The Age of Jefferson1801-1816

Was much more casual then past Pres’

Wanted to make gov. more democratic All people have the same rights

Wanted to end political disputes Wanted to lessen the Fed. Gov’s

power

1. New Economic Policies Reduced federal budget to keep debt low▪ Albert Gallatin (Sec. of Treasury) & Jefferson believed

in laissez fair (leave alone) and a free market (goods & services are exchanged w/ little regulation)

▪ Gov. should play as small a role as possible in gov. Less Active Gov.▪ Repeal whiskey tax, reduced army & navy & gov. jobs

Kept Bank of US & continued to pay off state debts

2. Strengthening the Supreme Court Adams appointed 58 Federalists to jobs in

Gov. b4 term ended Jefferson told Madison not to seal papers so

appointees couldn’t take office William Marbury was one & sued Madison

for writ of assistance (forced) to give papers from Judiciary Act

Chief Justice John Marshall had to decide case

Marshall wrote that Judiciary Act was unconstitutional

Gave Supreme Court power of Judicial Review

Jefferson unhappy b/c he thought it went against balance of 3 branches

The Louisiana Purchase

Surrendered by Spain to France in 1800 Voided Pinckney Treaty Gave U.S. right of deposit in New Orleans

Threatened hold on lands W. of Appalachians Farmers might not get crops to market.

Feared Napoleon building a N. American empire – Which was his plan!

Toussaint L’Ouverture Led a slave revolt on the island of

Hispaniola Finally crushed after Napoleon sent

20,000 troops Ended Napoleon’s dream of a N.

American empire

Negotiations James Monroe & Robert Livingston -Sent to

France to negotiate deal Authorized to purchase New Orleans & W.

Florida for up to $10 million Talleyrand - French offered all of Louisiana

for $15 million in 1803▪ 60 million francs or 3¢ per acre

Monroe & Livingston agreed w/o consent of Jefferson or Congress

Jefferson’s Dilemma Believed negotiation had no power to add new

territory or to grant citizenship to residents of territory▪ So concluded the purchase was unconstitutional

He submitted the treaty to the Senate anyway, which easily ratified

Opposed by the Federalists▪ B/c the W. had been voting Republican = More western

states, more Republicans, less control for Federalists

Lewis and Clark Sent to explore the Louisiana

Purchase(1804-06) Meriwether Lewis – Jefferson’s

personal secretary & William Clark – professional soldier left from St. Louis in 1804

Assisted by Sacajawea - Shoshone guide & translator

Followed course of Missouri R. to mouth of Columbia R.▪ Giving the U.S. claims to the Oregon

Country

Achievements of Lewis & Clark Expedition

Pike traveled to Colorado mountains named Pikes Peak and into Mexico & Texas

Lewis & Clark Expedition

Created map of route to Pacific

Ocean

Described plants & animals they

saw

Reported on climate in regions

they visited

Gathered info on N.A. they met

Explored large area of

Louisiana Purchase

New Threats Overseas

Began trading in Pacific NW & to China Traded in Med. Sea but dangerous in

Barbary States (N. Africa) Had to pay yearly tribute (bribe) to trade Pirates captured goods & ships until 1805 Led to bigger US Navy

1803 – Britain & France had another war US stayed neutral while F. & B. again took US

ships B. used impressment (force ppl into service)

of US sailors

Jefferson issued Embargo Act (ban on trade) hoping to hurt Britain & France Hurt Americans selling items & buying

supplies Ppl smuggled (importing or exporting goods

illegally) Nonintercourse Act: repealed Embargo

Act & said US can trade w/ every1 but F & B

1808 – James Madison was easily elected

The Road to War Native Americans & settlers began

fighting over land west of App. Mtns. N.A. mad settlers built farms & hunted their

animals Techumseh tried to form confederation

in Ohio to stop white settlers Settlers fought NA in Battle of Tippecanoe▪ Both suffered heavy losses but settlers won▪ NA still vowed to resist settlers

F. agreed to peace if US would trade w/ only them

War Hawks: merchants, South & West settlers who wanted to go to war w/ B.

Led by Henry Clay (Kentucky) who had strong sense of nationalism (devotion to one’s country) Wanted to punish B. for taking ships & impressment Conquer Canada & gain Florida from Spain (ally of B.) B. were giving ammunition & weapons to encourage

N.A. to fight settlers

British continued to take US ships 1811 battle in NYC – US crippled war ship June 1812 – Madison & Congress declare

war on B.

War of 1812 US unprepared 4 war

Army small & poorly trained & navy ships # small Most of B. troops fighting French still 8/1812 – USS Constitution defeats HMS

Guerriere, which stunned British US tried for Canada but B. general made it look like

had more soldiers Battle of Lake Erie

American Oliver Perry won lake for US

1814 B. defeated F. so focus turned on US Aug. 1814 – British easily defeated

untrained US soldier in Washington D.C. Burned White House & other buildings

Marched north to Baltimore & Fort McHenry Americans able to defeat them Francis Scott Key wrote “The Star-Spangled

Banner”

Battle of New Orleans – 1815 B. wanted to sail up Miss. River Andrew Jackson, Tenn. Officer, took control of frontiers fighters who were well

trained Americans dug trenches waiting for B. to

attack Over 2,000 B. were killed in battle = 7

Americans Battle actually took place 2 weeks after

peace treaty

African Americans helped US win in army & navy

New Englanders & Federalists disliked war b/c new states meant less influence in gov. for them Hartford Convention – threatened to leave

union Treaty of Ghent – Dec. 24, 1814

Restore prewar conditions Nothing about impressments or neutrality