1st Lecture Stress

8/4/2019 1st Lecture Stress

1/33

What is your idea of a healthy work environmentWhat is your idea of a healthy work environment

Whats happening round hereWhats happening round here

How do I surviveHow do I survive

What is my meaning or missionWhat is my meaning or mission How can I be effectiveHow can I be effective


2/33

A healthy work env. for youA healthy work env. for you--

On the job I want to be treatedOn the job I want to be treated

In my company I want to be included wheneverIn my company I want to be included whenever

The company should reward meThe company should reward me

MY biggest rewards from my life in organizations will come when.MY biggest rewards from my life in organizations will come when.

I want to be a member of an organization that has these goalsI want to be a member of an organization that has these goals I want to work for an organization that has structures and procedures and aI want to work for an organization that has structures and procedures and a

culture thatculture that

On the job I will be happiest when my time is spent On the job I will be happiest when my time is spent

I plan to divide the time between my work life and personal lifeI plan to divide the time between my work life and personal life

I want to work with colleagues whoI want to work with colleagues who The physical settings in which I work The physical settings in which I work

My bosses will be .My bosses will be .

My company will help give meaning to my life becauseMy company will help give meaning to my life because


3/33

Sunday Night InsomniaSunday Night Insomnia

France : 52%France : 52%

USA & UK : 70%USA & UK : 70%

Italy & Spain : 50%Italy & Spain : 50%

Scandinavia : 30%Scandinavia : 30%

(Monster, 2008)(Monster, 2008)


4/33

Stress : DefinitionStress : Definition

Stress is a condition or feeling experiencedStress is a condition or feeling experienced

when a person perceiveswhen a person perceives

that demandsthat demands

exceedexceed

the personal and social resourcesthe personal and social resources

the individual is able to mobilizethe individual is able to mobilize

(Lazarus, 1966)(Lazarus, 1966)


5/33

Hans Selye can be called theHans Selye can be called thefather of modern stress literaturefather of modern stress literature

He propounded the general

He propounded the generaladaptation syndrome (GAS) ,aadaptation syndrome (GAS) ,a

theory of stress based ontheory of stress based on

endocrinological experimentsendocrinological experiments


6/33

DefinitionDefinition

Ivancevich and MattesonIvancevich and Matteson --the interaction of thethe interaction of the

individual with the environment , an adaptiveindividual with the environment , an adaptive

response , mediated by the individual differencesresponse , mediated by the individual differencesand/or psychological processes, that is a consequenceand/or psychological processes, that is a consequence

of any external (environmental) action, situation orof any external (environmental) action, situation or

event that places excessive psychological and orevent that places excessive psychological and or

physical demands on a person.physical demands on a person.


7/33

,Beehr and Newman define job stress as,Beehr and Newman define job stress as aa

condition arising from the interaction ofcondition arising from the interaction of

people and their jobs and characterized bypeople and their jobs and characterized bychanges within people that force them tochanges within people that force them to

deviate from their normal functioning .deviate from their normal functioning .


8/33

Fred Luthans has defined it as an adaptive response toFred Luthans has defined it as an adaptive response toan external situation that results in physical,an external situation that results in physical,psychological ,and or behavioural deviations forpsychological ,and or behavioural deviations for

organizational participants. Fred Luthans points outorganizational participants. Fred Luthans points outthree very important points as to what stress is notthree very important points as to what stress is not:He says:He says--

1.Stress is not simply anxiety1.Stress is not simply anxiety

2.Stress is not merely nervous tension2.Stress is not merely nervous tension 3.Stress is not necessarily something damaging ,bad3.Stress is not necessarily something damaging ,bad

or to be avoidedor to be avoided


9/33

Good Stress, Bad StressGood Stress, Bad Stress

EustressEustress (Good Stress or Challenge) :(Good Stress or Challenge) :adaptative response to meet challenges andadaptative response to meet challenges andgoals ; links arousal stress to performancegoals ; links arousal stress to performance

DistressDistress (Bad Stress) appears when increased(Bad Stress) appears when increased

stress leads to poorer performance.stress leads to poorer performance.(Hans Selye,1975)(Hans Selye,1975)


10/33

Response to Stress :Response to Stress :

Generalized Adaptative SyndromeGeneralized Adaptative Syndrome

AlarmAlarm : Acute response. Fight or flight: Acute response. Fight or flight

ResistanceResistance : Resources depleted progressively: Resources depleted progressively

ExhaustionExhaustion : Resources depleted: Resources depleted

((Hans SelyeHans Selye))


11/33

The Alarm StageThe Alarm Stage -- This stage experiences an overThis stage experiences an over

acting of the sympathetic nervous system whereinacting of the sympathetic nervous system wherein

adrenaline and cortisol increase and blood flows awayadrenaline and cortisol increase and blood flows away

from the brain to the muscles. As a result, dendritesfrom the brain to the muscles. As a result, dendritesshrink back in the brain to moderate the flow ofshrink back in the brain to moderate the flow of

information, slowing or closing down theinformation, slowing or closing down the

nonessential body functions. The whole body startsnonessential body functions. The whole body starts

preparing itself to fight against the reason of stress.preparing itself to fight against the reason of stress.The fear, excitement or pressure is evident on theThe fear, excitement or pressure is evident on the

sufferer's face.sufferer's face.


12/33

The Resistance StageThe Resistance Stage --This is the stage when theThis is the stage when the

individual is making full efforts to cope with theindividual is making full efforts to cope with the

situation and his whole body is engaged in fightingsituation and his whole body is engaged in fighting

against the condition. This is the resistance stage. Inagainst the condition. This is the resistance stage. Inthis stage, the body keeps making continuous effortsthis stage, the body keeps making continuous efforts

to cope with stress and therefore feels run down andto cope with stress and therefore feels run down and

exhausted. The person starts feeling irritated, overexhausted. The person starts feeling irritated, over

reacts to minor situations and gets mentally andreacts to minor situations and gets mentally andphysically weak. Psychological, physical andphysically weak. Psychological, physical and

behavioural changes are also clearly visible.behavioural changes are also clearly visible.


13/33

The third stage is theThe third stage is the Exhaustion stageExhaustion stage in which thein which theindividual could reach a height where he/she may feelindividual could reach a height where he/she may feelcompletely exhausted and helpless to the extent ofcompletely exhausted and helpless to the extent ofcommitting suicide. This is the Exhaustion Stage.committing suicide. This is the Exhaustion Stage.

This stage is further divided into two phases: InitialThis stage is further divided into two phases: Initialphase: The stress persists and due to lack ofphase: The stress persists and due to lack ofappropriate measures the person is not able toappropriate measures the person is not able toconcentrate and work efficiently.concentrate and work efficiently.Burnout: The person is completely exhausted andBurnout: The person is completely exhausted anddrained of all energy reserves. There is a completedrained of all energy reserves. There is a completephysical, psychological and emotional breakdown.physical, psychological and emotional breakdown.This requires immediate attention.This requires immediate attention.


14/33

Generalized Adaptative SyndromeGeneralized Adaptative Syndrome

((Hans SelyeHans Selye))


15/33

Stressor and StrainsStressor and Strains

StressorStressor : Stress Producing Events and: Stress Producing Events and

Conditions.Conditions.

Negative reactions are calledNegative reactions are called StrainsStrains..


16/33

Job StressJob Stress

WorkWork--related stress is the response peoplerelated stress is the response people

may have when presented withmay have when presented with

work and pressureswork and pressures

that are not matched tothat are not matched to

their knowledge and abilitiestheir knowledge and abilitiesand which challenge their ability to cope.and which challenge their ability to cope.

(WHO)(WHO)


17/33

Strains : Individual ImpactStrains : Individual Impact

PsychologicalPsychological : anxiety, panic attacks, depression,: anxiety, panic attacks, depression,anger, burnoutanger, burnout

PhysicalPhysical : cardio: cardio--vascular, gastrovascular, gastro--intestinal, cancer,intestinal, cancer,strokes, musculostrokes, musculo--skeletal, diabetes, obesityskeletal, diabetes, obesity

BehaviouralBehavioural : alcohol, drugs, medication abuse,: alcohol, drugs, medication abuse,suicide attempts, smoking, overexercisingsuicide attempts, smoking, overexercising


18/33

What is Burnout ?What is Burnout ?

Prolonged response to chronic emotional &Prolonged response to chronic emotional &

interpersonal stressors on the jobinterpersonal stressors on the job

Emotional exhaustionEmotional exhaustion

Depersonalisation (detachment, withdrawal)Depersonalisation (detachment, withdrawal)

Diminished personal accomplishmentDiminished personal accomplishment

(Maslach et al, 2001).(Maslach et al, 2001).


19/33

Strains : Organizational OutcomesStrains : Organizational Outcomes

PsychologicalPsychological :: Less organizational commitmentLess organizational commitment

Turnover intentionsTurnover intentions

BehaviouralBehavioural :: Impaired performanceImpaired performance

WithdrawalWithdrawal

AbsenteismAbsenteism

Consequence :Consequence : DECREASED PRODUCTIVITYDECREASED PRODUCTIVITY


20/33

Annual Cost ofStress :Annual Cost ofStress :

Western CountriesWestern Countries FranceFrance :: 51 billion, 3% GNP51 billion, 3% GNP (CGC,2006)(CGC,2006)

UKUK: Occupational work stress costs 353 to 381: Occupational work stress costs 353 to 381

million to employers, and 3.8 billion to Societymillion to employers, and 3.8 billion to Society;; 10%10%GNPGNP (Cooper, 1996)(Cooper, 1996)

USUS: between $ 300 billion: between $ 300 billion (Americcan Institute of Stress, 2004)(Americcan Institute of Stress, 2004)and $ 150 billionand $ 150 billion (Rosch, 1979)(Rosch, 1979) in direct costs to Americanin direct costs to AmericanCompaniesCompanies..

EUEU :: 20 billion20 billion (European Commission, 1999) ;(European Commission, 1999) ; 50 to 60% of50 to 60% ofabsenteismabsenteism..


21/33

Social Stress in Russia (1)Social Stress in Russia (1)( Leon & Shkolnikov, JAMA, 1998)( Leon & Shkolnikov, JAMA, 1998)

1990 to 19941990 to 1994 : Life expectancy decreased: Life expectancy decreased :: 66 years toyears to 57.757.7 for menfor men

33 years toyears to 71.271.2 for womenfor women

Most affected categories :Most affected categories : AgeAge 3030--4949

Urban, most economically developed areas of EuropeanUrban, most economically developed areas of EuropeanRussia (Moscow & St Petersburg)Russia (Moscow & St Petersburg)

LowestLowest educational groupseducational groups


22/33

Social Stress in Russia (2)Social Stress in Russia (2)(Stucker et al, The Lancet, January 2009)(Stucker et al, The Lancet, January 2009)

Rapid mass privatisation as an economicRapid mass privatisation as an economic

transition strategy was a crucial determinant oftransition strategy was a crucial determinant of

differences in adult mortality trends in postdifferences in adult mortality trends in post--

communist countriescommunist countries

Belonging to at least one social organizationBelonging to at least one social organization

was decreasing association of privatizationwas decreasing association of privatization

with mortality (buffer effect).with mortality (buffer effect).


23/33

Male death rate in Russia in 1950Male death rate in Russia in 1950--20082008 11 -- Beginning ofBeginning of

antianti--alcohol campaign 2alcohol campaign 2 -- Beginning of marketing reformsBeginning of marketing reforms


24/33

Suicides & Alcoholism in RussiaSuicides & Alcoholism in Russia

Suicides :Suicides :

Rates = 2 x World AverageRates = 2 x World Average

Peak of 60,000 in 1994Peak of 60,000 in 1994 (11,000 inF

rance)(11,000 inF

rance) Linked to economical difficultiesLinked to economical difficulties

Higher in regionsHigher in regions

Alcoholism : 300,000 deaths/yrAlcoholism : 300,000 deaths/yr(45,000 in France)(45,000 in France)


25/33

Cognitive Appraisals ofStressCognitive Appraisals ofStress

Conscious and unconscious appraisals whichConscious and unconscious appraisals whichemerge as a reaction to a potential stressoremerge as a reaction to a potential stressor

Question 1 : Is this situation stressful ?Question 1 : Is this situation stressful ?

Question 2 : Do I have resources to cope ?Question 2 : Do I have resources to cope ?

(Lazarus, 1966)(Lazarus, 1966)


26/33

Stress and Job PerformanceStress and Job Performance

Low stressLow stress Low PerformanceLow Performance

Moderate StressModerate Stress-- High PerformanceHigh Performance

High StressHigh Stress-- Low PerformanceLow Performance


27/33

Job StressorsJob Stressors-- Physical FactorsPhysical Factors

CommutingCommuting

Repetitive Stress injuriesRepetitive Stress injuries

NoiseNoise Biogenic Triggers(foods that create stressBiogenic Triggers(foods that create stress

response irrespective of other condition)response irrespective of other condition)

Safety issuesSafety issues

Travel StressTravel Stress

Shift Work(Circadian Rhythms)Shift Work(Circadian Rhythms)


28/33

RolesRoles


29/33

Cognitive DemandsCognitive Demands

TechnologyTechnology


30/33

Work Personal Life issuesWork Personal Life issues


31/33

How stress affects health?How stress affects health?

Fight orFlightFight orFlight (men & women react diff./Wom(men & women react diff./Wom--estrogen &estrogen &Oxytoxin/ MenOxytoxin/ Men--Progesterone)Progesterone)

The stress responseThe stress response

Physiological EffectsPhysiological Effects

--stress and anger both increase your susceptibility to physical illnessstress and anger both increase your susceptibility to physical illness-- Stress influences pain perception ,with high anxiety being related toStress influences pain perception ,with high anxiety being related to

low pain tolerancelow pain tolerance--Stress is related to coronary heart diseaseStress is related to coronary heart disease


32/33

The Stress ResponseThe Stress Response

Motor Cortex musculoskeletal system (muscles ofMotor Cortex musculoskeletal system (muscles ofjaw,shoulders,back tightenjaw,shoulders,back tighten

Cerebral cortex signals the hypothalmusCerebral cortex signals the hypothalmus

Stimulates the sympathetic &parasympathetic nervous systemsStimulates the sympathetic &parasympathetic nervous systems

As the sympathetic nervous systems readies the heart to speedAs the sympathetic nervous systems readies the heart to speedup,adrenaline is released BP heart rate and vol. of bloodup,adrenaline is released BP heart rate and vol. of blood

pumped all increase.pumped all increase.

Parasympathetic nervous system sends hormones to other partsParasympathetic nervous system sends hormones to other partsto slowto slow

While the blood flow is sent to the brain and muscles flow toWhile the blood flow is sent to the brain and muscles flow toskin and digestive organs reduceskin and digestive organs reduce

Via the pitituary gland3 hormones releasedVia the pitituary gland3 hormones released--cortisol,cortisol,corticosterone andaldosterone to boost immune system/ overcorticosterone andaldosterone to boost immune system/ overlong periods they wear offlong periods they wear off


33/33

Predisposition to stressPredisposition to stress

Personality TraitsPersonality Traits

WorkaholismWorkaholism

Type A /Type B personality patternType A /Type B personality pattern

Documents

1st Lecture Stress