransmissionsare intendedfordirect receptionbythe generalpublic. Thisservice may includesoundthe generalpublic. Thisservice may includesoundtransmissions,transmissions, televisiontelevision transmissionsor other typestransmissionsor other typesof transmissionof transmission

RR1.39RR1.39 broadcastingbroadcasting--satelliteservice:satelliteservice:AA radiocommunicationserviceradiocommunicationservice in which signalsin which signalstransmittedor retransmittedbytransmittedor retransmittedby spacestationsspacestationsareareintendedfordirect receptionby the generalpublic.intendedfordirect receptionby the generalpublic.

In thebroadcastingIn thebroadcasting--satelliteservice, the term directsatelliteservice, the term directreceptionshall encompassbothreceptionshall encompassboth individual receptionindividual reception andandcommunity receptioncommunity reception..

BSS frequency allocationsBSS frequency allocations

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q yq y

TV downlinks:TV downlinks:

620620 -- 790 MHz.790 MHz. -- footnotefootnote

25202520 -- 2670 MHz.2670 MHz. -- shared band, limited to nationalandshared band, limited to nationaland

regionalBSS networks forcommunity receptionregionalBSS networks forcommunity reception

main bandsmain bands

Region 1; 11.7Region 1; 11.7 -- 12.5 GHz12.5 GHz

Region 2; 12.2Region 2; 12.2 -- 12.7 GHz12.7 GHzRegion 3; 11.7Region 3; 11.7 -- 12.2 GHz12.2 GHz

and higherfrequenciesand higherfrequencies

BSS frequency allocationsBSS frequency allocations

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q yq y

Sound broadcast downlinksSound broadcast downlinks

1452 to 1492 MHz1452 to 1492 MHz -- limited to dablimited to dab

BSS feederlinksBSS feederlinks

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10.710.7 -- 11.7 GHz. (Reg 1 only) (shared with FSS11.7 GHz. (Reg 1 only) (shared with FSSdownlinks)downlinks)

14.514.5 -- 14.8 GHz. (excluding Europe)14.8 GHz. (excluding Europe)

17.317.3 -- 18.1 GHz. (part shared with FSS downlinks)18.1 GHz. (part shared with FSS downlinks)

and higherfrequenciesand higherfrequencies

OtherspaceservicesOtherspaceservices

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pp

11 other spaceradio services11 other spaceradio servicesISSISS interinter--satellite service hardly used sofarsatellite service hardly used sofar

AmSS amateur satellite serviceAmSS amateur satellite service widely usedwidely used

Other 9 services:Other 9 services:

typically operated by governments, etctypically operated by governments, etc-- satellites notusually geostationarysatellites notusually geostationary

earth stations arefew & can belocated toavoidearth stations arefew & can belocated toavoid

interferencefromterrestrial stationsinterferencefromterrestrial stations

-- frequency allocations aremany butnarrow,frequency allocations aremany butnarrow,oftennational & often secondaryoftennational & often secondary

InterInter--satelliteservicesatelliteservice

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54.2554.25 -- 58.2 GHz58.2 GHz 126126 -- 134 GHz134 GHz5959 -- 64 GHz64 GHz 170170 -- 182 GHz182 GHz

116116 -- 126 GHz126 GHz 185185 -- 190 GHz190 GHz

AmateursatelliteserviceAmateursatelliteservice

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Mostamateurallocations alsoavailablefortheamateurMostamateurallocations alsoavailablefortheamateursatellite servicesatellite service

RadiodeterminationsatelliteserviceRadiodeterminationsatelliteservice

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RR 1.9 radiodetermination: the determinationoftheRR 1.9 radiodetermination: the determinationoftheposition, velocity and/orothercharacteristics ofanposition, velocity and/orothercharacteristics ofanobject, ortheobtainingofinformationrelatingtoobject, ortheobtainingofinformationrelatingtotheseparameters, by means ofthepropagationtheseparameters, by means ofthepropagationproperties ofradio waves.properties ofradio waves.

radionavigation (RN) serviceradionavigation (RN) service -- involve safetyinvolve safetyoflifefactorsoflifefactors

radiolocation (RL) serviceradiolocation (RL) service -- no direct safetyno direct safety

oflifefactorsoflifefactors

RadiodeterminationsatelliteserviceRadiodeterminationsatelliteservice

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149.9149.9 -- 150.05 MHz & 399.9150.05 MHz & 399.9 -- 400.05 MHz.400.05 MHz. -- wereusedwereusedforTransitforTransit

12151215 -- 1350 MHz (down1350 MHz (down--links).links). -- GPSGPS

15591559 -- 1610 MHz (down1610 MHz (down--links).links). -- GPS & GLONASSGPS & GLONASS

14.314.3 -- 14.4 GHz (down14.4 GHz (down--links).links). -- secondary allocationsecondary allocation

SpaceresearchsatelliteserviceSpaceresearchsatelliteserviceearth exploration satellite serviceearth exploration satellite service

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earthexplorationsatelliteserviceearthexplorationsatelliteservice

spaceresearch service (SRS)spaceresearch service (SRS) -- in which spacecraftin which spacecraftorotherobjects in spaceareused for scientificororotherobjects in spaceareused for scientificortechnologicalresearch purposes.technologicalresearch purposes.

earth explorationearth exploration--satellite service (EESS)satellite service (EESS) ... in... in

which:which:informationrelatingtothecharacteristics ofthe earth and itsinformationrelatingtothecharacteristics ofthe earth and itsnaturalphenomenais obtained fromactive ... orpassive sensorsnaturalphenomenais obtained fromactive ... orpassive sensorsonearth satellites,onearth satellites,

similarinformationis collected fromairborneorearthsimilarinformationis collected fromairborneorearth--basedbased

platforms,platforms,such informationmay be distributed toearth stations withinsuch informationmay be distributed toearth stations withinthe systemconcerned, platformthe systemconcerned, platforminterrogationmay beincluded.interrogationmay beincluded.

meteorologicalsatelliteservicemeteorologicalsatelliteservice

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meteorologicalmeteorological--satellite service (MetSS)satellite service (MetSS) -- an EESSan EESSformeteorologicalpurposes.formeteorologicalpurposes.

These 3 services allneed frequency allocations forThese 3 services allneed frequency allocations forthreekinds ofuse:threekinds ofuse:

yy -- active sensorsactive sensors

yy -- passive sensorspassive sensors

-- fortransmissionofobserved data, control signalsfortransmissionofobserved data, control signals

etc.,etc.,

SpaceresearchsatelliteserviceSpaceresearchsatelliteserviceearth exploration satellite serviceearth exploration satellite service

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earthexplorationsatelliteserviceearthexplorationsatelliteservicemeteorologicalsatelliteservicemeteorologicalsatelliteservice

Active sensors, bands centred on:Active sensors, bands centred on:

1250 MHz1250 MHz 8600 MHz8600 MHz 17.25 GHz17.25 GHz 78.5 GHz78.5 GHz

3200 MHz3200 MHz 9650 MHz9650 MHz 24.15 GHz24.15 GHz

5300 MHz5300 MHz 13.7 GHz13.7 GHz 35.55 GHz35.55 GHz

Passive sensors, bands centred on:Passive sensors, bands centred on: 1385 MHz1385 MHz 7160 MHz7160 MHz 21.3 GHz21.3 GHz



2670 MHz2670 MHz 15.27 GHz15.27 GHz 31.4 GHz31.4 GHz 4970 MHz4970 MHz 15.37 GHz15.37 GHz 31.65 GHz31.65 GHz

6475 MHz6475 MHz 18.7 GHz18.7 GHz 36.5 GHz.36.5 GHz.

meteorologicalsatelliteservicemeteorologicalsatelliteservice

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400.15400.15 -- 401 MHz, down401 MHz, down--links, primary.links, primary.401401 -- 403 MHz, up403 MHz, up--links, secondary.links, secondary.

460460 -- 470 MHz, down470 MHz, down--links, secondary, sharedlinks, secondary, shared

16701670 -- 1710 MHz, down1710 MHz, down--links, primary.links, primary.

74507450 -- 7550 MHz, down7550 MHz, down--links, primary, sharedlinks, primary, shared81758175 -- 8215 MHz, up8215 MHz, up--links, primary, sharedlinks, primary, shared

18.118.1 -- 18.3 GHz, down18.3 GHz, down--links, primary, limited tolinks, primary, limited to

GSO & sharedGSO & shared

SpaceoperationserviceSpaceoper

Documents

2004 Part 1