1414 CHAPTER PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-2 Competencies Describe the six steps of programming

14141414CH

AP

TE

R

PROGRAMMING AND

LANGUAGES

14-2

© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Competencies

Describe the six steps of programming

Discuss design tools

Describe program testing

Describe CASE tools & object-oriented software development

Explain the five generations of programming languages

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What Is a Program?

A problem-solving procedure

A list of instructionsPrewritten

Custom-written

Application software

System software

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What is Programming?

Programming is software development

Six step procedure1. Program specification

2. Program design

3. Program code

4. Program test

5. Program documentation

6. Program maintenance

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Step 1Program Specifications

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Input and Output Plans

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Step 2Program Design

Plan a solution

Use structured programming techniquesTop-down program design

Pseudocode

Flowcharts

Logic structures

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Top-Down Program Design

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Pseudocode

An outline of the logic for your program

A summary of the program

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Flowchart Symbols

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Logic Structures

Sequence structure

Selection structure

Loop structure

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Step 3Program Code

Coding

The good program Reliable

Well documented

Understandable to other programmers

Structured programs best method

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Step 4Program Test

DebuggingTesting

Eliminating errors

Syntax errors

Logic errors

Testing processing

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Step 5Documentation

Written descriptions and procedures about a program

Important for people who will use the programUsers

Operators

Programmers

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Step 6Program Maintenance

75% of total lifetime cost

Error-free operations

Effective program

Two categoriesOperations

Changing needs

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CASE Tools

Computer-aided software engineering

Automate development processDesigning

Coding

Testing activities

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Object-Oriented Software Development

Focuses less on procedures, more on relationship between objects

OOP: Object-oriented programming

Object contains both the data and the processing operations

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Generations of Programming Languages

Occurring in “generations”Levels

Machine languages to natural languages

Lower level closer to machine language

Higher level closer to human-like language

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Generations of Languages

1st -- Machine languages

2nd -- Assembly languages

3rd -- High level procedural languages

4th -- Problem-Oriented Languages

5th -- Natural Languages & Visual

programming

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A Look to the FutureMI-Tech

Synapse Solutions has created a system called MI-tech

Understands word order and meaning

Computer translates "wish list" into machine language

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Key Terms

application generator (406)

assembly language (405)

beta testing (400)

code (396)

coding (396)

compiler (405)

computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools (403)

debugging (399)

desk checking (399)

documentation (400)

DO UNTIL structure (394)

DO WHILE structure (394)

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Key Terms

fifth generation language (5GL) (407)

formatting language (396)

fourth generation language (4GL) (406)

generation (404)

higher level (404)

IFPS (interactive financial planning system) (406)

IF-THEN-ELSE structure (393)

interpreter (406)

level (404)

logic error (399)

logic structure (393)

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Key Terms

loop structure (393)

lower level (404)

machine language (405)

maintenance programmer (402)

module (392)

natural language (407)

object (404)

object code (405)

objectives (390)

object-oriented programming (OOP) (404)

object-oriented software development (404)

operator (401)

portable language (405)

presentation language (396)

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Key Terms

problem-oriented language (406)

procedural language (405)

program (388)

program analysis (389)

program coder (406)

program definition (389)

program design (391)

program documentation (400)

program flowchart (393)

program maintenance (402)

programmer (389)

programming (388)

programming language (396)

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Key Terms

program module (392)

program specification (389)

pseudocode (393)

query language (406)

selection structure (393)

sequence structure (393)

software development (388)

software engineer (389)

source code (405)

structured program (396)

structured programming techniques (391)

syntax error (399)

third generation language (3GL) (405)

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Key Terms

top-down program design (392)

user (401)

very high level language (406)

visual programming language (407)

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FAQs

What is a program?

What is a software engineer?

What is the purpose of pseudocode?

What are the qualities of a good program?

What is the job of a maintenance programmer? Why is it important?

What are CASE tools?

What is object-oriented programming?

14-28


Discussion Questions

Discuss the six steps to create a program.

Describe the differences between formatting and programming languages. Give examples of each.

Explain the debugging process for a program.

Why is program documentation important?

Review the five generation levels of programming languages.

Documents

1414 CHAPTER PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14-2 Competencies Describe the six steps of programming